Blood

Mature leukocytes

-Eosinophil -Basophil -Monocyte -B Lymphocyte -T Lymphocyte -NK Cell -Neutrophil

Describe Type O-

-Expresses all of the major antibodies -Universal donor -One of the most common blood types -Expresses the B agglutinin

Describe Blood Type AB+

-Expresses all of the major antigens -Universal acceptor -One of the least common blood types -Expresses the A agglutinogen

Match each leukocyte disorder to its cause or definition. -Leukopenia -Leukemia -Myeloid Leukemia -Lymphoid Leukemia -Leukocytosis -Acute Leukemia -Chronic Leukemia

-Leukopenia= A total WBC count below 5,000 WBCs/uL -Leukemia= Cancer that produces a high # of circulating leukocytes and their precursors -Myeloid Leukemia= marked by uncontrolled granulocyte production -Lymphoid Leukemia= Involves uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production -Leukocytosis= A total WBC count above 10,000 WBCs/uL -Acute Leukemia= Appears suddenly, progresses rapidly and causes death within a few months -Chronic Leukemia= Develops more slowly and may go undetected for many months

Precursor Leukocytes (still in the process of leukopoiesis)

-Monoblast -Promonocyte -B prolymphocyte -Lymphoblast -Neutrophilic promyelocyte

White blood cells and their abundance in blood

-Neutrophils: 60-70% -Lymphocytes: 25-33% -Monocytes: 3-8% -Eosinophils: 2-4% -Basophils: <0.5%

Characteristics and appropriate method of clotting prevention: Dilution

-Normal rates of blood flow account for it -Circulatory shock interferes with it

Characteristics and appropriate method of clotting prevention: Repulsion

-Occurs when blood vessels are undamaged -Prostacyclin coats the vessel walls

Classify osmolarity

-Reabsorption b/w the bloodstream and tissue fluid is governed by it -Transfer of fluids is a balance b/w filtration from the capillary and reabsorption -If it is too high, the bloodstream absorbs too much water, raising BP

Classify viscosity

-The resistance of a fluid to flow -Results from the cohesion of a fluid's particles -Is the thickness or stickiness of a fluid -If it is too high, the blood flows too sluggishly

Stages in development of white blood cells in order

1. Hemopoietic stem cell 2. Colony-forming units 3. Precursor cells 4. Mature cells

Thrombocytopenia

A platelet count below 100,000/mL

Non-compatible transfusions

A+ given to O- AB- given to O+ AB- given to A+ AB- given to B- AB+ given to O- B+ given to A+

Secondary polycythemia

Due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow

Drag each label into the appropriate box to indicate if it is a part of the intrinsic, extrinsic, or common pathway of coagulation.

Extrinsic: damage to perivascular tissue, thromboplastin (factor III), factor VII Intrinsic: factor XII, factor XI, factor IX, factor VIII Common Pathway: prothrombin activator, fibrin cross-linking, factor III, factor XIII

Compatible transfusions

O- given to A+ B- given to AB+ O- given to O+

Pernicious anemia

Occurs when stomach glands fail to produce intrinsic factor

Correctly label parts of centrifuged blood

-55%= plasma -<1%= buffy coat -45%= erythrocytes (RBCs)

Characteristics and appropriate method of clotting prevention: Anticoagulants

-Antithrombin deactivated thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen -Heparin interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator -Heparin blocks the action of thrombin on fibrinogen -Heparin promotes the action of antithrombin

Hematocrit

The % of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

Hemoglobin Concentration

The measure of the conc of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed RBCs

Sickle Cell Disease

caused by a recessive allele that modifies the hemoglobin beta chain

RBC Count

The total # of RBCs in the blood

Function of platelets

They secrete procoagulants, or clotting facots, which promote blood clotting

What are the two principal functions of erythrocytes?

To pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues and to pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs

Primary polycythemia

due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow

Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.

erythrocytes and protein

After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot

plasmin

In healthy blood vessels, platelets do not adhere because the smooth endothelium is coated with ______________.

prostacyclin

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

widespread clotting within unbroken vessels

Choose the accurate statement(s) about the two reaction pathways that lead to the common pathway of coagulation. Check all that apply. A. The intrinsic mechanism uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself. B. The extrinsic mechanism uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself. C. The intrinsic mechanism is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues. D. In most cases of bleeding, both the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms work simultaneously to contribute to hemostasis. E. The extrinsic mechanism is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues.

A, D, E

Which of the following correctly describe hemophilia? Check all that apply. A. It has sex-linked recessive mechanism of heredity.It has sex-linked recessive mechanism of heredity. B. Most hemophilia occurs predominantly in males.Most hemophilia occurs predominantly in males. C. Males can inherit it from either their mother or father.Males can inherit it from either their mother or father. D. Classical hemophilia (hemophilia A) is caused by a lack of factor VIII.Classical hemophilia (hemophilia A) is caused by a lack of factor VIII. E. Hemophilia B is caused by a lack of factor IX.

