biology mid term studyguide

Eukaryotes usually contain

-A nucleus -Genetic material -Specialized organelles

Prophase

-Chromatin has condensed into visible chromosomes -Nuclear envelop has disappeared -Nucleolus is no longer visible

Lipids

-Use the relatively high energy contained in carbon-hydrogen bonds to perform their primary function

Which statement describes one difference between mitosis and meiosis in animal cells

Mitosis produces two daughter cells, and meiosis produces four daughter cells

Which event most likely occurs next in mitosis?

The cell membrane pinches inward to divide the cytoplasm

A covalent bond is formed as the result of

sharing electrons

The genetic material of two different individuals of the same species is analyzed. One individual has brown eyes. The other has blue eyes. Which characteristic for eye color would be the same for both individuals?

the location of the gene the allele

Water molecules are polar, with

the oxygen side being slightly negative and the hydrogen side being slightly positive.

What must be transmitted to new DNA strands during replication to maintain genetic information?

the sequence of bases from existing DNA strands

Ice floats on water because

water expands when it freezes.

An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes

water to move into the cell.

Four characteristics of a living cell and describe any two in detail with examples

1)Composed of cells 2)Uses energy 3)Reproduction (Reproduction is the process by which living organisms or things produce offstring of their same kind. For example, plants and animals reproduce for the organisms to pass their traits or DNA.) 4)Adapts to the environment (Adapting to the environment is when an organism makes adjustments to their environemtn in order to improve their chances at survival in that environment. For examples, adapting to the environment could be when birds fly out to new destinations for better survival.)

What are three major differences between energy and matter

1)Energy is the ability to do work while matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space with volume. 2)Energy has no mass while matter has measureable mass. 3)Energy has no volume while mass has measureable volume.

A trait in cows is determined by two alleles of a single gene: allele R is dominant, and allele r is recessive. What is the probability of the dominant trait being expressed in the offspring of one RR parent and one rr parent?

100%

The diagram shows the movement of ions against a concentration gradient to an area of higher concentration. Which molecule provides the energy needed for this movement to occur in a cell

ATP

Which statement correctly describes how a protein is formed?

Amino acids are bonded together in a long chain to form a new molecule

Which statement describes the formation of a protein molecule?

Amino acids combine to form a protein chain

At a point in the cell cycle, chromosomes have aligned near the middle of a cell. Which sequence of events will the cell need to complete to produce two identical daughter cells?

Anaphase 🡪 Telophase 🡪 Cytokinesis

Which characteristic allows carbon atoms to form chains and rings with other carbon atoms?

Carbon can form four covalent bonds.

Life functions are performed at many levels of biological organization. Which level of biological organization is the simplest level at which a structure can support life functions?

Cell

Which statement best describes the outcomes of both meiosis and mitosis?

Cell division results in daughter cells that contain DNA

Which process uses the products of photosynthesis as reactants?

Cellular respiration

Similarities between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis both involve water

Difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Cellular respiration uses sugar, and photosynthesis produces sugar

Proteins

Chains of amino acids that can function as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies

Which statement best describes a relationship between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy that can be used by mitochondria.

Which characteristic is shared by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Contain genetic material

Choose the correct statement about diffusion

During diffusion, molecules move from an area where their concentration is high to an area where their concentration is low until molecules are evenly dispersed

The presence of a specific trait is genetically inherited. There are only two possible outcomes for this trait: an individual either inherits the trait or does not inherit the trait. Which statement best describes how parents influence this trait?

Each parent contributes one allele for this trait

Which statement best compares eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles, and prokaryotic cells do not

A jackrabbit has large ears containing blood vessels that help it maintain a constant body temperature by adjusting heat exchange with the surrounding environment. Which characteristic of life is best described by this example?

Homeostasis

Some fish travel from saltwater to freshwater or from freshwater to saltwater but still maintain the concentration of salt and water in their cells that is best for them. This is an example of

Homeostasis **REMEMBER THIS**

How does a mitochondrion facilitate the movement of some materials between cells?

It supplies the energy needed for moving molecules through membranes.

Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells

Which process best describes the assembly of proteins from amino acids?

Monomers are linked to form a polymer

Which statement best describes how active transport differs from passive transport?

Only active transport requires ATP.

A student made lists of structures observed in cells from two different organisms. Which statement describes the most likely difference in the way that organism 1 and organism 2 obtain energy?

Only organism 1 uses solar energy to make energy-rich compounds (because organism 1 has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a vacuole)

Which component of the plasma membrane contains a hydrophobic region and acts as the primary barrier to most foreign substances?

Phospholipid bilayer

Which statement best compares the energy transformations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both store energy in chemical bonds.

A cell in the leaf of a green plant performs both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, often at the same time. Which statement best describes how these processes are related to each other?

Products of one process are used as some of the reactants for the other process

Four macromolecules of living cells (give examples for each one)

Protein (meats: chicken breast) Carbonhydrates (pasta) Lipids (oils) Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Lipid

Structure: A molecule made mostly of carbon with two nonpolar chains and a polar head Cellular use: Is a component of plasma membranes

Nucleic acid

Structure: A polar molecule made of repeating units of sugar bonded to a phosphate and a nitrogenous base Cellular use: Stores genetic information

Which property of water is most responsible for plants being able to transport water from their roots to their leaves?

The attraction between molecules

Which of the following statements about a compound is true?

The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the elements from which it is formed.

Statement 1: All living things are composed of cells. Statement 2: If soil contains high levels of salt, the plants will die. Statement 3: The temperature reading on the thermometer is 21°C. Statement 4: It must have rained this morning because the soil is wet.

Theory (A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypothesis, and facts) Hypothesis (An assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so it can be tested to see if it might be true) Observation (The perception and recording data via the use of scientific instruments) Inference (The process of drawing conclusions based on evidence and reasoning)

What type of electron is available to form bonds?

Valence

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and

a different number of neutrons

Prokaryotes lack

a nucleus

A substance with a pH of 6 is called

an acid

Solutions that contain low concentrations of H+ ions

are bases.

A polysaccharide is a

carbohydrate

Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?

carbohydrates

Which organelle breaks down compounds or wastes within the cell?

lysosome

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

mitochondrion

Diffusion occurs because

molecules constantly move and collide with one another.

Which cell structure contains the cell's genetic material and controls many of the cell's activities?

nucleus

Suspensions are mixtures

of water and nondissolved material.

What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons?

positive

The Golgi apparatus is broken down during mitosis and then reformed. Which function would a cell be unable to perform during the time that its Golgi apparatus is broken down?

processing and packaging proteins for cellular export

The three particles that make up an atom are

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

regulates which materials enter and leave the cell

When salt is dissolved in water, water is the

solvent (a usually liquid substance capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances)

Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the

speed of the reaction

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

store and transmit hereditary

The main function of the cell wall is to

support and protect the cell :)