Biology II Mr. Hurley NEMCC Chapter 48, 49, 50 and 51
Which is the correct sequence of structures through which the filtrate would pass? 1) Bowman's capsule 2) collecting duct 3) distal convoluted tubule 4) proximal convoluted tubule 5) ascending loop of Henle 6) descending loop of Henle
1 4 6 5 3 2
Trace the flow of urine through the following structures. 1) bladder 2) renal papilla 3) ureter 4) renal pelvis 5) urethra
2 4 3 1 5
Arrange the following events in the correct sequence. 1) thyroid gland secretes less hormone 2) homeostasis 3) high concentration of thyroid hormones 4) anterior pituitary secretes less TSH
3 4 1 2
Refer to Figure 51-3. The amnion is identified by number: A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
A. 1
__________ directly deliver blood to the glomeruli. a. Afferent arterioles b. Efferent arterioles c. Peritubular capillaries d. Renal arteries e. Renal venules
A. Afferent arterioles
Once a hormone activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, ATP is converted to cAMP, which in turn: a. activates protein kinase. b. inhibits phosphodiesterase. c. initiates more cAMP production. d. initiates protein synthesis. e. inhibits protein synthesis.
A. activates protein kinase.
The main nitrogenous waste of freshwater fishes is: a. ammonia. b. urea. c. uric acid. d. amino acids. e. purines.
A. ammonia.
Hormones are chemical messengers transported by the __________ that can have __________. a. blood: stimulatory or inhibitory effects b. lymph ducts; stimulatory effects c. ducts; stimulatory or inhibitory effects d. neurons; stimulatory effects e. glands; inhibitory effects
A. blood: stimulatory or inhibitory effects
Prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of all of the following processes except: a. increasing the permeability of capillaries. b. inducing labor in pregnant women. c. regulating blood pressure. d. promoting the healing of ulcers. e. causing inflammation.
A. increasing the permeability of capillaries.
Simple epithelial cells of the renal tubule have abundant __________ to increase the surface area for reabsorption and numerous __________ to provide energy for actively transporting materials. a. microvilli; mitochondria b. cilia; mitochondria c. microvilli; Golgi complexes d. cilia; Golgi complexes e. cilia; capillaries
A. microvilli; mitochondria
The renal medulla contains the: a. renal pyramids. b. Bowman's capsules. c. distal convoluted tubules. d. glomeruli. e. proximal convoluted tubules.
A. renal pyramids.
Deamination is a process that removes: a. the amino group from amino acids. b. the amino group from nucleic acids. c. amines from the bloodstream. d. amines from nucleic acids. e. ammonia from blood.
A. the amino group from amino acids.
What is the function of oxytocin? a. to stimulate uterine contractions B. to stimulate the cells of the mammary glands to produce milk c. to regulate the permeability of the collecting tubules of the kidney d. to stimulate ovulation e. to stimulate the growth of the ovarian follicles
A. to stimulate uterine contractions
One secondary spermatocyte ultimately produces __________ mature sperm. a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 8 e. Cannot be determined.
B. 2
Refer to Figure 51-3. The allantois is identified by number: A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
B. 2
Organize the sequence of structures through which sperm must pass upon ejaculation. 1) urethra 2) ejaculatory duct 3) epididymis 4) vas deferens
B. 3, 4, 2, 1
Arrange the stages of sperm development in chronological order. 1) sperm 2) spermatid 3) primary spermatocyte 4) secondary spermatocyte 5) spermatogonium
B. 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
How do terrestrial animals prevent toxic accumulation of ammonia in their tissues? a. They use ammonia in other metabolic processes. b. They convert ammonia to less toxic forms. c. They vent ammonia across the body wall. d. They eliminate ammonia rather than excreting it. e. Animals do not produce ammonia
B. They convert ammonia to less toxic forms.
In a signal transduction pathway involving cAMP as a second messenger, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates: a. phospholipase C. b. adenylyl cyclase. c. calmodulin. d. protein kinase. E. diacylglycerol
B. adenylyl cyclase.
During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates all of the following actions except: a. constriction of the blood vessels to the skin. b. constriction of the blood vessels to the heart. c. dilation of the blood vessels to the brain. d. an increase in metabolic rate. e. an increase in blood glucose levels.
