BIOS1700: Exam 2

Refer to Animation: Gene Expression: Translation. For each of the following organelles or structures, check the corresponding box if the organelle or structure is named or discussed in the animation. (Select all that apply.)

?

In the DNA sequence, the top strand is the template strand.5'-GTAGCCGATAAT-3'3'-CATCGGCTATTA-5'If the base pair G-C (in bold) is changed to T-A, what would the resulting nucleotide be in the mRNA?

A

Assuming that transcription and translation both proceed from left to right, which is the correct orientation of the DNA template, the RNA transcript, and the protein product?

DNA template 3'- ......... -5' RNA transcript 5'- ......... -3' Protein product H2N- ......... -COOH

The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows from:

DNA to RNA to protein.

Which statement is true regarding Frederick Griffith's experiments?

He demonstrated that some unknown substance can transform a nonvirulent strain of bacteria to a virulent one.

Osmosis is defined as the net movement of water from ( ) water concentration to ( ) water concentration. This also means that water moves to the side with a ( ) solute concentration.

High; low; high

Which component is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell?

The nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, and the endoplasmic reticulum all make up the endomembrane system.

edict how phospholipids would arrange if they were placed in a nonpolar solution rather than a polar solution like water.

The phospholipid tails would orient toward the solution, and the heads would cluster away from the solution.

Which of the statements is true regarding a basic amino acid?

The positively charged R group of a basic amino acid could bind DNA.

What feature or structure in the simulation indicates that this is eukaryotic translation?

The small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5' end of the mRNA and scans to the nearest AUG codon.

Whichever DNA strand is transcribed, the RNA polymerase reads the template strand from 3' to 5'. True/False

True

In response to seasonal changes in temperature, many organisms must alter the composition of their plasma membranes to maintain the proper degree of fluidity. Which change in the fatty acids of phospholipids would be most effective in maintaining membrane fluidity in a colder environment?

a decrease in phospholipid fatty acid side chain length and a decrease in side chain saturation

In eukaryotes, which component is specific to the synthesis of only one type of protein?

a messenger RNA

This image represents _____________ and _______________ is attached at the outlined region labeled ______.

a tRNA; an amino acid; A

Refer to Animation: Gene Expression: Translation. The protein shown being synthesized during the animation is:

actin.

The RNA base uracil pairs with:

adenine.

According to the codon table, which amino acid sequence (or sequences) results from a synthetic mRNA consisting of alternating As and Cs?

alternating Thr and His

Which location is a critical region of a tRNA molecule?

amino acid attachment site and anticodon loop

Refer to Animation: Central Dogma. What is symbolized by the object in the red circle?

an RNA nucleotide

Which of the following is the actual event that translates the language of nucleic acids (the sequence of bases, A, T (U), C, and G) to the language of proteins (determining which amino acid will be added to the polypeptide)?

attachment of the appropriate amino acid to the tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

A synthetic mRNA is created by random polymerization of an equal mixture of C-bearing and G-bearing ribonucleotides. According to the codon table, what is the expected amino acid composition of the resulting polypeptide product?

equal amounts of Ala, Arg, Gly, and Pro

The simulation demonstrates translation in:

eukaryotes.

The process of fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane and deposition of its contents into the extracellular space is referred to as:

exocytosis

The controlled release of cellular material stored in membrane-bound vesicles to the outside of the cell is an example of:

exocytosis.

In which eukaryotic organelle are various macromolecules broken down and destroyed?

lysosome

A cell has a mutation that prevents it from breaking down unwanted proteins present in vesicles. Which cellular structure is most likely to be disrupted by this mutation?

lysosomes

Which cellular compartment does not have a double membrane structure separating it from the rest of the cell?

lysosomes

The type of RNA that physically interacts with a ribosome, providing the sequence information for a specific protein, is abbreviated:

mRNA

Which interaction helps stabilize the tertiary level of protein organization?

van der Waals interactions between R groups in close proximity

According to the codon table, which amino acid sequence (or sequences) results from a synthetic mRNA consisting of repeats of the codon 5'-AUG-3'?

polymethionine and polyaspartic acid

According to the codon table, which amino acid sequence (or sequences) results from a synthetic mRNA consisting of repeats of the codon 5'-ACG-3'?

polythreonine, polyarginine, and polyaspartic acid

Imagine that a researcher was able to travel back in time, shortly after the appearance of the first RNAs on Earth. What would she most likely find?

precursors of tRNAs bound to nucleotides, and not amino acids

Which RNA type is the most abundant in mammalian cells?

rRNA

A consecutive sequence of codons following a start codon is called a:

reading frame.

