Bones + Skeletal Tissue (Ch. 6)

transverse

A bone fracture perpendicular to the bone's axis is called a(n) ________ fracture. A) nondisplaced B) linear C) transverse D) incomplete

Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification?

A cartilage model is formed.

Which event has to proceed all others during endochondral ossification?

A cartilage model is formed.

What causes osteoporosis? A) abnormal PTH receptors B) Osteoclasts out-pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries. C) poor posture D) heritage such as African or Mediterranean

B

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

False

In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.

False

In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow. True or False

False

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of

Fat

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

Fibrocartilage

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? glucagon low blood Ca2+ concentration mechanical stress parathyroid hormone

Glucagon

Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength?

Gravity

Osteoporosis

________ is a disease of the bone in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones.

sinus

a cavity or hollow space in a bone

osteoclasts

the bone cells that break down bone. If they were activated more than normal, you should expect to see bone loss

Calcium levels

8.5-11 mg/dL PTH makes sure Ca stays at least 8.5 calcitonin makes sure it does not go above 11

sesamoid

A bone embedded in a tendon is called a ________ bone.

How can a tooth be moved in a bony socket during orthodontic treatment?

By applying slight pressure to a tooth, the bone on the forward side will reabsorb, while the bone on the reverse side will be reformed.

In the epiphyseal plate, Cartlidge grows

By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

True

T or F: The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.

True

T or F: The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

True

T or F: The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

How are tendons and ligaments important for movement?

Tendon a connective tissue attaching muscle to bone. When a muscle contracts to move a joint it is the tendon which pulls on the bone. Ligaments are strong bands which connect bones to bones at the joint. They're elasticated to allow the movement of that joint, but are strong enough to stop movement outside the normal range

Which of the following is not a part of the brain stem?

Thalamus

Epiphyseal line

The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth

Diaphysis

The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells

blood vessels and nerve fibers

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) cartilage and interstitial lamellae B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) yellow marrow and spicules D) blood vessels and nerve fibers

osteoblast

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. A) osteocyte B) osteoblast C) osteoclast D) chondrocyte

Chondrocytes

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone?

The epiphyseal plate

Appositional growth

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface

irregular

Vertebrae are considered ________ bones. A) long B) flat C) short D) irregular

Even in Hawaii, it is common to find people deficient---- in blank ---do to not spending enough time outdoors without sunscreen

Vitamin D

The diaphysis bone is composed almost entirely of compact bone (except in irregular and short bones) while the epiphyses are composed almost entirely of spongy bone. The epiphyses are on the ends of the bone while the diaphysis is the "shank" of the bone. The diaphysis in long bones has a large medullary cavity while the epiphyses do not.

What are the differences between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones?

Blood vessels and nerve fibers.

What is found in a Haversian canal?

hyaline cartilage

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A) elastic connective tissue B) dense fibrous connective tissue C) fibrocartilage D) hyaline cartilage

greenstick

Which fracture would be least likely in a 92-year-old? A) compression B) greenstick C) comminuted D) spiral

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? A) calcitonin B) thyroxine C) parathyroid hormone D) estrogen

thyroid

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? A) pineal gland B) thyroid C) parathyroid D) spleen

communication

Which of the following is (are) not the function(s) of the skeletal system? A) support B) storage of minerals C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D) communication

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth? A) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones. B) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. C) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage. D) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

factors that influence the stability of a synovial joint include

all- shape of articular cartilage, presence of strong reinforcing ligaments, and tone of surrounding muscles

the disorder in which bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal is a. osteomalacia b. osteoporosis c. Paget's disease

b. osteoporosis

Blood cell formation occurs in the bones of the skeleton in areas of a. yellow bone marrow b. red bone marrow c. the matric of bone tissue d. the ground substance

b. red bone marrow

Dislocations involving synovial joints are usually prevented by all of the following, EXCEPT a. structures such as ligaments that stabilize and support the joint b. the presence of bursae c. the presence of other bones that prevent certain movements d. the position of muscles and fat pads that limit the degree of movement e. the shape of the articulating surface

b. the presence of bursae

Wolff's law is concerned with a. calcium homeostasis of the blood b. the thickness and shape of a bone being determined by mechanical and gravitational stresses placed on it c. the electrical charge on bone surfaces

b. the thickness and shape of a bone being determined by mechanical and gravitational stresses placed on it

Where within the epiphyseal plate are the dividing cartilage cells located

farthest from the shaft

where within the epiphyseal plate are the dividing cartilage cells located?

farthest from the shaft

articulates with the acetabulem and the tibia

femur

nearly are all synarthrotic

fiberous joints

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________.

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

scoliosis

lateral or side-to-side curvature of the spine

lamellae

layers of bone matrix.

articular cartilage

like hyaline, more water, very slick

Femur Sternum Tarsals Skull bones

long bone flat bone short bone flat bone

Glucagon

main action is to increase blood glucose levels by triggering the breakdown of glycogen in the liver; it does not affect bone remodeling.

forms the chin

mandible

keystone bone of the face

maxillary

form the hard palate

maxillary & palatine

bone remodeling in adults is regulated and directed mainly by

mechanical stress and PTH

What type of cell is shown at A? FIGURE 2 osteocyte mesenchymal osteoclast osteoblast

osteocyte Osteocytes, literally "bone cells," are the primary structural and maintenance cells found in bone.

Mature cells

osteocytes/ lacune cells connected via canaliculi

Osteoblasts

synthesize new matrix, builders of bone (immature bone cells)

contains mastoid sinuses

temporal

In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to

temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses

In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to ________.

temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses

epiphyseal line

the appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.

diaphysis

the area of long bones where cartilages cells are replaced by bone cells.

chondrocyte

the cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone?

the epiphyseal plate

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? the epiphyses the diaphysis the epiphyseal plate the medullary cavity

the epiphyseal plate Correct. The epiphyseal plate is a weak point because of the lack of calcification.

Osteogenesis is the process of

Bone formation

Comminuted

Bone fragments into many pieces

Comminuted Fracture

Bone fragments into many pieces.

Bone only appears lifeless in gross anatomy. Microscopically, bone is full of cells and blood vessels which maintain and renew bone tissue. Approximately 5 to 7% of our bone mass is recycled each week. Up to 0.5 g of calcium may enter or leave the bones each day, depending on the negative feedback hormonal mechanism and gravitational forces.

Bones appear to be lifeless structures. Does bone material renew itself?

osteoclast

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A) osteoclast B) osteocyte C) osteoblast D) stem cell

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. A) cartilage and compact bone B) marrow and osteons C) osteoblasts and osteoclasts D) chondrocytes and osteocytes

bone remodeling

20% per year

The process of bones increasing in with is known as

Appositional growth

The bones of the vertebral column are

Irregular

What is structural unit of compact bone

The osteon

growth plate

block of hyaline cartilage

crest

narrow ridge of bone

diaphysis

shaft

Which of the following is a characteristic of the bone material at D but NOT of the material at B? FIGURE 1 an origin in mesenchyme lamellae vascularity osteocytes

vascularity The compact bone at D would contain blood vessels as well as nerves in the central canals of its osteons. The spongy bone at B would be nourished by the surrounding fluids.

calcitrol

vitamin D frequently works with PTH

What kinds of protective gear can prevent injuries to the skeletal system?

wear a helmate

Fibrocartilage

withstand pressure and stretch

Elastic Cartilage

withstand repetitive bending

How will behaviors you practice during your teen years affect your chances of getting osteoporosis later in life?

working out and drinking milk

osteoprogenitor cells

(stem cells) differentiate into osteoblasts line the endosteum, central canal of osteon

Matrix

1/3 collagen fibers 2/3 calcium salts lamelle, maintained by the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

cerebellum

2nd largest part of your brain

brain stem

3 inch long stalk of nerve cell and fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. A) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates B) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity C) calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage D) differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes

A

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________. A) calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D B) potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D C) vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride D) sodium, calcium, and vitamin E

A

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) calcium D) parathyroid hormone

A

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A) fat B) blood-forming cells C) Sharpey's fibers D) elastic tissue

A

Osteomyelitis is caused by

A bacterial infection, most commonly Staphylococcus bacteria

Order the events of endochondral ossification

A bone collar is laid down around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model ↓ Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities ↓ The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms ↓ The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms ↓ The epiphyses ossify

Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification? A cartilage model is formed. Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. An epiphyseal plate is trapped between the diaphysis and either epiphysis. A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis.

