Boost vocab

lay off

(NOT EMPLOY) to stop employing a worker, esp. for reasons that have nothing to do with the worker's performance: She was laid off along with many others when the company moved to California.

Central Business District

(abbreviation CBD) the part of a city or town where most offices and businesses are: Every business day, 6.7 million commuters crowd into Manhattan's central business district. Office space in Philadelphia's central business district went for $27.24 per square foot. The company began moving 3,000 employees from an outlying suburb to new headquarters in the central business district. Lunchtime concerts and weekend events could create a welcoming environment in the middle of the central business district. Most cities gained population in their central business districts in the 1990s. The picture showed the hurricane-battered Dominion Tower in New Orleans' Central Business District.

dramatically

(adv) suddenly or obviously: Your life changes dramatically when you have a baby to take care of. in a way that is exciting and impressive The hall was dramatically lit. The film dramatically illustrates how the landscape has evolved.

peak at

(v.) to reach a maximum value

group

(กรูพ) n.,v. (จัดเป็น) กลุ่ม,หมู่,พวก,เหล่า,ชุด,ฝูง

therapeutic

adjective C1 causing someone to feel happier and more relaxed or to be more healthy: I find gardening very therapeutic.

bankrupt

adjective C1 unable to pay what you owe, and having had control of your financial matters given, by a law court, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts: He went bankrupt after only a year in business. The recession has led to many small businesses going bankrupt. informal having no money: I'll go bankrupt if you kids keep asking me for money! disapproving not having any good qualities: He believes that modern society is morally bankrupt. The company went bankrupt and was put into the hands of the receivers. They piled up such a huge debt that they soon went bankrupt. When it was obvious the company was going bankrupt, the government ordered all their assets to be frozen. adj. ล้มละลาย, หมดตัว

aged

adjective (AGE) A2 [ before noun ] UK /eɪdʒd/ US /eɪdʒd/ of the age of: They've got one daughter, Isabel, aged three. More examples This TV series is intended for young people aged 13 to 18. The competition is open to anyone aged 18 or over. Simson, aged 19, was convicted on two charges of burglary. adjective (OLD) old: She has two rather aged aunts. noun the aged old people when considered as a group: The hospital was built to meet the needs of the aged.

custodial sentence

adjective (PRISON) custodial sentence UK a period of time that someone must stay in prison adjective (CARE) relating to the legal right to care for someone or something, especially a child: custodial care

pointed

adjective (SHARP END) A pointed object has a thin, sharp end or becomes much narrower at one end: He's got funny little pointed ears. adjective (CRITICISM) A pointed remark, question, or manner is intended as a criticism of the person it is directed to: My aunt made a few pointed remarks about my taste in clothes. (พอย'ทิด) adj. แหลม,แหลมคม,คมกริบ,สำคัญ,มีผลโดยตรง,ชัดเจน, See also: pointedness n., Syn. sharp

state-owned industries

adjective ECONOMICS, GOVERNMENT owned by the government: a state-owned airline/bank/industry Many people acquired shares in the former state-owned group when it was privatised in 2009. The eventual deal will have to be approved by the French privatisation commission, because Credit Lyonnais is state-owned. US owned by a state: Threatened by a ballot measure to disband it, Oregon's state-owned workers' compensation insurer found mixed support among local Republicans. state-owned land

even

adverb (SURPRISE)A2 used to show that something is surprising, unusual, unexpected, or extreme: I don't even know where it is. Everyone I know likes the smell of bacon - even Mike does and he's a vegetarian. We were all on time - even Chris and he's usually late for everything. even as at the same time as: I tried to reason with him, but even as I started to explain what had happened he stood up to leave. even if B2 used to say that if something is the case or not, the result is the same: Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train. even now/then despite something: I've thought about it so much, but even now I can't believe how lucky I was to survive the accident. I gave Jim very clear instructions, but even then he managed to make a mess of it. even so C1 despite what has just been said: I had a terrible headache, but even so I went to the concert. An immediate interest cut might give a small boost to the economy. Even so, any recovery is likely to be very slow. even though B2 although: Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister. He didn't even buy me a card for my birthday. They've already run out of money and the building isn't even half-finished . adverb (EMPHASIS)B1 used to emphasize a comparison: The next 36 hours will be even colder with snow showers becoming more widespread. Any devaluation of the pound would make it even more difficult to keep inflation low. adverb (MORE EXACTLY) used when you want to be more exact or detailed about something you have just said: I find some of his habits somewhat unpleasant, disgusting even. She has always been very kind to me, even generous on occasion. adjective (FLAT) flat and smooth, or on the same level: We resurfaced the floor because it wasn't even. adjective (CONTINUOUS) continuous or regular: You should try to work at an even rate instead of taking it easy one day and working flat out the next. adjective (EQUAL) equal or equally balanced: Both sides played well - it was a very even contest. The weather forecast said that there's an even chance of thunderstorms tonight (= that it is equally likely that there will or will not be storms). equally likely to happen as to not happen: The chances of her getting the job are about evens. used to refer to a situation in which you risk money on something where the risk is equally balanced, and will pay back twice the amount of money that is paid if it is successful: an even bet If I were betting I'd take even money on United. adjective (NUMBER) forming a whole number that can be divided exactly by two: 6 is an even number and 7 is an odd number. verb [ T ] to make two things equal: Sheila was awarded a scholarship in chemistry, and now her brother has evened the score with a scholarship in economics. The whisky industry is campaigning for the taxes on different alcoholic drinks to be evened up. (อี'เวิน) adj. เรียบ,ราบ,สม่ำเสมอ,ซึ่งหารด้วยเลข2ได้ลงตัว,ได้สมดุล,ยุติธรรม,พอดี,ไม่ขาดไม่เกิน,เงียบสงบ -adv. อย่างราบเรียบ,ยังคง,ยิ่งกว่านั้น,แม้ว่า n. ตอนเย็น vt. ทำให้ราบ,ทำให้เรียบ,ทำให้สมดุล,ทำให้เท่ากัน. vt. กลายเป็นเท่ากัน. -Id. (be (get) even wi

misdeeds

an act that is criminal or bad: She's been making up for her past misdeeds by doing a lot of voluntary work. (มิลดีด') n. การกระทำที่ผิดศีลธรรม,การกระทำที่ชั่วร้าย, Syn. offense

Key Industries

an industry (as the production of machine tools or chemicals) whose output is essential to the successful operation of many other industries

performing arts

arts or skills that require public performance, as acting, singing, or dancing

well, as a matter of fact

as a matter of fact B1 (also in (actual) fact) used to add emphasis to what you are saying, or to show that it is the opposite of or different from what went before: I don't work. In fact, I've never had a job. "Have you always lived here?" "As a matter of fact (= the truth is) I've only lived here for the last three years."

for the foreseeable future

as far into the future as you can imagine or plan for: I'll be living here for the foreseeable future. He asked me if there was any point in the foreseeable future when I'd like to have children.

as long as

as long as if: You can have a dog as long as you promise to take care of it. [CONJ] ตราบเท่าที่, See also: จนกว่า

can't stand

can't stand the sight of sb/sth to hate someone or something: Aunt Gloria can't stand the sight of cats.

as well as

conjunction : and in addition : AND brave as well as loyal preposition : in addition to : BESIDES the coach, as well as the team, is ready

remain steady (at)

continuing or developing gradually or without stopping, and not likely to change: hold/remain steady Employment is holding steady at 96%.

to sum up

describe the important facts or characteristics about something or someone

paparazzi

freelance photographers or reporters who pursue celebrities to take candid pictures

to summarize sth

give a short statement that brings together the main points of sth

cats and dogs

in great quantities : very hard it was raining cats and dogs

cultural tourism

is the subset of tourism concerned with a traveler's engagement with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life.

border control

measures taken by a country or a bloc of countries to monitor its borders[1] in order to regulate the movement of people, animals and goods.

city dweller

noun city, town, cave, etc. dweller a person who lives in a city, town, cave, etc.

