Biomech Study for Final
Rank these position from greatest to least amount of stress in L3 vertebrae.
1- Sitting Slouched 2- Standing Leaning Forward 3- Sitting with Good Posture 4- Standing with Good Posture 5- Lying Flat
If x is to the left and y is down the page..
z is out of the page *Use the right hand rule. Index finger in the direction of X and middle finger bent inward in the direction of Y. Thumb is the Z direction.
What is the smaller angle theta formed at the hip given the following information: the distances between the shoulder and hip, hip and knee, and knee and shoulder are 0.7 m, 0.6 m and 0.55 m, respectively?
49.32
What is the average velocity over the time interval from time point 1 to time point 2 1- Time 0.5, P 1.2 2- Time 1, P 4
5.6
Which image represents the radius of rotation for the force of the achilles tendon about the ankle joint center?
A
Which muscle will generate muscle torque over a greater range of motion?
A
Which of the two materials represented on the stress strain curve is more brittle?
A
Which point on the basketball spinning atop a players finger has the largest linear velocity shown in the diagram below?
C
Which of the following is an important characteristics of gait which helps quantify the rhythmicity of gait?
Cadence
The work done by a joint of the body may be estimated by:
Calculating the area under the joint power curve across time
Which of the following is an important characteristics of gait which helps quantify the rhythmicity of gait?
Candence
For the hamstring muscles acting on the tibia about the knee joint center during a leg curl what class lever is this?
Class 3
Bone can withstand which type of stress the best?
Compression Note: Review the anisotropic nature of bone. It does not respond in the same way to different types of loads. Consider also what constituents of bone most contribute to resistance to different types of load. Note the torsional loading mainly causes shear stress in the bone. Finally also consider what is the most typical type of loading for bone in daily activities.
Which area of study in biomechanics using mathematical musculoskeletal models and simulation to answer often predictive questions about human movement?
Computational Biomechanics
The metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger is mechanically represented as what type of joint?
Condyloid
The main objective of the Girevoy sports swing for the kettle bell is to
Conserve energy
Consider a 2D video based motion capture set up to analyze the form of an athlete at the bottom of a squat, which of the following will be affected/changed by how close the camera is to the subject. Imagine analyzing the image using Imagej (Mark all that apply).
Conversion Factor used to measure physical lengths on the subject; The pixel length of the performer's thigh
The talus trochlea is
Convex and characterized as a truncated cone
The distal medial lateral condyles of the femur are
Convex anteroposteriorly Convex medialaterally
What are the origins of the biceps brachii? (Select 2)
Coracoid process, Supraglenoid tubercle
An inclination angle greater than 125 degrees is characteristic of a hip that displays.
Coxa Valga
What ligament is inside the joint space of the hip joint and acts as a secondary stabilizer and a conduit for blood supply and innervation of the hip joint?
Ligamentum Teres
Which of the follow will influence the size of the moment arm of a muscle acting about a joint center? (mark all that apply)
Location of the insertion of the muscle, Joint position, The direct of the force vector
Excess anterior pelvic tilt during a squat will also cause excess movement of which of the following?
Lumbar extension
The warrior pose requires should mobility in flexion. Rigidity in the shoulder girdle may cause what compensation(s) in effort attempt achieve full expression of the pose?
Lumbar lordosis, Cervical lordosis
Which of these is a broader ligament largely continuous with the joint capsule of the knee
MCL
An impact to the outside of the knee directed inward (or medially) would endanger which structures most
MCL and Lateral menisus
If two hockey players, one with a mass of 80 kg and a velocity of 3 m/s and the other with a mass of 90 kg and velocity of -2.8 m/s, collide and continue on as a combined mass. Considering the final common velocity which of the following are true?
The final velocity can be found with the given information using conservation of momentum
Wolf laws suggest which of the follow are true?
The internal structure of trabecular bone is organized in part due to the type of load place on it
The optimal angle of projection is less than 45 degrees in the shot put because of which of the following reason? (mark all that apply)
The landing height is lower than the projection height, It is easier for the body to generate horizontal force than vertical force, The athlete does not have to work against gravity in the horizontal direction in developing horizontal momentum
Which should be true of two connected bike gears of different size radii as shown in the diagram?
The linear distance traveled of points A and B on their edges must be equal
The anteversion angle discussed is characterized by which of the following?