Most proteins containing a signal sequence that binds signal recognition particle at their amino-terminal ends are sorted to:

the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Which base is not found in DNA?

uracil

Alternative splicing allows for:

different polypeptides to be made from a single gene.

Which one of the features distinguishes RNA from DNA?

DNA has thymine as one of its bases, whereas RNA has uracil.

What is the order of processes that support the central dogma?

DNA replication, transcription, translation

Why did scientists many years ago believe that protein was the storage molecule for genetic information, instead of DNA?

-Proteins carry out a great range of cellular functions. -Proteins have a wider variety of three-dimensional shapes than DNA. -There are more building blocks for protein than there are for DNA.

The nucleus in eukaryotic cells has many pores because:

-Transcription factors must enter the nucleus once they are made in the cytoplasm. -Transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm. -tRNA molecules are needed in the cytoplasm for translation.

Which type of post-transcriptional modification is common in eukaryotes?

-intron removal -5' cap addition -polyadenylation

Which molecule is made during the process of transcription?

-rRNA -mRNA -tRNA

RNA polymerase complex can do which actions?

-separate DNA strands -release a finished RNA transcript from a DNA template -restore the original DNA strands. -allow RNA-DNA hybrids to form

Which components of an amino acid participate in the formation of the peptide bonds that join amino acids into a chain to form proteins? Select all that apply.

-the amino group -the carboxyl group

Which is a function of the RNA-polymerase complex?

-to disrupt the DNA double helix -to perform polymerization reaction -to stabilize RNA-DNA duplex

The strands in a double helix of DNA are:

-wound around each other with 10 base pairs per turn -complementary. -antiparallel -held together via hydrogen bonds.

Change the first base in the simulation back to adenine by clicking on the letter three more times. Click on other bases in the sequence and run the simulation to see what peptide is created. How many codons in this sequence can be altered at a single position to result in a prematurely terminated peptide? Also refer to Table 4.1 in the textbook.

1

How many water molecules would be produced in making a polypeptide that is 14 amino acids long?

13

In the DNA of certain bacterial cells, 16% of the nucleotides are adenine. What are the percentages of the other nucleotides in the bacterial DNA?

16% thymidine, 34% guanine, 34% cytosine

How many aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes must be present in cells to properly synthesize proteins?

20, one for each amino acid

Referring to the figure, what is the anticodon of the next tRNA to enter the A site?

3'CUU5'

You are given a double-stranded (ds) DNA fragments. It is 15% G. What is the content of A?

35%

The nonmutant version of the simulated stretch of DNA (the sequence shown when the simulation first loads) depicts synthesis of a peptide that is how many amino acids in length?

5

Consider the events that describe the progress of a protein that will be secreted from the cell.1. SRP binds to the growing polypeptide chain and to the ribosome.2. Translation resumes.3. SRP binds to its receptor.4. The signal sequence is cleaved.5. Protein synthesis begins in the cytosol.6. Translation pauses. Which of the sequences of events correctly describes the progress of a protein that will be secreted from the cell?

5 → 6 → 1 → 3 → 2 → 4

An RNA transcript is synthesized in which direction? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

5' to 3'

RNA polymerase can add nucleotides only in

5'-3' direction.

A double-stranded DNA molecule, only part of which is shown, is being transcribed. If the molecule is transcribed from left to right, one of the nucleotides shown in bold would be the first transcribed in this small molecule. 5'—ATGATCGGATCGATCCAT—3' 3'—TACTAGCCTAGCTAGGTA—5' Which sequence is the correct mRNA produced from the transcription of this DNA molecule?