A cartilage model is formed. This event precedes all others in endochondral ossification.

nerve

A central (Haversian) canal may contain arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and ________ fibers.

Why are an elderly adults bones more likely to break in a simple fall in a child's

A child bones have more organic matrix which allows for more flexibility

diaphysis

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. A) epiphysis B) metaphysis C) diaphysis D) articular cartilage

comminuted

A fracture in which a bone is broken into many pieces would be classified as a ________ fracture.

endochondral

A long bone forms by a process known as ________ ossification.

fissure

A narrow slitlike opening in bones is called a ________ .

foramen

A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called a ________.

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________. A. bone formation B. bone destruction to liberate calcium C. making a cartilage model of the fetal bone D. making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage

A. bone formation

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood? A. epiphyseal plate B. osteon C. lacuna D. epiphyseal line

A. epiphyseal plate

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A. fat B. elastic tissue C. blood-forming cells D. Sharpey's fiber

A. fat

Bones do NOT have a role in __________. A. glycogen production B. support C. movement D.fat storage E. blood cell formation

A. glycogen production

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. A. hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling B. hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation C. bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling D. bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation

A. hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A. hyaline cartilage B. dense fibrous connective tissue C. elastic connective tissue D. fibrocartilage

A. hyaline cartilage

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? A.the epiphyseal plate B. the epiphyses C. the diaphysis D. the medullary cavity

A.the epiphyseal plate

Paget's Disease

Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption

Which of the following statements is true?

After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

Which of the following statements is true? By 21, the width of the bones stops changing. PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix. Increasing levels of calcium in the blood will trigger calcium deposition in the bone. After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

Which of the following statements is true? PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix. By 21, the width of the bones stops changing. Increasing levels of calcium in the blood will trigger calcium deposition in the bone. After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones. This is correct. By 21, most people have experienced the process that seals the epiphyseal plates.

Greenstick

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children

Greenstick Fracture

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children.

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary

And ossification center must form in the fibrous connective tissue

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________.

Apposition also growth

Epiphyseal plate

Area where bone longitudal growth takes place

Bone resorption

As the bone widens, the matrix at the endosteal surface is resorbed to maintain the proper thickness of the walls surrounding the medullary cavity.

at epiphyseal plates

At the end of secondary ossification, hyaline cartilage can be found:

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________. A) yellow marrow and spicules B) blood vessels and nerve fibers C) cartilage and interstitial lamellae D) adipose tissue and nerve fibers

B

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth? A) Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones. B) Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within. C) Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. D) Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage.

B

Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts B) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it C) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age D) the function of bone being dependent on shape

B

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located? FIGURE 1 A B C D E

B Hematopoietic tissue is found in the spaces within the red bone marrow found within certain body locations consisting of spongy bone. Examples include the diploe of flat bones and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus (pictured).

Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________.

Bone formation

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage? A. Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. B. Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within. C.Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage. D. Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.

B. Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Bone would be more brittle with more collagen in the matrix. B. Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption. C. Osteoclasts are important in removing calcium from the blood stream. D. The red marrow in the medullary cavity produces our red blood cells.

B. Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption.

Which pairing is NOT correct? A. appendicular skeleton; limb girdles B. axial skeleton; bones of the limbs C. axial skeleton; supports internal organs D. appendicular skeleton; used during movement

B. axial skeleton; bones of the limbs

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A. by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B. by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C. in a circular fashion D. from the edges inward

B. by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone. A. nutrient foramens B. canaliculi C. central canals D. perforating (Volkmann's) canals

B. canaliculi

Which of the following are correctly matched? A. incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through B. compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin C. linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis D. nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned

B. compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women? A. abnormal PTH receptors B. estrogen deficiency due to menopause C. poor posture D. heritage such as African or Mediterranean

B. estrogen deficiency due to menopause

Which of the following most directly controls bone remodeling? A. mechanical stress and diet B. mechanical stress and hormones C. the nervous system and hormones D. hormones and diet

B. mechanical stress and hormones

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? A. stem cell B. osteoclast C. osteoblast D. osteocyte

B. osteoclast

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________. A. chondrocyte B. osteocyte C. osteoclast D. osteogenic cell

B. osteocyte

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone? A. foramen B. ramus C. epicondyle D. meatus E. fossa

B. ramus

Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED? A. skull bones: flat bones B. sternum: long bone C. tarsals: short bones D. femur: long bone

B. sternum: long bone

In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to ________. A. increase blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoblasts B. temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses C. increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts D. decrease mitosis of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plate

B. temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses

Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A. the function of bone being dependent on shape B. the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it C. the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts D. vertical growth of bones being dependent on age

B. the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment? A. fossa B. trochanter C. sinus D. groove E. foramen

B. trochanter

hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation is called ________.

The canal that runs through the core of each Osteon is the site of

Blood vessels and nerves fibers

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. A) cartilage and compact bone B) chondrocytes and osteocytes C) osteoblasts and osteoclasts D) marrow and osteons

C

Osteogenesis is the process of ________. A) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage B) bone destruction to liberate calcium C) bone formation D) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone

C

The term diploë refers to the ________. A) double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone B) fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue C) internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones D) two types of marrow found within most bones

C

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? A) decreased osteoclast activity B) increased osteoclast activity C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage D) inadequate calcification of bone

C

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? A) pineal gland B) spleen C) thyroid D) parathyroid

C

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone? A) fossa E) epicondyle B) meatus C) ramus D) foramen

C

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood? A) Haversian system B) lacunae C) epiphyseal plate D) epiphyseal line

C

ossification

converting other tissue to bone 2 kinds intramembranous, endochondrial

Which of the following statements is true? A. Increasing levels of calcium in the blood will trigger calcium deposition in the bone. B. PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix. C. After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones. D. By 21, the width of the bones stops changing.

C. After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones. B. Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes. C. Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation). D. Most bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification.

C. Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation).