B. constriction of the blood vessels to the heart.
Anabolic steroids: a. are removed from the body fairly quickly due to a low concentration of receptor sites. b. decrease HDL concentration, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. c. are naturally produced hormones typically used by athletes for short-term performance enhancement. d. have little or no effect on physiology or behavior at very low doses. e. are metabolized and excreted from the body quickly
B. decrease HDL concentration, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
The embryo becomes implanted in the endometrium of the uterus due to: A. the presence of special receptors on the endometrium to which the blastocyst attaches. B. enzymes secreted by the trophoblast, which erode an area of the endometrium for entry of the embryo. C. the presence of special phagocytic cells in the endometrium, which engulf the embryo. d. the sticky coat of the zona pellucida, which adheres to the endometrium. e. the action of hCG secreted by the embryo
B. enzymes secreted by the trophoblast, which erode an area of the endometrium for entry of the embryo
The pituitary gland is regulated most directly by the: a. pineal gland. b. hypothalamus. c. thymus gland. d. adrenal gland. e. thyroid gland
B. hypothalamus.
The high-pressure flow of blood through the glomerular capillaries: a. allows little plasma to be filtered in the kidney. b. is a result of the high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries. c. is due to the large diameter of the efferent arterioles of the glomerular capillaries. d. is due to the small surface area for filtration provided by the glomerular capillaries. e. is due to the low permeability of the glomerular capillaries.
B. is a result of the high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
The secretion of which hormone decreases when calcium blood levels increase? a. calcitonin b. parathyroid hormone c. thyroid hormone d. epinephrine e. norepinephrine
B. parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is not a chemical group to which hormones can be assigned? a. steroid hormones b. polysaccharide hormones c. amino acid derivatives d. peptide hormones e. fatty acid derivatives
B. polysaccharide hormones
The secretion of __________ is an important homeostatic mechanism involved in maintaining normal heart rhythm. a. hydrogen ions b. potassium c. water D. glucose e. urea
B. potassium
Which types of hormones can enter cells and turn specific genes on and off? a. steroid and peptide hormones b. steroid and thyroid hormones c. thyroid and peptide hormones d. peptide and phospholipid hormones e. steroid and phospholipid hormones
B. steroid and thyroid hormones
The main point of entry of water into the blood of freshwater fishes is through: a. the skin. b. the gills. c. the mouth. d. the anus. e. the eyes.
B. the gills.
Refer to Figure 51-3. The chorion is identified by number: A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
C. 3
__________ is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary. a. Oxytocin b. Melatonin c. Growth hormone d. ADH e. Epinephrine
C. Growth hormone
Which of the following statements about paracrine regulation is true? a. The hormones released only stimulate the cells that secreted them. b. The hormones released only inhibit the cells that secreted them. c. The hormones released act on nearby target cells. d. The hormones released are transported down axons. e. The hormones released link the endocrine and nervous systems.
C. The hormones released act on nearby target cells.
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood leads to enlarged hands, face, and feet, a condition known as: a. dwarfism. b. gigantism. c. acromegaly. d. goiter. e. cretinism.
C. acromegaly
Excretory systems maintain homeostasis through all of the following except: a. adjusting the concentrations of various substances in body fluids. b. removing excess water from the body. c. adjusting body temperature. d. ridding the body of harmful substances. e. removing metabolic wastes from the body.
C. adjusting body temperature.
Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of animals? a. amino acids b. carbon dioxide c. ammonia d. water e. sugars
C. ammonia
The __________ produce(s) __________, which influences biological rhythms and the onset of sleep. a. pituitary gland; thyroid stimulating hormone b. pituitary gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone c. pineal gland; melatonin d. adrenal cortex; cortisol e. parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
C. pineal gland; melatonin
Which of the following glands is considered to be the master gland of the body? a. hypothalamus b. adrenal gland c. pituitary gland d. thyroid gland e. parathyroid gland
C. pituitary gland
Which of the following is not a peptide hormone? a. calcitonin b. ACTH c. progesterone d. secretin e. glucagon
C. progesterone
Insulin promotes the storage of glucose via all of the following methods except: a. stimulating protein synthesis. b. reducing the use of fatty acids as fuel. c. promoting the liver to release glucose. d. stimulating fatty acid storage in adipose tissue. e. stimulating glycogen formation.