5'-AUGAUCGGAUCGAUCCAU-3'

Which of the following anticodon sequences pairs with the codon sequence of 5'-CUA-3'?

5'-UAG-3'

Which of the following DNA molecules would be more stable under conditions of increasing temperature than those consisting of the equal numbers of A, C, G, and T? Assume the lengths of DNA molecules are the same.

A DNA molecule that has more G and C nucleotides

Enzymatic catalysis of the peptide bond between the growing polypeptide and the next incoming amino acid takes place in which binding site?

A site

Referring to the figure, what is the codon (5'>3') that specifies the addition of Arg (amino acid argenine) to the polypeptide?

AGA

To maintain the cellular homeostasis, the cell must keep certain concentration gradients of ions and other molecules across the plasma membrane. Such gradients are kept by ( ) and require energy provided by ( ).

Active transport: ATP

Prokaryotic genes do not have any introns. On the hands, eukaryotic genes have many introns, which must be removed once a gene is transcribed. It seems that eukaryotes may be wasting time and energy to remove introns. However, it has an advantage over prokaryotic gene; that is,:

An increase in the number of proteins from one gene

Which one of the statements about translation in eukaryotes is correct?

An initiation complex recognizes a 5' cap structure and scans for the first AUG triplet.

Why does active transport of molecules across a membrane require ATP?

An input of energy is needed to allow the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration.

How do eukaryotic plant and animal cells differ from one another?

Animal cells do not have chloroplasts and cell walls, and plant cells do.

Once the molecule shown here is "charged," the outlined region labeled ______ will form complementary base pairs with the codon in the ________ in the A site of the ribosome.

C; mRNA

5'—AUG—3' is a codon that specifies arginine. True/False

False

Most proteins retain metabolic activity when denatured. True/False

False

Muscle cells make different proteins than nerve cells because they have different sequences of DNA. True/False

False

No exceptions to the central dogma exist. RNA is always transcribed from DNA, and RNA is translated to produce proteins. True/False

False

Whichever DNA strand is transcribed, the RNA polymerase reads the template strand from 5' to 3'. True/ False

False

If a template DNA strand has sequence 5'-TTCATGGCGAC-3', then the sequence of RNA transcribed from this DNA would be 5'-AAGUACCGCUG-3'. True/False

False; GUCGCCAUGAA

Which one of the options represents a standard Watson-Crick base pair interaction?

G-C

Consider Griffith's experiment. If he observed healthy mice after injecting these animals with dead virulent and live non-virulent bacteria, what could he have concluded?

Genetic information cannot be transferred between bacteria.

Which of the statements is true regarding glycine?

Glycine increases the flexibility of the peptide backbone.

Which of the substances would be an example of a peripheral membrane protein associated with the plasma membrane of a cell?

Grb2, a protein that binds to the intracellular domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor when it is activated

Refer to Animation: Central Dogma. In the figure, what determines which specific unit is added?

It must be the complement to the base on the DNA strand.

If the RNA transcript 5'-AUGAUCGGAUCGAUCCAU-3' resulting from the DNA sequence, 5'—ATGATCGGATCGATCCAT—3', is present in the mRNA and translated codon by codon from one end to the other, which of the following polypeptides would correspond to this part of the mRNA? Use the table shown to answer this question.

NH2- Met-Ile-Gly-Ser-Ile-His -COOH

Molecular oxygen (O2), which is required for the production of ATP by mitochondria, must pass through at least three membranes to get to the enzymes where it is used. O2 is also produced in chloroplasts and must pass through at least four membranes to be released from the plant. How does O2 move across biological membranes?

O2 is nonpolar and very small, so it can move by simple diffusion across the membrane.

Alternative splicing means that:

different spliced forms contain different combinations of exons.

You were maintaining Dr. T's precious eukaryotic cell line. It suddently because very sick (no growth with an abnormal looking shape). So you investigated a key gene for DNA replication. You found that this gene made long mRNA than that of healthy looking cells. But its DNA sequence did not have any change. What would be a likely cause

One of the spliceosome proteins is less functional

When Khorana's group synthesized an mRNA with repeating AGU, only two polypeptides were produced: polyserine (Ser) and polyvaline (Val). According to the information in the codon table, why were only two polypeptides produced?

