Biology Questions

Components of the endomembrane system

- Nuclear envelope (houses DNA) - Rough endoplasmic membrane (contains ribosomes and forms transport vesicles that take proteins to other parts of the cell - Smooth endoplasmic membrane (synthesizes tissue specific lipids - Golgi apparatus (functions as a transfer station which receives transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies the molecules within the vesicles, packages the modified molecules and sends them out in outgoing transport vesicles - vesicles like lysozymes which digest molecules

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

- Receiving cell signals - Separating the interior of the cell and the exterior of the cell - Controlling the passage of various molecules

What must this cell do before it can carry out mitosis? (The cell has a diploid number of 4 chromosomes; 2n = 4)

- Replicate its DNA (Each chromosome is present as a single chromatid, and the chromosomes must be copied before they are split up in mitosis) - Duplicate its centrosome (The cell still has only one centrosome, and will need two to serve as poles of the spindle)

Components of the nucleus

- nuclear envelope (double membrane phospholipid that separates nucleus from cytoplasm - nuclear pore (openings in the nucleus envelope that allow the cell nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm) - chromatin (network of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information

How many major divisions do the bodies of all insects have?

3 (head, thorax and abdomen)

A multicellular organism is:

A group of differentiated eukaryotic cells that work together to support the function of an organism

What describes the composition of a ribosome?

A ribosome is made of RNA and proteins. Each ribosome consists of two complexes: the small and large subunits. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

A nucleotide is made of:

A sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

An antibiotic will not work on a virus because...

A virus is not made of cells (A single virus particle is known as a virion, and is made up of a set of genes bundled within a protective protein shell called a capsid.)

In second phase of cellular respiration, glucose is further broken down into:

Acetyl-Coa and hydrogen carrier molecules

The function of the cell membrane is:

Allow only selective substances in and out of the cell

This cell is in which stage of mitosis?

Anaphase (The chromosomes are separating to opposite poles of the cell, but the nuclei have not yet begun to re-form)

What is located outside the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?

Capsule

How do cells obtain energy from food?

Cells use enzymes to catalyze the oxidation of organic molecules in small steps, through a sequence of reactions that allow useful energy to be harvested

What is not part of the cytoskeleton?

Centrioles

The joint in the middle of a chromosome is:

Centromere

Fungal cells are made out of.....?

Chitin

What organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Chloroplasts and central vacuole are important organelles in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis. Central vacuoles are used to store water in plant cells.

A cell uses what to accelerate chemical reactions enabling its metabolic machinery to operate?

Enzymes (Enzymes are catalysts, chemicals that speed up chemical reactions. The conditions inside most cells do not allow reactions to proceed quickly enough to support life. For example, temperatures inside organisms are not hot enough for chemical reactions to take place quickly. Enzymes increase the rates of biological chemical reactions.)

What supports Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?

Evidence from Genetics

In humans, how do the sex chromosomes differ between males and females?

Females have two X chromosomes and males one X chromosome and one Y chromosome

Describe the formation of a zygote

Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell and an egg cell fuse together, combining their genetic material and producing a zygote.

A pathogen is ingested by a white blood cell. How might a lysosome assist in getting rid of the pathogen?

First, a vesicle is formed around the pathogen. The pathogen then fuses with a lysosome, forming a combined compartment where digestive enzymes can destroy the pathogen.

This cell is in what stage?

G2 (The cell has duplicated its centrosomes and DNA, but has not yet entered mitosis (chromosomes are decondensed and nucleolus and nuclear membrane are intact))

What is the functional unit of heredity?

Gene (Genes are made of DNA sequences and act as instructions for making proteins (although not all genes make proteins). Genes are found on chromosomes. Chromosomes are located in a cell's nucleus.)

How many chromosomes does an individual human person have?

Humans have 46 chromosomes. Each parent contributes 23 chromosomes in a gamete (sex cell). When the gametes combine to form an embryo, the embryo then contains two sets of chromosomes, equal to a total of 46 chromosomes.