Which of the following pairings is correct? A. osteomalacia; excessive mineralization of the bone B. osteoporosis; increased bone density C. Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption D. rickets; deficiency of vitamin A

C. Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

What would be the physical sign that a bone CANNOT continue longitudinal growth? A. the presence of osteoblasts B. the presence of osteons C. an epiphyseal line D. the presence of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bone

C. an epiphyseal line

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification? A. fibrous membrane B. fascia C. cartilage D. bone

C. cartilage

Osteoblasts __________. A. maintain bone matrix B. break down bone C. form new bone D. form skeletal cartilage

C. form new bone

The term diploë refers to the ________. A. fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue B. two types of marrow found within most bones C. internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones D. double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone

C. internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

Which of the following cells are NOT matched with its appropriate function? A. osteoblasts create new bone matrix B. osteoclasts; bone reabsorption C. osteocytes; produce new bone cells. D. bone lining cells; maintain matrix

C. osteocytes; produce new bone cells.

What is the structural unit of compact bone? A. Haversian canal B. osteoid C. osteon D. canaliculus

C. osteon

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following? A. amount of mineral salts in the bone B. amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone C. sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules D. presence of osteoblasts in the bone

C. sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function? A. elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending B. hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones C. skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways D. fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch

C. skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth? A. along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger B. growth at the epiphyseal plate C. the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage D. the lengthening of hyaline cartilage

C. the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Cranial bones develop ________. A. within osseous membranes B. from a tendon C. within fibrous membranes D. from cartilage models

C. within fibrous membranes

Remodeling a kitchen to add additional cabinets to existing ones also means adding extra support. In a similar respect, bone remodeling alters bone structure without adversely affecting bone strength. What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support?

Calcium

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________.

Calcium and Vitamin D

Normal bone formation and growth depends upon the adequate intake of

Calcium, phosphate in vitamin D

What tissue forms the model for endochondral ossification

Cartilage

What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?

Cartilage

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth is ________. A) growth at the epiphyseal plate B) the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage C) along the edges only D) the lengthening of hyaline cartilage

high water content

Cartilage is found in strategic places in the human skeleton. What is responsible for the resilience of cartilage? A) high water content B) hydroxyapatite deposits C) calcium influx D) phosphate ions

Osteoblasts

Cells that can build bony matrix

Osteoclasts

Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, causing the Cartlidge to grow from within

Spiral

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force

Spiral Fracture

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system

Communication

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support wait and withstand tension stress

Compact bone

The organic matrix contributes to the bone structure and its tensile strength, while the inorganic matrix contributes to hardness and resistance to compression.

Compare the function of the organic materials in the bone matrix with the function of the inorganic materials in the matrix.

Osteoporosis

Condition where bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal

within fibrous membranes

Cranial bones develop ________. A) from cartilage models B) within fibrous membranes C) from a tendon D) within osseous membranes

Hyaline Cartilage

cover the ends of bones

Cranial bones develop ________. A) within osseous membranes B) from a tendon C) from cartilage models D) within fibrous membranes

D

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B) involves medullary cavity formation C) takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification D) is produced by secondary ossification centers

D

Osteomyelitis is ________. A) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism B) literally known as "soft bones" C) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium D) due to pus-forming bacteria

D

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? A) irregular bone B) spongy bone C) trabecular bone D) compact bone

D

What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture? A) osteocytes B) dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D C) osteoclasts D) osteoblasts

D

Which step in the figure contains compact bone? FIGURE 3 A B C D

D Osteoblasts in the periosteal layer form compact bone characteristic of the exterior surface of a mature bone.

Which of the labeled parts of the bone is composed primarily of compact bone? FIGURE 1 A B C D E

D The shaft of an adult long bone is composed of compact bone.

Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification? A. A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis. B. An epiphyseal plate is trapped between the diaphysis and either epiphysis. C. Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. D. A cartilage model is formed.

D. A cartilage model is formed.

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A. A medullary cavity forms. B. The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. C. A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. D. Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.

D. Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.

The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________. A. epiphyseal plate closure B. closing of the epiphyseal plate C. concentric growth D. appositional growth

D. appositional growth

Which hormone is NOT matched with its appropriate function? A. leptin; regulates bone density B. osteocalcin; regulates glucose metabolism C. growth hormone;lengthens bones D. calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

D. calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses? A. trabecular bone B. spongy bone C. irregular bone D. compact bone

D. compact bone

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. A. epiphysis B. articular cartilage C. metaphysis D. diaphysis

D. diaphysis

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________. A. testosterone B. thyroid hormones C. estrogen D. growth hormone

D. growth hormone

There are several components to a functional osteon. Changes to which of the following components would make the bones less strong overall and cause the bones to bend under a person's body weight? A. articular cartilage B. osteoid C. periosteum D. hydroxyapatite

D. hydroxyapatite

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________. A. calcification B. hematopoiesis C. appositional growth D. interstitial growth

D. interstitial growth

At an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. Choose the correct classification. A. irregular B. sesamoid C. short D. long

D. long

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. A. osteocyte B. chondrocyte C. osteoclast D. osteoblast

D. osteoblast

An imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density. A. osteocytes B. osteoblasts C. chondroblasts D. osteoclasts

D. osteoclasts

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________. A. the struts of bone known as spicules B. a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage C. Volkmann's canals D. perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

D. perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

What is the structural unit of compact bone? A. osseous matrix B. lamellar bone C. spongy bone D. the osteon

D. the osteon

Spongy bone contains ________. A. lamellar bone B. osteons C. osseous lamellae D. trabeculae

D. trabeculae

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it. A. fossa B. meatus C. foramen D. trochanter

D. trochanter

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

Decreased epiphyseal plate activity

What is the most common cause of us your process and women

Decreased sex steroids following menopause cause is osteoblast to slow down while not affecting the osteoclasts

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood

Growth hormone

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood

Growth hormone

Blood vessels enter through the periosteum into a perforating canal. The vessel may follow along the axis of the bone through a central canal. Osteocytes have long, almost dendritic-like extensions or arms that reach out through tiny holes called canaliculi. The canaliculi connect one cell to another and to the central canal. Oxygen would leave the blood vessel in the central canal and travel through the canaliculi from cell to cell until it reaches the cell in question.

Describe how oxygen is carried from outside a bone to an individual osteocyte.

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the __?__.

Diaphysis

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

Diaphysis

Osteomalacia

Disease where bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight-bearing

At what age do bones reach their peak density?

Early adult hood

At what age do bones reach their peak density?

Early adulthood

In cases of precious puberty, the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes to early. What might be the cause

Elevated levels of the sex steroids

Which of the following statements is true?

Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation).

Which of the following statements is true? Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones. Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation). Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes.

Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation).

Which of the following statements is true? Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes. Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones. Most bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation).

Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation). Endochondral ossification is the formation of bone within hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage "bones" are used as templates for the formation of true bone. Most bones below the base of the skull form by endochondral ossification.

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone?

Epiphyseal Plate

The diaphysis a bone increases in length until early childhood due to the

Epiphyseal plate

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?

Epiphyseal plate

drinking fluoridated water

Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________. A) drinking fluoridated water B) decreasing weight-bearing exercise C) increasing dietary vitamin C D) decreasing exposure to the sun

An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. B) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. C) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. D) A medullary cavity forms.

What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture?

Formation of hematoma

If growth hormone is produced in excess during childhood, before the fusing of the epiphyseal plates, the child will

Grow excessively tall

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________.

Growth hormone

Appositional growth

Growth in width involves the adding of layers of lamellar (compact) bone along the bone's outer surface. This process of growth by "layering" is termed appositional growth and is distinct from growth by expansion of the interior matrix (interstitial growth).

growth horomones

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood? A) thyroid hormone B) somatomedins C) growth hormone D) prolactin

If growth hormone is deficient during childhood, the child will

Have a shortened stature

What is blood cell formation called

Hemotopiesis

Intramembraneous ossification starts in connective tissue from mesenchymal cells that become osteoblasts. These osteoblasts cluster together into an ossification center. Endochondral ossification starts with a hyaline cartilage "template." Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts and begin forming bone around the cartilage.

How is the beginning of intramembraneous ossification different from endochondral ossification?

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo

Hyaline cartilage

The parathyroid gland normally responds to low calcium ion levels in the blood and releases PTH which mobilizes osteoclasts to step up bone destruction, releasing more calcium into the bloodstream. If the parathyroid is not functioning properly it may release too much PTH or not respond at all, which seems to be the case here.

If your doctor notices a marked decrease in calcium ion levels in your blood, what gland might he suspect is not functioning properly and why?

Why do wheelchair bound people whose legs are paralyzed have thin, weak bones in their legs

In addition to calcium and vitamin d, bones require weight-bearing activities and the stress of stabilizing muscle contractions to maintain appropriate density

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

In bone formation, a deficiency of growth hormone will cause ________. A) inadequate calcification of bone B) decreased osteoclast activity C) decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage D) increased osteoclast activity

elevated levels of sex hormones

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? A) overproduction of thyroid hormone B) elevated levels of sex hormones C) too much vitamin D in the diet D) osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. A) by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis B) by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis C) from the edges inward D) in a circular fashion

osteitis

Inflamation of bony tissue is called ________.

The term diploë refers to

Internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________.

Interstitial growth

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called...

Interstitial growth

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through

Interstitional growth of the epiphyseal plates.

Ossification of the ends of long bones

Is produced by the secondary ossification centers within the Hyaline Cartilage of the at the epiphysis

Electrical signals direct the remodeling process.

It is thought that remodeling or bone growth is in response to the forces placed on it. Which of the following hypotheses may explain how mechanical forces communicate with cells responsible for bone remodeling? A) Increase in the synthesis of growth hormone directs the remodeling process. B) Vitamin D enhances the remodeling process. C) Bone deposition by osteoclasts is responsible for remodeling. D) Electrical signals direct the remodeling process.

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________. A) calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D B) potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D C) sodium, calcium, and vitamin E D) vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride

Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT? Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts. Osteoclasts secrete digestive enzymes and hydrogen ions. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and calcium-binding proteins. Bone lining cells on the internal surfaces of bone are also called endosteal cells.

Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are derived from the same hematopoietic stem cells that differentiate into macrophages; they are not derived from osteogenic cells.

Lamellae

Layers of bone matrix

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. A) interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates B) the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity C) differentiation of osteoclasts D) calcification of the matrix

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and remodeling.

List the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Long bones include all limb bones except the patella.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Irregular bones include the vertebrae and hip bones. Long bones include all limb bones except the patella. The sternum is an example of a flat bone. Sesamoid bones form within certain tendons.

Long bones include all limb bones except the patella. This is false; long bones include all limb bones except the patella, tarsals, and carpals.

Which of the following most directly controls bone remodeling?

Mechanical stress and hormones

What problem of the muscular system is an inherited disease?

Muscle sprain

---blank---contributes structure and tensile strength to bone, while--blank---contributes hardness in resistance to compression

Organic matrix/inorganic matrix

is produced by secondary ossification centers

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. A) is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation B) involves medullary cavity formation C) is produced by secondary ossification centers D) takes twice as long as diaphysis

pain in a bone

Ostealgia is ________________. A) a defect called clubfoot B) a disease of the bone C) pain in a bone D) fractured bone

Inflammation of bony tissue is called

Osteitis

What is absolutely required for bone growth, or healing to occur following a fracture

Osteoblast

The sole responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is called the

Osteoblasts

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

Osteoclasts

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

Osteoclasts

When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an ________.

Osteocyte

bone formation

Osteogenesis is the process of ________. A) making a cartilage model of the fetal bone B) bone destruction to liberate calcium C) bone formation D) making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage

Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT?

Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts.

due to pus-forming bacteria

Osteomyelitis is ________. A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium B) literally known as "soft bones" C) due to pus-forming bacteria D) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism

Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones?

Osteoporosis

Which of the following is a condition that involves a progressive loss of bone tissue?

Osteoporosis

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?

Osteoporosis

Bone remodeling in adults is regulated mainly by

PTH (?)

Which of the following pairings is correct?

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Which of the following pairings is correct? osteoporosis; increased bone density Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption rickets; deficiency of vitamin A osteomalacia; excessive mineralization of the bone

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Which of the following pairings is correct? Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption osteoporosis; increased bone density osteomalacia; excessive mineralization of the bone rickets; deficiency of vitamin A

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption Paget's disease is associated with excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption.

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream

Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

Parathyroid hormone

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________.

Perforating fibers

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

Producing red cells

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an arm like bar of bone

Ramus

A child presents with an enlarged forehead, knobby ribcage, and bowed legs. Radiographs reveal very thick epiphyseal plates. What condition does this child most likely have?

Rickets

a deficiency of vitamin D

Rickets can be caused by:

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

The resilience of bone is primarily due to which of the following

Sacrificial bonds between collagen fibers that dissipate the energy of stresses on the bone and reform once the stressor is removed

The sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue.

Select the correct statement concerning the location of blood-forming tissue. A) There is blood-forming marrow in the diaphysis of most long bones of an adult. B) The sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue. C) There is blood-forming marrow in most short bones of an adult. D) Blood-forming tissue is found in the skull and pelvic bones only.

The patella is a

Sesamoid bone

To keep bones in proper dimensions, PTH and calcitonin are the major determinants of whether and when remodeling will occur in response to changing blood calcium.

Several hormones control the remodeling of bones. Which two respond to changing blood calcium levels?

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called

Sharpies fibers

If growth hormone is produced in excess in an adult, after the epiphyseal plates fuse, they will

Show excess growth in loans without epiphyseal plates

Canaliculi

Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

Which of the following statements is true? Bone would be more brittle with more collagen in the matrix. Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption. The red marrow in the medullary cavity produces our red blood cells. Osteoclasts are important in removing calcium from the blood stream.

Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption. While not as strong as compact bone, spongy bone is a great shock absorber.

trabeculae

Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________. A) osteons B) lamellar bone C) trabeculae D) osseous lamellae

Why, or why not, is swimming recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis?

Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight-bearing exercise.

False; flat bones

T or F: All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones.

True

T or F: An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

False; childhood to adolescence

T or F: Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months' gestation.

False

T or F: Bones are classified by whether they are weight-bearing or protective in function.

True

T or F: Cartilage has a flexible matrix which can accomodate mitosis of chrondrocytes.

False

T or F: Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

True

T or F: Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.

True

T or F: Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones

False

T or F: In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.

False

T or F: Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.

True

T or F: Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.

False

T or F: The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.

Endosteum

The lining of the marrow cavity

hyaline

The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________. A) hyaline B) elastic C) fibrocartilage D) epiphyseal

Which statement is NOT true about the osteon?

The osteon absorbs stress in all directions equally

Which statement is NOT true about the osteon? Strength of the osteon comes from the inorganic salts secreted into the bone matrix. The osteon is not brittle because of the organic collagen in the matrix. The osteon absorbs stress in all directions equally. The more osteons in a bone, the stronger the bone is.

The osteon absorbs stress in all directions equally. This is not a true statement. In fact, the reason that bones break is because a stress is placed on the osteons at an angle opposite to the direction that the osteons run.

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________. A) Volkmann's canals B) a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage C) Perforating (Sharpey's ) fibers D) the struts of bone known as spicules

shoulder, hip, jaw, and elbow joints

synovial joint

appositional growth

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________. A) closing of the epiphyseal plate B) long bones reaching adult length and width C) appositional growth D) concentric growth

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitaial. What is appositional growth?