One of the three possible reading frames consists of stop codons.

In the experiments conducted by Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod, which hypothetical result would indicate that protein, not nucleic acid, was Griffith's transforming substance?

Only the extracts from heat-killed cells treated with protease are unable to transform nonvirulent bacteria into virulent bacteria.

All the proteins go through:

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure

Researchers seldom find prokaryotic cells that are greater than 100 micrometers in diameter. Why would the size of prokaryotic cells be restricted?

Prokaryotic cells must absorb all of their nutrients from their environment and therefore require a high surface area to volume ratio.

Transcription starts at ( ) and ends at ( ).

Promoter; terminator

Key information in DNA specifies the sequence of amino acid subunits that will compose enzymes and other proteins in the cell. Before these proteins can be synthesized, however, what intermediate molecule is synthesized to carry the information coded in the DNA?

RNA

What is the name of the enzyme complex that forms at the start of transcription?

RNA polymerase

Which example correctly lists the components necessary for eukaryotic transcription?

RNA polymerase, general transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides

Refer to Animation: Gene Expression: Transcription. Which of the following reads the nucleotide sequence of a gene and synthesizes the corresponding primary transcript?

RNA polymerase.

RNA splicing is a component of:

RNA processing.

The hypothesis that, when life originated on Earth, a macromolecule other than DNA served in the role of information storage, and that this same macromolecule carried out catalysis, is called:

RNA world.

Long, saturated hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids ( ) membrane mobility, and phospholipids with short, unsaturated hydrocarbon tails ( ) membrane fluidity.

Reduce; increase

Which of the statements about amino acids is correct?

The bridge between cysteines, which connects parts of a protein, is a stable covalent interaction.

A synthetic RNA with sequence 5'-UUUUUU...UUUUCN-3', where the N stands for any nucleotide, codes for polyphenylalanine (Phe) that terminates with a single serine. What does this result indicate?

The codons 5'-UCN-3' all code for serine.

Which statement is true regarding the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?

The cytoplasm contains organelles and cytosol and refers to cellular contents outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane.

When Khorana's group synthesized an mRNA with repeating UCA, three different polypeptides were produced: polyserine (Ser), polyhistidine (His), and polyisoleucine (Ile). What does this result indicate?

The genetic code is a triplet code.

Imagine that you have two blades of grass. One is from a normal plant, and the other is from a mutant plant that cannot absorb water into its vacuoles. How will the structures of these two blades of grass compare? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear limp compared to that from the normal plant.

Some drugs are made of fairly large polar molecules which cannot easily enter cells. To correct this problem, drugs are now being delivered into cells by containing them inside liposomes, in which the drug is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer. How do liposomes help the drugs enter into the cell?

The liposome fuses with the phospholipid bilayer of the cell and delivers its internal contents to the cytoplasm.

In the example of secondary active transport, what would happen if ATP suddenly became unavailable for Step 1 in Panel a. of the figure shown? Click to view full size.

The movement of the molecules through the antiporter would continue for a while until the proton gradient was depleted.

The energy to carry out the movement of a ribosome comes from GTP. True/False

True

Based on the two-step model of glucose transport, what would happen if the rate of function of the sodium-potassium pump increased?

The sodium-potassium pump would make a stronger sodium gradient, so more glucose could be transported across the membrane.

In the kidney, glucose transport across the cell membrane is the result of a combination of two steps of active transport. Refer to the figures shown. The first step involves a primary active transport system performed by the sodium-potassium pump. It uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. The second step involves a secondary active transport symporter that uses the energy in the sodium gradient created by the first step. This second step moves glucose, as well as sodium ions that move down their concentration gradient, into the cell.

The sodium-potassium pump would make less of a sodium gradient, so less glucose could be transported across the membrane.

In order to test the effects of a new drug, you isolate the messenger RNA molecules from both treated and untreated eukaryotic cells and separate them according to size, using gel electrophoresis. In each lane of the gel, the shorter RNA molecules migrate more quickly through the gel and end up near the bottom of the gel, whereas the longer RNAs migrate more slowly and remain near the top.

