Biology Semester 1
The gene for melanin (skin pigment) is transcribed similarly in humans and apes. Where does the transcription of the melanin gene take place?
Only in the nucleus
Which statement about energy is true for all living things?
Organisms require energy for survival.
Where do new cells come from?
Other cells
Which statement names a difference between DNA and RNA?
They have different sugars
Which statement is true of eukaryotes but not of prokaryotes?
They must contain a nucleus.
Which statement explains the overall function of the two molecules in the diagram?
They provide information about how an organism is put together and maintained.
Which statement is true about the cells in multicell organisms?
They usually have certain special functions.
Study the illustration. The small blue spheres represent water molecules. In which direction will water molecules move across the membrane?
Water will move from B to A.
Which phrase best defines diffusion?
movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Which process does osmosis involve?
movement of water across a cell membrane
In a eukaryotic cell, where is most of the DNA located?
nucleus
Which example shows the levels of organization in a multicell organism from the smallest level to the largest?
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What does a nucleotide consist of?
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
Because they share similar structures, cells all carry out the same function.
False
DNA translates the information in RNA to make proteins.
False
In multicellular organisms, which term tells the highest level of cellular organization?
Systems
According to the base-pairing rules for DNA, which statement is not true?
T always pairs with G.
Which statement best describes the role of DNA?
It transmits genetic information to the next generation.
Which element is present in all amino acids, but not necessarily in fats or carbohydrates?
Nitrogen
A piece of mRNA has the code AUGCCAUUGACG. Which amino acids are coded in this strand?
methionine, proline, leucine, threonine
Which two structures are first to combine in translation?
1 and 4
Which structure is responsible for bringing in the amino acids?
2
Which structure will become the product of translation?
3
A horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. She knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele R (RR and Rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r(rr). The horticulturalist crosses two geraniums from the F1 generation. Look at the Punnett square to see this cross.
3 red : 1 white
Which structure holds the original code from the DNA?
4
If a segment of one side of a DNA molecule has 500 adenine bases, how many thymine bases does the other side have?
500
Which atom is a carbon atom?
6 dots
Jessica's mother has the blood type AB and her father has the blood type O.
A
Which term best describes the role carbon plays in the structure of compounds present in living things?
A Fundamental Role
Which statement best explains how the structure of a starch molecule relates to its function?
A branching structure provides many points where enzyme digestion can take place and release glucose molecules.
ionic bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
Which statement describes the relationship between a gene and an allele?
A gene can take different forms called alleles.
Which statement is the best physical description of a gene?
A gene is a specific segment of DNA on a chromosome.
Which statement best relates to how the structure of a lipid influences the lipid's function?
A phospholipid has a charged head and an uncharged tail.
Which phrase describes a gene in its simplest form?
A segment of DNA
Which image shows a cell's DNA condensed into chromosomes?
B
If part of the DNA gene being transcribed is TGCAAT, what will the mRNA code be for that part?
ACGUUA
Molecule 1 has the following sequences of bases: TCAAGT. Which set of bases in Molecule 2 will bond to this sequence in a complementary way?
AGUUCA
Which statement best explains how the structure of ATP helps provide energy to the cell?
ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between its phosphate groups.
Which structure in the cell contains the cell's genetic information?
B
Which statement is part of the cell theory?
All cells are produced from other cells.
Which statement is true about the types of chemical elements in living cells?
All cells contain the same key elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Which term describes the form of a gene that produces a specific trait, such as eye color?
Allele
Which repeating unit makes up a protein?
Amino Acids
Which statement best describes the relationship between a gene and an allele?
An allele is a variant of a gene.
Which question most closely relates to the forester's observations and the collected scientific data on forests?
Are deer eating most of the young hemlocks?
During DNA replication in a human cell, 6 billion bases must be paired properly. Which characteristic of DNA best allows for high levels of accuracy during this process?
Base pairing according to certain rules
Which characteristic do glycogen and starch share?
Both are storage forms of glucose.
Which statement is true of both active transport and facilitated diffusion?
Both involve proteins in the cell membrane.
Which amino acids are in the code AUGGUCGGU?
methionine, valine, and glycine
Which statement is true about DNA?
Both of the original DNA strands act as templates during replication.
Semipermeable cell membranes are made of phospholipids that form a bilayer. What major benefit does this arrangement of the membrane provide to the cell?
Both surfaces of the membrane can interact with water and other molecules.
Most lipids contain long chains of which two atoms?
Carbon and Hydrogen
Which structure will you find in a prokaryotic cell?
Cell membrane
A lion's body cells perform many tasks at once; for example, some cells are involved in growing new claws and some cells help the lion keep breathing. Which statement tells the most important factor that allows cells to keep accomplishing their many tasks?
