Biology midterm
The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? mRNA to DNA to protein DNA to mRNA to protein DNA to rRNA to protein DNA to tRNA to mRNA to protein DNA to DNA to protein
DNA to mRNA to protein
Shared derived traits are found in all members of the ingroup of a clade. True False
False
All of the genes and all of their associated alleles within a population represent the population's gene pool. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. genome. gene flow. genotype.
gene pool
The fermentation capabilities of ________ are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages. chytrids molds yeasts lichens mycorrhizal fungi
yeasts
Prokaryotes belong to ________ Kingdom Plantae. Domain Archaea. Kingdom Protista. Kingdom Animalia. Domain Eukarya.
Domain Archaea.
Members of two different species are never capable of mating. True False
False
Cladograms show the sequence of evolution of the characters in a clade. True False
True
Which feature is believed to have been the first step in the evolution of land plants from the green algae? evolution of seeds evolution of microphylls evolution of vascular tissue evolution of flowers in order to attract pollinators protection of the embryo
protection of the embryo
A red-eyed male Drosophila mates with a red-eyed female Drosophila. One of the female's parents had white eyes. What proportion of the male offspring will have white eyes? 50% 100% 0% 25% 75%
50%
Which of the three domains contain(s) prokaryotic organisms? Eukarya Bacteria Bacteria and Archaea Archaea Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea
A couple has three children, two of which have blonde hair. The third child and both parents have dark hair. What can be determined about the gene for hair color in this family? Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait. Blonde hair color is an autosomal dominant trait. Blonde hair color conveys a lethal mutation. Blonde hair color is a sex-linked recessive trait. Blonde hair color is a sex-linked dominant trait.
Blonde hair color is an autosomal recessive trait.
What characteristic is common of both a genetic bottleneck and a founder effect? Both encounter a population crash. Both involve a portion of a population becoming isolated. Both involve a decrease in a population's genetic diversity. Both affect the entire population. Both are a type of natural selection.
Both involve a decrease in a population's genetic diversity
What characteristic is common of both a genetic bottleneck and a founder effect? Both involve a decrease in a population's genetic diversity. Both are a type of natural selection. Both affect the entire population. Both involve a portion of a population becoming isolated. Both encounter a population crash.
Both involve a decrease in a population's genetic diversity.
Most dinosaurs became extinct at the end of which of the following periods of the Mesozoic? Devonian Cretaceous Permian Triassic Jurassic
Cretaceous
Most dinosaurs became extinct at the end of which of the following periods of the Mesozoic? Devonian Triassic Permian Cretaceous Jurassic
Cretaceous
You discover a green, filamentous multicellular eukaryote growing at the edge of a pond. How could you determine if the organism is a green alga or a plant? Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos. Determine if the organism protects its zygotes. Examine the cell walls to see if they are composed of cellulose. See if the organism stores its excess carbohydrates in the form of starch. Test for the presence of chlorophylls <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>.
Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos.
Which of the following is not true with regard to the law of segregation? Genes segregate during gamete formation. Each gamete contains two genes for each trait. Each individual has two factors for each trait. During fertilization, each new individual obtains two genes for each trait. Gametes contain only one gene from each pair.
Each gamete contains two genes for each trait.
Which of the following cannot be determined from the fossil record? Geologic uplift has occurred. Evidence of every species that ever existed. Diversity has changed through time. Transitional fossils exist. Evidence of prior natural disasters/catastrophes exist.
Evidence of every species that ever existed.
Analogous structures are always evidence of common ancestry. True False
False
The only single-celled organisms are prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria. False because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled. False because some prokaryotes are multicellular. True because prokaryotes are the simplest cell form. False because all single-celled organisms are prokaryotes. True because all eukaryotes are multicellular.
False because some eukaryotes, including protista, are single-celled.
Parents with the dominant phenotype cannot have offspring with the recessive phenotype. True, because both parents have the dominant allele. True, because the dominant gene must be passed down from each parent. True, because at least one dominant gene will be passed down from each parent. False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele. False, because one parent could carry the recessive allele.
False, because both parents could carry the recessive allele.
Many species of finches, tortoises, cacti, and iguanas are found on the Galápagos Islands and nowhere else in the world. Which physical attribute of these islands has not played a role in permitting such unique life forms to evolve? There is geographic isolation from mainland species. The islands are small compared to the South American mainland. Each island has its own unique environment. Food is plentiful and diverse on every island. Multiple islands exist.