advance

noun UK /ədˈvɑːns/ US [ C or U ] an improvement relating to a particular activity or area of knowledge: Doctors believe that the findings represent a major advance in treating heart disease. The government's White Paper embodies the hopes of those who believe in the advance of the digital age. technological/medical/economic advances What has been the impact of technological advances on the securities markets? advances in sth Advances in drilling and production technologies have significantly reduced the risk of a major oil spill. [ C ] FINANCE money that is paid to a person or organization before the usual time or before a piece of work is finished: Loans and advances usually represent the single largest asset of most banks. Publishers generally pay an advance once the author finishes the manuscript. The US singer will receive a $17.5m cash advance on signing the 10-year contract. [ C ] FINANCE, STOCK MARKET an increase in the price or value of something such as a share or a currency: Declining stocks easily defeated advances 413 to 302. advance in sth Every one yen advance in the Japanese currency's value against the dollar could reduce current profits by as much as five billion yen. in advance (of sth) before something else happens or is done: Ticket prices are cheaper if bought in advance. Rating agencies issued statements of the city's financial condition in advance of this week's sale of $500 million in bonds. See also bank advance advance verb UK /ədˈvɑːns/ US [ I or T ] to develop and become successful, or to make something do this: Biotechnology continues to advance at a rapid pace. advance to sth She eventually advanced to vice-chairman of the bank. advance your career/interests/position Some employees decide to study for an MBA in order to advance their careers. [ I ] FINANCE, STOCK MARKET to increase in value: On the New York Stock Exchange 1,128 issues advanced and 1,057 declined . advance 5.5 cents/8p/10.9 points, etc. The general stock index advanced 1.94 points, or 0.04%, to 5291.45. advance against sth The dollar advanced against the Japanese yen. [ I ] to increase in number, amount, or value: Overall, consumer prices are advancing at a modest rate. Pre-tax profits advanced 10% to €252m. to suggest a new idea or plan to a group of people: Measures advanced by the General Assembly included reducing vehicle carbon-dioxide emissions. advance a plan/proposal/theory Several proposals for reform were advanced by members of Congress. [ T ] FINANCE to give someone money before the usual time or before a piece of work is finished: advance sb sth Two weeks ago I hired him, and advanced him $10,000. advance sth to sb Evidence shows that lenders are becoming more discriminating in advancing loans to borrowers. [ T ] to change the date or time of an event to an earlier one: No plans were made to advance the board meeting. advance done or made before something else happens: Critics argue that advance planning would have little impact on final policy decisions. advance knowledge/information Having advance information can be a powerful tool to negotiating a rate on a loan. advance bookings/sales/subscriptions Advance sales are down by about 3%. advance notice/warning Federal laws require companies to provide advance notice when laying off workers. Russell has been offered an advance payment of $450,000 for her next novel.

novel

noun a long printed story about imaginary characters and events: a paperback novel historical/romantic novels Have you read any of Jane Austen's novels? His latest novel is selling really well. adjective new and original, not like anything seen before: a novel idea/suggestion Keeping a sheep in the garden is a novel way of keeping the grass short!

fibre

noun (FOOD) C1 [ U ] a substance in certain foods, such as fruit, vegetables, and brown bread, that travels through the body as waste and helps the contents of the bowels to pass through the body easily: You should eat more dietary fibre to reduce the risk of bowel cancer.

trial

noun (LEGAL PROCESS) B2 [ C or U ] the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter: trial proceedings Trial by jury is a fundamental right. It was a very complicated trial that went on for months. She's going on/standing trial for fraud. noun (PROBLEM) [ C ] a person or thing that is annoying and causes a lot of problems: She was a real trial to her parents when she was younger. The book is all about the trials of growing up. noun (TEST) C1 [ C or U ] a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable something or someone is: They're doing clinical trials on a new drug. They've employed her for a six-month trial (period). verb [ T ] to test something in a formal way to discover how effective or suitable it is: We will trial the new drug in several hospitals. (ไทร'เอิล) n. การทดลอง,การสอบสวน,การซ้อม,การทรมาน,ความเจ็บปวด,ความยากลำบาก,บุคคลที่ลำบากลำบน,เรื่องที่ยากลำบาก adj. เกี่ยวกับการทดสอบ,เป็นตัวอย่าง, Syn. experiment,tryout,ordeal,test

stock

noun (SUPPLY) C1 [ C or U ] a supply of something for use or sale: It is now halfway through winter and food stocks are already low. The local shop has a good stock of postcards and guidebooks. Much of the city's housing stock (= the number of houses in the city) is over 100 years old. B2 [ U ] the total amount of goods or the amount of a particular type of goods available in a shop: This shop sells its old stock at very low prices. We'll be getting our new stock in on Friday. The new edition is in/out of stock (= available/not available) in major bookshops. noun (MONEY) [ U ] the amount of money that a company has through selling shares to people: They own 20 percent of the company's stock. [ C or U ] part of the ownership of a company that can be bought by members of the public: Stock prices fell yesterday in heavy trading. She buys and sells stocks and shares. [ C or U ] UK money that people invest in the government, producing a fixed rate of interest: government stock(s) noun (LIQUID) [ U ] a liquid used to add flavour to food, made by boiling meat or fish bones or vegetables in water: vegetable/beef/chicken stock noun (ANIMALS) [ U ] animals, such as cows or sheep, kept on a farm noun (OPINION) [ U ] formal the degree to which a person or organization is popular and respected: At present, the prime minister's stock is high/low. noun (ORIGIN) [ U ] formal the family or group that a person or animal comes from: He's an American of Irish stock. She's of peasant/noble stock. Some of the animals will be kept as breeding stock. noun (HANDLE) [ C ] the support or handle of a tool, especially the part of a gun that rests against your shoulder noun (PLANT) [ C ] a garden plant with small pleasant-smelling, brightly coloured flowers verb [ T ] C1 If a shop or factory stocks something, it keeps a supply of it: Most supermarkets stock a wide range of wines. to fill something such as a cupboard or shelves with food or goods: He has a part-time job stocking shelves in the local supermarket. I always stock up the fridge before my sister comes to stay. adjective (of an idea, expression, or action) usual or typical, and used or done so many times that it is no longer original: a stock phrase/response "Don't worry - worse things happen at sea" is her stock expression for whenever anything goes wrong. (สทอคฺ) n. คลังสินค้า,พัสดุ,สินค้าในร้าน,สต๊อค,ของสะสม,จำนวนที่สะสมไว้,ก้าน,ด้าม,โคนต้น,ลำต้น,ตอไม้,เขียงไม้,ฐาน,ก้านสมอเรือ,ปศุสัตว์,บริษัทหุ้นส่วน,หลักทรัพย์ของบริษัท,พันธบัตร,ไม้ค้ำเรือ,แท่นต่อเรือ,ไม้หมอนใต้ท้องเรือ,พืชพันธ์,เชื้อสาย adj. มีอยู่ในร้าน

gorge

noun (VALLEY) [ C ] a deep, narrow valley with steep sides, usually formed by a river or stream cutting through hard rock

Refugees

noun [ C ] B2 a person who has escaped from their own country for political, religious, or economic reasons or because of a war: Thousands of refugees fled across the border. He had to show that he had a well-founded fear of persecution on religious or political grounds to qualify as a refugee. We have been tasked with setting up camps for refugees. The refugees were packed shoulder to shoulder on the boat.

Shortages

noun [ C ] B2 a situation in which there is not enough of something: There's a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps. The long hot summer has led to serious water shortages. The government's programme to grow cash crops for export is a double-edged sword because it has created a local food shortage. There's a shortage of cheap housing in the region. Schools nationwide are experiencing a shortage of teachers.

glacier

noun [ C ] a large mass of ice that moves slowly

tributary

noun [ C ] a river or stream that flows into a larger river or a lake: the Indre, a lesser tributary of the Loire

brook

noun [ C ] a small stream: I could hear the sound of a babbling brook. brook no sth/not brook sth to not allow or accept something, especially a difference of opinion or intention: She won't brook any criticism of her work. (บรูค) {brooked,brooking,brooks} n. ห้วย,ลำธาร vt. ทนทุกข์,ยินยอมให้มี,ทน,ยินยอม

crossroads

noun [ C ] plural crossroads B2 a place where two roads meet and cross each other ทางแยก,สี่แยก,ทางตัด,ถนนขวาง

epicentre

noun [ C ] ENVIRONMENT, MILITARY UK specialized (US epicenter) the point on the earth's surface directly above an earthquake or atomic explosion

deposit account

noun [ C ] UK a bank account that pays you interest, in which you usually leave money for a long time [N] บัญชีเงินฝาก, Syn. savings account, checking account

broadsheet

noun [ C ] UK a newspaper that is printed on large sheets of paper, or an advertisement printed on a large sheet of paper: In Britain, the broadsheets are generally believed to be more serious than the tabloids. [N] หนังสือพิมพ์ขนาดใหญ่

block of flats

noun [ C ] UK (US apartment building) a large building that is divided into apartments

profit and loss account

noun [ C ] UK UK US (abbreviation P and L account, P and L, P & L); (also revenue account); (US profit and loss statement) ACCOUNTING, FINANCE a document that shows a company's profit or loss in a particular period: This loss would be shown as a charge in the profit and loss account.

childhood

noun [ C or U ] B1 the time when someone is a child: She had an unhappy childhood. Childhood is not always a happy time. Adults often look back on their childhood as a golden age. Most phobias are grounded in childhood experiences.

reckoning

noun [ C or U ] a calculation that you make: By my reckoning, we should arrive in ten minutes. (เรค'คะนิง) n. การนับ,การคำนวณ,การคิดบัญชี,การชำระบัญชี,เวลาใช้เงิน, Syn. count,computation

peak season

noun [ C or U ] the time of year when a lot of people travel and prices are usually at their highest: Some travel companies offer deals even in peak season.

