Biology, Test #2

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NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

organic molecules that cells make from the vitamin niacin and use to shuttle electrons in redox reactions

C3 photosynthesis

second name for calvin cycle because of the 3- carbon sugars it generates

stroma

site of sugar production from CO2

1st stage of cellular respiration takes place in

small intestine

exergonic reactions

spontaneous chemical reactions that release energy (product contains less energy than reactant)

grana

stacks of thylakoid sacs (think solar panels)

denatured enzymes change in shape, especially at the active site. as a result...

substrates, cofactors or coenzymes would not be able to bind to the enzyme.

1st stage of photosynthesis

sunlight is captured by photosynthetic cells

2nd stage of photosynthesis

sunlight is used to generate ATP

2nd stage of cellular respiration

Glycolysis (anaerobic) ... food molecules (especially glucose) are broken down and their atoms are rearranged into pyruvate, which in turn is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A.

in cellular respiration, the e- travel

down hill from glucose to the water, giving up their e to ATP

exergonic reactions release energy to...

drive endergonic reactions in the cell

in anabolic metabolism

each reaction in dehydration synthesis releases a water molecule and requires energy input

Redox RX release energy when....

electrons 'fall' from hydrogen carrier to oxygen (releases energy). these e- then pass from molecule to molecule in an energy cascade or electron transport chain

in absence of 02..

electrons trapped in glycolysis will then be added to pyruvate, forming lactic acid

photosystem 1: P700

energy electrons from photosystem 11 are passed to 1, which when activated by sunlight, produces electron carrying molecules called NADPH

kinetic energy

energy of motion, of matter that is moving

anaerobic respiration

metabolic reactions that can be conducted in the absence of oxygen.

lactic acid causes

muscle soreness

endergonic reactions

non-spontaneous chemical reactions that require energy input. (products contain more energy than the reactants)

cofactor

nonprotein molecules, usually ions or metals. Help enzyme achieve optimum efficiency

where do 3rd stage krebs cycle reactions occur?

on the inner membrane of the mitochondria, facilitated by enzymes.

oxygen is often used for purpose of...

releasing energy (such as ATP) from the reaction

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

which two stages are light-dependent reactions? (light reactions)

the first two stages

chemical reactions

the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter

enzymes can be denatured very easily because...

they are made of proteins which are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

which stage occurs in absence of light? (dark reactions)

third stage

stomata

tiny pores on the leaf that allows passage of CO2 (enters) and O2 (leaves)

mesophyll

tissue of leaf that contains chlorophyll

chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one kind to another.

most enzymes end in what phrase

'ase'. (ex. sucrose --- sucrase, lipids --- lipase, etc).

Transformations are inefficient....

... they generate heat.

Process of Glycolysis produces...

2 ATP molecules

how many ATPs are produced for each FADH2

2 ATP's

how many ATPs are produced for each NADH

3 ATP's

Total number of ATP generated in cellular respiration

36

cellular respiration is broken down into...

4 stages

each ATP molecules contains:

5-C ribose sugar, an adenine (base), and three phosphate groups.

reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction

Calvin cycle

ATP energy and hydrogen atoms from NADPH molecules are fed into and then carbon from CO2 and H from NADPH to form sugars, proteins and DNA.

3rd stage of photosynthesis

ATP is used, along with absorption of CO2, to produce oxygen and organic molecules

sunlight is captured to produce

ATP, oxygen, and organic molecules for other living things to survive

photosynthesis equation (CO2 fixation)

CO2 + H2O > glucose + H2O + O2

enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things.. speed up reactions

4th stage of cellular respiration, ATP production, place of occurrence

Electron transport chain, electron transport system (ETS) (aerobic)... a sequence of chemical reactions that will accept the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle and with the input of 02, generates about 32 ATP molecules. takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

products

Ending materials in a chemical reaction.