The morphological torsion of the femur from its proximal to distal end
The pectorals minor is _____ to the pectorals major.
Deep
Which set of ligaments across the talocrural joint are stronger?
Deltoid ligaments
The elbow is ____ to the shoulder?
Distal
Consider handwriting lines of a letter and the relative frequency of movement of the wrist and the shoulder.
The wrist moves at a higher frequency than the shoulder
2 hockey players, one with a mass of 80 kg and a velocity of 3 m/s and the other with a mass of 90 kg and velocity of -2.8 m/s collide. What is true of the forces felt by the hockey players during the collision?
They both feel the same magnitude of force
A steep or larger inclination angle causes
Thigher joint contact forces at the hip.
Which muscle is a dorsiflexor
Tibialis anterior
Which of the following is the primary goal of gait?
Transportation of the center of mass
From anatomical position medial rotation at the shoulder occurs in what plane?
Transverse
In what plane of motion does a pirouette predominantly occur?
Transverse
Which of the follow is not a target muscle in the reverse scoop medicine ball throw?
Trapezius
A narrower hand position (and less abducted shoulder position) will target what muscle in a push up?
Triceps Brachii
During a diamond push up the narrow hand position will likely increase the overall range of motion utilized at the elbow joint during the exercise. (T/F)
True
During quiet standing the horizontal ground reaction force is approximately zero. (T/F)
True
For inverse dynamics it is good enough to draw free body as a single point through which all forces touching that body act. (T/F)
True
In lifting light objects from the ground for healthy individuals allow spinal flexion to occur is not a counter-indicated movement.
True
When adding vectors graphically or otherwise order does not matter. (T/F)
True
Which of the following is an accurate description of the process of inverse dynamics?
Using movement kinematics and ground reaction forces to calculate over joint kinetics
Which of the following are common reasons for excess trunk inclination or spinal flexion may be adopted during a squat placing too much load on the lower back.
Weak gluteus maximus, Limited dorsiflexion range of motion
The hammer curl grip increases the targeting of which muscle in a bicep curl?
brachioradialis
During the first (approximately) 50% of stance phase in the gait cycle the horizontal ground reaction force in the AP direction is
egative as it points in the posterior direction indicating braking
In the discussed Hill Type muscle model what anatomical structures contribute the parallel elastic component (PEC), the series elastic component (SEC), and the contractile component (CC) of a muscle complex, respectively (in that order)?
epimesium; (PEC); tendons (SEC); sarcomeres (CC)
The axial roation achievable at the kne joint exists because
of the low congruence of the knee joint and the joint laxity
What disease is characterized by low bone density and is considered in part a lifestyle disease with no clear onset?
osteoporosis
Which combination of factors should lead to the maximum force generating capability of a muscle?
High velocity magnitude, Eccentric Movement, Slightly stretched Muscle
The momentum generation for the overhead medicine ball throw is describe as coming from which joint primarily?
Hip
The ischiofemoral ligament is tensioned mainly by what hip position?
Hip extension
Which of the following is NOT one of the actions of gluteus maximus?
Hip internal rotation
Movement at the shoulder joint during the down phase of a normal push up could best be characterized as which of the following?
Horizontal Abduction
Given the position function across time shown below what is significant about the time t= 1.2 seconds?
It is an inflection point, The sign of acceleration changes from + to - across this point
Which of the following are true regarding the knee joint axis of rotation for flexion extension?
It moves as the knee goes through the full range of motion It passes through the distal end of the femur
Which of the following are true regarding the gastrocnemius muscle?
Its origin is on the femur, It is a biarticular muscle
Typically in solving equilibrium and inverse dynamic problems for a segment of the body, what are our unknowns? (mark all that apply)
Joint Reaction Force, Joint Moment
Which subdivision of biomechanics is what we generally coach and observe in sporting technique?
Kinematics
For projectile motion with negligible air resistance which of the following is FALSE?
Kinetic and potential energy do not exist simultaneously
Medial angle greater than 195 degree at the knee is
Knee Valgus
Which position give active quadriceps would most dramatically increase the compression of the patella against the femur
Knee flexed
Both the arcuate ligament and the oblique popliteal ligament resist what
Knee hypertension
Which of the following is most indicative of a low risk for superior dislocation of the hip joint?
