Biology Pretest 2

AgriWV discovers an herbicide that causes a decrease in the production of NADPH and G3P and has no effect on chlorophyll absorption, ATP synthase activity, or oxygen production. Based on this information, which of the folllowing parts or steps of photosynthesis does this herbicide inhibit? a. Photosystem I b. Photosystem II c. Chlorophyll absorption d. ATP synthase e. the Calvin Cycle

a. Photosystem I

Which of the following structures listed below have a circular chromosome? Select all that apply. a. Prokaryotic Cells b. Mitochondria c. Chloroplasts d. Eukaryotic cells e. Ribosomes f. Lysosomes

a. Prokaryotic cells b. Mitochondria c. chloroplasts

Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide available will a. increase the rate of the Calvin Cycle b. decrease the rate of the Calvin cycle

a. increase the rate of the Calvin Cycle

In class we talked about Patrick, who suffered from lactate acidosis. His enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA did not work properly. One treatment option for patients such as Patrick is a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates. This is because fatty acids can be broken down into [x], which can [y]. a. acetyl CoA b. amino acid gruops c. pyruvate d. ATP directly e. enter the Citric Acid Cycle f. enter lactic acid fermentation g. be used by cells

X: a. acetyl CoA Y: e. enter the Citric Acid Cycle

In [x] inhibition, the inhibitor binds a a region of the enzyme different from the active site. In [y] inhibition, the inhibitor binds the active site. a. competitive b. indirect c. allosteric

X: c. allosteric Y: a. competitive

During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria will be generated by..... and used primarily for...... a. diffusion of protons ... ATP synthesis b. the electron transport chain ... the Krebs Cycle c. glycolysis ... production of H2O d. fermentation ... NAD reduction e. the electron transport chain ... ATP synthesis

e. the electron transport chain ... ATP synthesis

Which of the following statements are part of the modern cell theory? A. All living things are made up of one or more cells. B. All cells come from cells that already exist. C. The cell is the fundamental unit of living things. D. A and B E. A, B, and C

E. A, B, and C

What are the "outputs", or products, of the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis? Mark all that apply. A. Water B. Sugars C. Oxygen D. NADPH E. ATP

E. ATP C. Oxygen D. NADPH

Which of the following is an example of autophagy? a. A membrane encloses a peroxisome which is then delivered to a lysosome. b. Multiple receptors bind to proteins that carry cholesterol and these receptors along with their cargo are endocytosed. c. A type of white blood cell called a macrophage engulfs a bacterium.

c. A type of White blood cell called a macrophage engulfs a bacterium.

The figure below is based on the reaction A + B --> C + D. Which of the following represents the transition state?

2

Which of the following are found in plant cells? Select all that apply. a. cell membrane b. mitochondria c. cell wall d. chloroplasts

a. cell membrane b. mitochondria c. cell wall d. chloroplasts

The ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is used.... Select all that apply a. in the Calvin cycle b. to reform RuBP c. during carbon fixation d. to convert PGA to G3P

a. in the calvin cycle b. to reform RuBP d. to convert PGA to G3P

Which photosynthetic process produces the most ATP? a. PSI b. PSII c. Calvin Cycle

b. PSII

What are the products of glycolysis? a. 2 pyruvate b. 2 (net) ATP c. 2 NADH d. Both A and B. e. A, B, and C.

e. A, B, and C

Which of the following statements is true of fermentation? a. It directly produces NAD+ b. It directly produces ATP. c. It directly produces NADH d. It uses oxygen.

a. It directly produces NAD+

Where do the majority of the atoms for a plant's macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, come from? a. water b. soil c. sun d. air

d. air

For each of the following processes listed, determine if the process occurs during cellular respiration, photosynthesis, both, or neither. 1. oxygen is the final electron acceptor 2. Reduction of NADP+ 3. water is an electron donor 4. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs 5. generation of proton gradients occurs A. Respiration B. Photosynthesis C. Neither Photosynthesis nor Respiration D. Both Photosynthesis and Respiration

1. d. both 2. b. photosynthesis 3. b. photosynthesis 4. a. Respiration 5. d. both

During which process is ATP produced? Select all that apply A. Calvin Cycle B. pyruvate processing C. light-dependent reactions D. glycolysis

A. Calvin Cycle C. Light-dependent reactions D. glycolysis

The figure below shows the enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA. This enzyme is called PDC. The straight arrow from pyruvate to acetyl CoA shows the active PDC enzyme working normally. Normal cells use enzymes to activate and inactivate PDC. The inactive form of PDC is shown as a rectangle. The black curved arrows show that cells can active and inactive PDC. A drug called DCA inhibits the enzyme that inactivates PDC. Another treatment option for patients with Patrick's disease is to use DCA. Treating a patient with this drug would lead to ___________ a. increase production of acetyl CoA b. increased lactate accumulation c. decreased ATP production d. all of the above

a. increase production of acetyl CoA

A lack of which one or more of the following will slow down or stop the Calvin cycle? a. light b. carbon dioxide c. NADPH d. ATP e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Match the following items 1. All reactions can occur in the dark or light 2. reactions that involve chemiosmosis 3. Reactions that can occur in all eukaryotic cells 4. reactions that need enzymes 5. reactions that involve NADPH 6. Reactions that can occur in sunlight 7. reactions that produce water 8. reactions that use carbon dioxide 9. reactions where ATP is the FINAL product 10. reactions that occur in cells that contain chloroplasts A. ONLY occur in photosynthesis B. ONLY occur in cellular respiration C. occur in BOTH cellular respiration and photosynthesis

1. b. Cellular Respiration 2. c. Both 3. b. CR 4. c. Both 5. a. P 6. c. Both 7. b. CR 8. a. P 9. b. CR 10. c. Both

Dihydrofolate reductase catalyzes the reaction that breaks down folic acid into cofactors to create nucleotides. The reaction is inhibited by methotrexate (which does not resemble folic acid and cannot be catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase). Increasing the ratio of folic acid to methotrexate does not reduce the inhibitory effect of methotrexate. Which of the following is correct? A. Dihydrofolate reductase is the enzyme and methotrexate is a noncompetitive inhibitor. B. Methotrexate is the enzyme and folic acid is the substrate. C. Methotrexate is the substrate and folic acid is the product. D. Folic acid is the enzyme and methotrexate is a competitive inhibitor. E. Methotrexate is the product and folic acid is a competitive inhibitor.