The secretion of of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.

lacunae

The small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live are called ________. A) lacunae B) Volkmann's canals C) Haversian canals D) trabeculae

the osteon

The structural unit of compact bone is ________. A) osseous matrix B) spongy bone C) lamellar bone D) the osteon

compact bone

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? A) spongy bone B) irregular bone C) compact bone D) trabecular bone

the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

The term diploë refers to ________. A) the double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone B) the fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue C) the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones D) the two types of marrow found within most bones

Wolff's law describes how

The thickness and shape of a bone are dependent upon stresses placed on it

reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization

The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40 ________. A) is slower in females than in males B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization D) is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans

all are diarthrotic

synovial joints

Which of the following statements is true regarding the future actions of the vessels in the medullary cavity and the vessels in the epiphyses of the bone? FIGURE 5 They will grow and encourage bone formation until the epiphyseal plate eventually ossifies. They will grow and encourage bone formation until all cartilage in the bone is ossified. They will grow to a certain size and then maintain all of the cartilage seen in the figure. They will eventually degrade and die, leaving the bone with little or no blood supply.

They will grow and encourage bone formation until the epiphyseal plate eventually ossifies The loss of the epiphyseal plate will seal the epiphysis and diaphysis and eventually end the lengthening of the bone.

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels

Thyroid

The structural unit of spongy bone is called

Trabeculae

Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it.

Trochanter

What is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment?

Trochanter

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

True

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only. True False

True

Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false?

True

Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false? True False

True

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. True False

True

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.

True

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite. True False

True

The collagen in the osteoid bone matrix makes the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing flexibility. Is this statement true or false?

True

The main role of the axial skeleton is to protect and support vital organs. Is this statement true or false?

True

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

True

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress. True False

True

Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false? True False

True Flat bones consist of two thin plates of compact bone enclosing a spongy bone layer.

The collagen in the osteoid bone matrix makes the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing flexibility. Is this statement true or false? True False

True The matrix is one-third organic osteoid. This portion includes a large amount of collagen that allows the bone to stretch and absorb shock without being too brittle.

Bones of children are not completely calcified, with a higher ratio of more flexible organic fibers. Bones in the elderly are more completely calcified, which gives the characteristic of rigidity.

Why are the bones of young children much more flexible than those of the elderly?

Cranial bones develop

Within fibrous membrane

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Wolff's law is concerned with ________. A) vertical growth of bones being dependent on age B) the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it C) the function of bone being dependent on shape D) the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts

Fat

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A) fat B) blood-forming cells C) elastic tissue D) Sharpey's fibers

Osteoclasts

________ are multinucleated cells that destroy bone.

Appositional

________ growth is growth in the diameter of long bones.

Mesenchymal cells

_____________ are not one of the four cell types that populate bone tissue in adults. A) Osteoblasts B) Mesenchymal cells C) Osteocytes D) Osteoprogenitor cells

Trochanter

a bone projection; projections often protrude from the bone because of the interaction forced upon them by muscle or ligaments

Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification?

a cartilage model is formed

an osteon has

a central canal carrying blood vessels, concentric lamellae, osteocytes in lacunae, canaliculi that connect lacunae to the central canal

A bone with approximately the same width, length, and height is most likely

a short bone

a bone with approximately the same width, length, and height is most likely...

a short bone

fovea

a small pit or depression

fossa

a smooth, shallow depression

meatus

a tubelike passageway; tunnel

Epiphyseal plate

a weak point because of the lack of calcification

Frank does not begin puberty until he is 16. What effect would you predict this will have on his stature? a. Frank will probably be taller than if he had started puberty earlier b. Frank will probably be shorter that if he had started puberty earlier c. Frank will probably be a dwarf d. Frank will have bones that are heavier that normal e. The late onset of puberty will have no effect on Frank's stature

a. Frank will probably be taller than if he had started puberty earlier

Two-thirds of the weight of bone is accounted for by a. crystals of calcium phosphate b. collagen fibers c. osteocytes d. calcium carbonate

a. crystals of calcium phosphate

The fracture type in which the bone ends are incompletely separated is a. greenstick b. compound c. simple d. comminuted e. compression

a. greenstick

The non-pathologic loss of bone that occurs with aging is called a. osteopenia b. osteoporosis c. osteomyelitis d. osteoitis e. osteomalcia

a. osteopenia

The membrane found wrapping the bones, except at the joint cavity, is the a. periosteum b. endosteum c. perforating fibers d. a, b, and c are correct

a. periosteum

The primary reason that osteoporosis accelerates after menopause in women is a. reduced levels of circulating estrogens b. reduced levels of vitamin C c. diminished osteoclast activity d. increased osteoblast activity

a. reduced levels of circulation estrogens

How can a tooth be moved in a bony socket during orthodontic treatment? a.) By applying slight pressure to a tooth, the bone on the forward side will reabsorb, while the bone on the reverse side will be reformed. b.) Teeth are avascular, allowing part of the tooth to be removed for repositioning. c.) By applying slight pressure to a tooth, the bone on the forward side will reformed, while the bone on the reverse side will be reabsorbed. d.) By applying slight pressure to a tooth, the gums will be reabsorbed and reformed to the new position of the tooth.

a.) By applying slight pressure to a tooth, the bone on the forward side will reabsorb, while the bone on the reverse side will be reformed.

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient. a.) hip bone b.) medullary cavity of femur c.) frontal bone d.) head of humerus

a.) hip bone

There are several components to a functional osteon. Changes to which of the following components would make the bones less strong overall and cause the bones to bend under a person's body weight? a.) hydroxy apatite b.) articular cartilage c.) osteoid d.) periosteum

a.) hydroxy apatite

What is the structural unit of compact bone? a.) osteon b.) Haversian canal c.) canaliculus d.) osteoid

a.) osteon

Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones? a.) osteoporosis b.) Paget's disease c.) osteomalacia d.) rickets

a.) osteoporosis

paget's disease

abnormal bone formation and reabsorption.

Which of the following diseases would most likely be associated with a disorder at A? FIGURE6 osteosarcoma osteomalacia osteoarthritis achondroplasia

achondroplasia This genetic disease can lead to shortening of the long bones due to premature closure of the epiphyseal plate.

Which of the following is the major component of the part of the bone labeled E? FIGURE 1 adipose tissue dense connective tissue osseous tissue hyaline cartilage

adipose tissue Yellow bone marrow within the medullary cavity is composed primarily of adipose tissue (fat).

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth is due to the secretion of new matrix __?__.

against the external face of existing cartilage

an osteon has....

all - a central canal carrying blood vessels, concentric lamellae, osteocytes in lacunae, canaliculi that connect lacunae to the central canal.

anatomical characteristics of a synovial joint include

all - articular cartilage, a joint cavity, and articular capsule

which is a function of the skeletal system?

all - support, hematopoietic site, storage, & providing levers for muscle activity

Which is a function of the skeletal system? support hematopoietic site storage providing levers for muscle activity all of these

all of these

What would be the physical sign that a bone CANNOT continue longitudinal growth? the presence of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bone an epiphyseal line the presence of osteons the presence of osteoblasts

an epiphyseal line The epiphyseal plate is a zone of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone. When the cartilage is replaced with bone and the plate closes, the bone has reached its maximum length. This is called the epiphyseal line.

greenstick

an incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the part. common in children

foramen

an opening through a bone, not a muscle or ligament attachment site

The structures in the figure collectively form which structural unit of bone? FIGURE 2 trabeculae an osteon diploë central canal

an osteon The circular structural unit found within compact bone is termed the osteon, and consists of a central canal surrounded by layers of bone.

process

any projection on a bone; often pointed and sharp

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter C? FIGURE 6 expansion of the articular cartilage bone resorption appositional growth conversion of spongy bone to compact bone

appositional growth Growth in width involves the adding of layers of lamellar (compact) bone along the bone's outer surface. This process of growth by "layering" is termed appositional growth and is distinct from growth by expansion of the interior matrix (interstitial growth).

epiphyseal plate

area where bone longitudinal growth takes place.

