Bladder: Anatomy & Physiology

Which of the following statements is (are) correct?

-A large footprint, low-frequency ultrasound probe should ideally be used for bladder ultrasound. -The bladder is a low-attenuating structure that transmits ultrasound energy very effectively. -The area visualized deep to (or far-field to) the bladder will display enhanced sonographic signals (posterior acoustic enhancement). -The urine-filled bladder provides a very effective acoustic window for sonographic imaging.

Which of the following transducers is best suited for bladder sonography?

-A low-frequency transducer -A transducer with a frequency range of 5 to 2 MHz

Which of the following imaging artifacts are most relevant to bladder sonography?

-Posterior acoustic enhancement artifact -Reverberation artifact

Which of the following principles is (are) important to observe when performing bladder sonography?

-The bladder should be imaged in two orthogonal planes -Standard bladder imaging planes include a transverse and sagittal plane -One should fan through the entire volume of the bladder during bladder sonography

Which of the following statements regarding sonographic imaging technique of the bladder is correct?

-The probe should be fanned through the entire volume of the bladder. -The probe will sometimes need to be rocked (heel-toe motion) when imaging in the sagittal plane. -Probe manipulation is often required, as the bladder will vary in its shape based on urine volume.

Which of the following statements is correct?

-The uterus tends to become anteverted as the bladder empties. -The uterus tends to become retroverted as the bladder becomes distended with urine.

Which of the following planes is a standard imaging plane for bladder sonography?

-Transverse plane -Sagittal plane

What is the name of the site demarcated by the arrow?

Anterior cul-de-sac

What is the name of the structure demarcated by the arrow?

Bladder

Which of the following choices correctly identifies the structure demarcated by the arrow?

Bladder

The standard imaging planes of the bladder are orthogonal to one another. The sagittal plane divides the bladder into superior and inferior halves, and the transverse plane divides the bladder into right and left halves.

False

What effect will amplifying or turning up the far-field gain have on posterior acoustic enhancement artifact when imaging the bladder?

It will increase the artifact

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes normal female anatomy within the pelvis?

None of the Above

Which of the following statements regarding post-void residual urine volumes is (are) correct?

Post-void residual urine volumes in adult males should measure less than 150 milliliters

The __________ is a very gravity-dependent location within the peritoneum and is one of the most frequent sites of intraperitoneal free fluid collection.

Posterior cul-de-sac

Which of the following statements is correct?

The autonomic nervous system controls the function of the internal sphincter muscle.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the trigone of the urinary bladder?

The posterior aspect of the bladder, where the ureters insert into the bladder

Where is free intra-abdominal fluid most likely to collect in a patient lying supine?

The rectouterine space

This probe is positioned over the bladder with the probe indicator oriented to the patient's anatomic-right side. What is the resultant sonographic view?

Transverse View

Holding the transducer in the position illustrated in this image will produce a sagittal view of the bladder.

True

The bladder is a low-attenuating structure and tends to create posterior acoustic enhancement artifact. This artifact can be partially mitigated by decreasing the far-field gain.

True

The release of urine from the bladder relies upon synchronized contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincter muscle groups.

True

The urine-filled bladder has an anechoic appearance.

True

What is the name of the site demarcated by the arrow?

Uterus

Which of the following choices correctly labels the structure demarcated by the corresponding arrow?

Vaginal Stripe

This sagittal ultrasound image of the female pelvis demonstrates __________.

an anteverted uterus

The Space of Retzius is located __________.

between the pubic symphysis and urinary bladder

What is the name of the site demarcated by the arrow?

bowel

The anterior cul-de-sac is created between the __________

the bladder and the uterus

In the sagittal imaging plane of the female pelvis, as the bladder fills with urine, __________.

the bladder will tilt the uterus posteriorly

The ureters enter the bladder at the __________.

trigone