BJU World History: Chapter 10- The Reshaping of Medieval Europe
Summarize the rise and decline of the Roman Catholic Church during this period, beginning with Innocent III and ending with the Council of Constance.
-Papal power and prestige reached its zenith under Innocent III. -Boniface sought to control Europe but didn't have the support. He made the Unam Sanctum that said that it's necessary to submit to the pope to get to heaven. -Popes started caring less about the church and more about wealth. -The Great Schism happened where 3 popes were elected. -A pope was finally elected to be the sole pope at the Council of Constance but people stopped listening to the pope as much.
List three key achievements of medieval culture.
Advances to learning, art, sciences, and architecture and the rise of universities.
How is the debate over the relation between Aristotle and theology similar to modern controversies between science and theology?
Aristotle's philosophy was widely accepted as true just like evolution is today, but they don't line up with what's really true, the Bible.
Why was the consistent quality of coinage important?
Because people could be sure of a certain coins value.
Why were Italian and German efforts to achieve national unity unsuccessful?
Because they both tried to prevent anyone from getting too powerful in their government, which made them less unified and weaker.
What were two of the earliest universities begun in Europe?
Bologna and Paris.
Who were the two greatest writers of the late Middle Ages?
Chaucer and Dante.
What two nations fought during the Hundred Years' War?
England and France.
What papal weapons were used to ensure a favorable outcome for the Roman Catholic Church in any controversy? How did these affect citizenship, power, and justice?
Excommunication, interdict, and inquisition. It affected citizenship because they would make people not able to come to church or other punishments. This affected power because they could make people submit to them by punishing them. This also twisted justice because they could punish innocent people.
List two basic freedoms shared by most townspeople.
Free status and town justice.
How did Henry II of England and Philip IV of France strengthen royal authority in their respective countries?
Henry II shifted justice from feudal lords to the government some to make the common law. Philip IV increased taxes, defied the pope, and created an assembly.
What parts of a "just price" are good? What part is flawed?
It is good for people not to take advantage of one another, but it was flawed because if you were specially trained or skilled, you wouldn't earn more than a beginner would.
List two factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe.
Merchants had more influence, barter was replaced with currency, and there were more markets and fairs.
What was the impact of military conflicts in this period? What European nations developed during this period?
Military conflicts stirred nationalism. Portugal, Castile, and Aragon developed.
What resulted from the decline of the Roman Catholic Church?
Shift toward national loyalties instead of church loyalties.
How did medieval science lay the groundwork for scientific accomplishment in the early modern period?
They gained access to early scientific knowledge and it was learned in the universities, which helped people make scientific achievements and invent stuff.
How did moneychangers make traveling less dangerous?
They gave people letters of credit because it was risky (especially for the rich) to carry all of thier money around.
How did the rise of towns affect justice, power, and citizenship in medieval Europe?
They moved from a feudal system to independant towns.
How did the rise of universities affect medieval Europe?
They provided educated graduates which were important for government, scholasticism, and advances in science.
What were two strengths and two weaknesses of Scholasticism?
They started to use reason more which is good, but then they got so focused on reason that they didn't have any revelation. It was good that it was rooted in the study of the Bible, but most of the scholastic movement ended up not studying the Bible.
How did trade change life in medieval Europe?
They transitioned to a money system and the towns grew.
Was the Roman Catholic Church's exercise of political power during this period just? Why or why not?
They used inquisition, interdict, and excommunication, which were all unjust because Jesus didn't give the church political power. We need Christians in political power but not the church itself AS the political power.
How did guilds protect the consumer?
They would punish those who dealt dishonestly.
What was the primary function of a guild?
To regulate the business activity of a population or a whole town.
Which side won most of the battles of the Hundred Years? What side won the war?
The English won most of the battles but France ended up winning the war.
What was the German constitution called? What assembly did it establish?
The Golden Bull, the Diet.
List two factors that contributed to the growth of towns in medieval Europe.
The growth of trade, better farming techniques, and population increase.
What new social class arose with the rise of towns in the eleventh and twelfth centuries? What were the chief occupations of the people of this class?
The middle class. Craftsmen, merchants, bankers and other skilled workers.
What people did the Spanish and Portuguese seek to drive out of the Iberian Peninsula? What was this effort called?
The moors, reconquista.
Why was the French king Philip IV able to ignore the pope's demands and decrees?
The people were more loyal to him than they were to the pope.