Biopsych Exam 1

If an EPSP adds to what is left of a previous EPSP, what has occurred? A) Temporal summation. B) Spatial summation. C) Saltatory conduction. D) Inhibitory synaptic transmission.

a

Nina believes that the mind is somehow made of a different substance or matter than the rest of the body. Her belief would best fit with that of __________. a. Dualism b. Monism c. Reductionism d. Pluralism

a

Which of these is not a way to regulate synaptic activity? a. reuptake b. myasthenia gravis c. presynaptic autoreceptors d. enzymatic deactivation

b

If a neuron receives an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (PSP), it cannot fire an action potential. True False

False

Postsynaptic receptors are generic, meaning that all types of neurotransmitters bind with all types of postsynaptic receptors. True False

False

5. In the following figure, which order accurately describes the direction of information flow? (1->2->3 means information starts in 1, then goes to 2, and then goes to 3 last).

A -> C -> D

Place the following ion movements in the order that matches the order of the action potential. A: hyperpolarization (+ ions leave) B: ions at rest C: repolarization D: depolarization (+ ions enter)

B-> D -> A -> C ions at rest -> depolarization (+ ions enter) -> hyperpolarization (+ ions leave) -> repolarization

You want to reach a glass off of the top shelf. To do this, your body must first be positioned in front of the shelf and your arm raised to get your hand close to the target. Only then can you grab the glass. What brain area does all the preparative positioning of the body prior to the actual grabbing of the glass? a. basal ganglia b. cerebellum c. posterior parietal association cortex d. secondary motor cortex e. ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tract

a

Which of the following are important parts of why neurons have a resting potential? (Mark all answers that apply.) a. molecules move from high concentration to low concentration b. opposite charges attract, but like charges repel c. axoplasmic transport d. saltatory conduction

a & b

Select all of the following items that are functions of some glia: a. immune responses b. insulation of axons c. housekeeping or cleaning up debris in the brain d. vesicle production

a & b & c

Select all of the things that occur when the action potential reaches the terminal button. (mark all correct answers, not only the very first thing that happens). a. vesicles fuse with the cell membrane b. axoplasmic transport returns the action potential to the soma c. voltage-gated calcium channels open d. neurotransmitters are released into the synapse

a & b & c

Cell bodies of which types of peripheral neurons are located in ganglia? (select all that apply) a. sympathetic b. none of these c. sensory d. motor

a & c

8. As a general rule, axons convey information A) toward dendrites of their own cell. B) toward their own cell body. C) away from the cell body. D) to glia.

c

A membrane produces an action potential whenever the potential across it reaches A) the resting potential. B) 90 mV. C) the threshold. D) the myelin sheath.

c

For a given neuron, the resting potential is 70 mV and the threshold is 55 mV. Stimulus A depolarizes the membrane to exactly 55 mV. Stimulus B depolarizes the membrane to 40 mV. What can we expect to happen? A) Stimulus A will produce an action potential of greater amplitude than stimulus B. B) Stimulus A will produce an action potential that is conducted at a faster speed than that of stimulus B. C) Stimulus B will produce an action potential and stimulus A will not. D) Stimulus A and stimulus B will produce action potentials of the same size.

d

Ionotropic receptors are ____ ; metabotropic receptors are ____; the fastest receptors to open are ____. a. direct; indirect; metabotropic b. indirect; direct; ionotropic c. indirect; direct; metabotropic d. direct; indirect; ionotropic

d

One way to tell the difference between a dendrite and an axon is that dendrites usually A) form branches perpendicular to the main trunk of the dendrite. B) are longer than the axon. C) are covered with myelin. D) taper in diameter toward their periphery.

d

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement? A) Bicarbonate out of the presynaptic cell. B) Lithium out of the presynaptic cell. C) Iron into the cell. D) Calcium into the cell.

d

Which of the following neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential? a. F- b. K+ c. Cl- d. Na+

d

Which of the following structures is part of the midbrain? a. cerebellum b. corpus callosum c. spinal cord d. substantia nigra

d

Which of the following terms belong together? a. substantia nigra; pain reactivity b. periaqueductal gray matter; auditory processing c. spinal cord; Parkinson's disease d. reticular formation; sleep and arousal

d

Which of these best describes neoteny? a. Having small brains. b. The failure of the brain to develop c. Animals that are able to fend for themselves after birth. d. Slow brain development after birth.