alloy

noun [ C or U ] a metal that is made by mixing two or more metals, or a metal and another substance: verb [ T ] literary to spoil something or reduce it in value: My pleasure in receiving the letter was somewhat alloyed by its contents. (อะลอย') n. โลหะผสม, ส่วนผสม, สิ่งที่ใช้ลดคุณภาพหรือความบริสุทธิ์. -vt. ผสมให้เป็นโลหะผสม,เจือปน, Syn. mixture, compound)

Secondary Industry

noun [ C or U ] PRODUCTION, ECONOMICS an industry that manufactures goods rather than producing raw materials, or these industries considered as a group

unemployment benefit

noun [ C or U ] UK UK US ( US unemployment benefits [ plural ]) GOVERNMENT money that the government pays regularly to unemployed people who are looking for a job. The term "unemployment benefit" was officially replaced in the UK by "Jobseeker's Allowance" in 1996: Some people consider that generous unemployment benefits have harmed the UK economy. Figures showed that 50,000 people in the region were on unemployment benefit. claim/receive unemployment benefit The number of people claiming unemployment benefit fell last week by 1,500 to 2.18 million. A Labour Department report said people collecting unemployment benefits rose to the highest level in 18 months.

upbringing

noun [ C usually singular ] B2 the way in which you are treated and educated when young, especially by your parents, especially in relation to the effect that this has on how you behave and make moral decisions: Is it right to say all the crimes he committed were simply the result of his upbringing? bring sb up The children had had a harsh upbringing. Is it right to say all the crimes he committed were simply the result of his upbringing? I wonder what it was about her upbringing that made her so insecure.

jury

noun [ C, + sing/pl verb ] B2 a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved: members of the jury The jury has/have been unable to return a verdict (= reach a decision). Police officers aren't usually allowed to be/sit/serve on a jury. C1 a group of people chosen to decide the winner of a competition The jury delivered a verdict of not guilty. The members of the jury left the court with a police escort. Not surprisingly, the jury found them both guilty.

herd

noun [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a large group of animals of the same type that live and feed together: a herd of cattle/elephants/goats mainly disapproving a large group of people that is considered together as a group and not separately: Poor Janine - she just follows the herd (= does what all the other people are doing). verb [ I or T, + adv/prep ] to make animals move together as a group: An old woman was herding the goats. [ T + adv/prep ] mainly disapproving to make people move somewhere as a group, often against their wishes or with difficulty (เฮิร์ด) n. ฝูงสัตว์,ฝูงคน,กลุ่มคน,คนเลี้ยงสัตว์. -Phr. (The herb สามัญชน) vi.รวมเป็นกลุ่ม vt. เลี้ยงสัตว์,นำเป็นกลุ่มไป

convalescence

noun [ C/U ] the process or period of resting in order to get better after an illness or operation

highway code

noun [ S ] UK UK /ˌhaɪ.weɪ ˈkəʊd/ US /ˌhaɪ.weɪ ˈkoʊd/ the set of official rules, published in a small book, that have to be obeyed by drivers in the UK.

gutter press

noun [ S ] UK disapproving the type of newspapers that pay more attention to shocking stories about crime and sex than to serious matters

poetry

noun [ U ] B1 poems in general as a form of literature: contemporary poetry and prose She started writing poetry at a young age. a very beautiful or emotional quality: This film has a savage poetry and brilliance. (โพ'อิทรี) n. การประพันธ์บทกวี,กวีนิพนธ์

Immigration

noun [ U ] B2 the act of someone coming to live in a different country: There are strict limits on immigration (into the country). the process of examining your passport and other documents to make certain that you can be allowed to enter the country, or the place where this is done: After you've been through immigration (control), you can go and get your luggage. immigration policy immigration officers The prime minister denied that the new visa requirements were part of a hidden agenda to reduce immigration. The prime minister has adopted an inflexible position on immigration. What is your party's policy on immigration? การอพยพเข้า

conservation

noun [ U ] B2 the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity: wildlife conservation a conservation area C1 carefully using valuable natural substances that exist in limited amounts in order to make certain that they will be available for as long a time as possible: the conservation of coal/gas/oil reserves Energy conservation reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment.

vegetation

noun [ U ] C1 plants in general, or plants that are found in a particular area: The railway track will have to be cleared of vegetation if it is to be used again. Much of the region's native vegetation has been damaged by developers who are building hotels along the coast. (เวจจิเท'เชิน) n. พืชทั้งหลายในบริเวณหนึ่ง,ชีวิตพืชในบริเวณหนึ่ง,การเจริญเติบโตของพืช,ชีวิตที่น่าเบื่อหน่าย,ชีวิตที่จืดชืด., See also: vegetational adj., Syn. plant life

retail

noun [ U ] C1 the activity of selling goods to the public, usually in shops: The job is open to applicants with over two years' experience in retail. The clothing company has six retail outlets (= shops) in Perth. $13 off the manufacturer's recommended retail price The retail group outbid all three competitors for space in the shopping centre. Shares in retail businesses were marked up on the news that consumer spending rose last month. verb [ T ] to sell goods to the public in shops, on the internet, etc.: The company makes and retails moderately priced sportswear. retail at/for sth to be sold at a particular price: This laptop retails at £850. adverb sold in shops, on the internet, etc.: It's much cheaper to buy wholesale than retail. The restaurant had very good ice cream - it was even sold retail for a while. (รี'เทล) n.,adj.,adv. ขายปลีก, See also: retailer n.

Listeria

noun [ U ] a bacterium that causes food poisoning, found especially in cheese and other products made from milk.

arthritis

noun [ U ] a serious condition in which a person's joints (= the places where two bones are connected) become painful, swollen, and stiff: In later life she was crippled with arthritis.

E. coli

noun [ U ] abbreviation for Escherichia coli: a bacterium (= small organism) that can exist in food that has not been cooked enough and can cause serious illness or death

joyriding

noun [ U ] driving fast and dangerously for pleasure, especially in a stolen vehicle The way to stop financial joyriding is to arrest the driver, not the automobile.

speeding

noun [ U ] driving faster than is allowed in a particular area: She was fined for speeding last month.

capital punishment

noun [ U ] punishment by death, as ordered by a legal system n. การลงโทษประหารชีวิต, Syn. execution

deforestation

noun [ U ] the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people: Deforestation is destroying large areas of tropical rain forest.

captivity

noun [ U ] the situation in which a person or animal is kept somewhere and is not allowed to leave: All the hostages, when released from captivity, looked remarkably fit and well. Animals bred in captivity would probably not survive if they were released into the wild. (แคพทิฟ'วิที) n. ภาวะที่เป็นเชลย,ภาวะที่หลงไหล,การคุมขัง,การผูกมัด

anonymity

noun [ U ] the situation in which someone's name is not given or known: The police have reassured witnesses that they will be guaranteed anonymity.

urban sprawl

noun [ U ] the spread of a city into the area surrounding it, often without planning: Huge tourist attractions have produced choking urban sprawl.

urban sprawl

noun [ U ] the spread of a city into the area surrounding it, often without planning: Huge tourist attractions have produced choking urban sprawl.

molecular biology

noun [ U ] the study of the structure and action of the molecules that make up living things

child rearing

noun [ U ] the work of taking care of children until they are old enough to take care of themselves: Why shouldn't a woman have a job after years of child-rearing?

holistic medicine

noun [ U ] treatment that deals with the whole person, not just the injury or disease

community service

noun [ U ] work done without payment to help other people. Criminals whose crime was not serious enough for them to be put in prison are sometimes ordered to do community service.

infancy

noun [ U ] C2 the time when someone is a baby or a very young child: Her youngest child died in infancy. e in its infancy C2 to be very new and still developing: The system is still in its infancy. (อิน'เฟินซี) n. วัยทารก,ระยะแรก ๆ ,ทารกทั้งหลาย

smuggling

noun [ U ] the act or process of taking things or people to or from a place secretly and often illegally: The murdered man is thought to have been involved in drug smuggling. Nine people are in custody in the Netherlands charged with people smuggling. การลักลอบหนีศุลกากร [TU Subject Heading]

sickness benefit

noun [ U ] UK money paid by the government to someone who cannot work because of illness money a worker is paid by their government because they cannot work as a result of illness or injury: It is not possible to claim sickness benefit and work at the same time. Many people on sickness benefit are eager to take a job. [ C ] HR, WORKPLACE time away from work for illness or extra money to help with illness that a company offers to workers: Pensions and sickness benefits for staff were first used by the company in 1937. Are employees entitled to long-term sickness benefits?

outskirts

noun [ plural ] B2 the areas that form the edge of a town or city: The factory is in/on the outskirts of New Delhi. the outskirts of town

infections

noun [C or U] (DISEASE) B2 a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus: a serious infection a throat infection Bandage the wound to reduce the risk of infection. The breathing problem has now been complicated by a chest infection. White blood cells help defend the body against infection. He's on antibiotics for an ear infection.