A. Dihydrofolate reductase is the enzyme and methotrexate is a noncompetitive inhibitor.

Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to ______ and in this step gain ______. A. ATP, NAD+ B. Lactate, NAD+ C. Alcohol, ATP D. Lactate, ATP E. Alcohol, CO2

B. Lactate, NAD+

A new flower species has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are NOT being absorbed by this pigment? A. Blue and Violet B. Red and Yellow C. Green, Blue, and Violet D. Green and Yellow E. Blue, Green, and Red

B. Red and Yellow

Which of the following reactions is the correct description of the beginning of the Citric Acid Cycle? A. Acetyl CoA + citrate -> oxaloacetate B. Pyruvate + citrate -> oxaloacetate C. Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate D. Pyruvate + oxaloacetate -> citrate E. Acetyl CoA + pyruvate -> citrate

C. Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate

A cell acquires a mutation to its DNA that causes the Transmembrane Signal Sequence to become unreadable in the final protein. Where is the most likely destination for this protein? A. It will remain within the cell's cytoplasm. B. It will be sent back to the ER. C. It will be packaged into a lysosome. D. It will be secreted to the outside of cell. E. It will be retained by the golgi.

D. It will be secreted to the outside of cell.

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? A. Mitochondrial matrix B. Mitochondrial inner membrane space C. Mitochondrial outer membrane D. Mitochondrial inner membrane E. Cytoplasm

D. Mitochondrial inner membrane

A photosynthesizing plant is moved from light to dark. Which of the following describes the correct order in which these process will stop? a. oxygen release, ATP formation, carbon dioxide fixation b. ATP formation, oxygen release, carbon dioxide fixation c. ATP formation, carbon dioxide fixation, oxygen release d. carbon dioxide fixation, ATP formation, oxygen release

a. oxygen release, ATP formation, carbon dioxide fixation

The figure below is based on the reaction A + B --> C +D. Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the figure?

b

5 out of every 6 G3P molecules produced through photosynthesis is used to build ____ a. PGA b. RUBP c. glucose d. acetyl CoEnzyme A e. fructose f. cellulose

b. RUBP

Use the image below to answer the following question. Which has the lower surface area to volume ratio a human egg or a frog egg? a. human egg b. frog egg c. both have the same surface area to volume ratio

b. frog egg

Which of the following would be the LAST effect of blocking the last step in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria of one of your cells? a. The proton gradient (H+) across the intermembrane of the mitochondria would no longer exist. b. H2O production within the mitochondria would stop. c. ATP synthase production of ATP would stop. d. Electrons would not be passed along the electron transport chain.

c. ATP synthase production of ATP would stop.

Endocytosis is the process by which.... a. a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and secretes the contents inside the vesicle to the outside of the cell. b. particles outside the cell bind to receptors and then the plasma membrane pinches off to form a vesicle. c. the plasma membrane pinches off to take up material from the outside of the cell.

c. the plasma membrane pinches off to take up material from the outside of the cell.

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the a. matrix of the mitochondria b. inner membrane of the mitochondria c. the stroma d. the thylakoid membrane e. the cytoplasm

c. the stroma

Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the accompanying figure? a. Inorganic phosphate is created from organic phosphate. b. Energy from catabolism can be used directly for performing cellular work. c. ADP + Pi are a set of molecules that store energy for catabolism. d. ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work. e. Pi acts as a shuttle molecule to move energy from ATP to ADP.

d. ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work.

Phagocytosis is a way for cells to... a. Digest and recycle materials from old or damaged organelles. b. Acidify an early endosome to break down macromolecules. c. Transport macromolecules from the outside of the cell into the cell via receptors. d. Transport a food particle or smaller cell into the from the outside of the cell into the cell. e. Release digested material to the cytoplasm.

d. Transport a food particle or smaller cell into from the outside of the cell into the cell

Chemical energy is a form of ________ energy. a. heat b. entropic c. kinetic d. potential e. activation

d. potential

According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, ________. a. the binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site b. some enzymes change their structure when activators bind to the enzyme c. a competitive inhibitor can outcompete the substrate for the active site d. the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site e. the active site creates a microenvironment ideal for the reaction

d. the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site

What are the products of glycolysis? a. 2 pyruvate b. 2 (net) ATP c. 2 NADH d. Both A and B. e. A, B, and C.

e. A, B, and C.

Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms, but they are not plants. Algal cells normally experience an environmental temperature of 37°C. Which of the following BEST explains why increasing the temperature to 50°C is a type of cellular stress? a. Algal cells cannot live at extremely hot temperatures. b. The rate of enzymatic reactions increases as the temperature increases. c. Algal cells cannot continue photosynthesis and end up starving. d. Algal cells cannot osmoregulate if the temperature is too hot. e. Enzymes can denature if the temperature is too hot.

e. Enzymes can denature if the temperature is too hot