d

Neuron Fred synpases onto Neuron Joe. Neuron Fred releases neurotransmitter into this axo-dendritic synapse, causing IPSPs in Neuron Joe. What happens to Joe to cause these IPSPs? a. Joe gets insulted and punches Fred in the hillock! b. action potentials are generated in Joe's dendrite c. action potentials are generated at Joe's axon hillock d. voltage-gated potassium or chloride channels open e. neurotransmitter-gated potassium or chloride channels open

e

The thalamus is _______. a. in the diencephalon b. important for motor control and balance c. receives many types of sensory information d. BOTH a and b are correct e. BOTH a and c are correct

e

Which neurotransmitter maintains slow wave sleep by actively inhibiting both wakefulness and REM? a. acetylcholamine b. norepinephrine c. glycine d. dopamine e. serotonin

e

What is one of the reasons natural selection is relevant to a behavioral neuroscience class? a. We can learn some things that are relevant to human brains by studying non-human brains, because we have a common ancestor with many species, and many aspects of nervous systems are conserved. b. We naturally select things we want to study using scientific experiments. c. It's not. Everybody knows human brains are special so natural selection doesn't really matter for this class.

a

Axons are myelinated in both the central nervous system (CNS) and in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). But, different types of glia cells are responsible for CNS and PNS myelination. True False

True

Conduction of the axon potential down a myelinated axon is faster than down an unmyelinated axon of comparable size. True False

True

An EPSP is a A) graded depolarization. B) depolarization alternating rapidly with a hyperpolarization. C) graded hyperpolarization. D) canceling out of competing effects.

a

Corpus collosum ______. a. contains axons that interconnect the left and right halves of the brain b. contains axons that interconnect the left & right halves of the spinal cord c. connects the cerebellum to the pons d. is a nucleus regulating respiration (breathing) e. is a legal term meaning "lawyers are very thick skinned"

a

23. If a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential, the result is A) hyperpolarization. B) depolarization. C) an action potential. D) a threshold.

a

A neuron will only fire an action potential if the postsynaptic potentials are larger than ______. a. the threshold of excitation b. -70 mV c. the resting potential d. +40 mV

a

Russ is a monist. What statement agrees most with how he thinks? a. The mind is generated through the physical actions of the brain b. It is not possible to study the mind through scientific methods because it is immaterial. c. The mind and body are separate. d. The mind is spiritual, whereas the body is made from matter.

a

Say a group of giraffes moves into new terrain that has really short trees and bushes. And say giraffes that are slightly shorter than average can reach the new low-lying leaves better. And then these shorter giraffes live, are healthier, breed, and pass on their genes. What best describes this? a. Natural selection b. Artificial selection c. Darwin d. Selective specicity

a

The synaptic cleft is A) the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. B) a packet that stores molecules of the synaptic transmitter. C) a subthreshold depolarization. D) a dietary precursor to the synthesis of a synaptic transmitter.

a

The two kinds of cells in the nervous system are __________, which receive and transmit information to other cells, and __________, which do not transmit information. A) neurons, glia B) glia, hypoglia C) glia, neurons D) neurons, corpuscles

a

When the neuron is at rest, which of the following forces tends to move potassium ions OUT OF the cell? A) Concentration gradient. B) Electrical gradient. C) Both concentration gradient and electrical gradient. D) Sodium potassium pump.

a

Which of the following first returns the membrane potential to the resting level after it hits its peak? a. K+ exits the cell b. Ca+ exits the cell c. Cl- enters the cell d. Na+ enters the cell

a

Which of the following is true about spontaneous firing rates of neurons? A) EPSPs increase the frequency. B) EPSPs decrease the frequency. C) IPSPs increase the frequency. D) B and C are correct.