Cells are constantly producing usable energy in the form of ATP.
Which statement best shows how primary structure relates to protein function?
Changing one amino acid in the protein hemoglobin causes sickle-cell anemia.
Which part of a leaf contains all the chemicals necessary for photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
A certain species of grasshopper can have red stripes, yellow stripes, or red and yellow stripes. An RR grasshopper has red stripes, an YY grasshopper has yellow stripes, and an RY grasshopper has red and yellow stripes. Which type of inheritance is this an example of?
Co-Dominance
Where does most of the metabolic activity in the cell occur?
Cytoplasm
Where do the instructions for building a protein originally come from?
DNA
Where does protein-building begin?
DNA
Which activity can be accomplished using the genetic code?
DNA can be made into mRNA.
People inherit DNA from their parents. Exact copies of each parent's DNA are passed on to the offspring. Which characteristic of DNA replication is most important in how the genetic code is preserved from one generation to the next?
DNA follows base-pairing rules.
The diagram shows the process of transcription, which takes place in the nucleus of a cell. What is occurring?
DNA is being used as a template to make a molecule of mRNA.
Which pathway is correct?
DNA to RNA to proteins
Which statement best illustrates how an organism maintains homeostasis?
Desert pack rats are active at night to conserve water.
Shortly after a chimpanzee embryo begins growing, its cells begin to look different. Which statement best describes what is happening at this point in the chimpanzee embryo's development?
Differentiation is taking place to create cells with specialized functions.
What is the first, most immediate, thing that happens when light strikes a chlorophyll molecule?
Electrons are Energized
Which statement best explains how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction?
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
Which statement best explains how enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
Which term names the process whereby molecules in vesicles are exported out of the cell?
Excosytosis
In the late 1800s, Mendel predicted the existence of units of hereditary information or factors. What are these units of hereditary information called today?
Genes
Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants transform light energy from the sun into chemical energy. What is the molecule called that stores this chemical energy?
Glucose (Sugar)
Which molecule do mammals use to store extra glucose in their muscles?
Glycogen
Which statement best represents how structure relates to function?
Great white sharks have sharp serrated teeth for tearing into their prey.
Which statement is a hypothesis that would best address the question "Are deer eating the young hemlocks and preventing them from growing?
If deer are eating young hemlocks, then keeping deer away from the young trees will allow the trees to grow.
Which statement best explains why carbon is present in so many kinds of molecules?
It can form four covalent bonds
Which statement best describes the role of DNA in the body?
It contatins Genetic Information
How does eye location best represent the relationship between structure and function?
It determines how much of the surroundings an organism can see.
Which statement describes the manner in which an herbivore, such as a deer, gets and uses energy?
It eats plants and converts the sugar in plants into ATP by cellular respiration.
What is the most important role of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?
It enables water molecules to bond to each other.
What happens to mRNA after it completes transcription?
It enters the cytoplasm and moves toward ribosomes.
Which outcome occurs after mRNA is transcribed?
It enters the cytoplasm and moves toward ribosomes.
A gene for microtubule proteins is being made in a cell. How can mRNA represent an exact copy of that gene?
It is put together using base-pairing rules.
Very small populations of tamarind monkeys are much more threatened by certain diseases than are very large populations of tamarind monkeys. Which statement is one possible explanation for this phenomenon?
Large populations most likely have greater genetic diversity.
Which structure would not be found in a prokaryotic cell?
Membrane-Bound organelles
Which statement is true about the DNA molecule during transcription?
Only a small area is opened
One characteristic that living things share is metabolism. Which statement best describes metabolism?
Metabolism is the balance an organism maintains between building up and breaking down substances in its cells.
When the sea horse eats a meal, its body breaks down organic molecules in the food. Some of those molecules enter cellular respiration, which ultimately produces the molecule ATP. In which part of the sea horse's cells is ATP produced?
Mitochondria
Where in a cell does most ATP production take place?
Mitochondria
Which statement about the diagram is correct?
Molecule 1 is DNA because it is a double helix.
The amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place is the activation energy. Enzymes can lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Which statement describes a way that this could happen?
Molecules can be brought together so they will bond more easily.
Chitinase is an enzyme that breaks down the chitin molecules in the insect exoskeleton. The sequence of amino acids in the chitinase is an example of which level of protein structure?
Primary
Which statement describes translation?
RNA makes proteins
Which term describes a type of trait that is usually expressed only when an organism has two identical alleles for the trait?
Recessive
Which structure is missing from the diagram, but helps mRNA and tRNA bind together?
Ribosome
If the results of an experiment do not support a scientist's hypothesis, what should the scientist conclude?