C. promoting the liver to release glucose.
Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed through the walls of the: A. distal convoluted tubule. B. loop of Henle. C. proximal convoluted tubule. D. collecting duct. e. glomerulus
C. proximal convoluted tubule.
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by: a. stimulating the liver to take up glucose. b. inhibiting gluconeogenesis. c. stimulating glycogenolysis. d. inhibiting fatty acid mobilization. e. inhibiting amino acid mobilization.
C. stimulating glycogenolysis.
Marine cartilaginous fishes overcome water loss to their environments by: a. having specialized chloride cells in their gills that prevent water loss. b. having specialized chloride cells in their gills that continuously excrete salts. c. storing urea in their body fluids, which causes them to be hypertonic to seawater. d. producing very small quantities of urine. e. drinking large quantities of freshwater.
C. storing urea in their body fluids, which causes them to be hypertonic to seawater.
Which nitrogenous waste product would be least toxic to an embryo developing in the aqueous environment found inside a shelled egg? a. ammonia b. urea c. uric acid D. amino acids e. purines
C. uric acid
Which of the structures in Figure 50-3 is responsible for the production of hormones? a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6 e. 7
D. 6
Refer to Figure 50-3. The cervix is labeled: a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 7 e. 8
D. 7
Which of the structures on Figure 50-3 is a common site of cancer that can usually be detected by a Pap smear? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7 e. 8
D. 7
When you drink a large volume of water, the release of __________ by the pituitary gland __________. a. aldosterone; increases b. aldosterone; decreases c. ADH; increases d. ADH; decreases e. ANP; increases
D. ADH; decreases
Both male and female gonads function to: 1) produce gametes. 2) produce hormones. 3) transfer gametes. 4) nourish the embryo. 5) influence secondary sexual characteristics.
D. Answers 1, 2, and 5
Which of the following is not an advantage of uric acid excretion in terrestrial animals? a. Uric acid can be excreted as a paste, thereby conserving water. b. Uric acid is not toxic and can be safely stored. c. Uric acid can be stored in the eggs of animals without harm to the embryos. d. Uric acid is soluble in water and can be easily excreted. e. Uric acid can be excreted along with feces in some animals
D. Uric acid is soluble in water and can be easily excreted.
The principal mineralocorticoid is: a. ADH. b. epinephrine. c. growth hormone. d. aldosterone. e. ACTH.
D. aldosterone.
The process illustrated in Figure 49-2 is representative of: a. neuroendocrine signaling. b. paracrine regulation. c. cAMP as a second messenger. d. classical endocrine signaling. e. autocrine regulation.
D. classical endocrine signaling.
In the female, the __________ serves as a temporary endocrine gland and secretes __________. a. pituitary; luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone b. ovaries; testosterone and luteinizing hormone c. endometrium; estrogens and follicle-stimulating hormoned. D. corpus luteum; progesterone and estrogens e. uterus; luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
D. corpus luteum; progesterone and estrogens
The outermost region of the kidney is called the: a. adventitia. b. mucosa. c. pelvis. d. cortex. e. medulla.
D. cortex.
In contrast to the excretory system of annelids, the excretory system of insects: a. has many openings on the body wall. b. contains flame cells. c. is not connected to the gut. d. excretes uric acid from the rectum. e. relies on diffusion across the body wall
D. excretes uric acid from the rectum.
Glomerular capillary walls and podocytes form a __________ that allows fluid and small solutes in plasma to pass through and become part of the filtrate. a. glomerular filtrate b. tubular transport c. renal threshold d. filtration membrane e. filtration slits
D. filtration membrane
The products of an endocrine gland: a. only affect their own tissues. b. can have a digestive function. c. always stimulate the target tissue. d. generally have to travel to reach the target tissue. e. are not produced by cells in organs, such as the heart
D. generally have to travel to reach the target tissue.
All of the following are functions of the extraembryonic membranes except: A. protecting the embryo. B. making food available to the embryo. C. eliminating wastes from the embryo. D. keeping the embryo dry and warm. e. obtaining oxygen for the embryo.