illustration

noun [C or U] (PICTURE) C1 a picture in a book, magazine, etc. or the process of illustrating something: a full-page illustration colour/black and white illustrations noun [C or U] (EXAMPLE) C2 an example that explains or proves something: This delay is a perfect illustration of why we need a new computer system. A couple of examples are included, by way of illustration (= to show the meaning more clearly). (อิลัสเทร'เชิน) n. ภาพประกอบ,ภาพอธิบาย,การอธิบายด้วยภาพประกอบ,การยกตัวอย่าง,ความชัดเจน., Syn. picture

inlet

noun [C] (CHANNEL) a narrow strip of water that goes from a sea or lake into the land or between islands noun [C] (MACHINE PART) the part of a machine through which liquid or gas enters: an inlet pipe/manifold/valve (n) ทางเข้า,เวิ้งน้ำ,ปากทาง

cove

noun [C] (COAST) a curved part of a coast that partly surrounds an area of water (โคฟว) n. ส่วนเว้าเล็ก ๆ เข้าแนวชายฝั่งของทะเล ทะเลสาบหรือแม่น้ำ,ส่วนเว้าเข้าของภูเขา,ถ้ำ,ทางเล็ก ๆ ในป่าหรือระหว่างเนินเขา,ผิวหน้าที่เว้าเข้า. vt.,vi. ทำให้เว้า,กลายเป็นเว้า

centrepiece

noun [C] (IMPORTANT PART) the most important or attractive part or feature of something: The reduction of crime levels is the centrepiece of the president's domestic policies. The centrepiece of the shopping centre is a giant fountain.

in a year's time

one year from now

pre

prefix before (a time or an event): a pre-flight check a pre-lunch drink pre-industrial societies

post

prefix after or later than: postgraduate postoperative He took a post-lunch nap.

sub

prefix (LESS THAN) less than a number or level: Winter weather brought sub-zero (= less than 0 degrees) temperatures to much of the country. smart TVs in the sub-$1000 price range the first man to run a sub-4 minute mile sub- prefix (LOWER) below or in a lower position: the subarctic a sub-layer sub- prefix (NOT QUITE) almost or nearly: subtropical sub- prefix (SMALLER) being a smaller part of a larger whole: a subcontinent a subcommittee meeting to subdivide sub- prefix (LESS GOOD) not as good as: subhuman a sub-standard effort The film is a sort of sub-Godfather mafia family tale. sub- prefix (LESS IMPORTANT) less important or lower in rank: a sub-deacon a subordinate

with the aim of

something that you plan or hope to achieve: Our aim is customer satisfaction. with the aim of doing sth Environmentalists designed the project with the aim of increasing awareness of industrial pollution.

sculpture

statue or other free-standing piece of art made of clay, stone, or other materials

remain constant

stay the same sth remain constant

A salary cut

the act of reducing a salary

visual arts

the arts of painting and sculpture, rather than literature and music the arts created primarily for visual perception, as drawing, graphics, painting, sculpture, and the decorative arts

wildlife management

the manipulation of wildlife populations and habitat to achieve a goal

downward trend

the overall up and down movement of something over a long period of time in a down direction

upward trend

the overall up and down movement of something over a long period of time in an up direction

remake

to make a new film that has a story and title similar to an old one: The French film "Trois Hommes et un Couffin" was remade in Hollywood as "Three Men and a Baby".

reach a peak of

to peak at

bring down

to reduce the level of something: They've really brought down the price of laptops recently.

performance-enhancing drugs

used to describe drugs that are taken illegally by someone who plays a sport to make them better at that sport

by the way

used to introduce a new subject to be considered or to give further information: I think we've discussed everything we need to - by the way, what time is it? Oh, by the way, my name's Julie.

energy-efficient

using less energy

dominate

verb (HAVE CONTROL) B2 [ I or T ] to have control over a place or person: He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting. They work as a group - no one person is allowed to dominate. It's astonishing to think that only a few years ago Communism dominated eastern Europe. The skyline is dominated by smoking factory chimneys. a political party dominated by populists verb (BE IMPORTANT) C1 [ T ] to be the largest, most important, or most noticeable part of something: The cathedral dominates the landscape for miles around. The dispute is likely to dominate the news. (v) ปกครอง, ครอบงำ

embark

verb [ I ] formal to go onto a ship: We embarked at Liverpool for New York. v. ลงเรือ, เอาลงเรือ

proliferate

verb [ I ] formal to increase a lot and suddenly in number: Small businesses have proliferated in the last ten years.

remonstrate

verb [ I ] formal UK /ˈrem.ən.streɪt/ US /rɪˈmɑːn.streɪt/ to complain to someone or about something: I went to the boss to remonstrate against the new rules. The editor remonstrated with him about the inaccuracies in the story.

revolve

verb [ I or T ] to move or cause something to move around a central point or line: The earth revolves around the sun. The gun turret revolved until the gun was aimed at the advancing soldie (รีวอลว') vi.,vt. หมุนรอบ,โคจร,เกิดขึ้นเป็นวัฎจักร,ครุ่นคิด,คิดทบทวน,ทำให้โคจร, See also: revolvable adj. revolvably adv., Syn. spin,rotate,whirl

contaminated

verb [ T ] to make something less pure or make it poisonous: Much of the coast has been contaminated by nuclear waste. The food which had been contaminated was destroyed. contaminated adjective The infection was probably caused by swimming in contaminated water/water contaminated with sewage. contamination noun [ U ] The water supply is being tested for contamination (= the presence of unwanted or dangerous substances).

dissuade

verb [ T ] to persuade someone not to do something: I tried to dissuade her from leaving. (ดิสเวด') vt. ชักชวนไม่ให้ทำ,หน่วงเหนี่ยว,ห้ามปราม,ยับยั้ง., See also: dissuadable adj. ดูdissuade dissuader n. ดูdissuade, Syn. discourage,avert,warn ###A. encourage

repatriate

verb [ T ] to send or bring someone, or sometimes money or other property, back to the country that he, she, or it came from: The government repatriated him because he had no visa.

Captivate

verb [ T ] to hold the attention of someone by being extremely interesting, exciting, pleasant, or attractive: With her beauty and charm, she captivated film audiences everywhere. (แคพ'ทิเวท) {captivated,captivating,captivates} vt. จับใจ,ประทับใจ., See also: captivation n. ดู captivate captivative adj. ดู captivate, captivator, captivate, Syn. charm

rescind

verb [ T ] formal to make a law, agreement, order, or decision no longer have any (legal) power: The policy of charging air travellers for vegetarian meals proved unpopular and has already been rescinded. (รีสซินดฺ') vt. ยกเลิก,เลิกล้ม,ลบล้าง,เพิกถอน,กลับ,ฆ่า, See also: rescindable adj. rescinder n. rescindment n., Syn. annul,cancel,void,

produce

verb [T] (MAKE) B1 to make something or bring something into existence: France produces a great deal of wine for export. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. She works for a company that produces (= makes for sale) electrical goods. I was wondering whether I could produce a meal out of what's left in the fridge. She's asked me to produce a report on the state of the project. When animals produce young, they give birth to them: Our cat produced four kittens during the course of the night. humorous All our friends seem to be busy producing offspring at the moment. Plutonium is a fuel used to produce nuclear energy. $4 million worth of souvenirs and gift items have been produced for the event. The meat produced from a pig is called pork, bacon, or ham. verb [T] (CAUSE) B2 to cause a reaction or result: The senator's speech produced an angry response from the opposition. Her remarks produced an awkward silence. verb [T] (FILM/MUSIC) to organize the practical and financial matters relating to the preparation of a film, play, or television or radio programme Compare direct verb (CONTROL) to be in charge of making a musical recording and to be responsible for the arrangement of the music, the combination of the different instruments or voices and the general sound of it produce verb [T] (BRING OUT) C1 to bring something out from somewhere and show it: He produced a letter from his desk that he asked me to read. One of the men suddenly produced a knife from his pocket. produce verb [T] (RESULT IN) to result in or discover something, especially proof: A lengthy police investigation failed to produce any evidence on which the suspect could be convicted. noun [ U ] C2 food or any other substance or material that is grown or obtained through farming: agricultural/dairy/fresh produce (พระดิวซฺ') v. ให้กำเนิด,ผลิต,ก่อ,ก่อให้เกิด,จัดหา,แสดง,เสนอn. ผลิตผล,ผลิตภัณฑ์,ลูก, See also: producibility n. producible,produceable adj., Syn. yield

quash

verb [T] (REFUSE) to say officially that something, especially an earlier official decision, is no longer to be accepted: His conviction was quashed in March 1986 after his counsel argued that the police evidence was all lies. verb [T] (STOP) to forcefully stop something that you do not want to happen: The revolt was swiftly quashed by government troops. The company moved quickly to quash rumours/speculation that it is losing money. (ควอช) vt. ขจัดสิ้น,ยกเลิก,เพิกถอน,ทำให้ไร้ผล,ทำให้โมฆะ,ปราบ (กบฏ), Syn. suppress

