Bones & Bone Structure

Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix? A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite. B) Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix. C) Once deposited, calcium cannot be removed from bone. D) Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix. E) Calcium is the organic part of the matrix.

A) Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite.

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? A) It results in short, stubby fingers. B) It results from a mutation. C) It affects connective tissue structures. D) It affects epiphyseal cartilages. E) It may also cause cardiovascular problems.

A) It results in short, stubby fingers.

Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. B) The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts and chondroblasts. C) Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment. D) The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium. E) For strength, compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae.

A) The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts.

Suppose that epiphyseal lines appear in a 10-year-old's long bones. Which of the following statements is, therefore, true? A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible. B) Administration of growth hormone will stimulate future bone growth in length. C) Osteoclasts will dissolve the metaphysis so length growth can continue until adulthood. D) More growth will occur during the teenage years as sex hormones stimulate rebuilding of growth plates. E) Intramembranous ossification will enable further growth in length.

A) The epiphyseal plates have ossified and further growth in length is not possible.

The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is A) appositional growth. B) interstitial growth. C) intramembranous growth. D) endochondral ossification. E) epiphyseal ossification.

A) appositional growth.

The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are A) circumferential lamellae. B) osteoid plates. C) trabeculae. D) concentric lamellae. E) epiphseal ridges.

A) circumferential lamellae.

Identify the structures labeled "4." A) concentric lamellae B) circumferential lamellae C) interstitial lamellae D) trabeculae E) periosteum

A) concentric lamellae

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the A) endosteum. B) periosteum. C) epiosteum. D) mediosteum. E) paraosteum.

A) endosteum.

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the A) epiphyses. B) diaphyses. C) epiphyseal plates. D) metaphyses. E) periphyses.

A) epiphyses.

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) fossa. B) sulcus. C) facet. D) fissure. E) line.

A) fossa

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones A) grow longer. B) grow wider. C) become shorter. D) become more porous and weaker. E) become thicker.

A) grow longer.

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a A) head. B) crown. C) capitulum. D) corona. E) bulb.

A) head

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

A) long

Bones that are relatively long and slender, consisting of a shaft with two ends are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

A) long bones.

Adipose tissue is stored within the A) medullary cavity. B) metaphysis. C) spongy bone. D) epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

A) medullary cavity

Blood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as A) perforating canals. B) canaliculi. C) interstitial canals. D) concentric ducts. E) concentric canals.

A) perforating canals.

Intramembranous ossification A) produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull. B) explains how a juvenile's bone can grow in length. C) occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone. D) occurs inside a bag of cartilage. E) occurs in all bones before birth.

A) produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull.

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. A) spongy B) osteon C) compact D) lamellar E) irregular

A) spongy

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) tendons B) bones C) ligaments D) cartilage E) other tissues that connect bones

A) tendons

What lines the structure labeled "7"? A) the endosteum B) blood vessels C) the central canal D) spongy bone E) trabeculae

A) the endosteum

70) Which structure is called an osteon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

B) 2

________ bones develop inside tendons, commonly near the knees, hands, and feet. A) Irregular B) Sesamoid C) Short D) Long E) Flat

B) Sesamoid

The space occupied by an osteocyte is called A) Volkmann's canal. B) a lacuna. C) a trabecula. D) a Haversian canal. E) a canaliculus.

B) a lacuna

The trabeculae of spongy bone A) are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. B) are organized along stress lines. C) are composed mostly of cartilage. D) will collapse under stress. E) are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis.

B) are organized along stress lines.

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) widen. B) become narrower. C) increase slowly. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) are hardly affected.

B) become narrower.

During appositional growth, A) bones grow longer. B) bones grow wider. C) cartilage replaces bone. D) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. E) compact bone replaces spongy bone.

B) bones grow wider.

Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of A) concentric lamellae. B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis. C) growth of trabeculae. D) osteoblasts in the endosteum. E) cartilage cells in the diaphyseal side of the metaphysis.

B) cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis.

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) fibrous connective-tissue model. B) cartilage model. C) membranous model. D) calcified model. E) osteoid model.

B) cartilage model.

Bones that have thin parallel surfaces are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

B) flat bones.

A rounded passage or hole through a bone is called a A) ramus. B) foramen. C) linea. D) tubercle. E) facet.

B) foramen.

During endochondral ossification these vessels invade the cartilage of the diaphysis. A) metaphyseal vessels B) nutrient arteries and veins C) periosteal vessels D) endosteal vessels E) diaphyseal artery and vein

B) nutrient arteries and veins

Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteolytic cells. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteogenic cells.