Ramus

armlike bar of bone

Which pairing is NOT correct?

axial skeleton; bones of the limbs

Which pairing is NOT correct? axial skeleton; bones of the limbs axial skeleton; supports internal organs appendicular skeleton; limb girdles appendicular skeleton; used during movement

axial skeleton; bones of the limbs

Which pairing is NOT correct? axial skeleton; bones of the limbs axial skeleton; supports internal organs appendicular skeleton; used during movement appendicular skeleton; limb girdles

axial skeleton; bones of the limbs The bones of the limbs makeup the appendicular skeleton.

The vitamins essential for normal adult bone maintenance and repair are a. A and E b. C and D c. B and E d. B complex and K

b. C and D

A bone with approximately the same width, length, and height is most likely a. a long bone b. a short bone c. a flat bone d. an irregular bone

b. a short bone

The hormones that coordinate the storage, absorption, and excretion of calcium ions are a. growth hormone and thyroxine b. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone c. calcitriol and cholecalciferol d. estrogens and androgens

b. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal cartilage is similar to a. intramembranous ossification b. endochondal ossification c. the process of osteopenia d. the process of healing a fracture e. the process of calcification

b. endochondal ossification

The organic portion of matrix is important in providing all but a. tensile strength b. hardness c. ability to resist stretch d. flexibility

b. hardness

The remodeling of bone is a function of which cells? a. chondrocytes and osteocytes b. osteoblasts and osteoclasts c. chondroblasts and osteoclasts d. osteoblasts and osteocytes

b. osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Which of the following most directly controls bone remodeling? a.) the nervous system and hormones b.) mechanical stress and hormones c.) mechanical stress and diet d.) hormones and diet

b.) mechanical stress and hormones

ligament

band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another

Which structure is seen at the arrow? FIGURE 4 epiphyseal plate diaphysis bone collar periosteal bud

bone collar A collar of ossified tissue forms around the bone in the early stages of ossification.

comminuted

bone fragments into many pieces.

formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by

bone remodeling to convert woven bone to compact bone

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter D? FIGURE 6 interstitial growth bone resorption production of compact bone production of hyaline cartilage

bone resorption As the bone widens, the matrix at the endosteal surface is resorbed to maintain the proper thickness of the walls surrounding the medullary cavity.

Skeletal system includes

bones and skeleton, cartilage, ligaments, and other CT

osteoporosis

bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal.

osteomalacia

bones formed is poorly mineralized and soft. deforms on weight bearing.

epicondyle

bony buldge adjacent to or above a condyle

nutrient artery

branch and supply blood throughout diaphysis

How can no rigorous activities, such as typing or sewing, lead to skeletal system injuries?

by pulling a joint wrongly

Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by a. hematoma formation b. fibro cartilaginous callus formation c. bone remodeling to convert woven bone to compact bone d. formation of granulation tissue

c. bone remodeling to convert woven bone to compact bone

The shaft of a long bone is properly called the a. epiphysis b. periosteum c. diaphysis d. compact bone

c. diaphysis

Where within the epiphyseal plate are the dividing cartilage cells located? a. nearest the shaft b. in the marrow cavity c. farthest from the shaft d. in the primary ossification center

c. farthest from the shaft

The flat bones of the skull develop from a. areolar tissue b. hyaline cartilage c. fibrous connective tissue d. compact bone

c. fibrous connective tissue

The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates a. epiphyseal growth has ended b. epiphyseal growth is just beginning c. growth bone diameter is just beginning d. the bone is fracture at the location e. the presence of an epiphyseal line does not indicate any particular event

c. growth bone diameter is just beginning

The basic functional unit of compact bone is the Haversian system or a. osteocyte b. osteoclast c. osteon d. osseous matrix

c. osteon

Which of the following statements is true? a.) Osteoclasts are important in removing calcium from the blood stream. b.) The red marrow in the medullary cavity produces our red blood cells. c.) Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption. d.) Bone would be more brittle with more collagen in the matrix.

c.) Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. a.) cartilage and compact bone b.) dense irregular connective tissue c.) osteogenic cells d.) chondrocytes and osteocytes

c.) osteogenic cells

During bone growth, which event is most significant at the surface indicated by the letter B? FIGURE 6 cell division of chondrocytes calcification of the cartilage matrix conversion of bone into cartilage formation of compact bone

calcification of the cartilage matrix Calcification of the cartilage matrix leads to its deterioration and replacement by bone.

Which hormone is NOT matched with its appropriate function?

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

Which hormone is NOT matched with its appropriate function? calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels osteocalcin; regulates glucose metabolism growth hormone;lengthens bones leptin; regulates bone density

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

Which hormone is NOT matched with its appropriate function? growth hormone; lengthens bones osteocalcin; regulates glucose metabolism leptin; regulates bone density calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels Calcitonin is produced in the thyroid gland; it does not normally affect blood calcium levels, but does decrease blood calcium levels if taken as a drug at very high concentrations.

Remodeling a kitchen to add additional cabinets to existing ones also means adding extra support. In a similar respect, bone remodeling alters bone structure without adversely affecting bone strength. What divalent cation is required to create additional bone matrix support? carbonate calcium phosphate chloride

calcium

Which of the following substances is NOT a component of the osteoid material secreted by the cells indicated by the arrow in panel A? FIGURE 3 glycoprotein proteoglycan calcium collagen

calcium Calcium is an inorganic component of the bone matrix and is deposited from the interstitial fluids. The organic osteoid secreted by bone-forming cells is composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen.

Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of

calcium, Vitamin D

metaphysis

cartilage plate reduced to line at puberty growth plate/ child hyaline cartilage epiphyseal line-adult

bones connected by a disc of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

cartilaginous joints

many are amphiarthrotic

cartilaginous joints

types include synchondroses and symphyses

cartilaginous joints

osteoblast

cells that can build bony matrix.

osteoclasts

cells that can dissolve the bony matrix.

The blood vessels and nerve in the figure are found within which type of space? FIGURE 2 marrow cavity canaliculi perforating (Volkmann's) canal central (Haversian) canal

central (Haversian) canal A central (or Haversian) canal runs lengthwise at the center of each osteon.

Which disease or disorder is not degenerative?

cerebral palsy

doubly curved; acts as a shoulder strut

clavicle

Sharpeys fibers

collagen fibers from tendons and ligaments that connect to periosteum

Skeletal Cartilage

collection of cartilage in the body

spiral

common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.

Which of the following are correctly matched?

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

Which of the following are correctly matched? incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

Which of the following are correctly matched? incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin In a compound (open) fracture, the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin. Such open injuries carry a higher risk of infection.