record

verb [T] (STORE ELECTRONICALLY) A2 to store sounds or moving pictures using electronic equipment so that they can be heard or seen later: Cliff Richard has recorded more number one hit songs than any other British pop star. We recorded their wedding on video. verb [T] (STORE INFORMATION) B2 to keep information for the future, by writing it down or storing it on a computer: She records everything that happens to her in her diary. Unemployment is likely to reach the highest total that has ever been recorded. [ + that ] In his journal, Captain Scott recorded that he and his companions were weakened by lack of food. The coroner recorded (= decided) a verdict of accidental death. C1 If a device records a measurement, it shows that measurement: The thermometer recorded a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. noun (INFORMATION) B2 [ C or U ] a piece of information or a description of an event that is written on paper or stored on a computer: The weather centre keeps a record of the weather. This summer has been the hottest on record (= the hottest summer known about). B2 [ C ] information about someone or something that is stored by the police or by a doctor: A person's medical records are confidential. He is well known to the police and has a long criminal record (= a list kept by the police of his previous crimes). C2 [ C ] the facts that are known about a person or a company and the actions they have done in the past: I won't fly with an airline that has a bad safety record (= whose aircraft have often had accidents). for the record something that you say before you tell someone something important that you want them to remember: And, just for the record, we were never any more than good friends. (เรค'เคิร์ด) n. บันทึก,การบันทึก,สำนวน,สิ่งที่บันทึกไว้,ประวัติ,เอกสาร,หลักฐานที่บันทึกหรือเก็บไว้,จานเสียง,แผ่นเสียง,เทปบันทึก vt.,vi. (รีคอร์ด') บันทึก,ลงบันทึก adj. เป็นบันทึก,เกี่ยวกับบันทึก,ยอดเยี่ยม,ทำลายสถิติ,ตีกว่าคนอื่น ๆ ทั้งหมด, -Phr. (on record เป็นที่รู้กัน) ระเบียนบันทึก1. หมายถึงหน่วยหนึ่งของข้อมูลที่บันทึกไว้ในฐานหรือคลังข้อมูลโดยปกติ ระเบียนหนึ่งจะประกอบด้วยเขตข้อมูล (field) 1 เขตขึ้นไป เช่น ระเบียนของพนักงานของบริษัทแห่งหนึ่ง ประกอบด้วยเขตข้อมูล 10 เขต มี ชื่อ นามสกุล ที่อยู่ วันเข้าทำงาน เงินเดือนที่ได้รับ ตำแหน่งปัจจุบัน ฯ เป็นต้น ดู field ประกอบ2. ในอีกความหมายหนึ่ง แปลว่า บันทึกเก็บในหน่วยความจำหรือในสื่อที่ใช้เก็บข้อมูลชนิดใดชนิดหนึ่ง เช่น จานบันทึก (ในภาษาอังกฤษ มักใช้คำว่า write แทนมากกว่า)

monumental

very big: a monumental task a monumental waste of time (adj) เป็นอนุสาวรีย์,ถาวร,อย่างมหันต์,กล้าหาญ

swallow up

— phrasal verb with swallow verb to take someone or something in so that it is destroyed or no longer independent: The company was swallowed up by a competitor. A house in Florida disappeared Thursday, as a 40-foot-wide sinkhole began swallowing it up. [PHRV] กลืนเข้าไป [PHRV] ทำให้หายไป

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

we can conclude that

Conclusion Indicator

survivors

One who outlives another person or event.

cells

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

conventional medicine

The usual practice of physicians and other allied health professionals, such as physical therapists, psychologists, medical assistants and registered nurses. Also known as western, or allopathic medicine

diagnose

To recognize a disease by signs and symptoms. (ได'อักโนส) v. วินิจฉัย,ตรวจโรค,วิเคราะห์., See also: diagnosable adj. ดูdiagnose, Syn. analyze

job/work

"Work" means: exertion or effort directed to produce or accomplish something; labor; toil. Example: Mowing the lawn is work "Job" however, means paid work: a piece of work, especially a specific task done as part of the routine of one's occupation or for an agreed price: Example: My job is cleaning the university toilets.

however\moreover

'However' is used to indicate that you are about to introduce a counter argument to something that has already been presented. For instance, "The weatherman on the TV said that tomorrow will be bright and sunny. However, he has been wrong ninety percent of the time so far this year, so don't forget to take your umbrella." "Moreover" is used to further substantiate something already presented. For instance, "The weatherman on the TV said that tomorrow will be bright and sunny. Moreover, he has never made a wrong prediction in the last twenty years, so you won't be needing that new umbrella after all."

nature/countryside

'I like nature' means that you like to be in an environment natural, a garden, a park or in the countryside. 'I like the countryside' means that you like to be away from towns, in a rural situation.

resilient

(รีซิล'เยินทฺ) adj. กระโดดกลับ,ดีดกลับ,เด้งกลับ,กลับสู่สภาพเดิม,ฟื้นคืนสภาพเดิม adjective able to be happy, successful, etc. again after something difficult or bad has happened: She's a resilient girl - she won't be unhappy for long. Optimists argue that the economy may prove more resilient. C2 able to quickly return to its usual shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed: This rubber ball is very resilient and immediately springs back into shape. resilient materials

tone

(โทน) n. เสียงสูงต่ำ,คุณภาพของเสียง,น้ำเสียง,เสียงร้อง,การเน้นเสียงที่พยางค์หนึ่งของคำ,ระบบสี,สีที่ให้,การให้สี,การปรับสี,อิทธิพลของสี,ความตึงตัวของอวัยวะหรือเนื้อเยื่อของร่างกาย. vt.,vi. ทำเสียงเฉพาะ,ปรับเสียง,ปรับสี,ฟื้นฟูสภาพกายหรือจิต -Phr. tone dow

thus

1. adverb You use thus to show that what you are about to mention is the result or consequence of something else that you have just mentioned. [formal] Neither of them thought of turning on the lunch-time news. Thus Caroline didn't hear of John's death until Peter telephoned. Some people will be more capable and thus better paid than others. ...women's access to the basic means of production and thus to political power. Synonyms: therefore, so, hence, consequently 2. adverb [ADVERB with verb] If you say that something is thus or happens thus you mean that it is, or happens, as you have just described or as you are just about to describe. [formal] He stormed four bunkers, completely destroying them. While thus engaged he was seriously wounded. Martin helped his father dig the gardens. Thus he discovered his interest in gardening.

invasion of privacy

: a situation in which someone fails to respect a person's right to keep certain personal information from being known She felt that the guard's request to search her was an invasion of (her) privacy.

on the ground that

: for the reason that : because Many critics have objected to the proposal on the grounds that it would be too costly.

building society

A building society is a type of financial institution that provides banking and other financial services to its members. Building societies resemble credit unions in the U.S. in that they are owned entirely by their members. These societies offer mortgages and demand-deposit accounts. Insurance companies are often major supporters.

antibiotic

A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth without harming body cells.

ballet

A dance form featuring a staged presentation of group or solo dancing with music, costumes, and scenery.

cardiovascular disease

A general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

stress-related diseases

A loose set of physical, psychological, and/or behavioral changes that are thought to result from the stress of too much competition and too close proximity to other members of the same species

joint

A place in the body where two bones come together

immune system

A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response

virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

unsociable hours

ADJECTIVE If someone works unsocial hours, they work late at night, early in the morning, at weekends, or on public holidays. In Britain, people are often paid extra for working unsocial hours.

also, too

Adv. 1: LIKEWISE sense 1 They also liked it. 2: in addition : BESIDES, TOO She's a talented singer and also a fine actress.

replace

B1 to take the place of something, or to put something or someone in the place of something or someone else: The factory replaced most of its workers with robots. Tourism has replaced agriculture as the nation's main industry. Do a global search for 'organise' and replace it with 'organize'. The Council plans to knock the library down and replace it with a hotel complex. Imperial units have in many cases been replaced by metric ones in Britain. Doctors have replaced the top of his hip bone with a metal sphere. B1 If you replace something broken, damaged, or lost, you provide a new one: I promised to replace the plate that I'd dropped. (รีเพลส') vt. แทนที่,สวมตำแหน่ง,ทำหน้าที่แทน,รับช่วง,ชดใช้คืน, See also: replaceability n. replaceable adj. replacer n.

relax

B1 [ I or T ] to (cause someone to) become less active and more calm and happy, or to (cause a part of the body to) become less stiff: After work she relaxed with a cup of tea and the newspaper. A good massage will relax your tired muscles. He relaxed his grip on my arm (= he began to hold it less tightly). (รีแลคซฺ') vt.,vi. ผ่อน,คลาย,ปล่อย,ทำให้หายกังวล,ระบายท้อง

beside\besides

Beside Beside is a preposition. It means 'at the side of' or 'next to'. It is rather formal: He would like to take a photograph of us. Would you come and sit beside me? There was a small table beside the bed, on which there was a book. Besides Besides is a preposition or a linking adverb. It means 'in addition to' or 'also': What other types of music do you like besides classical? As a linking adverb, we usually put a comma before and after besides in writing: I don't think going for a walk is a good idea. It's quite cold, and, besides, it's getting late and we don't want to be out in the dark.

