BLS

Heart attack symptoms

Chest discomfort or pain that is severe, lasts longer than 3 to 5 minutes, goes away and comes back, or persists even during rest. Discomfort, pressure or pain that is persistent and ranges from discomfort to an unbearable crushing sensation in the chest, possibly spreading to the shoulder, arm, neck, jaw, stomach or back, and usually not relieved by resting, changing position or taking medication. Chest pain that comes and goes (such as angina pectoris). Difficulty breathing, such as at a faster rate than normal or noisy breathing. Pale or ashen skin, especially around the face. Sweating, especially on the face. Dizziness or light-headedness. Possible altered mental status or level of consciousness. Nausea or vomiting.

A 4-year-old child is in respiratory failure. Her central pulse rate is 65 bpm. Which of the following actions are appropriate?

Deliver 1 ventilation every 2 to 3 seconds Check the pulse and breathing about every 2 minutes

What is the correct rate of ventilation delivery for an adult in respiratory arrest or respiratory failure?

Deliver 1 ventilation every 6 seconds; each ventilation should last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise. If an advanced airway is in place, the rate remains the same.

You and another provider are performing CPR on a 6-month old infant. The provider performing chest compressions would use which technique?

Encircling thumbs technique

Stridor

High-pitched squeaking noises during attempts to breathe.

visual survey

Initial assessment of the scene of an emergency event; includes checking your surroundings for safety, gathering an initial impression (including whether there is severe, life-threatening bleeding) and determining the need for additional resources.

Supine

Lying on the back with the face upward.

While simultaneously checking for breathing and a pulse, you correctly adhere to which amount of time?

No more than 10 seconds

If the patient appears unresponsive, you need to check for responsiveness. If they are unresponsive, you should

activate EMS, rapid response or resuscitation team.

Which is the correct technique for multiple-provider CPR when an advanced airway is in place?

One provider delivers 1 ventilation every 6 seconds, while the other provider delivers continuous chest compressions without pausing for ventilations.

Standard precautions

Safety measures to prevent disease transmission based on the assumption that all body fluids may be infectious.

In children and infants If their central pulse is ≤ 60 bpm with signs of poor perfusion,

Start CPR

Standard of care

The public's expectation that personnel summoned to an emergency will provide care with a certain level of knowledge and skill.

respiratory failure

The reduction of breathing to the point where oxygen intake is not sufficient to support life

What two things = respiratory failure

They are in respiratory failure if they have ineffective ventilation and a central pulse.

An adult patient in respiratory failure may have some ventilation; however, this ventilation is insufficient to sustain needed gas exchange, oxygen and carbon dioxide. True or false?

True

For most infants and children up to the age of 17 years, you must obtain consent from the child's parent or legal guardian if they are present regardless of the child's level of consciousness. True or false?

True

Agonal breaths

are isolated or infrequent gasps that occur in the absence of normal breathing in an unconscious patient. These breaths can occur after the heart has stopped beating and are considered a sign of cardiac arrest. Agonal breaths are not normal breathing. If the patient is demonstrating agonal breaths, you need to care for the patient as if they are not breathing at all.

If you find that the patient is not breathing (or only gasping) and their central pulse is absent, you will implement care for

cardiac arrest.

Signs of poor perfusion in a child or infant include

cool, moist skin; pallor, mottling or cyanosis; a weak or thready pulse; decrease in behavior or reactivity; decreased capillary refill; and hypotension.

What two things = respiratory arrest

A child or infant is in respiratory arrest if they are not breathing and have a central pulse. True or False

recovery position

A side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately.

Advanced airway

Prevent airway obstruction and can provide a route for more effective oxygenation and ventilation supraglottic airway, laryngeal mask airway, or endotracheal tube

After 2 minutes of delivering ventilations to an adult patient in respiratory arrest, you reassess them for breathing and a pulse. What should you do if the patient's pulse becomes absent?

Start CPR immediately and use an AED when it is available

Shout-tap-shout sequence

Technique used to check for patient responsiveness: First, shout "Are you OK?" using the patient's name if you know it, then tap the patient's shoulder (or bottom of the foot if an infant) and shout again.

You have been providing compressions and are starting to fatigue. How do you verbalize the coordination plan to switch?

When performing high-quality CPR, it is important to work as a team. This includes clearly indicating and completing position switches to avoid exhaustion. For example, you should call for a position change by saying "switch" in place of the number one in the last compression cycle. Note: You should stop compressions while the AED is analyzing heart rhythm.

For children and infants, If their central pulse is > 60 bpm,

deliver 1 ventilation every 2 to 3 seconds If an advanced airway is in place, the rate remains the same.

When drowning is the suspected cause of cardiac arrest,

deliver two initial ventilations before starting CPR.

myocardial infarction

heart attack, refers to the necrosis (death) of heart tissue as a result of insufficient delivery of oxygenated blood to the heart.

perfusion

inadequate circulation of blood through organs and tissues manifested by vital sign abnormalities and/or signs and symptoms of organ dysfunction

If the patient is unresponsive and their airway is not open, you need to open the airway. If a head, neck or spinal injury is suspected, use the

modified jaw-thrust maneuver.

If the second ventilation is not successful, assume the patient has an obstruction. Chest compressions are used to clear an obstruction, so

move directly back to compressions and check the airway for an obstruction before attempting subsequent ventilations. If an obstruction is found, remove it and attempt ventilations. Never perform a blind finger sweep.

When delivering ventilations during CPR, if the chest does not rise after the first breath,

reopen the airway, make a seal and try a second ventilation.

if you find the patient is not breathing (or has ineffective ventilation) and their central pulse is present, you will implement care for

respiratory arrest or respiratory failure

When providing CPR to a child or infant with an advanced airway in place, one provider should deliver 1 ventilation every 2 to 3 seconds, while the other provider delivers continuous chest compressions without pausing for ventilations. True or false?

true

In cases of suspected MI, administer

two to four low-dose (81-mg) aspirin or one 325-mg adult aspirin based on your facility's protocols. Make sure that the patient chews the medication.

respiratory arrest

when breathing completely stops