These results suggest that the drug affects RNA processing.

During DNA replication, DNA polymerases can elongate a DNA strand with their substrates, dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP without any additional external energy even though its polymerization reaction, making covalent bonds, requires energy. This is because:

These substrates have high energy P-P bonds to provide DNA polymerases with energy.

The enzymes in the lysosome are only active in the lysosome although they are transported through ER and Golgi apparatus without destroying them. This is because:

They are active only in a low pH (acidic) environment like inside the lysosome.

Promoters of many genes have mostly adenines and thymines. What is the most likely reason for this high proportion of adenines and thymines?

This is the region where template and nontemplate strands separate, and A-T base pairs require less energy to separate than G-C base pairs.

A synthetic RNA with the sequence 5'-UUUUUU...UUUUUU-3' codes for polyphenylalanine (Phe). One synthetic RNA with the sequence 5'-UUUUUU...UUUUUG-3' codes for polyphenylalanine that terminates with a single leucine. What does this result indicate?

Translation begins at the 5' end of the mRNA.

Transcription and translation differ in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes in which of these ways?

Translation of prokaryotic mRNA can occur as the mRNA is being transcribed, which is not possible in eukaryotes.

A cooperative effect can occur in some types of multi-subunit proteins, leading to improved function of the subunits when bound to each other. True/False

True

Amino acids with hydrophobic R groups are most often found in the interior of folded proteins. True/ False

True

In eukaryotes, transcription is located in the nucleus, and translation takes place in the cytoplasm. True/False

True

In order to evaluate gene expression, a researcher needs to determine if a protein is produced from her gene of interest. True/False

True

Many mutations in the protein coding sequence are detrimental to organisms that acquire them, but other mutations are beneficial and allow evolution of that species. True/False

True

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have inner and outer membranes. True/False

True

RNA catalysis can be selected in laboratory experiments. True/False

True

Some RNA molecules possess catalytic activity. True/False

True

The bond between two amino acids is referred to as a peptide bond. True/ False

True

The codons in mRNA specify the amino acids that are used to make a protein. Is the statement true or false?Sixty-one of the 64 possible codons are specified amino acids, whereas the other 3 are stop codons. Each of the 61 codons specifies just one amino acid. True/ False

True

The movement of water across a cell plasma membrane into or out of a cell is an example of:

both osmosis and diffusion.

A phospholipid molecule in a membrane can:

both spin (rotate around its vertical axis) and move side-to-side (lateral movement).

In the figure, which box encloses the codon currently at the P site of the ribosome?

box B

In the figure, which box encloses the anticodon currently at the A site of the ribosome?

box C

A nuclear pore is most similar to a:

channel protein.

In transcription, the energy to attach each successive ribonucleotide to the growing RNA chain comes from:

cleavage of the high-energy phosphate bonds of the incoming nucleotide.

Refer to Animation: Gene Expression: Transcription. The primary transcript is _________ to the DNA template strand. (Select all that apply.)

complementary antiparallel

An amphipathic molecule is one that:

contains both polar and nonpolar regions

The discovery that DNA from killed virulent bacteria can transform live harmless bacteria into virulent forms means that DNA:

contains information that controls an organism's traits.

How is the amino acid held on the charged tRNA?

covalent bond

Which sequence accurately describes the path traveled by a new protein from when it first starts to be translated to its release from the cell?

cytosol → ER → Golgi → vesicle → plasma membrane → external environment

Which molecules can easily diffuse across a plasma membrane?

gases like O2 and CO2

You are studying a protein that you call Protein X. There is an aspartic acid at a key position in Protein X that is important in the folding and stabilization of that protein. If this aspartic acid is changed to a different amino acid, which one of the amino acid substitutions is most likely to allow the protein to fold normally?

glutamic acid

The catalytic domain (or active site) of Enzyme X of E. coli has one aspartic acid. You analyzed this enzyme from an E. Coli strain isolated from a small village in Japan. This strain had leucine in place of aspartic acid. What is the mostly likely effect of this difference on the activity of Enzyme X isolated from Japan? Enzyme X isolated from Japan:

has no activity

Two major types of protein secondary structures are referred to as:

helix and sheet.