Food is plentiful and diverse on every island.
Red-green color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait. If a female is red-green color-blind, which of the following is true? Both her parents are carriers of the recessive allele. Women cannot exhibit red-green color blindness because they have two X chromosomes. Her father must be color-blind. Both her parents must be color-blind. Her mother must be color-blind.la
Her father must be color-blind.
Which statement is not true about invertebrate animals? Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors. Most animal phyla are invertebrates. Invertebrates lack a nervous system. The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates.
Invertebrates lack a nervous system
How is the mycelium a valuable adaptation for a fungus? It discourages animals from feeding on the fungus. It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture. It provides a vast surface area for the generation of spores. It provides a strong anchor for the fungus. It provides physical support for the fragile sporophyte generation.
It provides a large surface area for the absorption of nutrients and moisture.
Which similarity is not shared between algae and plants? Algae are photoautotrophs. Algae are producers. Most algae have some form of locomotion. Algae are eukaryotes. Algae were once classified as plants.
Most algae have some form of locomotion.
Which of the following is not a step in the process of natural selection? The population produces more offspring than the environment can support. Individuals who have favorable traits survive and reproduce more than those individuals lacking such traits. Members of a population possess heritable variations. Over multiple generations of reproducing, a larger proportion of the population will have those favorable traits and thus adaptation has occurred. People select which individuals breed and which ones do not.
People select which individuals breed and which ones do not.
Why are green algae placed in the kingdom Protista, while plants are given their own kingdom? Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually, while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually. All plants are vascular, while all green algae are nonvascular. Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not. The green algae use chlorophyll <i>a</i>, while plants use chlorophyll <i>b</i>. Green algae have a cell wall of chitin, while plants have cell walls of cellulose.
Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not.
unicellular only
Protists can be colonial or multicellular, but not unicellular. unicellular or colonial, but not multicellular. colonial only. unicellular only. unicellular, colonial, or multicellular.
What do transitional fossils illustrate? All transitional links are now extinct. Shared ancestral traits.  Convergent evolution occurred in the ancient past. Natural selection happened long ago just as it does today. All life is related.
Shared ancestral traits. 
Which of the following statements is true about the phylogenetic tree shown here? The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee. The gibbon is more closely related to the rhesus monkey than to the chimpanzee. The galago is more closely related to the green monkey than to the capuchin. The gibbon does not share a common ancestor with the chimpanzee or human. The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a more recent common ancestor than do the chimpanzee and human.
The green monkey and rhesus monkey share a common ancestor with the gibbon and chimpanzee.
Which is not an important characteristic of the Galápagos Islands in the context of Darwin's theory of evolution? The islands were too far from mainland South America for most terrestrial plants and animals to colonize. The organisms on the islands were similar to those observed in South America. The multiple islands all had an identical environment. The organisms on the islands were different from those observed in South America. The organisms on the islands varied from island to island.
The multiple islands all had an identical environment.
Which is not an important characteristic of the Galápagos Islands in the context of Darwin's theory of evolution? The multiple islands all had an identical environment. The organisms on the islands were similar to those observed in South America. The islands were too far from mainland South America for most terrestrial plants and animals to colonize. The organisms on the islands were different from those observed in South America. The organisms on the islands varied from island to island.
The multiple islands all had an identical environment.
If a population recovers to its original population size after experiencing a bottleneck, which statement is correct regarding this population? The recovered population shows less genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck. The recovered population is as likely to go extinct as is the population prior to the bottleneck. The bottleneck subjected the population to directional selection. The recovered population is more likely to go extinct as is the population prior to the bottleneck. The recovered population shows more genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck.
The recovered population shows less genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck.
Given the comparative study of embryology, it is concluded that genes controlling embryonic development are essentially the same. True False
True
The similarity of the fossil glyptodont to the living, modern armadillo is an example of comparative anatomy. True False
True
________ is the vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from a plant's roots to its leaves. Endosperm Phloem Hypha Corolla Xylem
Xylem
Which event was not involved in the Permian mass extinction? shifting ocean currents a large meteor impact a decrease in the amount of shallow marine habitat dramatic environmental change shifting wind patterns
a large meteor impact
Which of the following does not generate genetic variation within a population? independent assortment of alleles sexual reproduction adaptation genetic recombination mutation
adaptation
Which of the following groups provides protection and nourishment to the embryo? gymnosperms only all plants lycophytes only angiosperms only bryophytes only
all plants
Alleles are recessive traits. exact copies of the same trait. alternate versions of the same trait. two versions of the same trait. dominant traits.
alternate versions of the same trait.
Similarity due to convergent evolution is called analogy. phylogeny. homology. taxonomy. cladistics.
analogy.
Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by angiosperms. bryophytes. lycophytes. gymnosperms. charophytes.
angiosperms
Which of these worms are segmented? roundworms flukes annelids planarians All worms are segmented.
annelids
Shared derived traits are homologies found only in certain members of the ingroup. are shared by all organisms on the cladogram. are found within members of the outgroup. are homologies found between the ingroup and the outgroup. are shared only by common ancestors.
are homologies found only in certain members of the ingroup.
Homologous structures have fully divergent functions. are shared by organisms of the same genus. have identical functions. are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent. are also called analogous structures.
are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent.
Animals are not heterotrophic. autotrophic. multicellular. eukaryotic. motile.
autotrophic.
The fact that DNA is the molecule containing the genetic code for all life on Earth is a part of biochemical evidence. comparative anatomical evidence. biogeographical evidence. evidence of artificial selection. comparative embryological evidence.
biochemical evidence.
Which are the most numerous and diverse vertebrates? reptiles bony fishes mammals lancelets cartilaginous fishes
bony fishes
Which variable will determine the coat color in Himalayan rabbits? the genetics will determine it 100% neither the environment nor genes will play a role in determining coat color the environment will determine it 100% both the genetics and environment will determine the coat color
both the genetics and environment will determine the coat color
Which of the following lists the terms from simplest to most complex? organs, organ system, organism, cells, tissues cells, organs, tissues, organ systems, organism cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, cells organ systems, tissues, cells, organism, organs
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
What feature enables the paramecium to move? nucleus cilia flagella pseudopodia contractile vacuole
cilia
Which of these is a bivalve? octopus snail clam squid conch
clam
Which of the following is not an example of artificial selection? different styles of potatoes: fried, mashed, baked, etc. different breeds of cats: Siamese, Persian, Himalayan, American shorthair, etc. different breeds of dogs: poodle, basset hound, Chihuahua, Great Dane, etc. different types of tomatoes: roma, beefsteak, grape, cherry, etc. different varieties of roses: yellow, pink, red, thornless, climbing, etc.
different styles of potatoes: fried, mashed, baked, etc.
Which of the following lists the levels of taxonomic classification in order from the most inclusive to the least inclusive? genus - order - family - class - phylum genus - family - order - class - phylum family - order - class - phylum - kingdom domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order phylum - order - class - family - species
domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order
Which of the following is the most encompassing level of organization? class ecosystem species population cells
ecosystem
Which of the following correctly reflects the division of the history of life on Earth, from most inclusive to least inclusive? epoch - era - period era - epoch - period period - epoch - era epoch - period - era era - period - epoch
era - period - epoch
Which geological timescale contains the greatest number of years? periods centuries epochs eras decades
eras
The artificial selection of different breeds of dogs is an example of speciation. True False
false
What characteristics of Archaeopteryx tell us that it is a link to reptiles and birds? teeth teeth and a tail with vertebrae feathers and teeth tail with vertebrae feathers
feathers and teeth
Which structure is a characteristic found only in angiosperms? seed megaphyll flower vascular tissue leaf
flower????
A blue-eyed, left-handed woman marries a brown-eyed, right-handed man who is heterozygous for both of his traits. If blue eyes and left-handedness are recessive, how many different phenotypes are possible in their children? four one three five two
four
Which of the following is an example of a phenotype? AAGg Ag Gg AA freckles
freckles
Which of the following is matched incorrectly? skin - organ brain - organ osteocyte - cell neuron - cell gene - organelle
gene - organelle
A fraction of the original green frog population survives to reproduce and generate a new population. If the survivors of the original population survived by chance, then this event is an example of genetic drift. industrial melanism. founder effect. natural selection. gene flow.
genetic drift.
Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the genus. binomial name. family name. specific epithet. order name.
genus.
If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n) fern. gymnosperm. bryophyte. angiosperm. lycophyte.
gymnosperm.
If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n) lycophyte. gymnosperm. bryophyte. fern. angiosperm.
gymnosperm.
Which of these would be best able to reproduce during a period with little to no rainfall? No plants can reproduce except during rainy weather. ferns gymnosperms bryophytes lycophytes
gymnosperms
Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals? cephalization extraembryonic membranes hair endothermic four-chambered heart
hair
A shared ancestral characteristic used in cladistics is found only in the most distant ancestor. only in the two most recent ancestors. in two of the outgroups. only among the members of the ingroup. in both the outgroup and the ingroup.
in both the outgroup and the ingroup.
Which is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods? crustaceans centipedes arachnids insects millipedes
insects
Wings of insects and birds are results of convergent evolution. This means that insects must have evolved from birds. these organisms have different adaptations to different environments. insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways. these organisms share a recent common ancestor and so have similar adaptations. the insects and birds must be related to possess such similar qualities.
insects and birds have each independently evolved structures that serve the same function (flight) but have done so in very different ways.
Which of these has radial symmetry? human nudibranch jellyfish roundworm planarian
jellyfish
Evolutionary relationships between organisms are determined by molecular evidence and anatomical homologies. molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, anatomical analogies, and fossil records. molecular evidence, anatomical analogies, and fossil records. molecular evidence and fossil records. molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, and fossil records.
molecular evidence, anatomical homologies, and fossil records.
Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture? ferns only mosses and ferns but not lycophytes lycophytes only mosses, ferns, and lycophytes mosses only
mosses, ferns, and lycophytes
Which of these would you expect to thrive in areas with abundant moisture? mosses, ferns, and lycophytes lycophytes only ferns only mosses only mosses and ferns but not lycophytes
mosses, ferns, and lycophytes
In the process of natural selection, individuals that are most fit are the ones that are most likely to be physically fit. most likely to migrate. most likely to reproduce. most likely to survive. most likely to mutate.
most likely to reproduce.
If the survivors of an original population survived due to specific phenotypes that they possessed, then this event is an example of founder effect. gene flow. industrial melanism. genetic drift. natural selection.
natural selection.
Cold weather can change what aspect of a Himalayan rabbit? rate of genetic mutations alleles phenotype genotype sex
phenotype
The process of ________ transforms solar energy into chemical energy. metabolism respiration homeostasis photosynthesis reproduction
photosynthesis
Which group of organisms are viroids (not viruses) most likely to parasitize? cattle fungi plants fish bacteria
plants
Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans, are the result of what form of inheritance? multiple allele systems incomplete dominance codominance simple Mendelian inheritance polygenic
polygenic
Two species are said to be closely related if they have a shared gene pool. possess a common ancestor. are reproductively isolated from each other. can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. can interbreed but not produce fertile offspring.
possess a common ancestor
Fitness refers to the physical health of an individual. reproductive success. mutations that benefit an organism's survival. the variation in traits within the population. the physical health of a population.
reproductive success.
Which of the following correctly lists the classification categories from least to most inclusive? species, genus, family, class, order, domain, phylum, kingdom domain, kingdom, class, order, family, phylum, genus, species kingdom, phylum, domain, class, order family, genus, species species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain phylum, species, genus, kingdom, domain, order, class, family
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
The punctuated equilibrium model of evolution suggests that new species appear only after older species disappear from the fossil record. suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change. gradually over very short periods of time so that intermediate species are often observed in the fossil record. gradually; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways. gradually after long periods of time with little to no change; as groups become isolated, they slowly evolve through their own individual pathways.
suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change.
Linked genes are found on homologous chromosomes. always assort independently. never cross over during prophase I. undergo crossing-over of sister chromatids at a high rate. tend to be close together on a single chromosome.
tend to be close together on a single chromosome.
During meiosis, each pair of alleles on the homologous chromosomes sorts independently from all other pairs of alleles. This statement corresponds to the law of independent assortment. the law of segregation. gene theory. the law of probability. the rule of multiplication.
the law of independent assortment.
When hiking high in the mountains, you find fossil marine shells lying about. This provides evidence that marine animals are not restricted to living in the ocean. someone brought the shells to the top of the mountain. very high ocean waves brought the shells to the top of the mountain. shelled marine animals live on the top of mountains. the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted.
the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted.
The presence of vestigial organs supports evidence of evolution because the vestigial organs represent variation in a species. the vestigial organ could not have been passed down from an ancestor. the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor. both the vestigial organ and the functional organ perform the same function. the vestigial organ is unique to one species.
the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor.
In random mating individuals choose the most attractive mate. breeding occurs between two different species. fertile offspring are not produced. there is no factor influencing mate choice. breeding occurs between two different subspecies.
there is no factor influencing mate choice.
Two organisms present in the same genus are usually more closely related to each other than to organisms in other genera. True False
true