a

Which of these is associated with an excitatory PSP? a. positive ions entering or negative ions exiting b. positive ions exiting or negative ions entering c. repolarization d. membrane potential becoming more negative

a

You touch a soft, sensuous silk robe. Isn't it lovely!? What part of your cerebral cortex first receives this delightful touch information? a. parietal b. occipital c. frontal d. occidental e. fractal

a

Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) are: a. always the same size b. graded (big or small) c. only found in the soma d. the same thing as action potentials

b

An interneuron is A) a glia cell that separates one neuron from another. B) a neuron that receives all its information from other neurons and conveys impulses only to other neurons. C) a neuron that has its cell body in the spinal cord and an axon that extends to a muscle or gland. D) a cell whose properties are halfway between those of a neuron and those of a glia cell.

b

Behavioral neuroscience takes what kind of perspective on the mind-body problem? a. Dualist b. Monist c. Generalist d. Selectionist

b

How can your brain tell the difference between a loud sound and a faint sound? a. the action potentials are bigger for loud sounds and smaller for faint sounds b. the sensory neurons fire at different rates (faster vs. slower) c. the resting potential of the sensory neurons are different d. different neurotransmitters are used

b

If a nerve is carrying sensory information about the face or carrying commands to face muscles, it is probably a _____ nerve; if a nerve is carrying sensory information about the leg or carrying commands to leg muscles, it is probably a ____ nerve. a. parasympathetic; spinal b. cranial; spinal c. peripheral; central d. cranial; autonomic

b

If one neuron receives two inputs on two dendrites at the basically the same time, and one is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (PSP) and the other is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (PSP), and they are basically the same size, what happens? a. this scenario is impossible b. the neuron does fire an action potential c. the neuron does not fire an action potential d. whether the neuron fires an action potential or not depends on whether the presynaptic autoreceptors are microglia

b

In the following figure, name the structure labeled "D": a. termination modules b. terminal buttons c. dendrites d. glia

b

In the following figure, which of these structures are involved in the synapse? a. B b. D c. A d. F

b

Neurons have one __________, but can have any number of __________. A) dendrite, axons B) axon, dendrites C) cell body, axons D) axon hillock, cell bodies

b

On which of the following would action potentials travel the slowest? A) A thin, myelinated axon. B) A thin, unmyelinated axon. C) A thick, myelinated axon. D) A thick, unmyelinated axon.

b

Say you get burned by a hot cup of tea and feel like you're going to drop it, but you are able to manage to set it down on the table anyway. Which of the following does not accurately describe this situation? (mark the answer that is incorrect). a. This is an example of a withdrawal reflex. b. Interneurons from the brain reached into your hands and provided inhibitory input to the sensory neurons and silenced the entire withdrawal reflex. c. Interneurons from the brain provided inhibitory input to the motor neuron, which helped you not drop your cup. d. The basic spinal withdrawal reflex (which does not involve the brain) is still active in this example; it is just modified by extra inhibitory input from the brain.

b

The function of a myelin sheath is to A) prevent action potentials from traveling in the wrong direction. B) increase the velocity of transmission along an axon. C) increase the magnitude of an action potential. D) enable an action potential in one cell to influence the transmission in other cells.

b

The right primary visual cortex receives visual information from: a. right visual field b. left visual field c. the nasal hemiretinas of both the left and right eye d. the temporal hemiretinas of both the left and right eye e. the entire retina of the right eye

b

The sodium potassium pump makes possible which of the following features of a neuron? A) Refractory period. B) Resting potential. C) Selective permeability. D) Saltatory conduction.

b

What do L-DOPA, cocaine, and physostigmine all have in common? They _________. a. are antagonists b. are agonists c. modulate the effects of GABA d. suppress the excitability of neurons e. modulate the effects of Glycine

b

What does it mean for something to be a voltage-gated (or voltage-dependent) ion channel? a. the job of the ion channel is to control the voltage by staying open all the time b. the ion channel only opens when the cell membrane potential reaches a certain voltage c. the ion channel is always open regardless of any voltages d. the ion channels are gates for voltages to enter and exit

b

What does neoteny have to do with special human brains? a. Babies are cute and neoteny has to do with babies, kind of. b. One reason our brains are so special is that they have a longer time to keep developing and learning and specializing, relative to other species. c. It's not relevant because humans and chimps share over 99% of their DNA and whale brains are larger anyway.