Large Wiberg Angle
During knee extension rolling and gliding terminates on which epicondyle of the femur first cause it to act a a pivot point for the locking of the knee
Lateral
What is the component form of the radius of rotation vectors for the Achilles tendon force causing torque about the ankle joint center? (Use the form "r=Ax + By" for your response replacing A and B with numbers).
r= -5x-3y
As the knee flexes the femur _____ and _______ on the tibial plateau
rolls posteriorly and glides anteriorly
The loading rate of a bone discussed in the lecture refers to which of the following?
the speed at which the load is applied
During the first (approximately) 50% of stance phase in the gait cycle the horizontal ground reaction force in the AP direction is
Negative as it points in the posterior direction indicating braking
A muscle which eliminates an unwanted "extra" movement of an agonist's action across a joint is playing what type of role?
Neutralizer
Moving up the kinetic chain in inverse dynamics is possible because of...
Newton's 3rd Law - It allows us to move up the chain by applying an equal and opposite joint moment and joint reaction force to the next segment in the chain
Moving up the kinetic chain in inverse dynamics is possible because of...
Newton's 3rd Law- It allows us to move up the chain by applying an equal and opposite joint moment and joint reaction force to the next segment in the chain
During the open chain leg movement of right hip abduction will also cause which of the following
No compensatory movement
In a torsional loading of bone what type of stress is felt along the neutral axis?
No stress
Inverse dynamics can tell you how much torque a specific muscle is generating during a complex movement. (T/F)
False
Passive marker based motion capture provides a good deal of qualitative information.
False
Shutter speed and frame rate are essentially the same thing.
False
Stride length in gait for an individual continuously decreases across the lifespan. (T/F)
False
The deltoid muscle is primarily responsible for lifting the weight during a kettlebell swing. (T/F)
False
The radius of rotation is always the same quantity as the moment arm.
False
The ultimate stress and the fracture point of the material are always the same point on the stress strain curve.
False
Express the velocity vector of the ax head shown in the image in component form given its magnitude is 20 m/s and it is acting at an angle of 35 deg. What is the y component of this vector? (input scalar value of the y component)
-11.47
Express the velocity vector of the ax head shown in image in component form given its magnitude is 20 m/s and it is acting at an angle of 35 deg. What is the x component of this vector? (input scalar value of the x component)
-16.38
What is the angle of the velocity vector below as a negative (counterclockwise) rotation from the + positive x axis? V= -50x + 20y (m/s)
-201.8
Which of the following are true regarding the vertical ground reaction force during walking for 1 foot? (mark all that apply)
-It has 2 local maximums -Its fluctuations exist because the Center of Mass accelerates and decelerates in the vertical direction throughout the gait cycle
Given the position function across time shown below what is significant about the time t= 1.2 seconds?
-It is an inflection point -The sign of acceleration changes from + to - across this point
The optimal angle of projection is less than 45 degrees in the shot put because of which of the following reason? (mark all that apply)
-The landing height is lower than the projection height -It is easier for the body to generate horizontal force than vertical force -The athlete does not have to work against gravity in the horizontal direction in developing horizontal momentum
Given the femur has a modulus of elasticity of 19,000 MPa and a cross sectional area of 30 cm^2, how much strain would be caused by a 1500 N load? Be careful with units on this one. SI units are Pa, m and N.
0
If a ball is pitched from 18 m away from the plate thrown directly horizontal at a velocity of 40 m/s, how far will the ball have dropped by the time it reaches the plate (in meters)?
1
It is an inflection point, The sign of acceleration changes from + to - across this point
1
Talocural joint movement has
1 degree of freedom and multiplanar movement
You may begin inverse dynamics anaylsis at any segment of the body
False
Given the following information for one gait cycle beginning at the right heel strike calculate Right Stride Length Right step length .64 left step length .66
1.3
The fibula during dynamic activities tends to bear no more than what percentage of the load?
10
Biceps muscle net force is a combination of the tensile forces of the fibers which run the origin of the long head of the biceps and the fibers which run through the short head of the biceps. Use the law of cosines to find the magnitude of net force if the force of the long head is 80 N and the force of the short head is 60 N and the angle between the force vectors is 15 degrees.
138.8
What is the angle of the velocity vector below as a positive (counterclockwise) rotation from the + positive x axis? V= -50x + 20y (m/s)
158.2
In quiet standing what is the ratio of load bearing between the forefoot and the hindfoot? forefoot:hindfoot
1:1
The tarsometatarsal joint of which ray has a mortise and tenon structure and is the most stable?
