BMOD EXAM CH 4

______ (losing value as a reinforcer) is less likely to occur for a GCR like money.

Satiation

Immediacy

The time between the occurrence of a behavior and the reinforcing consequence is important.

Fixed ratio

Delivery of reinforcer based on number of responses that occur.

People most often engage in behavior that results in:

(1)More frequent reinforcement (2)A greater magnitude of reinforcement (3) More immediate reinforcement (4) Less response effort

Positive reinforcement is defined as follows:

(1)The antecedent (2)The occurrence of a behavior (3) Is followed by the addition of a consequence (a reinforcer), or an increase in the intensity of a consequence, (4)Which results in the strengthening or maintain of the behavior.

Negative reinforcement is defined as follows:

(1)The aversive stimulus (2)The occurrence of a behavior (3)Is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus, (4)Which results in the strengthening or maintaining of the behavior.

Motivating operations have two effects

(1)They alter the value of a reinforcer and (2) They make the behavior that produces the reinforcer more or less likely to occur at that time.

Whenever you have to analyze a situation and determine whether it illustrates positive or negative reinforcement, ask yourself 3 questions.

(1)What is the antecedent/behavior? (2)What happened immediately after the behavior? (Was something added [Pos. Reinf.] or removed [Neg. Reinf.]?) (3) What happened to the behavior in the future? (Was the behavior strengthened? Was it more likely to occur?)

Operant behavior

Acts on the environment to produce a consequence and, in turn, is controlled by or occurs again in the future as a result of its immediate consequence.

Reinforcement is always defined by the effect it has on behavior. This is called _____.

A functional defintion

Concurrent schedules of reinforcement

A number of different behaviors or response options are concurrently available for the person.

These antecedent events, called motivating operations ____ the value of a reinforcer

Alter

Reinforcing different dimensions of behavior

Although reinforcement is often used to increase the rate of behavior, reinforcement may also influence other dimensions of a behavior such as duration, intensity, or latency.

When the behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment, the process is ______.

Automatic reinforcement. Ex: Automatic Positive: If you went to the kitchen and got the chips for yourself. Ex2: Automatic Negative: Got the remote and turned down the volume on the TV yourself.

(VR)Number of responses needed for reinforcement varies each time, around an ________.

Average number

EX of EO

Food is a more powerful reinforcer for a person who hasn't eaten recently. Water/other beverages more reinforcing when person just ate large amount of salty popcorn than when a person did not.

Sometimes a ______ after the delivery of the reinforcer (post-reinforcement pause). (FI)

Brief pause in responding

The longer the delay between the response and the consequence, the less effective the consequence will be because the _______.

Contiguity or connection between the two is weakened.

Define: Variable ratio

Delivery of reinforcer based on number of responses that occur.

Variable interval: Each time interval is a ______ length. The interval varies around ______.

Different; an average time.

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF)

Each occurrence of a response is reinforced. Ex: Vending machine

Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

Each occurrence of the response is not reinforced. Responses are occasionally or intermittently reinforced. Slot machine

There are 2 types of MOs

Establishing operations and abolishing operations

Nearly anything can become a conditioned reinforcer if it is paired with an _______.

Existing stimulus. (Dolphin training example p. 76)

FOUR basic types of intermittent reinforcement schedules:

Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval

We can determine that a behavior is strengthened when there is an increase in its _________.

Frequency, duration, intensity, or speed (decreased latency).

Magnitude

Generally, the effectiveness of a reinforcer is greater if the amount or magnitude is greater.

Produce ________; in contrast with FR, there is _______ after delivery of reinforcer.

High, steady rates of responding; little pausing

Reinforcement is a natural process that also influences _______.

Human behavior.

Contingency

If-then statement.

Factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement

Immediacy, motivating opperations, individual differences,

Individual differences

Important in clinical and business applications.

Backup reinforcers

In a token reinforcement program, the token is presented to the person after a desirable behavior, and later, the person exchanges the token for other reinforcers

(FI) The _____ is fixed and stays the same.

Interval of time

These collectively speak of the

Law of effect

Abolishing Operations

Makes a reinforcer less potent (abolishes or decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer).

Establishing Operations

Makes a reinforcer more potent (establishes the effectiveness of a reinforcer).

_____ is example of GCR because it is paired with (exchanged for) an almost unlimited variety of reinforcers.

Money; Money is a powerful reinforcer that is less likely ot diminish in value (to become satiated) when it is accumulated.

A ______ such as a plastic poker chip or a small square piece of colored cardboard can be used as a conditioned reinforcer (or token) to modify human behavior in a token reinforcement program.

Neutral stimulus

When a behavior is strengthened/maintained, it is more likely to ___________.

Occur again in the future.