b

Where is your primary auditory cortex located? a. pyriform cortex b. temporal cortex c. occipital cortex d. frontal cortex e. in a jazz club in New Orleans

b

Which of the following component of nerves is most important to their specific function? (In other words, if you took this thing away, they wouldn't really be nerves any more.) a. connective tissue b. axons c. telephones d. blood vessels

b

Which sentence is most correct? a. The cell bodies of efferent somatic neurons are located in the ventral ganglia and send their information up to the brain and then down to the spinal cord. b. The cell bodies of afferent somatic neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia and send their information up the spinal cord and then to the brain. c. The cell bodies of afferent somatic neurons are located in the ventral root ganglia and send their information up to the brain and then down to the spinal cord. d. The cell bodies of efferent somatic neurons are located in the ventral ganglia and send their information up the spinal cord and then to the brain.

b

Which statement is most accurate regarding neurons at rest? a. There is a higher concentration of sodium ions inside the cell. b. There is a higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell. c. There is a higher concentration of chloride ions inside the cell. d. There is a higher concentration of potassium ions outside the cell.

b

During the entire course of events from the start of an action potential until the membrane returns to its resting potential, the net movement of ions is A) sodium in, potassium in. B) sodium out, potassium out. C) sodium in, potassium out. D) sodium out, potassium in.

c

Cell bodies of which peripheral neurons are located in the spinal cord itself? a. sensory b. neither of these c. motor

c

Describe the location of the cerebellum: a. dorsal to the hypothalamus b. immediately ventral to the pons c. immediately dorsal to the pons d. rostral to the frontal cortex

c

How can a neuron signal the difference between an intense stimulus and a stimulus that just barely reaches the threshold for an instant? A) Magnitude of the action potential. B) Speed of the action potential. C) Frequency of action potentials. D) Shape of the action potential.

c

In a(n) _____ axon, the action potential propagates down the length of the axon like "the wave" at a football game; in a(n) _____ axon, the action potential conducts passively until the ________, where it is regenerated. a. myelinated; unmyelinated; node of ranvier b. unmyelinated; myelinated; soma c. unmyelinated; myelinated; node of ranvier d. myelinated; unmyelinated; soma

c

In the human brain, glia cells are A) larger than neurons. B) capable of transmitting impulses when neurons fail to do so. C) more numerous than neurons. D) like neurons, except that they lack axons.

c

One subdivision of your nervous system is responsible for slowing down heartbeat in some situations. Which of these function is that same subdivision also responsible for, in similar situations? a. slowed digestion b. withdrawal reflex c. stimulated digestion d. sweating

c

Studying cases of brain damage to learn about how the brain works is most closely related conceptually to which of the following things? a. The astrological energies of nerves b. Galvani's frog leg experiment c. Experimental ablation d. Natural selection

c

The ______ receives visual & auditory information. This brain structure is contained within the _______. a. hypothalamus; forebrain b. medulla; diencephalon c. tectum; midbrain d. hypothalamus; telencephalon e. tegmentum; midbrain

c

The speed that an action potential travels down an axon is increased by A) an increase in the intensity of the evoking stimulus. B) increased activity by autoreceptors. C) the presence of a myelin sheath. D) the absence of lateral inhibition.

c

What determines whether a neuron has an action potential? A) EPSPs. B) IPSPs. C) The combined effect of EPSPs and IPSPs. D) Spontaneous firing rate alone (EPSPs and IPSPs have no effect).

c

What would we not have, if we did not have sodium-potassium pumps? a. Chloride ions b. Axoplasmic transport c. Resting potential of -70mV d. Dendrites

c

Which one of these is the first step to initiating an axon potential? Voltage gated ___ ion channels must ____. a. K+; close b. Na+; close c. Na+; open d. K+; open

c

____ neurons carry information ___ the central nervous system; ____ neurons carry information ___ the central nervous system. a. sensory; from; motor; to b. motor; to; sensory; from c. sensory; to; motor; from d. central ; to; peripatetic; from

c

A person is the least likely to be able to survive brain damage to which of these structures? a. Hypothalamus b. Cerebrum c. Corpus callosum d. Medulla oblongata

d

An IPSP is a(n) A) location where a dendrite branches. B) interruption in a myelin sheath. C) subthreshold depolarization. D) temporary hyperpolarization.