Secondary structures are stabilized by which type of interaction?

hydrogen bonding

Secondary structure is characterized by which type of interactions?

hydrogen bonding within the peptide backbone

What holds the complementary strands of DNA together?

hydrogen bonds

In eukaryotic cells, where does protein synthesis take place?

in the cytoplasm

The ribosome ______ subunit has _______ binding sites for tRNA molecules.

large; three

Individuals with a condition known as exercise intolerance lack sufficient ATP and suffer extreme fatigue from minimal exertion. Defects in which structures are most likely responsible for this condition?

mitochondria

Change the first base in the simulation from an adenine to a uracil (change bases by clicking on them in the simulation), then re-run the simulation. This change results in:

no peptide being synthesized.

Select the answer option that arranges the components in order from smallest to largest.

nucleoside, nucleotide, gene, genome

Where are lysosomal enzymes synthesized?

on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which choice is a component of a nucleotide?

one or more phosphate groups a five-carbon sugar a nitrogen-containing base

A protein that is temporarily associated with a biological membrane is a(n):

peripheral membrane protein.

Which component of a phospholipid is found in the interior of a lipid bilayer?

phosphate group

Which is more likely to form a micelle rather than a liposome if mixed in an aqueous environment? Refer to the figure.

phospholipids with a single fatty acid tail

Which lipid composition option has the least membrane fluidity?

phospholipids with long-chain, saturated fatty acids

Refer to Animation: Gene Expression: Transcription. Which of the following mRNA processing events occurs in the nucleus of human cells? (Select all that apply.)

poly-A tail addition 5' cap addition splicing of exons excision of introns

According to the codon table, which amino acid sequence results from a synthetic "poly-A" mRNA consisting only of A-bearing ribonucleotides (that is, 5'-AAAAAA . . . AAAAAA-3')?

polylysine

According to the codon table, which amino acid sequence results from a synthetic "poly-A" mRNA terminating with a single G at the 3' end (i.e., 5'-|AAA|AAA| . . . |AAA|AAG|-3') when translated in the reading frame indicated by the vertical lines?

polylysine terminated by a Lys

According to the codon table, which amino acid sequence results from a synthetic "poly-A" mRNA terminating with a two Cs at the 3' end (i.e., 5'-|AAA|AAA| . . . |AAA|ACC|-3') when translated in the reading frame indicated by the vertical lines?

polylysine terminated by a Thr

According to the codon table, which amino acid sequence results from a synthetic "poly-A" mRNA terminating with a single C at the 3' end (i.e., 5'-|AAA|AAA| . . . |AAA|AAC|-3') when translated in the reading frame indicated by the vertical lines?

polylysine terminated by an Asn

Which one of the types of proteins interacts directly with a stop codon?

release factor

According to the codon table, what sequence of synthetic mRNA codes for a mixture of polythreonine, polyleucine, and polytyrosine?

repeating UAC

According to the codon table, which sequence of synthetic mRNA codes for a polypeptide consisting of alternating Ser and Leu?

repeating UC

Translation is the process by which:

ribosomes synthesize protein from information in an RNA molecule.

The fully folded structure of a functional protein composed of a single polypeptide chain is referred to as:

tertiary.

In eukaryotes, the AUG codon that starts translation is:

the AUG nearest the 5' cap on the mRNA.

When a peptide bond is created between two amino acids:

the carboxyl group of the first amino acid is joined to the amino group of the second.

efer to the image. Where does the energy come from to add a uracil to the 3' end of a transcript?

the hydrolysis of two phosphate groups from the incoming UTP molecule

What is the process by which DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule?

transcription

Refer to Animation: Gene Expression: Translation. Which of the following types of RNA molecule delivers amino acids to the ribosomes?

transfer RNA

A cell that is deficient in ribosomes is unable to complete what process?

translation

Which of the following would be synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

transmembrane protein receptors

An operon is a group of functionally related genes transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA from a single promoter to a single terminator.

true

Prokaryotes contain nucleoids, which are similar to nuclei in that nucleoids contain the prokaryotic chromosomes. True/False

true