Blood Glucose

A1C analysis

HgAlc: 5.7-6.4% = prediabetes HgAlc: > 6.5% = diabetes

Hemoglobin Alc

In the normal 120-day lifespan of the red blood cell, glucose molecules react with hemoglobin, forming glycated [text annotation indicator] hemoglobin. In individuals with poorly controlled diabetes, the quantities of these glycated hemoglobins are much higher than in healthy people.

Epinephrine:

It is typically secreted in response to stress. It increases blood glucose by increasing catalysis [text annotation indicator] of glycogen to glucose in the liver. It can also be producted in response to exercise.

Digestion to monosaccharides

Liver conversion of monosaccharides to glucose results in: Increased blood glucose which leads to: Increased Insulin resulting in: Increased cellular uptake and storage of glucose, leading to: Decreased Blood glucose

The A1C measures the

Percentage of hemoglobin (the main component of red blood cells) in the blood that is glycated. Glycated hemoglobin is hemoglobin that has a blood sugar molecule attached to it, which happens when blood sugar levels are higher than they should be. The HgAlc represents blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

How is the Glycemic Index calculated?

Subjects consume enough food to ingest about 50 g of available CHO. This is compared to a control of 50 g glucose blood glucose levels are measured over the next 2 hours

Normal fasting glucose levels are typically 70-109 mg/dl.

a level <70 is considered low; hypoglycemia a level 110-125 is considered 'impaired fasting glucose* a level >126 and confirmed on a 2nd occasion, is diabetes

Many body tissues are

dependent upon adequate blood glucose levels: brain & nervous system

Type 2 diabetes

diabetes accounts for approximately 90-95% of those with diabetes and was previously referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, type II diabetes, and adult-onset diabetes. These individuals have insulin resistance and some insulin deficiency. Initially, and often throughout their lifetime, these individuals do not need daily insulin injections to survive.

What supplies glucose between meals?

glucose stored as glycogen in the liver amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol can all be repackaged as glucose for use by the body

*The American Diabetes Assoc

has defined impaired fasting glucose as 100-125, a range not yet adopted by all.

Glucose

is a major source of energy in the body's cells.

The glycemic index

is a ranking system for carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose levels. It compares carbohydrates gram for gram in individual foods, providing a numerical index of post-meal glycemia.

An A1C greater than 7

means increased risk for complications of diabetes.

An oral glucose tolerance test

measures your blood glucose after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating and 2 hours after you drink a glucose-containing beverage. This test can be used to diagnose diabetes or pre-diabetes.

A fasting plasma glucose test

measures your blood glucose after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating. This test is used to detect diabetes or pre-diabetes.

Diabetes

mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia [text annotation indicator] resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

Type 2 is

not the result of ß-cell destruction. Most of the patients are obese which causes insulin resistance. Patients are treated either with a diet/exercise combination, or the addition of medications that lower blood glucose. With disease progression, some type 2 patients will require daily insulin to control blood glucose.

The Glycemic Index gives a value

of 0-100 with pure glucose being the reference food and having a glycemic index (GI) of 100.

Type 1 diabetes

results from a cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the ß-cells of the pancreas. This has a genetic predisposition and is also related to environmental factors that are poorly defined.

The total amount of CHO consumed at one time

strongly affects blood glucose levels

he type of CHO consumed

such as glucose vs. fructose, will affect glucose levels.

From 1980 through 2011

the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes increased in all age groups

When glucose can't be transferred into the cells from the bloodstream

those cells can 'starve'. As a result, glucose can build up in the blood and is known as 'high blood sugar'.

Glucagon

to protect from hypoglycemia, glucagon signals the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream. This can occur when there is potential of hypoglycemia due to fasting or exercise, as examples.

When is blood glucose usually measured?

typically measured in a fasting state, 1-2 hrs after a meal, or after a known amount of carbohydrate has been administered.

The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes

was higher for blacks and Hispanics than for whites across all age groups.

exercise and other forms of physical activity

will typically lower blood glucose levels, with the effects lasting for several hours.

random plasma glucose test

your doctor checks your blood glucose without regard to when you ate your last meal. This test, along with an assessment of symptoms, is used to diagnose diabetes but not pre-diabetes.