___________ occurs when organisms of different species mate and form offspring.

Hybridization

The outside of the cell membrane is...?

Hydrophilic (water attracting)

Fungal cells are divided into single filaments called:

Hyphae

What is part of metabolic sequence?

Inside cells, sequences of chemical reactions take place to support life. These sequences are known as metabolic pathways. Photosynthesis, respiration, and digestion are all examples of metabolic pathways, or sequences. Photosynthesis is the metabolic pathway that produces oxygen and glucose in organisms with chlorophyll. Respiration breaks down molecules called ATP for cells to use as energy. Digestion breaks down food to be used to make energy in the form of ATP.

The finger-like mouth parts on the side of a grasshopper's mouth are called....?

Maxilla

This cell is in which stage of mitosis?

Metaphase (The chromosomes have already separated, and the daughter nuclei have started to form)

What is the name of the plane marked by the dotted line?

Metaphase plate (The metaphase plate is the plane in which the chromosomes align during metaphase)

Cellular respiration takes place in the:

Mitochondria

What is not found in the prokaryotic cell?

Mitochondrion

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Modifying proteins

Locomotion in Metazoa is usually due to the contraction of what?

Muscle (Organisms in Kingdom Animalia have muscles and nerves. If an animal can move from one place to another (known as locomotion), it is doing so by contracting its muscles. Not all animals have skin and/or a skeleton.)

The first plants were more than likely:

Non-vascular bryophytes

Recessive genes are:

Only expressed when in the presence of another recessive gene

What it is the name given to specialized structures within cells responsible for carrying out specific functions such as providing energy and producing hormones?

Organelles (Organelles are specialized structures in cells that support the cellular functions. For example, mitochondria are organelles that synthesize energy; ribosomes synthesize protein; chloroplasts convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugar.)

Non-vascular plants get water by:

Osmosis

The net effect of photosynthesis, chemically, is reduction, leading to the formation of which products?

Oxygen and carbohydrates (The reactants in the process of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. Sunlight is needed for the reactions to occur. The products of photosynthesis are oxygen and glucose, a simple carbohydrate. ATP is used in photosynthesis but is neither a reactant nor a product. ATP is produced in a different process called cellular respiration.)

What is the female part of a flower called?

Pistil

The function of the Mitochondria is:

Produce ATP and Metabolize oxygen

This cell is in which stage of mitosis?

Prometaphase (The nuclear envelope has broken down, and the spindle microtubules have begun to capture chromosomes)

This cell is in which stage of mitosis?

Prophase (The chromosomes are beginning to condense and the spindle has begun to form, but the nuclear envelope has not yet broken down)

Genetic information is transferred from the nucleus to cytoplasm by way of _______________.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) (Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfers genetic information from the DNA in a cell's nucleus to ribosomes. In the ribosome, the information coded onto messenger RNA is used to make proteins.)

What structure is involved in protein synthesis in a cell?

Ribosomes

A cell has a mutation that makes it unable to appropriately synthesize proteins. Which organelle's function is likely to be impaired by this mutation?

Ribosomes Since ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of proteins, it is likely that this mutation affects the ribosomes in the cell, rendering them unable to perform their normal functions.

Difference between somatic cells and gametes

Somatic cells have 2n chromosomes that are found in homologous pairs. Gametes have n, or half this number in single homologous chromosomes

The male part of a flower is called a:

Stamen

Plants store energy in the form of:

Starch or cellulose

Plants create vacuum by opening holes in leaves called....?

Stomata

The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is

Store Proteins, act like a highway detoxification

The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is:

Store lipids, act like a highway

This cell is in which stage of mitosis?

Telophase (The two daughter nuclei are beginning to form, the nucleoli have reappeared, and the chromosomes are beginning to decondense.

What correctly describes the structure and function of the cell wall in plants?

The cell wall is composed mainly of cellulose. It supports the cell, allowing it to maintain a rigid shape.