2
When trying to record movement data in 3D dimensions how many vantages (perspectives) do you need at minimum to perceive all three dimensions?
2
Circumduction at the hip exercises how many degrees of freedom?
2 Rotational
Projectile Motion: A skier goes off of a ramp at a projection angle of 30 deg above the horizontal and with an initial speed of 15 m/s. If she lands 5 meters below the height of the jump how long is her flight time? (Answer given in seconds)
2.0
What is the approximate range of motion for dorsiflexion from anatomically neutral? (in degrees)
20
In normal healthy gait, double support phase (left and right combined) represents what percentage (%) of the gait cycle?
24
A skier goes off of a ramp at a projection angle of 30 deg above the horizontal and with an initial speed of 15 m/s. If she lands 5 meters below the height of the jump how far will she have traveled horizontally when she reaches the ground? (This is the same scenario as the previous question)
26
How many bones are part of the ankle foot complex?
28
A sprinter has a velocity of 13 m/s at the 100 m mark of a 400 m dash. If he slows down a constant acceleration over the next 300 meters to end with a velocity of 8 m/s how long (in seconds) will it take him to complete the final 300 meters?
28.57
Which lever class always has a mechanical advantage?
2nd
In passive marker based 3D motion capture if you place only one marker on a segment of the body you will be be able to track..
3 translational degrees of freedom
If the hamstrings are loaded at a magnitude of 2500 N what is the number of cycles that could be sustained before moving the likelihood of injury beyond 90%?
3,000
The deltoid muscle acting to abduct the shoulder is what class of lever?
3rd Class
What muscle is primarily responsible for preventing hip extension (hip sagging) during a push up?
Rectus femoris
In measuring the orientation of the runners thoracic (chest) with respect to the incline hill they are running up you would measure which of the following?
Absolute angle comparing the orientation of one local and one global coordinate system
The longitudinal arch of the foot will increase with
Active dorsiflexion the toes, Passive dorsiflexion of the toes
The difficulty experienced in tightening your fist when your wrist is in a flexed position is an example of ____.
Active insufficiency
The role of the transverse tarsal joint group is to
Allow for accommodation of more proximal joint movement to maintain contact with the ground
If you are given the following pieces of data what can you say about the acceleration of the sprinter Velocity 4.2, 4.8, 7
Always postive
In reference to a point of interest on a rotating object (r=0.5 m): given the radial acceleration is zero and tangential acceleration is 10 m/s^2 which of the following are correct regarding other quantities for this instant in time.
Angular acceleration is NOT zero, Angular velocity is zero, linear velocity is zero
Is someone tore their ACL there would not be an end point to _______ translation of the tibia with respect to the femur
Anterior
Which of the following are not important stabilizers during a push up (bodyweight)?
Anterior Deltoid
Hip adduction occurs about which axis?
Anterior Posterior
The screw home mechanism in final knee extension (in reference to the locking not the unlocking of the knee) is thought to happen largly becuase of which of the following
Asymmetry in the femoral condyles
Consider normal walking: Which plot most likely represents the sagital joint angle trajectory of right ankle beginning at the right heel strike (Positive dorsiflexion, Negative Plantarflexion)
B
Given the objects general motion shown below by the rightward translation of the COM and its clockwise rotation about the COM, which tip is moving faster
B
The talonavicular joint is a ____ joint while the calcaneocuboid joint is ____ joint.
Ball and socket; Saddle Joint
What is Irene Davis known for?
Barefoot Running Research
What type of load would cause a greenstick fracture?
Bending load
Lateral roation of the tibia with respect to the femur may occur voluntarily when the knee is flexed by activating what muscle
Bicep femoris
Which of the following does not participate in hip abduction?
Biceps femoris
A powerlift is benching as is illustrated in the diagram below, we want to determine the joint reaction force and joint moment at the wrist acting on the hand of the right arm in the sgaittal plane (side view). A side view of the hand and forearm are shown. Which image shows the correct free body diagram for this analysis given the force of the bar acting on the hand through the center of pressure of Fbar= -400yN? Choose the free body diagram you would draw at the beginning of analysis before solving for unknowns
E
As you descend toward the bottom of squat your quadriceps are acting _____?
