Biology - Unit 7: Cell Cycle & Regulation, Mitosis & Meiosis

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For every ONE meiotic division, females make _____ egg(s) and ______ polar bodies.

1 egg & 3 polar bodies

How many times do cells divide in mitosis?

1x

What is the result of meiosis cytokinesis 1?

2 unique cells are formed with doubled chromosomes

How many copies of each type of chromosome do we have?

2, one from mom & one from dad

How many kinds of chromosomes are in each of our cells?

23

How many times do cells divide in meiosis?

2x

How many phases make up the cell life cycle?

3

How many stages make up interphase and what are they?

3: G1, S, & G2

For every ONE meiotic division, males make ______ sperm.

4

What is the result of meiosis 2 and its cytokinesis that makes it different from mitosis?

4 unique cells with 1/2 the number of original chromosomes are made

How many chromosomes can be found in each human cell?

46

How many stages are there in mitosis and what are they?

4: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, & Telophase

How many phases are there in meiosis?

8

What happens during S of Interphase?

DNA replication

What are the three cell life cycle phases?

Interphase, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis

Are all chromosome pairs in gamete cells homologous?

No, the 23rd chromosome in males has less DNA

Mitosis' telophase is the opposite of mitosis' ________________.

Prophase

T/F: There is no homologous pair rule. Mother & Father chromosomes can be on both the top and bottom row of chromosomes during meiosis' metaphase 1.

True

When does mitosis occur in a cell's life cycle?

after G2 interphase

When do female parent cells form?

at birth

When does cytokinesis occur?

at the end of or during telophase

In what cells does mitosis occur in?

body cells

What happens when cell growth is uncontrolled?

cancer

What is meiosis?

cell division in gamete (reproductive) cells

What is "normal cell activity" that occurs during Interphase G1 & G2?

cell growth/ATP energy, protein synthesis, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, metabolism

What happens to chromatids during mitosis' telophase?

chromatids are at the farthest ends of the cell

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis' prophase 1?

chromosomes become visible

What genetic info do different daughter cells have?

combinations of either mom & dad's chromatids

How often do male meiotic divisions occur?

daily, new parent & daughter cells are made continuously

What do female polar bodies do?

die for the benefit of the one egg

What type of chromosomes are found in mitosis' metaphase?

doubled chromosomes by way of DNA replication

In what cells does meiosis occur in?

gamete cells

What are haploids?

gamete cells (sperm & egg) that contain 23 chromosomes each

Cell _____________ & ________________ are regulated by the cell.

growth & division

What are some examples of external regulators?

growth factors (protein molecules) that speed up and slow down the cell cycle

What do cancer cells do that make them so dangerous?

ignore regulation signals, divide uncontrollably, form tumors, & stimulate other cells to become hazardous

What does the term "regulated" mean?

it can be turned on and off

What happens to the nuclear envelope during mitosis' prophase?

it disappears

Through what process are different daughter cells made?

meiosis

What is most similar to mitosis: meiosis 1 or meiosis 2?

meiosis 2

Through what process are identical daughter cells made?

mitosis

What happens during G1 of Interphase?

normal cell activity

What happens during G2 of Interphase?

normal cell activity

When do female meiotic divisions occur?

once every month after puberty

What is the result of mitosis?

one parent cell will have divided into 2 new identical daughter cells

What makes plant cell's cytokinesis different from animal cells'?

plant cells have no centrioles & asters and have a cell plate form in its center to divide it rather than a pinched cell membrane

What are internal regulators?

proteins inside the cell called cyclins

What are external regulators?

receptors on a cell's membrane

What do external regulators do?

respond to molecules outside of teh cell

What is interphase's other common name?

resting phase

What is visible during interphase?

scattered. invisible DNA

Why does DNA replicate?

so new cells can form

What forms during mitosis' prophase?

spindles

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis' anaphase?

split chromatids travel to opposite ends of the cell

What are some examples of internal regulators' job?

stop mitosis until DNA replications are complete & anaphase until chromosomes are properly lined up

What determines how long a person's life will be?

telomeres

What happens when a cell's telomere gets too short?

the cell stops dividing & works until it dies

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis' telophase 1?

the chromosomes that made up the homologous pairs are at opposite ends of the cell

What is mitosis?

the dividing of a cell's nucleus that ends with complete cell division

What is cytokinesis?

the division of the whole cell and its cytoplasmic organelles

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis' metaphase 1?

the meet up in the the cell's center organized as homologous pairs

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis' anaphase 1?

the rows separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell

Why do cells divide to fill cuts made in a petri dish?

they "sense" neighbor cells and are programmed to repair injury

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis' prophase?

they became visible

What happens to spindles during mitosis' telophase?

they disappear

What do spindles do in mitosis' metaphase?

they lengthen and attach to split centromeres

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis' metaphase?

they meet up along the cell's equator

What do spindles do during mitosis' anaphase?

they shorten, pulling apart chromatids

Why do cells divide?

to replace cells and repair and grow the body

What are homologous pairs?

two chromosomes that are the same type, but one is from the carrier's mom and one is from the carrier's dad

What forms during mitosis' telophase?

two new nuclei

What are telomeres?

unnecessary, buffer genetic information that are found on the ends of DNA molecules and shorten every cell division

What is the result of "crossing over?"

variety and reassurance that a baby will be related to and have genes from both parents

What is "crossing over?"

when homologous pairs rub off on each other and exchange genetic info

What are diploids?

zygotes (two gamete cells) that contain 46 chromosomes each


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