What can result from a spinal cord injury?

concussion

osteoporosis

condition in which there is a progressive loss of bone tissue

Which of the following conditions would you possibly observe in a child who suffering form rickets? a. abnormally short limbs b. abnormally long limbs c. oversized facial bones d. bowed legs e. weak, brittle bone

d. bowed legs

Bone remodeling in adults is regulated and directed mainly by a. growth hormone b. thyroid hormones c. sex hormones d. mechanical stress e. PTH

d. mechanical stress e. PTH

Sites of hematopoiesis include all BUT a. red marrow cavities of spongy bone b. the diploe of flat bones c. medullary cavities in bones of infants d. medullary cavities in bones of a healthy adult

d. medullary cavities in bones of a healthy adult

Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following? a.) 60 year old male b.) 25 year old female c.) 8 year old female d.) 18 year old male

d.) 18 year old male

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch. a.) hyaline cartilage b.) elastic cartilage c.) bone d.) fibrocartilage

d.) fibrocartilage

A deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation can cause __?__.

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

calcitonin

decreases calcium levels inhibition of osteoclasts (decrease blood calcium)

Compact bone

dense, glossy, bright osteon central canal (blood vessels)

The shaft of a bone is properly called the

diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone is properly called the

diaphysis

freely movable joints are

diarthroses

epilepsy

disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical in the brain

osteoclasts

dissolve bone matrix, remove calcium, can weaken bones reabsorb/ dissolve matrix, calcium taken out of bone

An osteon has a. a central canal carrying blood vessels b. concentric lamellae c. osteocytes in lacunae d. canaliculi that connect lacunae to the central canal e. all of these

e. all of these

Which is a function of the skeletal system a. support b. hematopoietic site c. storage d. providing levers for muscle activity e. all of these

e. all of these

bone growth

embryonic tissue or by replacement of cartilage

Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure? FIGURE 4 bone fracture repair bone remodeling endochondral ossification intramembranous ossification

endochondral ossification The figure illustrates a step in the embryonic formation of a bone from a cartilage model.

head

enlarged, often rounded, end of bone

Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women? poor posture abnormal PTH receptors estrogen deficiency due to menopause heritage such as African or Mediterranean

estrogen deficiency due to menopause

contains paranasal sinuses

ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid

How can you improve muscle tone? g

extercise

The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch.

fibrocartilage

the flat bones of the skull develop from

fibrous connective tissue

tendon

fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone

bones connected by collagen fibers

fibrous joints

types are sutures and syndesmoses

fibrous joints

Osteoblasts __________.

form new bone

Osteoblasts __________. form new bone form skeletal cartilage break down bone maintain bone matrix

form new bone Osteoblasts are the bone-forming cells that produce new bone.

What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture? bone remodeling formation of a hematoma formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus formation of a bony callus

formation of a hematoma This is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture. In order, here are the stages of bone fracture healing: (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) formation of a bony callus, and (4) bone remodeling.

connected by the coronal structure

frontal & parietal

Parathyroid hormone

functions to stimulate the activity of osteoclasts in bone tissue.

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling?

glucagon

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? low blood Ca2+ concentration parathyroid hormone glucagon mechanical stress

glucagon Glucagon's main action is to increase blood glucose levels by triggering the breakdown of glycogen in the liver; it does not affect bone remodeling.

Bones do NOT have a role in

glycogen production

Bones do NOT have a role in __________.

glycogen production

Bones do NOT have a role in __________. fat storage support movement glycogen production blood cell formation

glycogen production Glycogen production (glycogenesis) is not a role of bone; it takes place primarily in muscle and liver cells.

Mechanical stress on weight-bearing bones plays a large part in bone remodeling. What single factor plays the largest role in maintaining adequate bone strength? gravity bone length cartilage vitamin E

gravity

the fracture type in which the bone ends are incompletely separated is

greenstick

the fracture type is which bone ends are incompletely separated is

greenstick

cerebral palsy

group of neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before during or just after birth or in early childhood

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________.

growth hormone

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________. testosterone estrogen thyroid hormones growth hormone

growth hormone During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus for bone growth is growth hormone. It directly stimulates growth of the hyaline cartilage that forms the epiphyseal plates in long bones, causing the bones to lengthen.

hormones that influence bone growth

growth hormone, calcitriol sex hormones, thyroxine, calcitonin, and PTH regulate blood hormone levels

the organic portion of matrix is important in providing all but

hardness

the organic portion of matrix is important in providing all but

hardness. yes- tensile strength, ability to resist stretch, and flexibility

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling From start to finish, a fracture is repaired by (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) formation of a bony callus, and (4) bone remodeling.

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.

hipbone

The area where blood vessels are penetrating the center of the bone used to be occupied by which tissue? FIGURE 4 fibrocartilage adipose tissue dense connective tissue hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage In this type of ossification, the bone is first modeled from cartilage and then replaced by bone as blood vessels invade the model.

What material makes up most of the structure at A? FIGURE 1 dense irregular connective tissue hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage The articular cartilage at the ends of long bones is formed from hyaline cartilage.

The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what tissue? FIGURE 5 fibrocartilage dense connective tissue mesenchyme hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage The cartilage models used to form bones are composed of hyaline cartilage. This tissue persists within the epiphyseal plate at the boundary between primary and secondary ossification centers until early adulthood.

There are several components to a functional osteon. Changes to which of the following components would make the bones less strong overall and cause the bones to bend under a person's body weight? hydroxyapatite osteoid articular cartilage periosteum

hydroxyapatite The hydroxyapatite is the rigid portion of the bone matrix. As hydroxyapatite is removed from the bone, more of the body's weight would be transferred to the collagen of the osteoid, which would bend under the weight.

Hypercalcemia can be caused by

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________. insufficient vitamin D levels in the body hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone reduced parafollicular cell activity All of the listed responses are correct.

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone functions to stimulate the activity of osteoclasts in bone tissue.

features include the ala, crest, and greater sciatic notch

ilium

pelvic girdle bone that articulates with the axial skeleton

ilium

ankylosis means

immobility of a joint due to fusion of its articular surfaces

endosteum

incomplete layer of osteoprogenitor cells lines the marrow cavity and central canal/osteon

tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________.

interstitial growth

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________. appositional growth interstitial growth calcification hematopoiesis

interstitial growth Interstitial growth occurs when chondrocytes divide and form new matrix, thereby expanding the cartilage tissue from within. This causes the cartilage to lengthen.

In a hairline fracture

is parts of the bone do not separate or the two parts of bone do not separate

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.

is produced by secondary ossification centers

the sit down bone

ischium

periosteum

isolates bone from other tissue outer-attachments inner-growth

How can strengthening muscles prevent injury?

it can reduce knots and shortage

when bone grows

it grows away from primary ossification center in both directions

glycogen production

it takes place primarily in muscle and liver cells.

Which of the following disorders is only associated with the type of bone shown in the figure? FIGURE 3 excessive and random bone deposition (Paget's disease) bowed legs and pelvic deformities (rickets) weakening of the bones through failure in deposition/absorption balance (osteoporosis) lack of formation of certain skull bones and the clavicle (cleidocranial dysostosis)

lack of formation of certain skull bones and the clavicle (cleidocranial dysostosis) This genetic disorder of the processes of intramembranous ossification can result in these bones being deformed or even missing.