B) osteoclasts

Cells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called A) osteolytics. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteogenics. E) osteocytes.

B) osteoclasts

Which of following is/are produced from the monocyte stem cells? A) osteoblasts B) osteoclasts C) osteocytes D) osteoprogenitor cells E) osteogenic cells

B) osteoclasts

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain A) blood cells. B) osteocytes. C) chondroblasts. D) bone marrow. E) capillaries.

B) osteocytes

The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called A) osteon. B) osteoid. C) hydroxyapatite. D) mesenchymal tissue. E) calcium phosphate.

B) osteoid

The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the A) circumferential lamellae. B) periosteum. C) endosteum. D) concentric lamellae. E) perichondrium.

B) periosteum

The ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A) collagen-fiber B) protein-crystal C) mineral-crystal D) protein-protein E) hydroxyapatite-crystal

B) protein-crystal

The patella is an example of a(n) ________ bone. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) flat

B) sesamoid

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular E) sesamoid

B) short

A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) foramen. B) sinus. C) fossa. D) canal. E) meatus.

B) sinus.

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called A) osteons. B) trabeculae. C) concentric lamellae. D) interstitial lamellae. E) lacunae.

B) trabeculae.

A ________ is a large rough proximal projection on a bone. A) ramus B) trochanter C) tuberosity D) tubercle E) condyle

B) trochanter

Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. A) 25 B) 10 C) 2 D) 15 E) 50

C) 2

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification: 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events? A) 4, 1, 2, 3 B) 2, 1, 3, 4 C) 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 2, 3, 1, 4 E) 3, 4, 2, 1

C) 4, 2, 1, 3

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. A) Short B) Irregular C) Spongy D) Compact E) Long

C) Spongy

Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) an organic framework is formed. C) bony matrix is dissolved. D) osteoid is calcified. E) fractured bones regenerate.

C) bony matrix is dissolved.

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as A) hardening. B) ossification. C) calcification. D) osteogenesis. E) remodeling.

C) calcification.

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) central canals. B) lacunae. C) canaliculi. D) medullary cavities. E) foramina.

C) canaliculi.

The shaft of long bones is called the A) epiphysis. B) metaphysis. C) diaphysis. D) paraphysis. E) endophysis.

C) diaphysis.

Accelerated closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by A) high levels of vitamin D. B) too much calcium in the diet. C) elevated levels of estrogen. D) too little thyroxine. E) an excess of growth hormone.

C) elevated levels of estrogen.

A rib is an example of a ________ bone. A) long B) short C) flat D) sutural E) sesamoid

C) flat

A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of A) bone spurs. B) osteoporosis. C) heterotopic bone formation. D) osteodysplasia. E) osteomalacia.

C) heterotopic bone formation.

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage? A) elastic cartilage B) synovial cartilage C) hyaline cartilage D) fibrocartilage E) osseous cartilage

C) hyaline cartilage

In bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of A) osteoid matrix. B) calcium carbonate. C) hydroxyapatite. D) calcitriol. E) proteolytic enzymes.

C) hydroxyapatite

Secondary ossification centers occur A) in the diaphysis. B) at the periosteum. C) in the epiphyses. D) in the metaphyses. E) in dermal bones.

C) in the epiphyses.

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte? A) stem cell B) dissolves matrix C) mature bone cell D) secretes organic matrix E) immature bone cell

C) mature bone cell

Canaliculi are A) also known as Volkmann's channels. B) the same as Haversian canals. C) narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply. D) layers of bony matrix laid down in rings. E) have both a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.

C) narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply.

During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced by bone. A) phosphorylation B) resorption C) ossification D) osteopropagation E) remodeling

C) ossification

Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called A) osteolytic cells. B) osteoclasts. C) osteoblasts. D) osteocytes. E) osteogenic cells.

C) osteoblasts

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) osteoid cells.

C) osteoblasts.

The structural units of mature compact bone are called A) trabeculae. B) osteocytes. C) osteons. D) canaliculi. E) lamellae.

C) osteons.

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) radial. B) anterior. C) parallel. D) proximal. E) diagonal.

C) parallel

Connective tissue fibers incorporated into bone tissue from ligaments are called A) elastic fibers. B) reticular fibers. C) perforating fibers. D) superficial fibers. E) calcified fibers.

C) perforating fibers

The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process? A) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons B) surface growth of bone C) remodeling of compact bone D) remodeling of spongy bone E) osteoporosis

C) remodeling of compact bone

Bones that are small, round and tend to develop in tendons are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

C) sesamoid bones.

Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called ________ bones. A) irregular B) sesamoid C) sutural D) sagittal E) tendon

C) sutural

A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. A) tubercle B) trochanter C) trochlea D) tuberosity E) trabeculae

C) trochlea

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? A) patella B) frontal C) vertebra D) metatarsal E) ulna

C) vertebra

The femur can withstand ________ times the body's weight without breaking. A) 3 B) 5 to 10 C) 8 D) 10 to 15 E) 30

D) 10 to 15

The adult skeleton contains ________ major bones. A) 88 B) 115 C) 174 D) 206 E) 251

D) 206

________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) A synovial membrane B) Elastic cartilage C) A serous membrane D) Articular cartilage E) Serous fluid

D) Articular cartilage

________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoclast C) Osteoid D) Osteogenic E) Osteolytic

D) Osteogenic

________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteoclasts B) Osteocytes C) Osteomedullary cells D) Osteogenic cells E) Osteoid cells

D) Osteogenic cells

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? A) The bone would be less flexible. B) The bone would be stronger. C) The bone would be more brittle. D) The bone would be more flexible. E) The bone would be more compressible.

D) The bone would be more flexible.

The central canal of an osteon contains A) bone marrow. B) osteocytes. C) concentric lamellae. D) blood vessels. E) lacunae.

D) blood vessels

Which of the following chemicals is not present in bone? A) calcium phosphate B) collagen fibers C) calcium carbonate D) chondroitin sulfate E) hydroxyapatite

D) chondroitin sulfate

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) crest. B) ridge. C) head. D) condyle. E) trochlea.

D) condyle.

A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. A) sinus B) fossa C) meatus D) foramen E) cavernosa

D) foramen

What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification? A) connective tissue membranes B) fibrocartilage C) mesenchymal tissue D) hyaline cartilage E) Wharton's jelly

D) hyaline cartilage

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) puberty begins. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) appositional bone growth begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) the bone becomes more brittle.

D) long bones have reached their adult length.

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the A) diaphysis. B) epiphysis. C) osseophysis. D) metaphysis. E) medullary cavity.

D) metaphysis.

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. A) osteoclast B) osteolytic C) mesenchymal D) osteoblast E) osteocyte

D) osteoblast

The superficial membrane of a bone is called the A) endosteum. B) ectosteum. C) cortical membrane. D) periosteum. E) osteoid collar.

D) periosteum.

Bones that are boxy with approximately equal dimensions are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

D) short bones.

A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a A) tubercle. B) trochanter. C) trochlea. D) tuberosity. E) trabecula.

D) tuberosity

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. What is the correct order for these events? 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die. 2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage. 5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a superficial layer of bone. A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 C) 1, 5, 3, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

E) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

Which structure is characteristic of spongy bone? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

E) 5

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system? A) body support B) calcium homeostasis C) protection of internal organs D) blood cell production E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

________ account(s) for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone. A) Water B) Calcium carbonate C) Collagen fibers D) Fluoride E) Calcium phosphate

E) Calcium phosphate

________ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched. A) Calcium B) Mineral C) Elastic D) Carbon E) Collagen

E) Collagen

Which of the following is true of osteoclasts? A) Osteoclasts maintain protein and mineral content of matrix. B) Osteoclasts are responsible for laying down osteoid. C) Osteoclasts form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi. D) Osteoclasts are located within lacunae. E) Osteoclasts secretes protein digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix.

E) Osteoclasts secretes protein digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix.

Which of the following is not true of osteocytes? A) Osteocytes maintain protein and mineral content of matrix. B) Osteocytes take part in repair of damaged bone. C) Osteocytes form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi. D) Osteocytes are located within lacunae. E) Osteocytes have 50 or more nuclei.

E) Osteocytes have 50 or more nuclei.

________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. A) Blue B) Yellow C) White D) Gray E) Red

E) Red

Layers of bony matrix at the outer and inner surfaces of bone and covered by the periosteum and the endosteum are A) concentric lamellae. B) osteons. C) Haversian systems. D) interstitial lamellae. E) circumferential lamellae.

E) circumferential lamellae.

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the A) proximal epiphysis. B) periosteum. C) metaphysis. D) distal epiphysis. E) diaphysis.

E) diaphysis.

Bones that have complex shapes are A) long bones. B) flat bones. C) sesamoid bones. D) short bones. E) irregular bones.

E) irregular bones

The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteolytes. D) osteoprogenitor cells. E) osteocytes.

E) osteocytes

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells. A) osteopropagator B) osteoforming C) osteocreator D) osteotrophic E) osteogenic

E) osteogenic

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? A) roof of the skull B) carpal bones C) femur D) clavicle E) the roof of the skull and the clavicle

E) the roof of the skull and the clavicle