make/cause

Cause is if something is the reason that another thing happened (reaction). I (the reason) caused the book to fall off the table (reaction). The bomb (the reason) caused an explosion (reaction). The car (the reason) caused a road accident (reaction). And make is to create and it can be used instead of 'caused' if the sentence structure is changed ex: The bomb made the house explode. I made the book fall from the table. I can make paper planes.

chemical fertiliser

Chemical fertilizers are compounds containing high concentration of nutrients required for plant growth.

considerable\considerate

Considerable adjective B2 large or of noticeable importance: (amount) The fire caused considerable damage to the church. (คันซิด'เดอระเบิล) adj. ค่อนข้างใหญ่,ค่อนข้างมาก,น่าพิจารณา,น่านับถือ. n.จำนวนมาก,จำนวนไม่น้อย considerate adjective kind and helpful: refers to a person who acts or behaves in a way that is thinking of the feelings or interests of another person or a group of people It wasn't very considerate of you to drink all the milk. (คันซิด'เดอเรท) adj. ซึ่งพิจารณาอย่างรอบคอบ,เห็นอกเห็นใจ,ที่คิดถึงคนอื่น

control\inspect

Control to order, limit, or rule something, or someone's actions or behaviour: If you can't control your dog, put it on a lead! You're going to have to learn to control your temper. Inspect to look at something or someone carefully in order to discover information, especially about their quality or condition: After the crash both drivers got out and inspected their cars for damage. She held the bank note up to the light and inspected it carefully.

densely populated

Crowded area, many people per square mile of land

Sex Discrimination Act

a British Act of Parliament which became a law in 1975. Under the Act, people of both sexes have the right to equal opportunities in education and employment, and to be paid the same amount for doing the same work. People who break this law, for example by paying women less than men, can be put on trial and punished in a court of law. sex discrimination treatment of men and women differently, especially unfair treatment of women: sex discrimination in sth The law bars sex discrimination in educational programs. a sex discrimination case/claim/lawsuit sexual discrimination against sb/sth She is claiming sexual discrimination against the Army.

curriculum vitae

a CV a short written description of your education, qualifications, previous jobs, and sometimes also your personal interests, that you send to an employer when you are trying to get a job

battery chickens

a chicken kept in a small cage or battery.

distribution of wealth

a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society. It shows one aspect of economic inequality or economic heterogeneity. The distribution of wealth differs from the income distribution in that it looks at the economic distribution of ownership of the assets in a society, rather than the current income of members of that society. According to the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, "the world distribution of wealth is much more unequal than that of income.

wound

a damaged area of the body, such as a cut or hole in the skin or flesh made by a weapon: a gunshot wound a chest/leg wound a flesh wound (= one that is not deep) He died from multiple stab wounds to the neck and upper body.

surgeon

a doctor who performs operations

portrait

a drawing, painting, or photograph of a person, especially the face

battery farming

a farm where large numbers of chickens or other animals are kept in very small cages or crowded conditions

investigative journalism

a form of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic of interest, such as serious crimes, political corruption, or corporate wrongdoing. An investigative journalist may spend months or years researching and preparing a report. Practitioners sometimes use the terms "watchdog reporting" or "accountability reporting".

base unit

a fundamental unit that is defined arbitrarily and not by combinations of other units. The base units of the SI system are the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela.

a great deal of

a large amount: She spends a good deal of her time in China. A great deal of effort has gone into making the software reliable. They still need a great deal more money to finish the project.

multi-storey car park

a large car park with several floors A multistorey building has several floors: a multistorey hotel

inflammation

a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection. noun [ C or U ] a red, painful, and often swollen area in or on a part of your body: Aspirin reduces pain and inflammation. an inflammation of the eye/toe/ear

basement

a part of a building consisting of rooms that are partly or completely below the level of the ground: Our kitchenware department is in the basement. a basement flat

long-haul flight

a period of years, rather than days, weeks, or months: I want to invest my money for the long haul, not just to get rich quick. adjective [ before noun ] travelling a long distance: a long-haul flight long-haul truck drivers

vegetarian

a person who eats mostly or only plant-based foods

journalist

a person who writes for a newspaper or magazine

oats

a plant that is a type of grass, or its grain used in baking and cooking or to feed animals: a field of oats rolled oats (= oats that have been pressed flat) These biscuits contain oats. UK porridge oats

circum

a prefix with the meaning "round about, around,'' found in Latin loanwords, esp. derivatives of verbs that had the general senses "to encompass or surround'' (circumference; circumjacent; circumstance) or "to go around'' by the means or in the manner specified by the verb (circumnavigate; circumscribe); on this basis forming adjectives in English with the meaning "surrounding'' that named by the stem (circumocular; circumpolar).

mountain range

a series of connected mountains

hill

a small area of land that is higher than the land around it

art deco

a style of decoration that was especially popular in the 1930s and uses simple shapes and lines and strong colours

additives

a substance added to something in small quantities, typically to improve or preserve it.

population explosion

a sudden, large increase in the size of a population.

barley

a tall plant like grass with long, straight hairs growing from the head of each stem, or the grain from this plant, used for food and for making beer and whisky n. ข้าวบาร์เลย์

footpath

a trail or path for people to walk on

concrete

a very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones, and water: reinforced concrete a concrete floor/path a grey concrete building verb [ T ] UK to cover something in concrete: Why did you concrete over that nice garden? adjective C1 clear and certain, or real and existing in a form that can be seen or felt: They think she killed her husband, but they have no concrete evidence. We have a general idea of what we want, but nothing concrete at the moment. (คอน'ครีท) ฐconcreted,concreting,concretes} adj. ชัดแจ้ง,ซึ่งเห็นประจักษ์,มีตัวตน,เป็นรูปธรรม,จริง ๆ n. สิ่งที่เป็นรูปธรรม,สิ่งที่มีตัวตน,คอนกรีต,ดินที่แข็งเป็นก้อน. vt. วางคอนกรีต,ใส่คอนกรีต,ทำให้เกาะตัวแน่น,ทำให้แข็ง., See also: concreteness n. ด

slums

a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city: an inner-city slum She was brought up in the slums of Lima. informal disapproving a very untidy or dirty place: This house would be an absolute slum if I wasn't here to clean it. verb informal UK /slʌm/ US /slʌm/ slum it to spend time in conditions that are much less good than the standard that you are used to: We ran out of money on holiday and had to slum it in cheap hostels. (สลัม) n. แหล่งเสื่อมโทรม,แหล่งที่อยู่อาศัยของคนจนมาก.vi.เยี่ยมแหล่งเสื่อมโทรม, Syn. warren,skid

sedentary lifestyle

a way of life that includes little physical activity adjective C2 involving little exercise or physical activity: a sedentary job/occupation My doctor says I should start playing sport because my lifestyle is too sedentary. BIOLOGY specialized used to refer to organisms that do not ever or often move from one position or place : This is quite a sedentary species and this is the longest journey for a female we know of. Beneath the kelp there are sedentary organisms such as molluscs of many types.

VAT

abbreviation for Value Added Tax: a tax that is paid at each stage in the production of goods or services, and by the final customer. Businesses in the production process take away the cost of inputs (= labour, materials, etc.) from the cost of outputs (= products and services sold) to calculate the amount that they must pay: You can pay as little as £600 plus VAT for a powerful PC. including/excluding VAT The price is £19.99, including VAT. Those with a turnover of £51,000 or more have to register for VAT. Banking services are exempt from VAT.

male-dominated

ability and performance qualifications are associated with masculinity A male-dominated society, organization, or area of activity is one in which men have most of the power and influence. ...the male-dominated world of journalism.

aboard\abroad

aboard on or onto a ship, aircraft, bus, or train: The flight attendant welcomed us aboard. Welcome aboard flight BA345 to Tokyo. The train's about to leave. All aboard! We spent two months aboard ship (= on the ship). (อะบอร์ด') adv. ,prep. บนเรือ,บนเครื่องบิน,บนรถ,ไปทางข้าง, Syn. on board, on aboard abroad in or to a foreign country or countries: He's currently abroad on business. We always go abroad in the summer. More examples After her divorce she went to live abroad. He wanted the best for his children - good schools, a nice house and trips abroad. We have two grown-up children, both of whom live abroad. They decided to move abroad and make a fresh start. (อะบรอด') adj.,adv. ข้างนอก, ต่างประเทศ, แพร่หลาย, ไปทั่ว, พิศวง, ไม่หนักแน่น, ไม่ตรงประเด็น, Syn. circulating, outdoors

advancing

adjective advancing age/years If you talk about someone's advancing age, you mean that they are getting older: He only recently stopped working, due to his advancing years.

cultured

adjective A cultured person has had a good education and knows a lot about art, music, literature, etc.