She may want to alter some aspects of the experiment and try again.
Which molecule do plants use to store extra glucose?
Starch
The cell membrane is made of phospholipids and is selectively permeable, or semipermeable. Which major theme in biology does this statement represent?
Structure relates to function.
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and Phosphates
A zebra cell is just about to replicate its DNA. What will happen first?
The DNA unravels
All amino acids have a central carbon with four components attached to it. One of these components is called the R group. Which statement best describes the R group?
The R group gives the amino acid unique characteristics.
Suppose a true-breeding blue flower is crossed with a true-breeding yellow flower. In the next generation, all of the flowers are blue. What does this outcome tell you about the allele for blue flowers?
The blue allele is dominant to the yellow allele.
What is the independent variable?
The color of the light
Which statement describes a step in DNA replication?
The double helix unwinds, and each side is a template for a new strand.
This diagram shows the process of translation. Which statement is correct?
The mRNA code determines which tRNA molecules are used.
Which statement is true about water molecules?
The oxygen atom has a negative charge.
A horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. She knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele R(RR and Rr)and the trait of white flowers is governed by the alleler (rr). The horticulturalist has a red geranium with an uncertain genetic makeup. She crosses it with a white geranium (rr) and gets a generation in which half of the plants have red flowers and half have while flowers.
The red geranium is heterozygous for red flowers
A scientist has just finished collecting data on the feeding habits of a certain species of ant. Which parts of a scientific process should the scientist undertake next?
The scientist should analyze the data.
Which amino acid corresponds to the codon ACC?
Threonine
Which action is one role of RNA polymerase during transcription?
To build a molecule of mRNA
What is the main purpose of the light-dependent reactions?
To energize electrons
What is the name of the process in which tRNA is involved in making proteins?
Translation
Which statement explains Mendel's law of segregation?
Two alleles for a trait separate during meiosis.
A leafy sea dragon's enzyme is being made in a cell. Which two codons represent the amino acid phenylalanine?
UUU and UUC
Which base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Uracil
How does water relate to the ability of a living thing to generate usable energy?
Without the proper balance of water, chemical reactions in cells could not take place.
A certain species of grasshopper can have red stripes, yellow stripes, or red and yellow stripes. An RR grasshopper has red stripes, aYY grasshopper has yellow stripes, and an RY grasshopper has red and yellow stripes. A grasshopper with red stripes mates with a grasshopper with yellow stripes. What ratio would be expected in the phenotypes of their offspring?
all with yellow and red stripes
Which type of macromolecule is the sugar fructose?
carbohydrate
The organic compounds in living things are organized into groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Which two compounds do living things most commonly use as an energy source?
carbohydrates and lipids
Which atoms are in all carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Which structure is responsible for transmitting signals from one nerve cell to the next?
cell membrane
Which mechanism requires energy?
exocytosis
The inner membrane of mitochondria consists of many folds. What is the purpose of this membrane?
increase the surface area to allow more space for ATP synthesis
What is one way that RNA differs from DNA?
it is single stranded
Which example is always single stranded?
mRNA
Which type of RNA carries genetic instructions for building a specific protein?
mRNA Only
Which two types of RNA pair up using a codon-anticodon link?
mRNA and tRNA
In the scenario, the forester wonders why one forest had mature hemlocks and very few young hemlocks. Which part of a scientific method does this best illustrate?
making an observation and asking a question
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
When a Pacific sea horse's body loses water to its environment, which process is responsible?
osmosis
Beyond the organism, which set of groups does biological organization extend to?
populations, communities, and ecosystems
If DNA makes RNA, then what does RNA make?
proteins
The desert tortoise digs and hides in a burrow during the day to stay cool because of the extreme heat aboveground. Which characteristic of life does this behavior best illustrate?
response
rRNA
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome
A horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. She knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele R(RR and Rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r(rr). The horticulturalist plans to cross a geranium that is true-breeding for red flowers with a geranium that is true-breeding for white flowers. Which Punnett square best describes this cross?
rr R Rr Rr R Rr Rr
Which statement about RNA is correct?
tRNA bonds with mRNA, bringing in amino acids.
What is the dependent variable?
the height of the plant
Which phrase best defines homeostasis?
the maintenance of an organism's internal environment within certain limits
A horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. She knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele R (RR and Rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r (rr). What do the letters in each box of a Punnett square indicate?
the possible combinations of alleles in offspring based on the parents' genetic makeup
Which phrase best describes the dependent variable in an experiment?
the variable that is measured
What is the function of tRNA?
to bring amino acids to the ribosomes
Which two main processes take place to produce proteins?
transcription and translation
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
