Biology Trivia

List the steps of the scientific method.

1. Observe 2.) Hypothesize 3.) Predict 4.) Experiment 5.) Analyze data

The nonliving components of an environment.

Abiotic factors

Solutions that contain more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions.

Acids

The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

Activation energy

Traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce.

Adaptations

The attractive force between two particles of different substances.

Adhesion

The distribution of individuals among different ages in a population.

Age structure

What are the three parts of the cell theory.

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure an function in an organism. Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

The third phase of mitosis.

Anaphase

The evolution of populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to kill.

Antibiotic resistance

The production of offspring from one parent.

Asexual reproduction

The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element.

Atom

Organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds.

Autotrophs

Rod shaped bacteria.

Bacilli

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Viruses that infect bacteria.

Bacteriophage

Solutions that contain more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions.

Bases

The division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells.

Binary fission

The two part naming system used for developing scientific names.

Binomial nomenclature

The variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems.

Biodiversity

The principle that states all living things come from other living things.

Biogenesis

The study of locations of organisms around the world.

Biogeography

The study of life.

Biology

Very large climatic regions that contain a number of smaller, but related ecosystems within them.

Biome

The thin volume of Earth and its atmosphere that supports life.

Biosphere

The living components of an environment.

Biotic factors

The number of births occurring in a period of time.

Birth rate

When cells divide uncontrollably it can cause this disease.

Cancer

The number of individuals the environment can support over a long period of time.

Carrying capacity

Chemical substances that reduce the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction to take place.

Catalysts

The smallest unit that can perform all life's processes.

Cell

The complex process in which cells make adenosine triphosphate by breaking down organic compounds.

Cellular respiration

A large, fluid-filled organelle that stores not only water, but also enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials. Found in plant cells.

Central Vacuole

Two chromatids of a chromosome are attached at this point.

Centromere

Use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

Chloroplasts

Rod shaped structures made of DNA and protein.

Chromosomes

Sphere shaped bacteria.

Cocci

An attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together.

Cohesion

A relationship in which one organism benefits, but the other organism is neither helped, nor harmed.

Commensalism

All the interacting organisms living in an area.

Community

The process by which two prokaryotes bind together and one cell transfers DNA to the other cell through a structure called a sex pilus.

Conjugation

During an experiment, this provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group.

Control group

Bonds that form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Covalent bonds

The division of a cell's cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

A network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscross through the cytoplasm and give shape to the cell from the inside.

Cytoskeleton

Areas that receive an average of less than 25 centimeters of rainfall per year.

Deserts

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion

Type of selection in which individuals that display a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an average form o the trait.

Directional selection

The spatial distribution of individuals within the population.

Dispersion

Type of selection in which individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait.

Disruptive selection

List the 8 levels of taxa in the hierarchy of classification.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

The gradual, sequential regrowth of a community of a species in an area.

Ecological succession

The branch of biology that studies organisms interacting with each other and with the environment.

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and the living and nonliving components of their environment.

Ecology

Includes all of the organisms and the nonliving environment found in a particular place.

Ecosystem

Negatively charged particles in an atom.

Electrons

Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.

Elements

Movement of individuals out of a population.

Emigration

A system of membranous tubes and sacs which functions primarily as an intracellular highway along which molecules are moved around the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The ability to do work.

Energy

Biological catalysts are called:

Enzymes

Ecosystem which occurs where freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea.

Estuaries

What are the 6 kingdoms of life?

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

What are the three domains of life?

Eukarya, bacteria, archae

Type of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

The development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time.

Evolution

The combination of glycolysis and additional anaerobic pathways.

Fermentation

A measure of an individual's hereditary contribution to the next generation.

Fitness

A single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem that results in energy transfer.

Food chain

The remains or traces of an organism that died long ago.

Fossil

The total genetic information available in a population.

Gene pool

Field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.

Genetics

An organisms genetic makeup (ex. AA)

Genotype

Biochemical pathway in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.

Glycolysis

A system of flattened, membranous sacs which receive newly made proteins and lipids, package them, and redistribute them around the cell.

Golgi apparatus

Bacteria that stain red during a gram stain.

Gram negative

Bacteria that stain purple during a gram stain.

Gram positive

The place where an organism lives.

Habitat

The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.

Heredity

Organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances.

Heterotrophs

when the two alleles in a pair are different.

Heterozygous

Proteins around which DNA wraps and super-coils.

Histones

The maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

Homeostasis

Anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originated by heredity from a structure in the most recent common ancestor of the species.

Homologous structure

Movement of individuals into a population.

Immigration

The idea that all organisms interact with other organisms in their surroundings and with the nonliving portion of their environment.

Interdependence of organisms.

Cells spend most of their lives in this phase.