arable land

adjective Arable farming land is used for, or is suitable for, growing crops: arable farming/farmers/farms/land The country is rich in arable land.

priceless

adjective B2 A priceless object has such a high value, especially because it is rare, that the price of it cannot be calculated: A priceless collection of vases was destroyed. figurative Her knowledge and experience would make her a priceless (= extremely useful) asset to the team. informal extremely funny to see or hear: You should have seen the look on her face when I told her - it was priceless! (ไพรซฺ'ลิส) adj. ราคาสูงจนหาค่ามิได้,ขบขัน., See also: pricelessness n., Syn. invaluable,costly

residential

adjective B2 A residential road, area, etc. has only private houses, not offices and factories. C2 A residential job, position, course, etc. is one for which you live at the same place where you work or study. relating to where you live or have lived: You must satisfy the residential qualifications to get a work permit. It was not safe to locate the chemicals factory in a residential area. The college runs residential courses throughout the summer. The agency deals with residential and commercial property. Rents in residential areas are lower than in the business district. เกี่ยวกับที่พักอาศัย

educational

adjective B2 providing education or relating to education: Reducing the size of classes may improve educational standards. She seems to have spent all her life studying in educational establishments/institutions. humorous My father has never been to a rock concert before - it'll be an educational experience for him (= a new experience from which he can learn).

voluntary

adjective C1 done, made, or given willingly, without being forced or paid to do it: She does voluntary work for the Red Cross two days a week. They chose to take voluntary redundancy. voluntary workers A voluntary organization is controlled and supported by people who give their time and money to it without being paid, and that exists to help other people: The hospital has asked various voluntary organizations to help raise money for the new operating theatre. the voluntary sector

industrious

adjective C2 An industrious person works hard: an industrious worker She's extremely competent and industrious. (อินดัส'เทรียส) adj. ขยันหมั่นเพียร,อุตสาห

extravagant

adjective C2 spending too much money, or using too much of something: the extravagant lifestyle of a movie star It was very extravagant of you to buy strawberries out of season. He rarely used taxis, which he regarded as extravagant. the extravagant use of packaging on many products extreme and unreasonable: The product does not live up to the extravagant claims of the advertisers. (เอคซฺแทรฟ'วะเกินทฺ) adj. ฟุ่มเฟือย,สุรุ่ยสุร่าย,สิ้นเปลือง,ความมากเกินควร, See also: extravagantness n., Syn. spendthrift

torrential

adjective C2 used to refer to very heavy rain: torrential rain a torrential downpour/storm

monetary

adjective C2 FINANCE & ECONOMICS relating to the money in a country: monetary policy monetary control The monetary unit of the UK is the pound. relating to money or in the form of money: They betrayed their friends for monetary gain. It's hard to put a monetary value on the harm that was done. (มอน'นิเทอรี) adj. เกี่ยวกับเงินตรา,เกี่ยวกับเงิน

exorbitant

adjective Exorbitant prices, demands, etc. are much too large: The bill for dinner was exorbitant. The interest charged on most credit cards is exorbitant. an exorbitant price/fee/rate (อิกซอ'บิเทินทฺ) adj. มากเกินไป,แพงเกินไป,สูงเกินไป.

law-abiding

adjective Someone who is law-abiding obeys the law: Such actions against law-abiding citizens will not be tolerated.

lateral

adjective [ before noun ] BIOLOGY, MEDICAL formal or specialized relating to the sides of an object or plant or to sideways movement: lateral movement Trim the lateral shoots of the flower (= the ones that grow sideways from the main stem of a plant). PHONETICS specialized A lateral consonant is made when the flow of air is blocked in the middle, so that the air flows to the side: In English, /l/ is lateral. (แลท'เทอเริล) adj. เกี่ยวกับด้านข้าง. n. ด้านข้าง,ข้าง,สิ่งที่อยู่ด้านข้าง.

astute

adjective able to understand a situation quickly and see how to take advantage of it: an astute investor/businesswoman his astute handling of the situation an astute observer of human behaviour (แอสทิวทฺ') adj. ฉลาด,มีเชาว์,มีเล่ห์,

mountainous (mountain)

adjective having a lot of mountains: a mountainous region very big: mountainous waves

uplifting

adjective making someone feel better: For me it was a marvellously uplifting performance.

free range

adjective relating to or produced by farm animals that are allowed to move around outside and are not kept in cages: free-range eggs/chickens

wholescale

adjective relating to the activity of selling goods or services to stores, other businesses, etc. rather than to the public: Producer prices are a gauge of costs at the wholesale level. a wholesale price/rate The wholesale market price of gasoline is starting to rise. wholesale sales/trade During August, total wholesale sales dropped 0.9%. a wholesale business/company He set up a wholesale business and internet site. He takes his produce daily to the wholesale market in Bradford. Squeezed between manufacturers and retailers is the wholesale sector. The bank plans to exit wholesale banking to concentrate on its core personal financial services business. adverb if something is sold wholesale, it is sold to stores, other businesses, etc. rather than to the public: Breeders who sell puppies wholesale to a broker or pet store must obtain a USDA license. All of her furniture was bought wholesale.

responsible

adjective used to describe something, for example, a job, where you are able to act and make decisions on your own: It's a responsible job for which I've been well rewarded. be responsible for sb/sth to have control and authority over someone or something and the duty to take care of them: He is responsible for the council's waste management department. to make something happen, especially something bad: She was responsible for causing the accident. be responsible to sb/sth to be controlled by someone or something: Only our elected representatives, responsible to us, can make these big decisions. hold sb/sth responsible to blame someone or something for something bad that happened: He was held responsible for the accident. be responsible for your actions to be able to be fairly blamed for bad things that you do or mistakes that you make: Although he was ill at the time, he was still responsible for his actions.

over-protective

adjective wishing to protect someone, especially a child, too much: The children of overprotective parents often do not develop the skills they need to take care of themselves when they leave home.

identical

adjective B2 exactly the same, or very similar: I've got three identical blue suits. The two rooms were virtually identical. The interests of both parties may not be identical, but they do overlap considerably. The tests are identical to those carried out last year. Compare selfsame Hospitals always seem such impersonal places - rows of identical beds in dull grey rooms. The measurements of both rooms were identical. We flew over the city with its serried ranks of identical grey houses. Their twins are virtually identical. (ไดเดน'ทิเคิล) adj. เหมือนกัน,เหมือนกันทุกอย่าง,อย่างเดียวกัน See also: identically adv. identicalness n., Syn. equal

exhaustive

adjective C1 complete and including everything: an exhaustive study/report (เอคซอส'ทิฟว) adj. ซึ่งทำให้หมด,หมดกำลัง,หมดจด,ละเอียดถ้วนทั่ว,ทอนกำลัง

important

adjective of great value, meaning, or effect: an important discovery [ + that clause ] It's important that you tell the doctor all your symptoms. Important also means having great influence: an important modern artist importance noun [ U ] US /ɪmˈpɔr·təns/ He stressed the importance of fruits and vegetables in the diet. importantly adverb US /ɪmˈpɔr·tənt·li/ She has a pleasant personality, but more importantly, she is well qualified for the job. (อิมพอร์' เทินทฺ) adj. สำคัญ, มีความหมาย, เด่น, โอหัง, ยะโส, มีอิทธิพลมาก, มีอำนาจมาก, มีฐานะสูง, ใหญ่โต, มากมาย., See also: importantly adv., Syn. subtantial, serious

prolific

adjective producing a great number or amount of something: He was probably the most prolific songwriter of his generation. Rabbits and other rodents are prolific (= have a lot of babies). (โพรลิฟ'ฟิค) adj. ออกลูกมาก,มีลูกมาก,แพร่หลาย,อุดมสมบูรณ์,มีผลมาก

willing

adjective be willing (to do sth) B1 to be happy to do something if it is needed: If you're willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket. You said you needed a volunteer - well, I'm willing. Apparently John and Gabriel are willing for us to use their barbecue. He is not willing to concede any of his power. You have to be willing to see other people's points of view. (วิล'ลิง) adj. เต็มใจ,ตั้งใจ,มีเจตนา,สมัครใจ,ยินดี, See also: willingly adv. willingness n., Syn. obliging,agreeable

clumsy

adjective B2 A clumsy person often has accidents because they do not behave in a careful, controlled way: That's the third glass you've smashed this week - you're so clumsy! awkward in movement or manner: The first mobile phones were heavy and clumsy to use, but nowadays they are much easier to handle. He gave a clumsy bow. not skilful in the way you deal with or express something: Her clumsy handling of the situation only made it worse. My attempts to apologize were very clumsy. Some of the wording of the statement was a bit clumsy. (คลัม'ซี) adj. งุ่มง่าม,เซ่อซ่า, See also: clumsily adv. ดูclumsy clumsiness n. ดูclumsy