D. keeping the embryo dry and warm.
Which of the following pairs of hormones regulates the calcium levels of the blood? a. thyroxin and parathyroid hormone b. adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone c. prolactin and oxytocin d. parathyroid hormone and calcitonin e. calcitonin and thyroxin
D. parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Which of the following does not contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in mammals? a. sweat glands b. the digestive system c. lungs d. specialized gill cells e. the kidneys
D. specialized gill cells
One disadvantage in excreting urea rather than uric acid is that: a. urea is more toxic than uric acid. b. urea is less toxic than uric acid. c. urea is excreted by respiratory structures. d. urea requires more water for excretion. e. urea is produced from ammonia, not nucleic acids.
D. urea requires more water for excretion.
Arrange the following stages of oogenesis in sequential order. 1) secondary oocyte 2) oogonium 3) ovum 4) primary oocyte
E. 2, 4, 1, 3
Refer to Figure 51-2. Which structure will form the blastocoel? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
E. 5
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? a. It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to sodium so more is reabsorbed. b. It causes a high volume of less concentrated urine to be produced. c. It increases aldosterone secretion. d. It decreases renin secretion. e. It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so more is reabsorbed.
E. It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so more is reabsorbed.
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? a. One causes hyperglycemia, while the other causes hypoglycemia. b. One demonstrates protein breakdown, while the other demonstrates protein synthesis. c. One leads to blindness, while the other leads to kidney disorder. d. One has insulin hypersecretion, while the other has insulin hyposecretion. e. One has insulin deficiency, while the other has insulin resistance.
E. One has insulin deficiency, while the other has insulin resistance.
Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood can lead to a condition of retarded mental and physical development called: a. dwarfism. b. gigantism. c. acromegaly. d. myxedema. e. cretinism.
E. cretinism.
Which of the following would not be a component of normal urine? a. water b. urea c. bile pigments d. salts e. glucose
E. glucose
Which of the following is not a local regulator? a. histamine b. prostaglandins c. nitric oxide d. growth factors e. insulin
E. insulin
The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the: a. skin. b. gill. c. metanephridium. d. lung. e. kidney.
E. kidney.
Osmoconformers would most likely be found in: a. estuaries. b. coastal zones that receive freshwater. c. freshwater. d. terrestrial habitats. e. open ocean waters
E. open ocean waters.
All of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol except: a. cortisol. b. estrogen. c. progesterone. d. testosterone. e. prostaglandin.
E. prostaglandin.
What is the function of the chorion? a. to absorb shock b. to form blood cells c. to provide nourishment D. to permit freedom of movement E. to permit gas exchange
E. to permit gas exchange
The __________ is shorter in females than it is in males, which explains the greater likelihood of developing bladder infections in __________. a. ureter; females b. ureter; males c. renal papilla; females d. urethra; males e. urethra; females
E. urethra; females
Fertilization occurs within which of the structures in Figure 50-3? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 7 e. 8
a. 1
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes: a. ADH. b. ACTH. c. TSH. d. FSH. e. LH
a. ADH.
Which of the following is not considered part of the process of morphogenesis per se? a. Cells become specialized. b. Cells migrate into specific areas. c. Certain cells undergo changes in shape. d. Cells become organized into intricate patterns of tissues and organs. e. Some cells undergo apoptosis
a. Cells become specialized
Which of the following statements about sperm entry is true? a. The fertilization cone formed by microvilli of the egg membrane contracts and draws the sperm inward. b. The egg phagocytizes the acrosome of the sperm so it can enter the cell. c. The cilia on the egg membrane beat and sweep the sperm inside. d. The sperm releases calcium ions, which make the egg membrane permeable to its entry. e. The egg secretes bindin protein, which allows sperm penetration.
a. The fertilization cone formed by microvilli of the egg membrane contracts and draws the sperm inward
Colostrum is: a. a protein fluid produced by the mammary gland. b. the fluid secreted by the vagina in response to sexual stimulation. c. the hormone that stimulates lactation. d. the hormone that stimulates ejection of milk into the breasts. e. a fluid secreted by the uterus during menstruation.
a. a protein fluid produced by the mammary gland
The extraembryonic membrane closest to the embryo is the: a. amnion. b. archenteron. c. chorion. d. blastocyst. e. neural plate
a. amnion.