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the cell at A? FIGURE 2 lacunae periosteum endosteum lamellae

lamellae Lamellae are layers of bony matrix synthesized by osteoblasts during bone growth and maintenance.

trochanter

large, blunt, irregularly shaped projection

Trochanter

large, rough projection

cerebrum

largest and most complex part of the brain

Which of the following most directly controls bone remodeling? mechanical stress and diet the nervous system and hormones hormones and diet mechanical stress and hormones

mechanical stress and hormones Remodeling goes on continuously in the skeleton, regulated by genetic factors and two control loops that serve different "masters." One is a negative feedback hormonal loop that maintains Ca2+ homeostasis in the blood; the other involves responses to mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton.

bone remodeling in adults is regulated and directed maily by

mechanical stress, PTH

sites of hematopoiesis include all but

medullary cavities in bones of a healthy adult

sites of hematopoiesis include all but....

medullary cavities in bones of a healthy adult. but is in red marrow cavities of spongy bone, the diploe of flat bones, medullary cavities in bones of infants.

skeletal muscles

muscles attached to bone that cause body movement

smooth muscles

muscles that act on the lining of the body's passageways in the hollow internal organs

flexor

muscles that closes a joint

extensor

muscles that opens a joint

fissure

narrow cleft or slit; usually for passage of blood vessels and nerves

neurons

nerve cells; transmit messages to and from the spinal cord and brain

allows the spinal cord to pass

occipital

Interstitial growth

occurs when chondrocytes divide and form new matrix, which expands the cartilage tissue from within. This causes the cartilage to lengthen.

appositional bone growth

only bone growth in adults

Spongy bone

open network (struts of bone/red bone marrow) trabeculae, there are no osteons

foramen

opening through a bone; usually for passage of blood vessels and nerves

hernia

organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle

Classify the cells seen at the arrow in A. FIGURE 3 chondroblasts osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts

osteoblasts Osteoblasts ("bone makers") begin bone formation by secreting the bone matrix.

the remodeling of bone is a function of which cells

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

the remodeling of bone is a function of which cells?

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

An imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density.

osteoclasts

An imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density. osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts chondroblasts

osteoclasts Osteoclasts are the bone cells that break down bone. If they were activated more than normal, you should expect to see bone loss.

exhibit a joint cavity

synovial joints

Which of the following cells are NOT matched with its appropriate function? osteocytes; produce new bone cells. osteoclasts; bone reabsorption osteoblasts create new bone matrix bone lining cells; maintain matrix

osteocytes; produce new bone cells Osteocytes are mature bone cells that monitor and repair mature bone tissues.

Which of the following cells are NOT matched with its appropriate function?

osteocytes; produce new bone cells.

What is the structural unit of compact bone? osteon osteoid Haversian canal canaliculus

osteon The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon, an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone.

Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones?

osteoporosis

the disorder in which bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal is

osteoporosis

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? osteoporosis rickets osteomalacia Paget's disease

osteoporosis Osteoporosis refers to groups of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. The bones become fragile and easily fractured. The composition of the matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines, and the bones become porous and light.

cycle:

osteoprogenitor- osteoblast- osteocyte

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at C with its primary component? FIGURE 1 endosteum; areolar tissue periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue endosteum; dense regular connective tissue periosteum; cuboidal epithelium

periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue The periosteum is composed of dense irregular connective tissue along with a layer of simple squamous epithelium.

ossification

process by which bine is formed, renewed, and repaired

epiphysis

proximal and distal, mostly spongy

anteriormost bone of the pelvic girdle

pubis

articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

radius

marrow cavity

red bone marrow (blood cell formation/hematopoiesis) yellow marrow (adipose tissue/ energy reserve) red bone marrow found between struts of bone

Endochondral ossification

refers to the formation of bone from a preexisting "cartilage model" but not from a model made of fibrocartilage

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

regulates calcium levels stimulates osteoclast activity (increase blood calcium)

an autoimmune disorder in which joints are affected bilaterally and which involves pannus formation and gradual joint immobilization is

rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely upon this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins. centrioles peroxisomes mitochondria ribosomes

ribosomes

The resilience of bone is thought to come from

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following? amount of mineral salts in the bone amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone presence of osteoblasts in the bone sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

part of the vertebral column

sacrum

markings include glenoid cavity and acromion

scapula

spine

sharp, slender projection

tuberosity

similar to tubercle, but usually larger

Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function? fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones

skeletal cartilage: reinforce airways Skeletal cartilage is not a specific cartilage type but rather a description of the collection of cartilage in the body.

Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function?

skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways

Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function? skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways fibrocartilage; withstand pressure and stretch hyaline cartilage; cover the ends of bones elastic cartilage; withstand repetitive bending Correct Skeletal cartilage is not a specific cartilage type but rather a description of the collection of cartilage in the body.

skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways

dermal bones

skull, mandible, clavicle (intramembranous)

canaliculi

small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone.

tubercle

small, rounded, knoblike projection

which muscle is not striated?

smooth

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

condyle

smooth, rounded articular surface

keystone bone of cranium

sphenoid

bone of axial skeleton to which the pectoral girdle attaches

sternum

Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED? femur: long bone sternum: long bone tarsals: short bones skull bones: flat bones

sternum: long bone The sternum is a flat bone.

exercise

stimulates osteoblast activity, improves bone density

cartilage

strong, flexible connective tissue

metaphyseal artery

supply blood to the epiphyseal plate (at the diaphysis side)

periosteal artery

supply blood to the superficial osteons

Functions:

support storage of minerals and lipids blood cell production (hematopoiesis) calcium regulation protection leverage/ movement via articulations

Which is a function of the skeletal system?

support, hematopoietic site, storage, providing levers for muscle activity

The arrow in the figure is pointing to which of the following structures? FIGURE 5 the articular cartilage the epiphyseal plate a primary ossification center a secondary ossification center

the epiphyseal plate During endochondral ossification, a distinct epiphyseal plate is formed at the boundary between primary and secondary ossification centers.

What is intramembranous ossification?

the formation of bone from fibrous membranes

What is intramembranous ossification? the formation of bone from preexisting hyaline cartilage models the formation of bone from fibrous membranes the formation of bone from preexisting elastic cartilage models the formation of bone from preexisting fibrocartilage models

the formation of bone from fibrous membranes The formation of bone from fibrous membranes is called intramembranous ossification.

Which of the following best describes the process shown in the figure? FIGURE 3 the formation of bone in a preexisting cartilage model bone remodeling in response to changes in mechanical stress bone repair at a site of fracture the formation of bone in a membrane

the formation of bone in a membrane The figure illustrates the formation of new bones within a fibrous membrane ("intramembranous") during embryonic development.

appositional growth

the growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.

the description "Articular surfaces deep and secure; capsule heavily reinforced by ligaments and muscle tendons; extremely stable joints" best describes

the hip joint

endosteum

the lining of the marrow cavity.

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Contrast the shape of skull bones with the shape of arm bones, and relate these shapes to their different functions

the shape of the head is more solid to protect the brain vs flexibility and strength and movement

Wolff's law is concerned with ________.

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

wolff's law is concerned with

the thickness and shape of a bone being determined by mechanical and gravitational stresses placed on it

Wolff's law is concerned with

the thickness and shape of a bone being determined by mechanical and gravitational stresses placed on it.

end shaped like a money wrench

the ulna

Which bone would likely take the longest to heal?

thigh bone of an elderly individual

What bone-associated structures in panel C are indicated by the arrow? FIGURE 3 trabeculae periosteum epiphyseal plate osteon

trabeculae The honeycomb-like network of spongy bone is constructed of bony plates called trabeculae.

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment?

trochanter

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment? foramen sinus trochanter fossa groove

trochanter A trochanter is a bone projection; projections often protrude from the bone because of the interaction forced upon them by muscle or ligaments.

The main role of the axial skeleton is to protect and support vital organs. Is this statement true or false? True False

true The main role of the appendicular skeleton involves locomotion; it also allows us to manipulate our environment. The axial skeleton is mostly involved in supporting other body parts and protecting vital organs.

cardiac muscle

type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart