Blood

monocyte

increases in number during prolonged infections ______________

lymphocyte

many formed in lymphoid tissue _________________

neutrophil

most numerous leukocyte: _________________

eosinophil

number rises during parasite infections ________________

plasma

primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood _____________

formed elements

red blood cells, white bloods cells, and platelets are ____________________

basophil

releases histamine; promotes inflammation ________________

Red blood cell

transports oxygen __________________

homozygous at the hemoglobin locus, susceptible to malaria

An individual with two normal copies of the hemoglobin gene is said to be ________________________.

plasma; formed elements

Blood is classified as a type of connective tissue because it consists of a nonliving fluid matrix (the ___________) in which living cells (____________ ______________) are suspended.

also called packed cell volume; the ratio of red blood cells to the total volume of the blood

Define hematocrit.

has a lobed nucleus and large blue-purple granules in the cytoplasm; 0.5-1% of total pop

Describe a basophil and its percentage of the total population of white blood cells.

has a large spherical nucleus and a pale blue cytoplasm with no granules; 20-35% of total pop

Describe a lymphocyte and its percentage of the total population of white blood cells.

has a large U-shaped nucleus and gray-blue cytoplasm with no granules, and its the largest WBC; 3-8% of total pop

Describe a monocyte and its percentage of the total population of white blood cells.

has a multi-lobed (5-7) nucleus and inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules (fainter and pink); 60-65% of total pop

Describe a neutrophil and its percentage of the total population of white blood cells.

has a bi-lobed nucleus with red granules in the cytoplasm; 2-4% of total pop

Describe an eosinophil and give its percentage in reference to the total white blood cell population.

It was colorless and watery

Describe the consistency and color of the plasma you observed in the lab

It will increase because there is now an advantage to having sickle cell disease because of its protective factors against malaria.

Due to climate change, the range of malaria is expected to spread to areas where it was previously not a problem. Given this piece of evidence, predict what will happen to the frequency of sickle cell allele in areas where malaria is introduced.

Rh antigens of donor sensitize recipient on the first time but not on the second because the recipient's blood has built up antibodies to Rh

Explain why an Rh-negative person does not have a transfusion reaction on the first exposure to Rh-positive blood but does have a reaction on the second exposure.

There was a random mutation (single nucleotide change makes sickled hemoglobin) and an environmental factor of malaria. The ones with all normal hemoglobin died from malaria, but those with half normal hemoglobin and half sickled hemoglobin were protected from malaria and survived to reproduce. Those with all sickled hemoglobin also died off.

Explain why sickle cell disease became so prevalent in certain East African populations.

45%; 55%

Formed elements constitute ________ of whole blood; plasma accounts for the remaining ________.

All blood types

From which ABO donor types could a person with Type AB blood receive blood?

the hematocytometer displays a counting grid, the middle square of the hematocytometer chamber is counter, it contains 25 small squares

How does a hematocytometer count cells?

Decrease; if you have one copy, you now have sickle cell disease and will die off.

If sickle cell disease were caused by only one copy of the sickle cell allele, do you expect the frequency of the sickle cell allele to increase, decrease, or remain the same in places where there is a high incidence of malaria?

both parents have at least one copy of the sickle cell allele

If two kids both have sickle cell disease, what must be true about their parents?

High; The more erythrocytes you have, the more hemoglobin you will have available for bonding to oxygen.

If you had a high hematocrit, would you expect your hemoglobin determination to be high or low, and why?

AB

If your blood clumped with both anti-A and anti-B sera, your ABO blood type would be _______.

False; Sickle cell was just a random mutation before malaria was introduced.

Is this statement true or false? "Malaria caused the sickle cell allele to appear."

1. glucose 2. fatty acids 3. amino acids 4. vitamins

List four classes of nutrients normally found in plasma

potentially lethal, infectious (can't catch it from someone else, but can catch it from mosquitos)

Malaria is a(n) ___________________ disease.

1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes

Name the agranulocytes group of the white blood cells.

1. Type A: antigen A, anti-B antibodies 2. Type B: antigen B, anti-A antibodies 3. Type AB: antigens A & B, no antibodies 4. Type O: no antigens, anti-A & anti-B antibodies

Name the four blood types, their antigens, and the antibodies in their plasma.

1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils

Name the granulocytes group of the white blood cells.

1. sodium 2. potassium 3. calcium (others: magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate)

Name three ions normally found in plasma

Heparin and Antithrombin

Name two anticoagulants used in conducting hematologic tests.

1. oxygen 2. carbon dioxide

Name two gases normally found in plasma

positive; negative

Rh ________________ is ancestral; Rh _______________ started in Europe.

genetic, inherited, potentially lethal

Sickle cell disease is a(n) _________________ disease.