The acrosome contains enzymes that: a. digest the zona pellucida. b. digest the endometrium. c. stimulate ovulation. d. stimulate sperm motility. e. inhibit premature ejaculation.
a. digest the zona pellucida
Secretion occurs mainly in the: a. distal convoluted tubule. b. loop of Henle. c. proximal convoluted tubule. d. collecting duct. e. glomerulus
a. distal convoluted tubule.
Which of the following is not a function of the placenta? a. exchanges blood between mother and fetus b. secretes hormones to maintain pregnancy c. provides oxygen for the fetus d. eliminates wastes from the fetus e. provides nutrients for the fetus
a. exchanges blood between mother and fetus
The type of cleavage pattern represented in Figure 51-1 is: a. holoblastic and radial. b. holoblastic and spiral. c. meroblastic and radial. d. meroblastic and spiral. e. holoblastic and mosaic
a. holoblastic and radial
Which of the following hormones is not involved in stimulating spermatogenesis? a. inhibin b. follicle-stimulating hormone c. interstitial cell stimulating hormone d. luteinizing hormone e. testosterone
a. inhibin
Which of the following structures will be the most immediate precursor of the brain? a. neural tube b. neural groove c. neural crest d. neural folds e. neural plate
a. neural tube
Granulosa cells surround a: a. primary oocyte. b. secondary oocyte. C. primary spermatocyte. d. secondary spermatocyte. e. Sertoli cell
a. primary oocyte
In a marine environment, what is the function of the structure on Figure 48-2 labeled A? a. salt excretion b. water gain by osmosis c. drinking d. removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes from the blood e. release of nitrogenous wastes
a. salt excretion
In a freshwater environment, what is the function of the structure on Figure 48-2 labeled A? a. salt uptake b. water gain by osmosis c. drinking d. removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes from the blood e. release of nitrogenous wastes
a. salt uptake
Tubal pregnancy occurs as a result of: a. scarring and blockage of the oviducts. b. abnormal fertilization taking place in the oviducts. c. the abnormal beating of the cilia away from the uterus and not toward it. d. the release of more than one ovum during ovulation. e. endometriosis.
a. scarring and blockage of the oviducts
Spermatogenesis takes place in which of the following structures? a. seminiferous tubules b. seminal vesicles c. prostate gland d. bulbourethral glands e. glans
a. seminiferous tubules
Why are mitochondria present in the sperm? a. to provide energy for the movement of the flagellum b. to provide energy for the acrosome to penetrate the egg c. to provide nutrients for the sperm d. to provide nutrients for the developing embryo e. to provide energy for the maturation of the sperm
a. to provide energy for the movement of the flagellum
Which of the following is not part of the activation program of the egg? a. increase in aerobic respiration b. capacitation c. activation of enzymes d. increase in protein synthesis e. completion of meiosis
b. capacitation
Which of the following occurs during gastrulation? a. formation of the gray crescent region b. formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm c. closure of the archenteron d. formation of the blastocoel e. radial cleavage takes place
b. formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
An adult who is suffering from hyperthyroidism: a. is always tired. b. is often hungry. c. is overweight. d. is mentally slow. e. shows a lack of emotions
b. is often hungry.
Which of the following hormones stimulates ovulation? a. gonadotropin-releasing hormone b. luteinizing hormone c. follicle-stimulating hormone d. estrogen e. progesterone
b. luteinizing hormone
Animal growth primarily occurs by an increase in the: a. number of tissues and organs. b. number of cells. c. types of cells produced. d. number of cell functions. e. number of cell shapes
b. number of cells
The main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia is that: a. protonephridia are involved in osmoregulation, while metanephridia are involved in excretion. b. protonephridia consist of blind flame cells, while metanephridia consist of tubules open at both ends. c. protonephridia are involved in excretion, while metanephridia are involved in osmoregulation. d. protonephridia consist of tubules open at both ends, while metanephridia consist of blind flame cells. e. protonephridia are found in annelids and metanephridia are found in flatworms
b. protonephridia consist of blind flame cells, while metanephridia consist of tubules open at both ends.