Eccentrically
Given the following image what is the internal joint moment at the knee of the leading (front) leg in contact with ground?
Extensor
A muscle force could have both dislocating and stabilizing components at the same time. (T/F)
False
All bone growth arrests at approximately 18 years old.
False
Consider a continuous gradual increase of an applied horizontal force to this sled. Once the applied horizontal force FA on a sled shown overcomes static friction, the dynamic friction will increase linearly as the applied force continues to increase.
False
During mid single leg stance of walking gait the hip reaches its most extended angular position.
False
For inverse dynamics it is good enough to draw free body as a single point through which all forces touching that body act. (T/F)
False
In passive marker based motion capture the markers emit their own light.
False
Most joints exhibit function translational degrees of freedom. (T/F)
False Most joints have ROTATIONAL rather than translational degrees of freedom. Some exceptions include the scapulothoracic joint with 2 translational degrees of freedom and 1 rotational degree of freedom. Translational: -Elevation/Depression - Protraction/Retraction Rotational: -Upward/Downward Rotation
The ISO speed refers to how long the shutter of the camera is open. (T/F)
False Shutter speed refers to how long the shutter of the camera is open letting light in to exposure the picture. ISO speed refers to the sensitivity of the photoreceptors of the camera's sensor. A higher ISO speed will increase the "reactivity" of the sensory to light hitting it (meaning the image will expose more quickly) and will produce more noise in the image.
A ductile material will always fracture at higher stresses than a brittle material. (T/F)
False. Brittle materials fracture with very little (if any) plastic deformation. Ductile material fracture only after significant plastic deformation.
Valgus knee collapse could be due to which of the following? (mark all that apply)**
Femoral anteversion, Tight hip abductors and weak adductors, Tight hip adductors and weak abductors
Why type of cartilage is the meniscus
Fibrocartilage
What is the least stable hip position?
Flexed, adducted
Compose the three vectors shown in the diagram of the player sliding into home plate. (Try composing these vectors graphically too. Do your answers make sense with each other?)
Fnet= -300x + 200y
Who is considered the father of biomechanics
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
In the posterior (hip extended) leg of the warrior pose which of the following muscles is NOT stretched?
Gluteus Maximus
In stabilizing unilateral weight bearing activities at the hip which muscle is primarily responsible for maintain a neutral level position of the pelvis in the frontal plane?
Gluteus medius
Which is characteristic of trabecular versus cortical bone? (mark all that apply)
Has higher porosity, Can undergo more strain before fracture, Larger plastic region on the stress strain curve
What do you think the main purpose of lifting one leg during a push is?
Increase challenge to core stabilizers
To make sure you do not miss the time point (or event) you care most about in a movement you should do which of the following?
Increase the Frame Rate
Which are true of the patella
Increase the moment arm of the quadriceps about the knee joint center Increase the torque generating capacity of the quadriceps
You would expect which of the following from a stroke patient who feels unsteady walking as compared to normal healthy gait?
Increase time spent in double support
Leaning the torso forward during the rear lunge does NOT do which of the following?
Increases the stretch in the rectus femoris of the rear leg
Which motion capture instrumentation is limited the LEAST in terms of its collection volume. Collection volume refers to the space in which the subject or performer may move where data may still be collected accurately and without "going out of frame."
Inertial Measurement Units
Which type of motion capture would be the best for capturing 3D kinematics of a 100 m sprint performance?
Inertial Measurement Units
From anatomical position medial rotation at the shoulder occurs about which axis?
Inferior-Superior (longitudinal)
A force that is slowing down an object.. (mark all that apply)
Is doing negative work on that object
Which of the following are true regarding the vertical ground reaction force during walking for 1 foot? (mark all that apply)
It has 2 local maximums, Its fluctuations exist because the Center of Mass accelerates and decelerates in the vertical direction throughout the gait cycle
The close packed position of a joint is best characterized by which of the following?
Maximum surface contact of articulating surfaces
Where is the pivot point or axis of rotation during axial roatation of the knee
Medial intercondylar turbercle of the tibia
If the toe joint is modeled in motion capture is modeling the ___ operation allowing the hindfoot to lift off the ground with activation of the triceps surae.
Metatarsoophalangeal joints
During the gait cycle the deepest knee flexion angle occurs during what phase/event of the gait cycle?
