blood vessel practice questions
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.
90/55
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) decreased size of the heart muscle B) increased incidence of coronary artery disease C) increased work of the left ventricle D) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
A
Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does not describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? A) It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. B) It promotes an increase in blood pressure. C) It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. D) It will reduce urine output.
A
Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A) Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure. B) Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle. C) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. D) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream.
A
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. B) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. C) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. D) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.
A
Which of the following best describes the benefit of the vasomotion process? A) It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure. B) It allows for rapid increase in blood flow to vital organs during fight or flight response. C) It decreases hydrostatic pressure while also increasing osmotic pressure to enhance reabsorption. D) It lowers blood's pressure by reducing the distribution of blood flow to all of the tissues in the capillary bed.
A
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant D) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
A
Which of the following statements is not true of the precapillary sphincters? A) They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. B) They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. C) They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole. D) They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries.
A
Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the venous end of the capillary bed? A) increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid B) decreasing hydrostatic pressure of the blood. C) reducing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid D) increasing solute concentration in the plasma of the circulating blood
A
Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) a local increase in pH B) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide C) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content D) a local increase in histamine
A
Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is relatively constant through all body organs. B) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output. C) It is measured in mm Hg. D) It is greatest where resistance is highest.
B
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure. B) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. C) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. D) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.
B
The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? A) Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. B) Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. C) The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. D) The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels.
B
The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does not affect a pulse rate reading. A) activity B) the vessel selected to palpate C) emotions D) postural changes
B
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) chemoreceptors B) altering blood volume C) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors D) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers
B
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic pressure only B) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure C) plasma and formed element concentration D) blood volume and viscosity
B
Which of the following chemicals effects blood pressure for both the short and long term? A) atrial natriuretic peptide B) angiotensin II C) nitric acid D) aldosterone
B
Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? A) right ventricle B) superior vena cava C) pulmonary arteries and veins D) left atrium
B
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A) blood viscosity B) blood vessel diameter C) total blood vessel length D) blood vessels type
B
Which of the following would not be expected from taking a diuretic drug? A) decreased blood pressure B) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion C) increased urine output D) lower plasma volume
B
if a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events except one: a. increasing vasomotor tone b. decreased heart rate c. increases peripheral resistance d. a weak, thread pulse
B
If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so?
Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.
A drug that restricts the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) would like result in all of the following physiologic changes but one. Which of the following is the least likely to result from a drug blocking ACE activity? A) decreased peripheral resistance due to decreases vasomotor tone B) lower levels of circulating aldosterone and lowered sodium reabsorption C) increased thirst and higher blood volume D) increased urine output due to reduction in circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C
The velocity and pressure of blood is slowest and lowest in the capillary beds. Which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A) Lower pressure on the venus end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. B) Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. C) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venus circulation. D) Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels.
C
Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries? A) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. B) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. C) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier. D) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food.
C
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes B) neural controls C) renal regulation D) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes
C
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) increased heart rate B) cold, clammy skin C) rapidly falling blood pressure D) rapid, thready pulse
C
Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure? A) peripheral resistance B) cardiac output C) white blood cell count D) blood volume
C
Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arteriole end of the capillary bed? A) increasing blood pressure B) reducing hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid C) increasing plasma protein concentration D) relaxing precapillary sphincters
C
Which statement best describes arteries? A) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. B) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. C) All carry blood away from the heart. D) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
C
if a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position, they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which is the least likely physiological response to this? a. increased sympathetic output to heart b. faster heart rate, greater heart contractility c. increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart d. increasing peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction
C
A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? A) increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance B) higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure C) increased risk of developing atherosclerosis D) lower heart rate and reduced blood flow
D
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 140/90 B) 110/60 C) 120/80 D) 170/96
D
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) Blood flow to the kidneys increases. B) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. C) The skin will be cold and clammy. D) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
D
Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? A) Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. B) Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. C) Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts. D) Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.
D
Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? A) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. B) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. C) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. D) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.
D
during a marathon, which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? a. epinephrine b. antidiuretic hormone c. angiotensin II d. atrial natriuretic peptide
D
The abdominal aorta divides into three arteries at its terminus; what are they?
Left and right common iliac arteries and the median sacral artery.
List the major factors that are linked to essential hypertension and note which ones are controllable by the patient.
The factors are heredity, diet, obesity, age, diabetes mellitus, stress, and smoking. All of these factors are controllable by the patient except for heredity and age.
The mesenteric arteries branch off the abdominal aorta, but the mesenteric veins do not connect directly to the vena cava. Why?
The mesenteric veins merge into the hepatic portal vein before entering the liver. The liver dumps into the vena cava.
What are the sounds of Korotkoff?
They are thumping sounds heard as an inflated blood pressure cuff is deflated on the arm. They represent blood spurting through the constricted artery and continue until the vessel is no longer constricted.
Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. What is the mechanism of regulation?
Vasoconstriction is a reduction in the lumen diameter of a blood vessel due to smooth muscle contraction. Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle relaxation. Both are regulated by vasomotor nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and by local metabolic substances.
Which type of blood vessels contain valves and what is their function?
Veins contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backward. This is necessary because the venous vessels are a low-pressure system and the blood must sometimes flow against gravity, particularly in the limbs.
the term ductus venosus refers to
a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ.
anastomoses
largest artery of the body
aorta
Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________.
arterioles
site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance
arterioles
site where resistance to blood flow is greatest
arterioles
runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle
axillary artery
The ________ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure.
baroreceptors
artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure
brachial artery
gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery
brachiocephalic trunk
The internal carotid arteries supply the ________ with blood.
brain
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.
capillaries
site where exchanges of food and gases are made
capillaries
site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest
capillaries
results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage
cardiogenic shock
large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen
celiac trunk
due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs
circulatory shock
supplies the duodenum and stomach
common hepatic artery
In the brain, the fluid that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ____ feeding the brain
continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts
reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by
decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur
In general it is expected that hydrostatic pressure will
drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed
A family of peptides called ________ are released by the endothelium and are among the most potent vasoconstrictors known.
endothelins
supplies a lower limb
external iliac artery
drains the scalp
external jugular vein
arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.
false
osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane
false
major artery of the thigh
femoral artery
vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel
great saphenous vein
due to large scale blood loss
hypovolemic shock
blood flow to the skin
increases when environmental temperature rises
supplies the distal areas of the large intestine
inferior mesenteric artery
major supply to the cerebral hemispheres
internal carotid artery
supplies pelvic structures
internal iliac artery
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
brain blood flow autoregulation
is abolished when normally high CO2 levels persist
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.
kidney disease
site where the blood pressure is greatest
large arteries
site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest
large arteries
site where blood pressure is lowest
large veins
site where the blood volume is greatest
large veins
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
lungs
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the
muscular arteries
carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs
pulmonary trunk
carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs
pulmonary vein
common site to take the pulse
radial artery
in general it is expected that osmotic pressure will
remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed
artery that does not anastomose
renal artery
supplies the kidney
renal artery
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
In red bone marrow, newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ____ type of capillaries in red bone marrow
sinusoid capillaries
These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey."
sinusoids
The velocity of blood flow is ________.
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
drains an upper extremity, a deep vein
subclavian artery
supplies the small intestine
superior mesenteric artery
receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall
superior vena cava
the pulse pressure is
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________.
the dural sinus reflex
an increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance
true
an obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart
true
arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses
true
the adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed auto regulation.
true
the carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.
true
the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis
true
the pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues
true
whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid
true
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
tunica intima
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
tunica media
Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.
urinary output
normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation
vascular shock