A. It has sex-linked recessive mechanism of heredity.It has sex-linked recessive mechanism of heredity. B. Most hemophilia occurs predominantly in males.Most hemophilia occurs predominantly in males. D. Classical hemophilia (hemophilia A) is caused by a lack of factor VIII.Classical hemophilia (hemophilia A) is caused by a lack of factor VIII. E. Hemophilia B is caused by a lack of factor IX.

Which of the following characteristics of a red blood cell increases its ability to carry oxygen to the tissues? Check all that apply. A. Lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP. B. The cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin. C. RBCs lose nearly all organelles during their development D. The cytoplasm also contains an enzyme, carbonic anhydrase. E. Lacking a nucleus and DNA, RBCs also are incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis.

A. Lacking mitochondria, RBCs rely exclusively on anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP. B. The cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin. C. RBCs lose nearly all organelles during their development E. Lacking a nucleus and DNA, RBCs also are incapable of protein synthesis and mitosis.

Identify the correct statement regarding leukocytes: A. Leukocytes spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the walls of the capillaries. B. Leukocytes are the most abundant formed elements, totaling only 5,000 to 10,000 WBCs/μL. C. We can live for a long time without them. D. Leukocytes differ from erythrocytes in that they do not retain their organelles throughout life. E. Not all leukocytes have lysosomes in the cytoplasm.

A. Leukocytes spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the walls of the capillaries.

Which values are correct for human blood? Check all that apply. A. Osmolarity: 280-296 mOsm/L B. pH: 7.35 - 7.45pH: 7.35 - 7.45 C. Platelet count: 1.000/microliter D. Volume in females: 4-5 L; volume in males: 5-6 L E. Total WBC count: 5,000 - 10,000/microliter

All but C

Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the composition of plasma. Check all that apply. A. Water represents 92% by weight. B. Albumin is 60% of the total protein portion. C. Protein is the second most abundant plasma solute by weight. D. The most abundant nitrogenous waste is urea. E. Water represents 72% by weight.

All but C and E

Choose the statement(s) that describe(s) hemolytic disease of the newborn. Check all that apply. A. It occurs when an Rh- woman carries an Rh+ fetus.It occurs when an Rh- woman carries an Rh+ fetus. B. The first pregnancy is likely to be uneventful because the placenta normally prevents maternal and fetal blood from mixing. C. At the time of birth, or if a miscarriage occurs, placental tearing exposes the mother to Rh+ fetal blood and she begins to produce anti-D antibodies.At the time of birth, or if a miscarriage occurs, placental tearing exposes the mother to Rh+ fetal blood and she begins to produce anti-D antibodies. D. If an Rh- woman gives birth to (or mis-carries) an Rh+ child, she cannot be given an Rh immune globulin.If an Rh- woman gives birth to (or mis-carries) an Rh+ child, she cannot be given an Rh immune globulin. E. If she becomes pregnant again with an Rh+ fetus, her anti-D antibodies may pass through the placenta and agglutinate the fetal erythrocytes.

All but D

Identify the incorrect statement regarding blood groups other than ABO and Rh: A. They include the MN, Duffy, Kell, Kidd, and Lewis groups. B. They frequently cause transfusion reactions. C. They are useful for such legal purposes as paternity and criminal cases. D. They are useful for research in population genetics. E. They are useful for research in anthropology.

B. They frequently cause transfusion reactions.

Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets? A. They stick together to form temporary platelet plugs that seal small breaks in injured blood vessels. B. They inhibit procoagulants. C. They internalize and destroy bacteria. D. They secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle and thus help to maintain and repair blood vessels. E. They initiate the formation of a clot-dissolving enzyme that dissolves blood clots which have outlasted their usefulness.

B. They inhibit procoagulants.

Septicemia

Bacteria in the bloodstream

What are the components of the circulatory system?

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

Indicate which form of hemopoiesis can improve the symptoms of each condition.

Improved Through Erythropoesis: -Sickle Cell Disease -Anemia -Hemolysis -Hemorrhage -Hypoxia Improved Through Leukopoesis -Leukopenia Not Improved Through Either -Leukopenia -Hematology -Primary polycythemia -Secondary polycythemia

Indicate whether the number of the cell type would increase, decrease, or not be affected by each given situation.

Increase: -Erythrocytes: high altitude and long term hypoxia -B lymphocytes: influenza infection -Basophils: chronic asthma -Eosinophils: tapeworm infection Relatively no change: -Erythrocytes: acute viral infection Decrease: -Erythrocytes: dietary iron deficiency, erythropoietin hyposecretion, declining intrinsic factor, acute profuse hemorrhage

infectious mononucleosis (mono)

Infection of B lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus

Iron deficiency anemia

Usually caused by blood loss without sufficient compensatory iron ingestion

Thalassemia

a deficiency or absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin