(BJU) World History Chapter 4: The Roman Civilization

Princep

"first citizen"; The title Octavian gave himself

Second Punic War

218 B.C. - 201 B.C. Carthage extended its control over much of Spain. War broke out when Carthage took siege over a Roman ally city in Spain.

First Punic War

264 B.C. - 241 B.C. Was fought because the Romans believed Carthaginians would become to powerful if they controlled the island of Sicily. The Carthaginians navy was supreme over Rome so the Romans used spiked planks to board the Carthaginians ships so they could do hand to hand combat. With this method the Romans crippled their rival.

Third Civil War

31 B.C. Mark Antony against Octavian seeing who would rule Rome. OCTAVIAN won with the use of his navy.

The Battle of Adrianople

378, victory by the Goths that started the final collapse of the Western Roman Empire,

Marius

A Roman general who recruited volunteer warriors by promising a share in land and money gained in war.

barbarian

A Roman term for all those outside the empire who did not share in the Greek or Roman cultures.

Visigoths

A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. Brought by OCTAVIAN.

On the Nature of Things

A poem by Lucretius that preserved the teaching of Epicurus.

Pyrrhic victory

A victory that is offset by staggering losses or that comes at a huge price

Roman Republic

Administration of the government was divided into three governing branches: the consuls, the Senate, and the assemblies.

Tribal Assembly

Another name for the plebeian assembly in Rome

Sulla

Appointed by the Senate to command the Roman army in the east.

Roman Senate

Became the most important and most powerful body of the republic in the Roman Republic.

Jesus of Nazareth

Born in Judea during the reign of the emperor Caesar Augustus.

Mark Antony

Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide

Huns

Came from the far east and threatened Rome's security.

Third Punic War

Carthage broke on of the provisions of its treaty with Rome leading Rome to demand them to move there city ten miles inland. Since this would mean the death of the Carthaginian commercial center they decided to fight. After a three-year siege, the Romans captured the city, destroyed it, sold the surviving inhabitants as slaves, and turned their land into the Roman province, Africa.

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.

Alexandria

Center of Greek learning.

Titus

Commander of Rome who destroyed Jerusalem in AD 70

Virgil

Considered the greatest of the Roman poets, he wrote the epic poem the Aeniad. It tells of the hero Aeneas and praises Roman virtues.

Three branches of Roman government

Consuls, Senate, Assembly

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) after believing to have seen a cross in the sky that bore the inscription, "By this sign, conquer!"

Tiberius

Emperor of Rome who ruled during the time of Jesus' death

476

Fall of Rome

Tacticus

Favored the old republic over life under the self-centered emperors. His work ANNALS is valuable but pessimistic history of Rome from the death of Augustus to the reign of Nero.

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar

First Triumvirate

Nero

First official Roman persecution of Christianity began under this emperor.

Paul

Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world.

First Civil War of Rome

Fueled by the rivalry between Marius and Sulla. Sulla was victorious and declared himself dictator.

Galen

Greek physician whose ideas on medicine became the accepted medical authority in the middle ages.

Pyrrhus

Greek relative of Alexander the Great. Defeated the Romans many times using war elephants. His army suffered great loses.

Battle of Cannae

Hannibal lined his men up just like the Romans except he made the line bulge forward at the center. The Romans charged for the center but the men in the center retreated leaving the Romans surrounded by the Carthaginians.

Syria defeated Macedonia and then Rome defeated Syria and than made an alliance with Egypt.

How did Rome become the master of the eastern empire after the Punic Wars?

They reorganized it into provinces and governors appointed by the Roman Senate administered these provinces and served as the military and civil rulers over the provinces.

How did Rome rule the eastern Mediterranean?

Rome used spiked planks to board the Carthaginian ships so they could engage in hard to hand combat.

How did Rome win the First Punic War.

Patrician

In ancient Rome, a member of the privileged upper class. Held highest positions in Roman society.

Attila

Leader of the Huns

Alaric

Leader of the Visigoths

Cicero

Leading political figure, author, lawyer, and statesman who won the title of the greatest ORATOR of his day.

League of the Seven Hills

League of seven villages on the banks of the Tiber river; the beginning of the city of Rome

Theodosius I

Made Christianity the official and exclusive religion of Rome in AD 379-95

Plutarch

Most famous Greek writer in the Roman Empire

Replaced bad men from office with well-qualified officials. Created a police, fire, and postal service for Rome. Sought to abolish corruption in the provincial governments. Ordered census-taking for fairer taxing. Sought social reforms to reestablish ancient Roman virtues.

Name 5 things Octavian (Augustus) did in office.

Jesus was born. Agriculture remained livelihood of most people. Trade flourished. Rome established a stable currency of gold and silver coins. Rome reduced piracy on the Mediterranean Sea. Provided safe travel in Roman territory. Greek and Latin became almost universal languages which aided in the ease of communication. Material wealth reached its peak.

Name 8 important facts about the Pax Romana.

Julius Caesar

Nephew of Marius. Shrewd politician who knew how to sway the common people.

Etruscans

One of Italy's earliest civilizations; lived in northern Italy and contributed to the development of Roman culture

Vandals

One of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded and destroyed territory in the Roman empire.

Latin

Parent of the Romance languages.

Horace

Poet of the Augustan Age.

Council of Nicaea

Presided over by Constantine in 325. Affirmed Christ's deity and the doctrine of the Trinity; also branded Arianism a heresy.

Ptolemy

Promoted the geocentric theory

Rubicon River

River that Julius Caesar crossed that started a civil war in Rome.

Pontius Pilate

Roman Governor who sentenced Jesus to death

Scipio

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC) and gained the territory of the Carthaginians which made Rome the master of the western Mediterranean world.

Livy

Roman historian who wrote a lengthy history of Rome. His work offer valuable insight into early Roman customs and history.

Lucretius

Roman poet who was probably the greatest expounder of Epicureanism in the Roman world.

Ovid

Roman poet who wrote about Roman mythology and love. Best remembered for his work METAMORPHOSES.

Law of the Twelve Tables

Roman tablets of law in the Roman Forum.

all, wealthy, powerful, equal

Romans believed that _______ citizens, not just the ____________ and ______________, should have _________ rights before the law.

buffer

Some emperors allowed the most "Romanized" of the Germanic tribes to settle within the Roman territory in order to serve as a ___________ between Rome and other barbarian tribes.

Tiberius Gracchus

Sought reforms in the republic and came the spokesman for the common man. Wanted the public lands to be divided among the poor and sought to limit land owned by only one person. When he sought reelection as a tribune, a contrary act to Roman tradition, they threw him into the Tiber River.

Gaius Gracchus

Sought to carry on his brother, Tiberius's, land reform measure. Proposed that the government sell grain at low prices to the poor. Lost his life during a riot.

Gladiator Games

Staged by the Roman emperors the win the public's favor.

Stoicism

Teaches that the highest good is the pursuit of the virtues of courage, dignity, duty, simplicity of life, and service to fellow men.

jealousy and fear

The Punic War were built on what?

"All road lead to Rome"

The Roman constructed a network of roads that connected to the far corners of their vast empire with their capital city. This led to what saying?

Battle of Adrianople

The battle in which the Visigoths soundly defeated the Roman army and killed the emperor.

Pleblians

The group of people in ancient Rome that were considered the common people.

imperium

The king's authority in ancient Rome.

Diocletian

The last and most widespread Roman persecution occurred during the reign of this emperor.

Roman Forum

The section of the city, Rome, that was the center of government

Theodosius

Under what emperor did Christianity become the official and exclusive religion of the Roman state.

Romulus and Remus

Were ordered to be drowned as babies, but a wolf saved them and took care of them until a shepherd found them and took them in. While founding a city one brother killed the other brother and made the city his own and named it Rome after himself.

War Elephants

What animal did Prryhus use to do defeat the Romans?

Political, economical, and moral, disorder

What caused the fall of Rome?

Constantinople

What city did Constantine set up as the new capital of Rome that later came to be known as Istanbul.

Diocletian

What emperor introduced strong measures to combat Rome's economic problems, but they didn't help?

Alps

What mountain pass did Hannibal pass through with 40,000 men and elephants so that he would surprise the Romans. It was a terrible defeat for the Romans.

Imperator Augustus

What title did Octavian take that meant, "the commander of a victorious army" that gave him firm control over the Roman government?

Augustus

What title did the Senate confer on Ovtavian when he restored the republic?

The Senate ordering Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome

What was the cause of the second civil war in Rome?

Rome

Who got control over Sicily and made the enemy pay for the loses after the First Punic War?

Julius Caesar

Who won the second civil war in Rome and had himself proclaimed as dictator for life.

The Romans believed that if Carthage controlled Sicily than they would become to powerful and hinder their trade in the Mediterranean.

Why was the First Punic War fought?

Tacticus

Wrote Annals

patriarchs

bishops of the most important cities of the Roman Empire.

fasces

bundle of rods bound around an ax symbolizing ancient Roman authority

Assembly of Centuries

chief assembly of the early republic

Arius

heretic who challenged the deity of Christ

Edict of Milan

issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire

Theodoric the Great

king of the East Goth kingdom

Seneca

one of the leading stoics of the roman empire

Epicureanism

philosophy founded by Epicurus. He taught that true happiness comes only as a man frees his mind from fear and his body from pain. Did not believe in an afterlife.

tribune

protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials

Battle of Zama

the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War

Juvenal

wrote bitter satires on the loose morals and social problems of the empire