Bone tissue
The lining of the marrow cavity.
Endosteum
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.
Appositional growth
Bone is ________ and contains mainly ________ nerves.
highly vascularized; sensory
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
the osteon
What is the thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?
Endosteum
Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone.
Canaliculi
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following?
18 year old male
Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?
All of the choices are correct.
The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.
Chondrocytes
Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?
Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.
Epiphyseal line
Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place.
Epiphyseal plate
Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthodontist use to assess this?
Epiphyseal plate
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
Facet
All bones stop growing by the end of adolescence.
False
Bone is considered part of the skeletal system, but ligaments are not.
False
Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
False
Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.
False
In adults, an area of compact bone called the epiphyseal tract replaces the epiphyseal plate.
False
Most of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are formed by intramembranous ossification.
False
Once we reach adulthood and our bones are fully formed and hardened, they cannot be remodeled.
False
Osteons run perpendicular to the diaphysis of a long bone.
False
Parathyroid hormone is released by the thyroid gland and causes the small intestine to increase calcium absorption.
False
Since cartilage must be continuously replaced in the body, appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage continues throughout life.
False
The hormone that is primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling is calcitonin.
False
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
False
Round or oval opening through a bone.
Foramen
Which is not a function of bone?
Hormone synthesis
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane.
Intramembranous ossification
Layers of bone matrix.
Lamellae
Consider the classifications of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?
Long bones
If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled?
Os coxa
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
Cells that can build bony matrix.
Osteoblasts
Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?
Osteoblasts
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix.
Osteoclasts
Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.
Osteomalacia
Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal.
Osteoporosis
Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.
Paget's disease
Which hormone normally has a more significant effect on blood calcium levels in adults?
Parathyroid hormone
Which is a sesamoid bone?
Patella
Armlike bar of bone.
Ramus
What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?
Site of bone elongation and growth
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection.
Spine
If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?
The bone will become soft and bendable.
Select all that are components of the skeletal system.
The following items chould be checked: Compact bone Trabecular bone Articular cartilage Ligaments
What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?
The matrix would be softer.
Within which zone of the epiphyseal plate do cartilage cells undergo mitosis?
The second closest zone to the epiphysis
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process.
Trochanter
An osteoclast has a ruffled border and multiple nuclei.
True
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
True
Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.
True
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
True
Mature cartilage is avascular.
True
Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells; osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cells.
True
Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.
True
The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
True
Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?
Vitamin C
Which sex tends to lose more bone mass with aging?
Women
The process of bone repair includes these steps: a: Fracture hematoma forms b: Bone is remodeled c: Fibrocartilaginous callus forms d: Bony callus forms The correct chronological order for these steps is
a - c - d - b
Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called
appositional growth.
The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ________.
blood vessels and nerve fibers
Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________.
bone formation
Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage. a: New matrix is produced and secreted. b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna. c: Stem cells undergo mitosis. d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts.
c. - d. - a. - b.
Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.
calcium and vitamin D
In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.
canaliculi
During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the
chondroblasts.
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
communication
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?
compact bone
The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are a: Calcified cartilage b: Hypertrophic cartilage c: Ossification d: Resting cartilage e: Proliferating cartilage The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is
d - e - b - a - c
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
decreased epiphyseal plate activity
The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the
distal epiphysis.
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.
elastic cartilage
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
elevated levels of sex hormones
The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed
endochondral ossification.
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
epiphyseal plate
The steps in the process of endochondral ossification are a: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis. b: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms. c: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses. d: Bone replaces cartilage. e: Epiphyseal plates ossify. f: Cartilage model develops. The correct chronological order for these steps is
f. - b. - a. - c. - d. - e.
The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.
fibrocartilage
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
growth hormone
Hyaline cartilage contains a ______ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called ________.
high; lacunae
Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.
hip bone
In the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to ________ production of calcitriol and to ________ excretion of calcium in urine.
increase; decrease
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.
interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Compact bone
is composed of tubular units called osteons.
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.
is produced by secondary ossification centers
Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its ______ and occurs in the _______ region of the cartilage.
length; internal
When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within
mesenchyme.
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
osteoclast
ones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
osteoclast
When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________.
osteocyte
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.
osteogenic cells
The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called _____ fibers.
perforating
The type of bone tissue that is replaced more frequently is ________ bone; the part of the femur that is replaced more frequently is the __________.
spongy; distal epiphysis
An example of a flat bone would be the
sternum (breast bone).
Wolff's law is concerned with ________.
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
Which bone would likely take the longest to heal?
thigh bone of an elderly individual
Spongy bone contains ________.
trabeculae
Cranial bones develop ________.
within fibrous membranes
Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of
yellow marrow to red marrow.