3rd stage of cellular respiration

Krebs cycle (aerobic)... series of 9 chemical reactions that run in a loop. each cycle requires the input of 1 acetyl- coA and will generate 8 high energy electrons in the electron transferring molecules.

autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food (plants, algae)

2nd mechanism that generates ATP

Substrate level phosphorylation... an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to make ATP. Adds phosphate to ADP to make ATP, requires energy, comes from H gradient.

energy

The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force or to rearrange matter).

active site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

2nd law of thermodynamics

The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

entropy

a measure of the disorder of a system

each catabolic reactions requires..

a water molecule and release energy

enzymes lower...

activation energy (energy necessary to start a reaction), resulting in a conservation of energy

ATP

adenosine triphosphate (nucleotide) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

most reactions in human cells are

aerobic.

potential energy

capacity of mater to do work

1st mechanism that generates ATP

chemiosmosis... production of ATP using energy of Hydrogen ion gradients across the membrane to phosphorylate ADP.

thylakoids

chlorophyll is located with in disc like membraneous sacs

sunlight is captured by.... forms .....

chlorophyll, forming network called photosystem, located in the membrane of thylakoids

glycolysis occurs in _______, while krebs and ETC occur in ________

cytoplasm, inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae foldings)

anabolic metabolism uses...

dehydration synthesis reaction to build large molecules from small molecules

photosynthesis vs cellular respiration

energy storage vs. energy release, chloroplasts vs. mitochondria, in photosynthesis, H2O is split, yielding O2. H2O molecules are oxidized (lost e-) giving up their electrons and H+ ions. CO2 is reduced to glucose as e- and H+ is added to it. CO2 > sugar.

cellular respiration is

exergonic (produces/releases energy)

chemical energy

form of PE stored in arrangement of atoms in molecules

enzymes are made of

globular proteins (spherical protein)

most metabolic reactions in human cells require oxygen, exceptions include a reaction in cellular respiration called

glycolysis

chlorophyll

green pigment that absorbs light energy

Factors that could affect or denature enzymes:

heat, radiation, electricity, certain chemical substances, and extreme PH

catabolic metabolism uses...

hydrolysis (decomposition) reaction to break up large molecules into smaller molecules

1st stage of cellular respiration

hydrolysis... macromolecules are broken down into monomers using decomposition reactions occurring in the cytoplasm. (water breaks polymer, forms two separate monomers) doesn't require oxygen in cytoplasm

oxidation-reduction reaction (aka redox reaction)

involved partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

cellular respiration is a Redox process

involves both oxidation and reduction

heat is poor kind of energy to do work because...

it is lost to the environment

heat

kinetic energy associated with randomly moving molecules

what happens when ATP turns into ADP

large amounts of kinetic energy are released

photosynthesis

light energy of the sun is converted into chemical energy stored in organic molecules.

glucose is oxidized by....

loosing hydrogen

energy conversion results in

loss of useful energy (heat)

producers

make organic food molecules from very simple raw materials. (plants)

denatured

melt/breakdown

Aerobic respiration

metabolic reactions that are conducted in the presence of oxygen

photosystem 11: P680-

one of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; thykaloids capture light energy and electrons from water molecule, produces ATP and oxygen in ETC

coenzyme

organic cofactors such as vitamins. help enzyme achieve optimum efficiency

cellular respiration is a series of metabolic reactions where molecules are...

oxidized (broken down, burned, melted) to generate energy for various cellular activities.

substance that looses e- is _____ and acts as _____

oxidized, reducing agent (electron donor) to the substance that gains electrons

ATP energizes other molecules by

phosphorylating them

mitochondria is found in all living things except

photosynthetic cells where chloroplasts are present.

(fuel for cellular respiration)

polysaccharides, sugars. fat, glycol and fatty acids. proteins, amino acids.

cellular respiration

process of breaking down food molecules and generating ATP energy in organelles called mitochondria.

fermentation

process of bypassing aerobic respiration and producing small amount of ATP from glycolysis

heat

random molecular motion

substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

by gaining electrons, a substance is ______ and acts as an ______

reduces, oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)

purpose of krebs cycle...

to produce NADH/FADH (high energy electron carriers). donates electrons of H atom and 2 ATP

in photosynthesis, the e- travel

uphill, from h2O to glucose, adding light energy captured by chlorophyll.

phosphate groups have negative charges, making the 2 chemical bonds in between these 3 phosphates contain large amounts of energy in order to hold them together. What happens when all the strong bonds are broken?

when the last high energy chemical bond is broken, ATP is now converted into ADP


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