Satiation

Occurs when a person has recently consumed a large amount of a particular reinforcer (food or water) or has had substantial exposure to a reinforcing stimulus. As a result, these reinforcers are less potent at that time.

Response

One instance of a behavior.

Only ____ response is needed for reinforcement, but it must occur after the interval.

One; Rarely used in teaching or training.

A behavior that is strengthened or maintained through the process of reinforcement is called ________.

Operant behavior.

_______ is another GCR.

Praise

The consequence that strengthens or maintains an operant behavior is called a ________.

Reinforcer.

Because the tokens are paired with (exchanged for) the backup reinforcers, the tokens themselves become ______.

Reinforcers for desirable behavior.

When a behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person, the process is ______.

Social reinforcement. Ex1: Social Positive: Asking your roommate to bring you the bag of chips. Ex2: Social Negative: Asking your roommate to turn down the TV when it's too loud.

Motivating operations

Some events can make a particular consequence more or less reinforcing at some times than at other times.

Does not matter how many responses have occurred; as soon as the _________, the first response that occurs is reinforced.

Specific interval of time has elapsed

_______ of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered. (FI)

Specific or fixed number

It is extremely important to remember that both positive and negative reinforcement are processes that _______ a behavior; they both increase or maintain the probability that the behavior will occur again in the future.

Strengthen

Maintenance

The behavior is maintained over time with the use of intermittent reinforcement.

Establishing operations and abolishing operations also influence __________.

The effectiveness of negative reinforcement.

Escape behavior,

The occurrence if the behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimulus that was already present when the behavior occurred.

Avoidance behavior

The occurrence of the behavior prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring. SEE P. 75 FOR EXAMPLES.

Acquisition

The person is acquiring a new behavior with the use of a CRF. Once the person has acquired or learned the behavior, an intermittent reinforcement schedule is used so that the person continues to engage in the behavior.

Reinforcement

The process in which a behavior is strengthened and once strengthened, maintained by the immediate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence.

Tokens used in a token economy are another example of GCR because _____.

They are exchanged for various other back up reinforcers.

Deprivation

Type of EO that increases the effectiveness of most of most unconditioned reinforcers

CRF schedule

Used when a person is learning a behavior or engaging in the behavior for the first time.

Ex: Slot machines found in a casino

VR schedule in a slot machine produces high, steady rates of responding.

______: Most potent

Variable ratio

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

When a conditioned reinforcer is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers.

Fixed Interval

With interval schedules (FI & VI), response is reinforced only if it occurs after an interval of time has passed.

A particular reinforcers (such as food or water) is more powerful if a person has gone without it. Food is not going to be reinforcing if _______.

a person just finished a big meal.

In both cases, the reinforcing consequence was not produced by _______.

another person.

In negative reinforcement, the stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behavior is called an

aversive stimulus.

Positive and negative reinforcement __________ behavior.

both strengthen or maintain

The essential difference is that in positive reinforcement, a response produces a _____ (_______), whereas in negative reinforcement, a response _______ (an aversive stimulus).

consequence (positive reinforcer); removes or prevents the occurrence of a consequences

For a consequence to be most effective as a reinforcer it should occur _____ after the response occurs.

immediately

Premack Principle

is a type of positive reinforcement that involves the opportunity to engage in high-probability behavior (a preferred behavior) as a consequence for low-probability behavior (a less-preferred behavior) to increase the low-probability behavior. EXAMPLE P. 73

It is important not to assume that a particular stimulus will be a reinforcer for a person just because _________.

it appears to be a reinforcer for most people

When an event decreases the aversiveness of a stimulus, escape from or removal of the stimulus becomes ______.

less reinforcing. (AO)

AO

makes a reinforcer less potent and makes a behavior that produces that reinforcer less likely.

EO

makes a reinforcer more potent and makes a behavior that produces the reinforcer more likely.

When an event increases the aversiveness of a stimulus, escape from or removal of the stimulus becomes ______.

more reinforcing. (EO)

The likelihood of a consequence being a reinforcer varies from person to person, so it is important to determine that a ________.

particular consequence is a reinforcer for a particular person.

A positive reinforcer is often seen as something ______ that a person will try to get.

pleasant, desirable, or valuable

In positive reinforcement, the consequence that is presented or that appears after the behavior is called a _______.

positive reinforcer.

Negative reinforcement (like positive reinforcement) increases or strengthens a behavior. Do not get this confused with _____ which decreases or weakens a behavior.

punishment

Negative reinforcement is not _____.

punishment.

Intermittent

reinforcement is more effective than a CRF schedule for maintaining behavior.

If you gave the dog the treat immediately after it sat, the treat would reinforce sitting behavior & dog would be more likely ______.

to sit in the future when given the corresponding command.

To determine whether a particular consequence will be a reinforcer for a particular person, you have to _________.

try it out and measure its effect on the behavior.