Biology Unit 6 Test .
The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why was this?
*X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns.
The product of the bicoid gene in Drosophila is responsible for determining what embryonic features or structures during development?
Orientation of the anterior posterior axis
What types of mutation would convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?
a mutation that greatly increases the amount of proto oncogene protein
The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is ________.
complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon.
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5′-AGT-3′. What would be the corresponding codon for the mRNA that is transcribed?
3' UCA 5'
Analyze statements that best support the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
A mutation in a single gene can result in a defective protein.
During the elongation phase of translation, which site in the ribosome represents the first location where a codon pairs with an anticodon?
A site
Which processes will occur at the exposed 3′ end of a tRNA molecule?
An amino acid will bind covalently.
If a researcher moves the promoter for the lac operon to the region between the beta galactosidase (lacZ) gene and the permease (lacY) gene, what would be the results?
Beta galactosidase will not be produced.
What characteristics of retroviruses most directly contribute to their usefulness in gene therapy applications?
DNA copies of retroviral genomes become integrated into the genome of the infected cell.
What results are most likely to occur if acetylation of histone tails in the chromatin of embryonic cells is increased?
Decreased chromatin condensation
List the processes in order for one cycle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Denture DNA; anneal primers extend primers
When attempting to introduce a particular fragment of DNA into the genome of an animal cell, what method would be used?
Electroporation followed by recombination
Differentiate between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells can become anything because they are pluripotent while adult stem cells are limited to what they can become.
DNA methylation and histone acetylation are examples of what processes?
Epigenetic phenomena
RNA is single stranded, can hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acids, and has functional groups that can function in catalysis. These characteristics support that RNA could have what type of cellular roles?
Forming peptide bonds
What steps when splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
III, II, IV, V, I
What is the function of the release factor during translation in eukaryotes?
It binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA.
Which processes correctly describe alternative RNA splicing?
It can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA.
Analyze statements that describe the effect of a nonsense mutation on a gene.
It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA
What characteristics of Taq polymerase make it useful in the PCR process?
It is heat stable and can withstand the heating step of PCR.
DNA → _________________ → Proteins
RNA
In eukaryotes, there are several different types of RNA polymerase. Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA for a protein?
RNA polymerase II
What molecule is a protein produced by a regulatory gene?
Represor
In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?
Reproductive Cloning - making genetic copies of entire organisms. Therapeutic Cloning - making genetic copies of tissues or organs to replace damaged body parts.
In large-scale, genome-wide association studies in humans, what types of genetic markers are typically sought by researchers?
SNPs where one allele is found more often in a person with a particular disorder than in healthy controls.
Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in transcription of the lac operon?
The cAMP and lactose levels are both high within the cell.
A cell is considered to be differentiated if it has which of the following characteristics?
The cell produces proteins specific to a particular cell type.
In eukaryotes, what is the first step in translation?
The first step is initiation which brings together all the parts needed for translation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the RNA and moves along until it reaches the start codon (AUG) then the large subunit binds here and completes the initiation complex.
Analyze biological concerns regarding the use of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in humans.
The modifications created by the process may result in unintended effects on non-target genes.
What characteristics best support using yeast cells instead of bacterial cells to express mammalian proteins via cloning?
They are eukaryotic cells
What functions are characteristic of general transcription factors in eukaryotes?
They bind to other proteins or to the TATA box
The cloning of Dolly the sheep is an example of what processes?
Transfer of an adult cell's nucleus into an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate
Describe the characteristics of siRNA.
a double-stranded RNA, one of whose strands can complement and inactivate a sequence of mRNA
If a mutation deactivated a regulatory gene of a repressible operon in an E. coli cell, describe the most likely outcome.
continuous transcription of the structural gene controlled by that repressor
What amino acid sequence will be generated based on the following mRNA codon sequence? 5′-AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG-3′
met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
What outcomes could be achieved using RNAi methodology?
reduction in protein expression from a gene of interest
Under what conditions does the trp repressor block transcription of the trp operon?
when the repressor binds to tryptophan