Mid Swing
Dorsiflexion tends to increase the toe ___ angulation of the foot compared to the tibia.
Out
In reference to the green trailing leg what type of internal moment is present at the ankle during this phase of gait given the image shown below.
Plantarflexion
The peroneus muscles cause which of the following movement (mark all that apply).
Plantarflexion, Pronation
Which of the following directly "unlocks" the knee so that flexion may begin
Popliteus
Given the position function across time shown below what is the sign of velocity at 7 seconds?
Positive
The PCL mainly resists
Posterior tranlsation of the tibia with respect to the femur
Given the position function across time shown below what is the sign of velocity at 7 seconds? (At 7 sec it is below the line)
Postive
What are the two main cues suggest by M&M to develop a solid base for squatting?
Press your big toe into the ground, External rotate at the hips to drive your hips forward
As the hindfoot supinates the tarsometatarsal joints must ___ to keep the forefoot in contact with the ground.
Pronate
Which of the following would most accurately be considered a translational degree of freedom?
Protraction of the jaw
Squat versus hip hinge style kettlebell swing tend to activate which muscle group more (i.e. what is most different)
Quadratus femoris
Which of the following represents the proper order of gait events for walking beginning with Right Heel Strike (RHS)?
RHS-LTO-LHS-RTO
What is an example of a pivot joint AND what degrees of freedom does it have?
Radioulnar joint; 1 rotational degree of freedom
Which muscle can be antagonist for both hip extension and knee flexion?
Rectus Femoris (Must be a biarticular muscle, cross both the hip and knee)
Given they are of similar cross sectional area which would be expected to have highest force generating capacity?
Rectus femoris
If the left hip flexes what else must occur in closed chain situation.
Right hip flexion
During the dorsiflexion the talus ___ on the distal surface of the tibia.
Rolls Anteriorly and Glides Posteriorly
What components of force exist for the force of Achilles tendon acting about the ankle joint center?
Rotary and Stabilizing
If you were to perform an analysis of a cyclist's lower body flexion and extension joint angle coordination of the lower body joints of one leg, which plane of motion would you set up the video camera to view?
Sagittal
Which of the following is not an origin of the pectoralis major?
Scapula: Acromion Process
Which muscle can most act as a dynamic restraint for the anteroir traslation of the tibia with respect to the femur
Semitendinous
In a push-up which muscle is primarily responsible for stabilizing the scapula?
Serratus Anterior
Which of the following are actions of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Shoulder extension -Shoulder internal rotation -Shoulder adduction
Which of the following are actions of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Shoulder extension, Shoulder internal rotation, Shoulder adduction
Which of the following are you typically trying to track when doing biomechanical motion capture?
Skeletal Movement
Someone walking with a toe out gait is likely to have which of the following?
Small anteversion angle
Which of the following muscles do not play a role in knee flexion
Solues
If the magnitude of a person's ground reaction force is less than their mass*9.81 what is happening?
The COM has a downward acceleration
During pure hip flexion about the neutral axis, the head of the femur does which of the following in the acetabulum
Spin Only Another example would be that hip adduction causes spinning but also superiorly gliding. However, not all functional movements cause both spinning and gliding.
A person skating on ice at a constant velocity is a static or dynamic situation in reference to biomechanics subdivisions?
Static
Gait velocity could NOT be derived from which of the following gait parameters?
Step time and cadence
Which of the following positions most directly corresponds to the closed packed position of the foot?
Supinated
The brief eccentric loading of muscles prior to concentric movement is typically and effort to do which of the following? (mark all that apply)
Take advantage of the stretch shortening cycle, Stimulate a stretch reflex response in the muscle, Store elastic energy in the muscle
During a bicep curl with large weights it is recommend to curl one arm at a time in order to do which of the follow?
Take the load off of the vertebrae
Which joint of the ankle foot complex is the "ankle joint" that we classically think of?
Talocrural joint
What mechanical representation is used to describe the talocrural joint?
Tenon and mortise
During Lumbar extension, what stresses are caused in the anterior and posterior portions of the vertebral discs in between vertebrae, respectively?
Tension; Compression
Materials which deform within the elastic region of a stress strain curve will
Will store energy that may be recovered, Return to their original shape when unloaded
A wide aperture on your camera causes
a shallow depth of field and a lighter image
The acetabulum generally face which 3 directions
anteriorly, laterally, and inferiorly
