Biology

What organelle is considered a "factory", because it takes in raw materials and converts them to cell products that can be used by the cell?

Chloroplasts

Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

Golgi apparatus

What is a centriole? In what type of cell (plant or animal) is it found? What does it do for the cell?

It is located in cytoplasm; near the nuclear envelope it is found in both cells. It organizes microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system, they help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.

Why might a lysosome fuse with or link up with a food vacuole?

Lysosome contains some digestive enzymes that help in digestion of food stored inside vacuoles.

What are lysosomes? What types of molecules would be found inside a lysosome?

Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles which kill bacteria from white blood cells. There would be digestive enzymes found inside of a lysosome.

What do ribosomes do? Are they found freely floating in the cytoplasm? OR are they found attached to another organelle? OR both. Explain why this occurs.

Ribosomes make protein and they are found freely floating in the cytoplasm and are attached to the ER making it rough. This occurs because the endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes, modifies and processes proteins.

Explain the contributions of the following scientists to cell theory (Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, Hooke).

Schleiden defined the cell as the basic unit of plant structure. Schwann demonstrated the same fact for animal tissues, and in 1839 concluded that all tissues are made up of cells, schwann also worked on fermentation and discovered the enzyme pepsin. Virchow was one of the first to accept the work of Robert Remak, who showed that the origin of cells was the division of pre-existing cells. Hooke discovered a honeycomb-like structure in a cork slice using a primitive compound microscope. He only saw cell walls as this was dead tissue. He coined the term "cell" for these individual compartments he saw.

In what organelle do molecules move from the ER to the Golgi bodies?

the cytoskeleton

Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products

vacuole

Stores material within the cell

vacuole

membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles

vacuole

Name two storage organelles?

vacuoles and vesicles

Transports materials within the cell

vesicles

How does the membrane of the cell differ from the nuclear membrane? What advantages does this difference have for the nucleus?

The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that surrounds the entire cell. It is a lipid bilayer in the form of a continuous sheet. The nuclear membrane is not a continuous sheet, but rather is made up of a series of vesicles that come together to form the nuclear envelope around the nucleus, but with a double membrane with pores. The advantage is a double membrane layer that separates the contents of the nucleus from the rest of the cell.

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? What is the ER doing that is different in each case?

The difference between rough and smooth ER is rough ER has ribosomes on it and smooth ER does not. The ER in each case is different because the smooth ER synthesizes lipids, transports vesicles, and site of other synthetic processes, detoxifies and stores.

Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

The eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are both cells. The difference between the two is the prokaryotic cell has no nucleus and the eukaryotic cell does. Instead of DNA being enclosed in a nuclear membrane, as it is in eukaryotic cells, the DNA of prokaryotic cells is tightly coiled in a region of the cell called the nucleoid.

How is the nucleus involved in protein synthesis?

The nucleus has the cell's DNA and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.

What are the 8 characteristics of life?

They are order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing.

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

cell membrane

The membrane surrounding the cell

cell membrane

separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

cell membrane

Everything inside the cell including the nucleus

cell structure

Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protests

cell wall

extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant

cell wall

Closely stacked, flattened sacs (plants only)

central vacuole

Located in cytoplasm; near nuclear envelope

centriole

Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color

chloroplast

membrane-bound plastids that contain a network of membranes

chloroplast

Found in nucleus contains majority of cell's DNA

chromatin

Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things

cilia

The region inside the cell except for the nucleus

cytoplasm

the jellylike material that makes up much of a cell inside the cell membrane, and, in eukaryotic cells, surrounds the nucleus

cytoplasm

Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell

cytoskeleton

Site where ribosomes are made

endoplasmic reticulum

large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

endoplasmic reticulum

Longer whip-like structures used for movement

flagella

flattened and curved vesicles

golgi body

Provides support for the cell, has two "subparts"

lipid bilayer

Membrane bound vesicles that gets rid of messed up particles or bacteria

lysosome

Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria

lysosomes

In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?

mitochondria

Produces a usable form of energy for the cell

mitochondria

membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

mitochondria

double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus

nuclear membrane

Dark area in the center of the nucleus

nucleous

Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

nucleous

Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell

nucleus

Usually in the middle of the cell

nucleus

What is the list of organelles that take part in protein synthesis?

nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

List the three parts to cell theory.

All living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; and new cells arise from existing cells.

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

To produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function and a system of membrane channels and flattened vesicles; transports proteins

Explain the difference between unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms, and give an example of each.

Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism, while multicellular organisms use many different cells to function. An amoeba and bacteria is an example of unicellular organisms and a humans and plants are an example of multicellular organisms.

Explain the surface to volume ratio of cells and how it is important.

When an object/cell is very small, it has a large surface area to volume ratio, while a large object/ cell has a small surface area to volume ratio. When a cell grows, its volume increases at a greater rate than its surface area, therefore it's surface to volume to ratio decreases. The important point is that the surface area to volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger. So, if the cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume.

Located on ER which makes it rough and free in cytoplasm

ribosomes

Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

The sites of protein synthesis

ribosomes