During an acrosome reaction, the acrosome: a. detaches, allowing the sperm to penetrate the egg. b. releases enzymes that digest the outer layer of the egg. c. secretes calcium ions, which cause the sperm to fuse with the egg. d. releases bindin, which causes the sperm to bind to the egg. e. secretes a chemical that attracts the egg to the sperm.
b. releases enzymes that digest the outer layer of the egg
Which of the following is not an extraembryonic membrane? a. yolk sac b. somite c. chorion d. amnion e. allantois
b. somite
The ureters connect: a. the bladder to the body exterior. b. the kidney to the bladder. c. the bladder to the urethra. d. the kidney to the body exterior. e. the kidney to the urethra
b. the kidney to the bladder.
Embryonic endoderm gives rise to: a. muscle. b. the lining of the digestive tract. c. the nervous system. d. skin. e. skeletal tissue
b. the lining of the digestive tract
The main nitrogenous waste of adult amphibians is: a. ammonia. b. urea. c. uric acid. d. peptides. e. purines
b. urea.
After ovulation, the ovum remains fertile for about __________. a. 1 hour b. 6 hours c. 24 hours d. 2 days e. 3 days
c. 24 hours
Fertility is impaired when a male's sperm count drops below _____ sperm per milliliter of semen, and he is considered sterile if his sperm count drops below _______ sperm per milliliter of semen. a. 500 million; 200 million b. 100 million; 50 million c. 35 million; 20 million d. 2 million; 1 million e. 500,000; 100,000
c. 35 million; 20 million
Which of the following statements about breast cancer is false? a. Cigarette smoking, obesity, and alcohol use have all been linked to a higher risk of breast cancer. b. With early diagnosis and treatment, almost 90% of breast cancer patients survive for five years. c. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. d. Growth of about two-thirds of breast cancers is enhanced by circulating estrogens and progesterone. e. 10% of breast cancers are familial
c. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women
Which of the following statements concerning a blastodisc is false? a. It can be further divided into an upper epiblast and below that, the hypoblast. b. It results from meroblastic cleavage. c. It is found in isolecithal eggs. d. It is a small disc of cytoplasm at the animal pole. e. It is characteristic of cell division in bird eggs.
c. It is found in isolecithal eggs.
Which of the following statements about early embryonic development in humans is false? a. The embryo is moved along the oviduct by ciliary action and muscular contraction. b. The embryo develops through the blastula stage while floating free in the uterus. c. The embryo enters the uterus about 24 hours after fertilization. d. Early division of the embryo occurs in the oviduct. e. Implantation of the embryo occurs about seven days after fertilization
c. The embryo enters the uterus about 24 hours after fertilization.
The first breath of the neonate is initiated by the: a. passage through the birth canal. b. removal of amniotic fluid from its mouth. c. accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood. d. detection of light by its visual receptors. e. increase in oxygen concentration in the lungs
c. accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Which of the following consists of a hollow ball of cells? a. gastrula b. morula c. blastula d. blastocoel e. zygote
c. blastula
According to the mathematical model developed by Wayne Getz to predict the existence of asexual or sexual reproduction within a population: a. the offspring produced by sexual reproduction would be most successful in a stable environment. b. clones produced by asexual reproduction would succeed in an unstable environment. c. both strategies would coexist under conditions of moderate change. d. one assumption is that the offspring of sexual reproduction will use resources in the same way. e. one assumption is that the offspring of asexual reproduction will use resources differently
c. both strategies would coexist under conditions of moderate change.
In humans, the allantois: a. stores embryonic nitrogenous wastes. b. eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the embryo. c. contributes to the formation of the blood vessels in the umbilical cord. d. secretes amniotic fluid. e. serves as a temporary center for formation of blood cells.
c. contributes to the formation of the blood vessels in the umbilical cord
The lining of the uterus is called the: a. diaphragm. b. endothelium. c. endometrium. d. hymen. e. cervix.
c. endometrium
Asexual reproduction can involve all of the following processes except: a.splitting. b. budding. c. fertilization. d. fragmentation. e. parthenogenesis.
c. fertilization
After fertilization, which hormone is secreted by the developing embryo to maintain the function of the corpus luteum? a. GnRH b. FSH c. hCG d. ACTH e. LH
c. hCG
Gigantism is caused by: a. hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood. b. hyposecretion of thyroxine during adulthood. c. hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood. d. hyposecretion of thyroxine during childhood. e. hypersecretion of epinephrine during childhood
c. hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood.
The structure labeled 3 in Figure 51-2 is the: a. archenteron. b. endoderm. c. mesoderm. d. blastocoel. e. ectoderm
c. mesoderm.
The function of the epididymis is to: a. secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acids of the vagina. b. produce a nutritive fluid for the sperm. c. provide a place for maturation and storage of sperm. d. secrete mucus that lubricates the penis. e. maintain sperm at a low body temperature.
c. provide a place for maturation and storage of sperm
One function of the developing follicle is to: a. stimulate ovulation. b. secrete progesterone. c. secrete estrogens. d. secrete prolactin. e. secrete glycoproteins, which promote sperm motility.
c. secrete estrogens
In organogenesis, the ectoderm gives rise to: a. muscle. b. the digestive tract. c. sense organs. d. the circulatory system. e. skeletal tissue
c. sense organs
An example of a primary sex characteristic in males is: a. growth of facial hair. b. growth of body hair. c. spermatogenesis. d. muscle development. e. increase in length of vocal cords.
c. spermatogenesis
During the second stage of labor: a. the cervix begins to dilate. b. the cervix becomes effaced. c. the fetus is "delivered." d. the uterus begins to contract. e. the amnion breaks.
c. the fetus is "delivered."
The principle of nuclear equivalence states that: a. developing cells become specialized to carry out specific functions. b. developing cells follow particular differentiation pathways. c. there is no loss of genetic information through determination or differentiation. d. differential gene expression is responsible for variation among cells. e. nuclear changes can take place during the entire life of an individual
c. there is no loss of genetic information through determination or differentiation
In an adult male, the __________ extends through the inguinal canal. a. scrotum b. ejaculatory duct c. vas deferens d. seminal vesicles e. urethra
c. vas deferens
In mammals, the __________ is a temporary center for the formation of blood cells. a. amnion b. allantois c. yolk sac d. chorion e. archenterons
c. yolk sac
Which of the following statements concerning fertilization is false? a. Fertilization restores the diploid chromosome number. b. Fertilization stimulates the initiation of development. c. Fertilization can determine the sex of the offspring. d. Fertilization permits the formation of gametes with new genetic combinations. e. In fertilization, a sperm fuses with an ovum to produce a zygote
d. Fertilization permits the formation of gametes with new genetic combinations
What is the significance of having specialized epithelium and smooth muscle in the urinary bladder? a. It helps reabsorb water. b. It helps reabsorb salts. c. It permits the diffusion of gases. d. It is capable of shrinkage and stretching. e. It protects the bladder from nitrogenous wastes.
d. It is capable of shrinkage and stretching.
All of the following reasons—except one—explain why so many sperm are ejaculated when only one is needed for fertilization. Which is the incorrect reason? a. Many sperm die by phagocytosis in the female tract. b. Many sperm swim up the wrong oviduct. c. The enzymes from many acrosomes are needed to penetrate the corona radiata. d. Many male pronuclei must be present in order to fuse with each female pronucleus. e. Many sperm die as a result of the unfavorable pH in the vagina.
d. Many male pronuclei must be present in order to fuse with each female pronucleus
A mature sperm consists of all of the following structures except: a. an acrosome. b. a flagellum. c. a head. d. an inguinal canal. e. a midpiece.
d. an inguinal canal
Monozygotic twins: a. occur when two eggs are ovulated. b. may be of different sexes. c. have different sets of genes. d. are called identical twins. e. result from the fertilization of two sperm cells.
d. are called identical twins
In which type of regulation do hormones act on the cells that produce it? a. classical endocrine signaling b. neuroendocrine signaling c. paracrine signaling d. autocrine signaling e. pheromone signaling
d. autocrine signaling
An erection of the penis results most directly from: a. the bone present in the penis. b. dilation of the veins leading from the penis. c. contraction of the muscles within the penis. d. dilation of the arteries in the penis. e. a blocking of enzymes within the penis.
d. dilation of the arteries in the penis
Which of the following is not part of the vulva? a. labia minora b. vestibule of the vagina c. clitoris d. endometrium e. mons pubis
d. endometrium
Embryonic mesoderm forms the: a. epidermis. b. lining of the digestive tract. c. pituitary gland. d. excretory system. e. nervous system
d. excretory system
Which of the following indicates the correct sequence of mammalian egg coverings, beginning at the outside and moving inward? a. plasma membrane, jelly coat, zona pellucida b. zona pellucida, vitelline envelope, plasma membrane c. vitelline envelope, plasma membrane, jelly coat d. granulosa cells, zona pellucida, plasma membrane e. zona pellucida, granulosa cells, plasma membrane
d. granulosa cells, zona pellucida, plasma membrane
Which cells in the testes produce testosterone? a. Sertoli cells b. luteinizing cells c. glycoprotein cells d. interstitial cells e. sperm cells
d. interstitial cells
Following cleavage of the zygote, which of the following is the first to occur? a. blastula b. gastrula c. neural crest d. morula e. primitive streak
d. morula
The fast block to polyspermy involves the: a. release of inhibitors of acrosomal enzymes. b. synthesis of a new sperm-resistant membrane. c. accumulation of calcium ions in the acrosome. d. opening of ion channels that change the polarity of the egg membrane. E. destruction of excess bindin receptors on the sperm
d. opening of ion channels that change the polarity of the egg membrane
Sperm pass through several stages during their development. The earliest stage in which the cell becomes haploid is the: a. sperm. b. spermatid. c. primary spermatocyte. d. secondary spermatocyte. e. spermatogonium.
d. secondary spermatocyte
One advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that: a. sexual reproduction is faster. b. sexual reproduction is less difficult to achieve. c. sexual reproduction is particularly effective for sessile animals. d. sexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity. e.sexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring.
d. sexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity
Semen consists of: a. sperm only. b. secretions of accessory glands only. c. sperm plus urine. d. sperm plus secretions of accessory glands. e. sperm plus urine plus secretions of accessory glands.
d. sperm plus secretions of accessory glands
Afterbirth refers collectively to: a. the fetus and the placenta. b. the fetus and the surrounding fetal membranes. c. the fetus and the umbilical cord. d. the placenta and the fetal membranes e. the fetus, the umbilical cord, and the placenta.
d. the placenta and the fetal membranes
Amphibian eggs have large amounts of yolk at the __________ pole, and most metabolism takes place at the __________ pole. a. animal; vegetal b. animal; animal c. vegetal; vegetal d. vegetal; animal e. totipotent; telolecithal
d. vegetal; animal
Which of the stages or structures in Figure 51-1 was formed by the process of gastrulation? a. 1 b. f c. g d. 3 e. 5
e. 5
Which is not true concerning Sertoli cells? a. They secrete hormones. b. They are joined by tight junctions. c. They form a blood-testis barrier. d. They phagocytize discarded sperm cytoplasm. e. They facilitate the movement of sperm into the blood.
e. They facilitate the movement of sperm into the blood
Before a sperm can compete in fertilization, it must undergo a maturation process in the female reproductive tract known as: a. the acrosome reaction. b. the cortical reaction. c. spermatogenesis. d. determination. e. capacitation
e. capacitation
A human embryo is capable of movement and has gonads that are distinguishable as either testes or ovaries by the end of the: a. second week. b. fourth week. c. sixth week. d. eighth week. e. first trimester.
e. first trimester
The __________ develops into a corpus luteum. a. zona pellucida b. uterine wall c. primary oocyte d. secondary oocyte e. follicle
e. follicle
The first system to develop in the vertebrate embryo is the: a. circulatory system. b. digestive system. c. excretory system. d. reproductive system. e. nervous system
e. nervous system
Internal fertilization is more advantageous than external fertilization because it: a. permits cross-species fertilization. b. is more open to chance. c. produces a motile egg. d. increases the life span of gametes. e. provides a protective environment for gamete fusion.
e. provides a protective environment for gamete fusion.
The accessory glands of the male are the: a. seminal vesicles only. b. prostate gland only. c. bulbourethral glands only. d. seminal vesicles and prostate gland. e. seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
e. seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
Which of the following is the correct sequence through which early development proceeds? a. morula, zygote, gastrula, blastula b. zygote, blastula, morula, gastrula c. zygote, blastula, gastrula, morula d. zygote, gastrula, blastula, morula e. zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula
e. zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula
