Biology Lab 2 Exam
Prophase (mitosis)
- Chromosomes condense - Lose the nucleus and nucleolus. - Lays down spindles fibers.
Metaphase (mitosis)
- Chromosomes line up in middle of cell. - Alignment such that each chromatid is facing opposite poles.
Telophase (mitosis)
- Chromosomes start uncoiling. - The nucleus and nucleolus reform. - You lose the spindle fibers.
Meiosis 1: Telophase 1
- Duplicated chromosomes have reached the poles. - A nuclear envelope re-forms around chromosomes in some species.
Interphase in cells?
- G1 phase (gathering phase) - S phase (synthesis/ DNA replication) - G2 (growth phase) (nucleus and dark nucleolus) (normal cell function and replication)
Anaphase (Mitosis)
- Sister chromatids of each chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite poles. (when they reach the poles they are called chromosomes)
2H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) + catalase (enzyme) → O2 (oxygen) + 2H20 (water) What is the substrate?
2H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
Know all blood types! Blood type is codominant.
A, B, AB (universal acceptor) and O (universal donor) and + or - for rh factor.
Protista; unicellular eukaryotes:
Amoeba and phyzarum (slime mold)
Three areas, 1 with anti - A antibodies, 2 with anti - B antibodies and 3 with anti - rh.
Anti - A clots, A antibodies present. If Anti - B clots, B antibodies are present. If Anti - Rh clots, Rh is present.
Seedlings turned phenol red from basic to acidic because of?
Carbon dioxide production.
Second meiotic division (Meiosis II)
Chromatids separate
chromatography tube
Demonstrates that a plant has multiple pigments to maximize absorption.
Cytokinesis (Mitosis)
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division.
Rhizopus sp. (Arm With Fist)
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi
Spirogyra sp.
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae
Volvox sp.
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae
Amoeba sp.
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Protista
2) 10 ml glucose + 10 ml yeast + 5 ml 0.2 M NaF fermentation tube"2"
Fermentation does not occur because of NaF, no bubbles.
(3) 10 ml glucose + 10 ml yeast + 5 ml 0.2 M NaF + 1.0 M MgCl2 fermentation tube "3"
Fermentation does occur because MgCl2 cancels out NaF, CO2 bubbles are present, but not much.
Under what conditions does Fermentation occur?
Fermentation occur under anaerobic conditions.
(1) 10 ml glucose + 10 ml yeast fermentation tube "1"
Fermentation occurs, presence of CO2 bubbles.
What colors are absorbed/rejected when you see green objects?
Green is reflected and other wavelengths are absorbed.
Meiosis 1: Anaphase 1
Homologous chrmosomes move to the oppisite poles of the cell.
First Meiotic Division (Meiosis I)
Homologous chromosomes separate
What test is used to identify starch in plants?
Iodine. Black areas indicate where starch is produced/stored.
What was the purpose of the animal respirometer?
It was to measure the consumption of oxygen. - The KOH pellets absorbs the carbon dioxide. - KOH (potassium hydroxide) - demonstrates respiration through O2 consumption.
What was the purpose of the plant respirometer?
It was to measure the production of CO2. - Phenol Red shows us the presences of CO2 - demonstrates respiration through CO2 production.
Reductive division (for gametes) is _____?
Meiosis
Nuclear division is _____ ?
Mitosis
Test tube with carbon dioxide present had the most ______ bubbles.
Oxygen
Meiosis 1: Metaphase 1
Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell.
Fungi; eukaryotic:
Penicillium (arm without fist, fingers instead) and rhyzopus (arm with fist on it)
Plant + sodium bicarb Vs. Plant + boiled H20 results?
Plant with sodium bicarb has source of H2O, so photosynthesis occurs are oxygen bubbles are present.
Enzymes are _____?
Proteins
What did the cricket experiment demonstrate?
Rate of respiration and consumption of oxygen in respiration. Carbon dioxide absorbed by KOH (potassium chloride).
What colors are absorbed/rejected when you see red objects?
Red is reflected and green is absorbed.
Seedlings undergo _____, meaning they use _____ to create _____?
Respiration. oxygen; carbon dioxide.
What does a catalyst do?
Speeds up reaction time by requiring less activation energy.
How do enzymes affect reaction rate?
The H2O2 substrate affected the rate.
What was the chemical reaction that the enzyme catalyzed?
The catalase speeds up reaction by loser the activation energy of the reaction.
Meiosis 1: Prophase 1
The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. crossing-over occurs.
What enzyme did we use and where did we get this enzyme?
The enzyme we used was catalase and we got this enzyme from yeast.
What is the optimal pH and temperature for (most) enzymes to function?
The optimal pH for most enzymes to function is 8 because that is where its tertiary structure is best helped together.
Purpose of enzyme experiment?
To find optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme catalase.
Plantae; multicellular autotrophic eukaryote:
Volvox and spirogyra
How did we calculate reaction rate?
We calculate the reaction rate by doing the inverse equation Rate = 1/ time.
What is the point of maximizing absorption.
You maximize absorption in order to make more energy.
Fermentation Tubes
Your signal that fermentation is taking place is the appearance of CO2 bubbles.
Paper Chromatography - Method
a technique for separating dissolved compounds such as chlorophyll, carotene, and xanthophyll
Respiration Equation
glucose + oxygen (O2) ---> carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) + energy (ATP)
What happens during first meiotic division?
homologous *chromosomes separate: 2N → 1N
Enzyme speeds occur at different rates according to _____ and _____.
pH and temperature; pH and temperature can alter an enzyme's shape and interfere with its function (ability to catalyze a specific reaction). The correct 3-dimensional structure of the enzyme is maintained at optimum pH and temperature (active site is correct shape).
Penicillium sp. (Fingers)
produces the antibiotic penicillin
Photosynthesis Equation
sunlight + carbon dioxide → glucose + water + oxygen (6CO2 + 6H2O ---------> C6H12O6)