What is the main function of cytoplasm in a cell?

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance found inside the cell membrane that suspends all of the cell's internal structures. It also provides a location for many metabolic reactions (such as protein synthesis) to take place.

What describes the composition of the cell membrane?

The plasma membrane is made of lipids that form a phospholipid bilayer. It also contains proteins that help with transport and cellular communication.

What includes the process of transcription?

The process of transcription involves the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template. During transcription, DNA unzips and the RNA polymerase enzymes adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand. This results in the formation of an mRNA molecule.

What includes the process of translation?

The process of translation is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA. In occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome, where they are joined together to form a polypeptide chain.

Changes in the genetic makeup of an organism may be due to...?

There are three ways genetic variation may take place: New combinations of chromosomes result from sexual reproduction; chromosome mutation and gene mutation occur during mitosis and/or meiosis.

Virus' reproduce by:

Tricking a host cell into doing it for them

True or false: Bacteria reproduce using their cell membrane

True

True or false: Plants use cellular respiration.

True

What moves materials between the organelles of the endomembrane system?

Vesicles

In normal sexual reproduction, two mature gametes fuse to form a(n) _____________.

Zygote (Gametes are haploid cells, which means they contain half the number of chromosomes that body cells contain. Gametes are used in sexual reproduction to form an offspring. When two gametes fuse together during sexual reproduction, they form a zygote.)

What type of cell division is responsible for the cell division in amoebas or other single celled organisms?

binary fission

An enzyme acts as a _______ by speeding up a reaction without participating in a reaction.

catalyst

What types of proteins allow materials to move into, or out of, the cell?

channel proteins

What is found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell?

chloroplast

What is involved in the movement of the cell?

cilia and flagella

Function of ribosomes

composed of small and large subunit that together use the information of the RNA from the nucleus to synthesize proteins

The levels of classification, from largest (most inclusive) to smallest (most specific)

domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

DNA exists in the form of __________ strands of DNA coiled about each other.

double (DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides (basic units of DNA). The DNA molecule looks like a twisted ladder and is referred to as a double helix. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule and a phosphate group, along with a nitrogen base. The sugar molecules and phosphate groups make up the sides of the ladder, and the nitrogen bases make up the "steps" of the ladder.)

True or false: Ferns are unique in that they have mobile sperm and are seeds.

false

True or false: Haploid-46 chromosomes in a human

false

In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around:

histones

What is a duplicated chromosome composed of?

identical sister chromatids

Describe the role of the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell

maintains the shape of the cell providing strength

A compound contains:

many types of atoms

The majority of ATP needed by the cell is produced by the... ?

mitochondria

What is not included in the endomembrane system?

mitochondria

The function of the Golgi Apparatus is:

modification, sorting, packaging, and transport of proteins and lipids within the cell

The phrase "survival of the fittest" is an alternate phrase expressing what principle?

natural selection

An element is a substance that contains:

only one type of atom

Describe the role of the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell

region of the cytoplasm that stores DNA in prokaryotes

Describe the role of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell

site of protein synthesis

Type of RNA that carries amino acids within the cytoplasm is:

tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes

Transcription is:

the copying of DNA to mRNA to get it through the nuclear pore

Translation is:

the decoding of mRNA to make proteins

Glycolysis is:

the mechanisms that start respiration; one glucose into 2 pyruvic acids

Cellular respiration is:

the production of ATP from food/glucose for cells

Meiosis is:

the reduction in the number of chromosomes to get a gamete

Replication is:

the unzipping of DNA to get two DNA molecules

True or false: Bacteria have no nucleas.

true

True or false: Chlorophyta are the ancestors of plants and are green algae

true

True or false: Mycorrihyzae have a symbiotic relationship with conifers.

true

True or false: The phase of mitosis in which the cell doubles in size is called interphase.

true

True or false: chloroplasts-organelle that produces chlorophyll in plants.

true