Biology Module Two Study Guide

Proteins

Make up more than 50% of the dry weight of cells. Used for structure, transporting, storage, signaling, movement, and defense in a cell.

Lipids

Macromolecules that are not considered polymers and are hydrophobic

Polysaccharide

Made up of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units bonded together

Amino acids

The smaller molecules that make up proteins

Monosaccharide

The smallest type of carbohydrate molecule

Phospholipids

Two fatty acids and one phosphate group bonded to the glycerol molecule. One hydrophilic end and one hydrophobic end

How does the way animal cells use their vacuoles compare to the way plant cells use theirs? a. Both plant and animal cells use some of their vacuoles to store food. b. Both plant and animal cells rely on their vacuoles to help the cells maintain their shape. c. All animal cells need to have vacuoles, but only plant cells in the roots need to have them. d. Animal cells use their vacuoles constantly, but plant cells only need theirs during drought.

a

If a plant ran short of carbon dioxide (CO2), which of the following would most likely be affected FIRST? a. The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis b. The ATP synthase within the chloroplasts c. The light reactions of photosynthesis d. The thylakoids within the chloroplasts

a

Starch

a polysaccharide formed by plants as a way to store the large amounts of glucose produced during photosynthesis

Cellulose

a polysaccharide made up of glucose, a very strong material serving as a primary structural component of plants

Glycogen

a polysaccharide that animals and fungi use to store excess glucose molecules from their food

Chitin

another structural polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules

Which of the following is carried out in the Golgi apparatus of the cell? a. Digestion of large molecules b. Cellular respiration c. Protein synthesis d. Protein modification and storage

b

What does the chloroplast produce during the light independent reactions of photosynthesis? a. NADPH molecules b. ATP molecules c. Carbohydrate molecules d. Chlorophyll molecules

c

Disaccharide

carbohydrate molecule made up of two monosaccharide molecules bonded together

What are the four categories of biological macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Which of the following outcomes would be most likely if the proteins embedded in a cell membrane became unable to function properly? a. More nuclei would be formed inside the cell to store an increasing amount of waste. b. Proteins in the cell wall would then have to carry out additional functions. c. The cell would be forced to divide as substances continued to build up inside the cell. d. The cell would die as many substances would be unable to enter or leave the cell.

d

Polymers

large molecules composed of many identical or similar subunits called monomers

Fat molecules

made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Steroids

Another category of lipids. I.e cholesterol

Triglycerides

Another name for fats

An enzyme is used to catalyze a metabolic reaction. What would most likely happen if an enzyme inhibitor were added during the reaction? a. The inhibitor would cause the reverse reaction to occur. b. The inhibitor would denature the enzyme and prevent it from functioning. c. The inhibitor would bind to the products of the metabolic reaction. d. The inhibitor would prevent the reaction from proceeding.

d

The first stage of cellular respiration, glycolysis, results in two pyruvate molecules. Those pyruvate molecules are then used in what stage of cellular respiration? a. Active transport b. Phosphorylation c. The electron transport chain d. The Krebs cycle

d