Interphase

Bonds that form from attracting negative and positive charges.

Ionic bonds

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons.

Isotope

A photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a normal dividing cell found in a human. Chromosomes are placed in pairs and lined up.

Karyotype

Mendel's law that states that factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes.

Law of independent assortment

One of Mendel's laws which states that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes.

Law of segregation

How long on average an individual is expected to live.

Life expectancy

Any factor, such as space, that restrains the growth of a population.

Limiting factor

Replication stage which allows a virus to hide in its host cell for days, months, or years.

Lysogenic Cycle

Vesicles which bud off of the golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes.

Lysosomes

Replication stage in which a virus invades a host cell, produces new viruses, and ruptures the host cell by releasing newly formed viruses.

Lytic Cycle

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Matter

Division which takes place during the formation of gametes.

Meiosis

The sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organisms.

Metabolism

The second phase of mitosis

Metaphase

Organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate.

Mitochondria

Division process which results in two new cells with genetic material that is identical to the genetic material of the original cell.

Mitosis

A relationship in which both organisms derive some benefit.

Mutualism

The specific role, or way of life, of a species within its environment.

Niche

Large and very complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell. Often found in the nucleus.

Nucleic acid

Organisms that cannot live where molecular oxygen is present.

Obligate anaerobe

The production of mature eggs, or ova.

Oogenesis

Compounds made primarily of carbon atoms.

Organic compounds

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

Organization, Responsiveness, Homeostasis, Metabolism, Growth, Reproduction, Ability to evolve.

The process by which molecules of water diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

A relationship in which one individual is harmed while the other individual benefits.

Parasitism

The scientific study of disease.

Pathology

A diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.

Pedigree

A protein-carbohydrate compound found in bacterial cell walls.

Peptidoglycan

A permanently frozen layer of soil under the surface.

Permafrost

An organism's appearance (ex. purple flowers)

Phenotype

Large, non polar organic molecules that make up the cell membrane.

Phospholipids

Process by which autotrophs convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds.

Photosynthesis

Clusters of pigment molecules which capture light energy in the light reaction of photosynthesis.

Photosystems

When pollen grains produced in the male reproductive parts of a flower are transferred to the female reproductive part.

Pollination

A group of organisms that belong to the same species and life in a particular place at the same time.

Population

All the members of a species that live in one place at one time.

Population

Measurement of how crowded a population is.

Population density

Situation in which an individual of one species eats all or part of an individual of another species.

Predation

The likelihood that a specific event will occur.

Probability

Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane bound nucleus.

Prokaryotes

Type of cells that lack a membrane bound-nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotes

The first phase of mitosis

Prophase

The idea that change occurred rapidly, in a few thousand, rather than a few millions years.

Punctuated equilibrium

Organelles that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism.

Sex chromosomes

A trait that is coded for by an allele on a sex chromosome.

Sex-linked trait

The production of sperm cells.

Spermatogenesis

Spiral-shaped bacteria.

Spirilla

Belief prior to the 17th century that life could arise spontaneously from non-living material.

Spontaneous generation

Type of selection in which individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness.

Stabilizing selection

Grapelike clusters of cocci bacteria.

Staphylococci

Small pores usually located on the undersurface of a leaf that allow for gas exchange.

Stomata

When cocci bacteria occur in chains.

Streptococci

A close, long-term relationship between two organisms.

Symbiosis (Symbiotic relationship)

The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.

Taxonomy

Fourth and final phase of mitosis.

Telophase

The biome that we live in in Western Kentucky.

Temperate Deciduous Forest

The second stage of photosynthesis

The Calvin Cycle (aka the dark reaction or the light-independent reaction)

The first stage of photosynthesis

The light reaction

Groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow an organ to function.

Tissues

A genetically determined variant of a characteristic.

Trait

When a prokaryote takes DNA from its outside environment.

Transformation

The process by which water evaporates from the leaves of plants.

Transpiration

A cold, largely treeless biome that forms a continuous belt across northern north america, europe, and asia.

Tundra

An intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or parasite to another organism.

Vector

Anatomical structures that seem to serve no purpose but that resemble structures with functional roles in related organisms.

Vestigial structures

A nonliving, infectious particle made up of nucleic acid and a protein coat or nucleic acid and a lipoprotein coat.

Virus

Different variations of a gene are called:

alleles

The factor in an experiment that is observed or measured.

dependent variable

The idea that evolution and speciation occurs at a regular, gradual rate.

gradualism

When both alleles of a pair are alike.

homozygous

The factor which the experimenter manipulates during the experiment.

independent variable

A mechanism by which populations experience descent with modification; the idea that nature selects for or against certain phenotypes.

natural selection

A disease that can pass from animals to humans.

zoonosis