BLY 122 Exam 4 (spring 2019)

Water is gained through which of the following?

- eating food - drinking water that has a lower solute concentration than the body fluids - cellular respiration - osmosis across the gills of freshwater fish

clonal selection

-results in antibody specificity following a bacterial infection -explains why the immune system responds stronger to a second infection than a first -can be caused by vaccinations

Which of the following describes innate immunity?

It reacts to a wide variety of pathogens.

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that

LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuous in males

What organ helps concentrate and secrete nitrogenous wastes in insects?

Malpighian tubules

Differences in mating patterns of montane and prarie voles can be attributed...............

Montane voles would become monogamous, because they would be able to receive hormone signals in the same way as prarie voles

What would happen if you placed a trout (a freshwater fish) into a saltwater tank at the aquarium and made some observations?

The fish would lose water initially, but could reverse the direction of Cl- ion movement to deal with excess water.

The excretory organs of different organisms are extremely varied. What do all excretory organs have in common?

a filtration system that filters nitrogenous waste from the body fluids

The release of luteinizing hormone is preceded by

a release of GnRH

Gastrulation results in the formation of:

a trilaminar embryo consisting of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

The head of a sperm cell contains a specialized organelle called the________ which contains enzymes used to transverse the outer coating of the egg.

acrosome

The amniotic egg was a key adaptation allowing vertebrates to make the transition to life on land where diffusion to/from a watery environment could not allow a developing embryo to meet its metabolic needs. Its three membranes are the ____________, which surrounds the embryo in a watery sac; the ____________, which sequesters metabolic waste away from the developing embryo; and the ____________, which surrounds the embryo and other sacs.

amnion, allantois, chorion

The immune system sometimes attacks cells of its own body, resulting in

autoimmune disease

A behavior is shaped by:

both environmental and genetic factors

The ability to distinguish between self from nonself is a feature of

both innate and adaptive immunity

Imprinting is MOST likely to occur: during any point in an individual's lifetime. during a critical point in development. when an organism is most at danger. when an organism is surrounded by conspecific individuals.

c) during a critical point in development

Skin is an important part of the immune response because: A. it is relatively porous. B. the presence of white blood cells on the surface provides protection to the host. C. it acts as a barrier to keep out pathogens. D. bacteria on the surface kill viruses that touch the skin.

c) it acts as a barrier to keep out pathogens

Which structure in the female reproductive system is at the end of the uterus and produces different kinds of mucus capable of either blocking or guiding sperm through the opening into the uterus?

cervix

Innate immunity is different from adaptive immunity in that innate immunity

does not require prior exposure to a pathogen

Which structure stores motile sperm?

epididymis

Through which structure in the female reproductive system do oocytes travel as they leave the site where they developed?

fallopian tube

Osmoconformers tend to live in environments with variable solute concentrations (true or false)

false

stimulus recognition is usually carried out by...

feature detectors

Multicellular animals with pressurized circulatory systems use a three step process to isolate and eliminate wastes. Arrange these steps from earliest to latest.

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Many species of gulls feed their chicks by regurgitating food. When parents return from foraging, the gull chicks peck at a red spot on the parent's bill, which causes the parents to open the bill and regurgitate their food. Chicks will peck at a red dot painted on any long, slender object. For the chicks, pecking is a _________ and the red dot is a _______.

fixed action pattern; key stimulus

Osmosis is the movement of water

from higher water concentration to lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

path taken by excretory fluid through the mammalian kidney

glomerulus, capsule, renal tubules, collecting ducts, ureter, bladder

_____behavior responds to an animals "nature"; _____ behavior responds to an animals "nurture"

innate; learned

The trigger for a fixed-action pattern is called the

key stimulus

Which of the following is not a type of phagocytic cell?

mast cell

One of the advantages of sexual reproduction is the production of novel arrangements of genes on chromosomes due to recombination of genes during meiosis. This effect is further magnified upon fertilization because the offspring:

may have allele combinations of genes that are not seen in either parent

habituation and sensitization are forms of ________ learning, meaning that they occur in the absence of a particular outcome, such as a reward or punishment

non-associative

A flu virus infects a human. Where will the "self" molecules of the infected individual be found?

on human cells

You observe a chimpanzee using a stick to dig termites out from a nest. The chimpanzee then eats the termites. This type of behavior is an example of ____________; the termites are the ____________.

operant conditioning; reward

Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) are an endangered species. One of the aspects of their management for long-term conservation is captive breeding programs in zoos. Typically females are housed alone, and males are transported between zoos to mate with females and produce offspring. In some cases, females produced offspring even though they were not in contact with a male. Which term below best describes the production of offspring by female Komodo dragons housed alone in zoos?

parthenogenesis

How does a macrophage destroy a pathogen?

phagocytosis

An airborne chemical that is used to communicate with members of the same species is called a:

pheromone

In mammals such as humans, the chorion and allantois fuse to form the ______, an organ that allows the embryo to obtain nutrients directly from the mother.

placenta

The complement system refers to

proteins circulating in the blood that are activated by antibodies or molecules on pathogens

The first part of the renal tubule is called the _____ and is specialized for _____.

proximal convoluted tubule; reabsorption of electrolytes and other nutrients

Cilia are part of the protective barrier located in the:

respiratory tract

Allergies result when the immune system:

responds to harmless nonself molecules and cells.

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to create free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are described as:

selectively permeable

Which structure in the male reproductive system produces an alkaline fluid that helps maintain sperm motility and counteracts the acidity of the female reproductive tract?

seminal vesicle

Which of the following structures are NOT associated with ion regulation in animals?

tear ducts

In response to LH and FSH testes secrete

testosterone

What characteristic associated with male Anolis lizards caused a change in behavior in female Anolis lizards?

testosterone that causes males to fight with each other

Bushmen hunters exploit the effects of physiological stress by forcing their prey to run when the temperatures. (true or false)

true

Which of the following correctly lists the three forms of nitrogenous wastes from least to most toxic?

uric acid, urea, ammonia