Africans, Asians, Europeans

The highest frequencies of Type AB blood are seen in ___________, ____________, and ______________.

Europeans

The highest frequency of Type A blood is seen in ______________?

Asians

The highest frequency of Type B blood is seen in ___________?

Native Americans

The highest frequency of Type O blood is seen in __________________________.

The mutation for sickle cells will start to disappear because there's no benefit to carrying the disease if malaria is cured.

There are now several effective antimalarial drugs that can treat people who have malaria or prevent them form getting the disease altogether. Predict what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele as these drugs become more widely used.

AB

To what ABO blood groups could a person with Type AB blood give to?

O

Type ___ is the ancestral blood group.

sacs of hemoglobin that transport the bulk of oxygen carried in blood and help transport carbon dioxide; they are biconcave disks and have a short life span of 120 days. Normal count: 4.2-6.2 million

What are erythrocytes and what is its normal count?

1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 2. Leukocytes (white blood cells) 3. Platelets

What are the three types of formed elements present in the blood?

The presence of hemoglobin binding to oxygen gives off the bright red color. Oxygenated blood is bright red, and deoxygenated blood is dull brick-red.

What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull brick red?

they are part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system. Normal count: 5-9 thousand

What do leukocytes do and what is their normal count?

function in hemostasis (blood clot formation) Normal count: 250-400 thousand

What do platelets (thrombocytes) do and what is their normal count?

The antibodies bind with their respective antigens, causing the blood to clump together and hindering proper flow.

What happens when an ABO blood type is mismatched for the first time?

Erythropoietin

What hormone acts as a stimulus for erythropoiesis?

an agent inhibiting blood from clotting

What is an anticoagulant?

Also means Anemia- low numbers or poor functioning red blood cells

What is erythrocytopenia?

abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells (Leukemia- lots of white blood cells, but they don't work)

What is leukocytosis?

abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells

What is leukopenia?

Plasmodium (what causes malaria) is a protozoan (parasite). Mosquitos infected with plasmodium carry the disease and transmit it when they bite another creature. Once bitten, the plasmodium travels to the red blood cells and splits them open (leading to anemia).

What is malaria, how do you get it, and what does it do?

Water- 91% Proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulins)- 7% Other solutes (salts, substances transported by blood)- 2%

What is plasma made up of and what are their percentages in reference to the plasma as a whole?

abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells (changes blood to 'syrupy' with clots)

What is polycythemia?

The average life span is 100-120 days. Its anucleate condition hinders its ability to divide and reproduce, causing each cell to have a short life span and a constant need for more red blood cells

What is the average life span of a red blood cell? How does its anucleate condition affect this life span?

5-6; 4-5

What is the blood volume of an average-size adult male? _________ liters. An average adult female? _________ liters

Heparin

What is the body's natural coagulant?

The higher you are above sea level, the less oxygen. This increases RBC count, and a prolonged period of oxygen deprivation results in more RBC production.

What is the effect of a permanent move from sea level to a high-altitude area on RBC count?

Endurance training can enlarge blood volume. This causes higher red blood cells per unit to produce more oxygen.

What is the effect of long-term athletic training (running 4-5 miles a day over a period of 6-9 months) on RBC count?

too few platelets (blood can't clot)

What is thrombocytopenia?

too many platelets (unwanted clotting)

What is thrombocytosis?

Erythropoiesis

What name is given to the process of RBC production?

Kidneys release erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow to make more RBCs. This occurs if the person is anemic to help replenish the lack of RBCs.

What organ provides the stimulus of erythropoietin and under what conditions?

AB-

Which ABO blood type is least common?

O+

Which ABO blood type is most common?

AB; it doesn't have any antibodies in its plasma that will react with the antigens of other blood types.

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient and why?

O-; It doesn't have any antigens that will react with the anitbodies (anti-A, anti-B, Rh) of other blood types.

Which blood type is theoretically considered the universal donor, and why?

It shows increases and decreases in red blood cell and white blood cell counts, which could hint at certain diseases.

Why are hematologic studies of blood so important in the diagnosis of disease?

It allows for an in-depth look at the WBC's functions if their numbers show any abnormalities from the normal count, which may indicate a problem or the source of pathology.

Why is a differential WBC count more valuable than a total WBC count when trying to pin down the specific source of pathology?

monocyte; neutrophil

actively phagocytic leukocytes (act like amoeba, engulfing bacteria) _________________ and _________________

red blood cell

also called an erythrocyte; anucleate formed element ____________________.

1. neutrophil 2. lymphocyte 3. monocyte 4. eosinophil 5. basophil

also called white blood cells:

megakaryocyte

ancestral cell of platelets _______________________