d

An axon hillock is A) the end of an axon, close to the next cell. B) a swelling in the middle of an axon. C) a point at which the axon branches in two or more directions. D) a swelling at the start of an axon, next to the cell body

d

At resting cell membrane potential: a. sodium ions are low in concentration outside the cell b. potassium ions are high in concentration outside the cell c. sodium ions want to leave the cell based on diffusion pressure d. potassium ions want to enter the cell based on electrostatic pressure e. TWO of the above are correct

d

Experimental ablation (or the lesion approach) describes what? a. Learning about what a part of the brain does non-invasively (without destroying or affecting any part of it). d. It's another name for fMRI-based neuroimaging. c. It's a generic name for all the types of experiments we do in behavioral neuroscience. d. Learning about what a part of the brain does by destroying the part of the brain.

d

Last time you got nervous before a class presentation and your heart raced and you got a bit sweaty and your mouth got dry, which part of the nervous system do you have to thank (or blame) for that reaction? a. enteric b. parasympathetic c. peripatetic d. sympathetic e. somatic

d

Match the cell type with the correct nervous system division. a. Schwann cell in CNS; area postrema in PNS. b. phagocytosis in CNS; Schwann cell in PNS. c. Oligodendrocyte in CNS; axolatl in PNS. d. Oligodendrocyte in CNS; Schwann cell in PNS.

d

Once an action potential starts, A) it is conducted the rest of the way as an electrical current. B) it needs additional stimuli from outside the cell to keep it going at various points along the axon. C) it increases in speed as it goes. D) it is regenerated at various points along the axon, the same way that it began.

d

Ramon Santiago y Cajal demonstrated that _________ and also made beautiful drawings of neurons. a. Neurons do exist but don't do anything. b. Neurons are one continuous mass instead of individual units. c. Neurons don't exist. d. Neurons are the building block of the nervous system.

d

Simple forms of learning that do not require formation of associations include: a. operant conditioning b. phobias c. conditioned taste aversions d. sensitization e. NONE of the above are correct

d

The abbreviation EPSP stands for A) extra psychic sensory perception. B) exterior partial sensory process. C) end point stationary physiology. D) excitatory post synaptic potential.

d

The fact that the action potential has the same amplitude and shape (basically, the fact that it looks the same) regardless of stimulus intensity (weak vs strong) refers to the: a. principle of mass action b. rate law c. law of equifinality d. all-or-none law

d

The sodium potassium pump pumps sodium ions __________ and potassium ions __________. A) into the cell, into the cell B) into the cell, out of the cell C) out of the cell, out of the cell D) out of the cell, into the cell

d

The synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules takes place A) in the bloodstream. B) in the cell body. C) in the presynaptic terminal. D) in either the cell body or the presynaptic terminal, depending on the particular neurotransmitter.

d

What type of neuron causes muscles to contract? a. glia b. sensory c. interneuron d. motor

d

Which of these statements is true about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? a. You are born with all the CSF you will ever have. b. CSF crosses the blood-brain barrier, allows action potentials to travel outside the brain. c. Researchers have not yet discovered the purpose of CSF. d. CSF protects the nervous system and also clears out waste products.

d

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for you using your hand to select the answer to this question? a. autonomic b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic d. somatic e. enteric

d

At resting cell membrane potential: a. Sodium ions wants to enter the cell based on diffusion pressure b. Chloride ions want to enter the cell based on diffusion pressure c. Potassium ions want to leave the cell based on diffusion pressure d. Both a. and b. are correct e. ALL of the above are correct

e

Cocaine: a. blocks the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin. b. stimulates enzymes that break down norepinephrine. c. acts as an antagonist at dopamine synapses. d. acts as an antagonist at acetylcholine synapses. e. functions as an agonist at norepinephrine synapses.

e

You are a doctor and you are treating a Schizophrenic patient with haloperidol. What happens if you give too much drug? They ____. a. experience lockjaw b. exhibit signs of myesthenia gravis c. stop breathing d. show no side-effects, since haloperidol is an exceptionally safe drug e. exhibit signs of Parkinson's disease

e