refined

adjective (CHANGED) A refined substance has been made pure by removing other substances from it: refined foods such as white bread and white sugar C2 improved because of many small changes that have been made: highly refined theories adjective (POLITE) C2 very polite and showing knowledge of social rules (รีไฟนดฺ') adj. สุภาพเรียบร้อย,ขัดเกลา,สละสลวย,ปราศจากสิ่งสกปรก,กลั่น,กรอง,ประณีต,ละเอียดลออ, See also: refinedly adv. refinedness n., Syn. subtle)

incurable

adjective (DISEASE) C2 not able to be cured: Parkinson's disease is a debilitating and incurable disease of the nervous system. adjective (PERSONALITY) [ usually before noun ] used to say that someone 's personality type does not change or cannot be changed: an incurable romantic/optimist/pessimist

charged

adjective (EMOTIONS) (of arguments or subjects) causing strong feelings and differences of opinion or, more generally, filled with emotion or excitement: Abortion is a highly charged issue. He spoke in a voice charged with emotion. adjective (ENERGY) containing a particular type of energy, especially electrical energy: electrically charged particles/ions

costly

adjective (EXPENSIVE) expensive, especially too expensive: a costly item a costly purchase The project was subject to several costly delays/setbacks. adjective (DAMAGING) involving a lot of loss or damage: Building this bridge has already been too costly in terms of lives (= people have been killed while working on it). (คอสทฺ'ลี) adj. แพง,มีราคาสูง,เป็นบทเรียนราคาแพง,มีค่ามาก,ฟุ่มเฟือย., See also: costliness n. ดูcostly, Syn. expensive,rich

guilty

adjective (FEELING) feeling guilt: I feel so guilty about forgetting her birthday. She must have done something wrong, because she's looking so guilty. You've got a guilty conscience - that's why you can't sleep. More examples Don't make me feel guilty. I feel guilty about leaving you here all on your own. adjective (RESPONSIBLE) B2 responsible for breaking a law: The jury has to decide whether a person is guilty or innocent of a crime. A person accused of a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty. The defendent pleaded guilty (= they formally admitted their guilt in court) to the charge of manslaughter. (กิล'ที) adj. มีความผิด,เกี่ยวกับความผิด., See also: guiltily adv. guiltiness n., Syn. culpable

fertile

adjective (LAND) C2 Fertile land can produce a large number of good quality crops. adjective (PEOPLE/ANIMALS/PLANTS) Fertile animals or plants are able to produce (a lot of) young or fruit: People get less fertile as they get older. Opposites barreninfertile A fertile seed or egg is able to develop into a new plant or animal. Opposite infertile

graceful

adjective (MOVEMENT) C1 moving in a smooth, relaxed, attractive way, or having a smooth, attractive shape: graceful movements a graceful neck The gazelle is one of the swiftest and most graceful of animals. She is a wonderfully graceful dancer. adjective (BEHAVIOUR) C2 behaving in a polite and pleasant way: She finally apologized, but she wasn't very graceful about it. (เกรส'ฟูล) adj. สวยงาม,งดงาม,นิ่มนวล,กลมกล่อม,อรชร,สุภาพ,สง่า,มีมารยาท,เมตตา,กรุณา., See also: gracefully adv. gracefulness n., Syn. elegant,comely

dependents

adjective (NEEDING HELP) B2 needing the support of something or someone in order to continue existing or operating: He has three dependent children. It's very easy to become dependent on sleeping pills. Most children remain dependent on their parents while at university. The number of single-parent families dependent on the state has risen enormously in recent years. adjective (DECIDED BY) dependent on/upon sthC1 influenced or decided by something: Whether I get into college or not is dependent on how good my grades are.

spiky

adjective (POINTED) covered with spikes or having that appearance: a spiky cactus spiky leaves spiky hair adjective (BAD MOOD) informal easily annoyed and not polite: a spiky teenager [ADJ] ซึ่งมีเดือยแหลม, Syn. sharp, thorny

crude

adjective (SIMPLE) C2 simple and not skilfully done or made: a crude device/weapon More examples The M.P.'s speech was dismissed by her opponents as crude electioneering. The constructed a crude shelter from branches. adjective (RUDE) C2 rude and offensive: a crude remark/comment noun [ U ] oil from rocks underground in a natural state that has not yet been treated (ครูด) adj. หยาบ,สกปรก,เป็นธรรมชาติ,ยังไม่สุก,ยังไม่ผ่านกรรมวิธี n. น้ำมันดิบ, See also: crudeness n., Syn. coarse,unrefined

peculiar

adjective (STRANGE) B2 unusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant way: She has the most peculiar ideas. What a peculiar smell! It's peculiar that they didn't tell us they were going away. UK The video on road accidents made me feel rather peculiar (= ill). adjective (BELONGING TO) C2 belonging to, relating to, or found in only particular people or things: He gets on with things in his own peculiar way/manner/fashion. They noted that special manner of walking that was peculiar to her alone. This type of building is peculiar to the south of the country. (พิคิว'เลีย) adj. ประหลาด

functional

adjective (USEFUL) B2 designed to be practical and useful rather than attractive: functional clothing adjective (WORKING NORMALLY) (of a machine, system, etc.) working in the usual way: Is the central heating functional yet? performing a particular operation: a functional disorder (= when an organ does not work as it should) adj. เกี่ยวกับหน้าที่,ซึ่งปฏิบัติตามหน้าที่,ซึ่งสามารถปฏิบัติการได้,ซึ่งไม่ทราบสาเหตุทางกายหรือการเปลี่ยนแปลงของโครงสร้าง., Syn. suitable,practical

auditory

adjective BIOLOGY specialized of or about hearing: It's an artificial device that stimulates the auditory areas of the brain. (ออ'ดิทอรี) adj.,n. เกี่ยวกับการฟังหรือการได้ยิน,เกี่ยวกับโสตประสาท,กลุ่มคนที่ฟัง,ห้องประชุม,ห้องบรรยาย

lingual

adjective MEDICAL specialized relating to the tongue: Lingual nerve damage will bring about loss of sensation to one half of the tongue.

broke

adjective [ after verb ] informal without money: I can't afford to go on holiday this year - I'm (flat) broke. Many small businesses went broke (= lost all their money) during the recession. adj. ล้มละลาย, ถังแตก

white collar

adjective [ before noun ] relating to people who work in offices, doing work that needs mental rather than physical effort: white-collar workers/unions

auto

adjective [ before noun ] relating to cars: auto insurance/mechanics/engineers the auto industry/market/business He was badly injured in an auto accident. He owns a shop selling outdoor clothing and auto accessories. You can get some great deals on Japanese autos right now. auto- prefix of or by yourself, or operating independently and without needing help: an autofocus camera an auto-immune disease (ออ'โท) n., (pl. autos) รถ, Syn. automobile)

cognitive processes

adjective [ before noun ] PSYCHOLOGY specialized connected with thinking or conscious mental processes: Some of her cognitive functions have been impaired. cognitive behaviour/development cognitive psychology

exceptional

adjective approving B2 much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc.: an exceptional student exceptional powers of concentration The company has shown exceptional growth over the past two years. Synonyms especial special Judges only grant marriage annulments in exceptional circumstances. a woman of exceptional perspicacity At £30 a night, this hotel represents exceptional value for money.

unscrupulous

adjective disapproving C2 behaving in a way that is dishonest or unfair in order to get what you want: an unscrupulous financial adviser unscrupulous dealers/employers/operators Counterfeit documents make it easier for unscrupulous employers to knowingly hire illegal workers. We protect consumers by going after unscrupulous lenders or unscrupulous contractors or unscrupulous real estate agents. unscrupulous businesses/companies/practices

defunct

adjective formal no longer existing, living, or working correctly: members of a now defunct communist organization humorous I think this TV is defunct!

tabloids

adjective, noun [ C ] B2 (of or relating to) a type of popular newspaper with small pages that has many pictures and short, simple reports: the tabloid press a tabloid newspaper She had no desire to embroil herself in lengthy lawsuits with the tabloid newspapers. The Finance Minister's fall from grace gave the tabloid press great satisfaction. The tabloid newspapers have fastened on popular psychology.

passionate about

adjectiveB2 having very strong feelings or emotions: a passionate speech The child's mother made a passionate plea for help. Joe is passionate about baseball (= he likes it very much). Opposites emotionless passionless having, showing, or involving strong sexual feelings : The Italians are said to be the most passionate people in Europe. a passionate kiss/embrace Opposite passionless disapproving The priest delivered a passionate sermon against war. Behind that cold exterior there's a passionate man. What is very clear in these letters is Clark's passionate hatred of his father. It was a passionate and often stormy relationship. They had a passionate courtship and a long, loving marriage.(แพช'เชินเนท) adj. มีอารมณ์มาก,เร่าร้อน,กระตือรือร้น,มีอารมณ์ไคร่ได้ง่าย,โกรธง่าย,สะเทือนอารมณ์ได้ง่าย

obligatory

adjectiveC1 If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or law, etc.: The medical examination before you start work is obligatory. [ + to infinitive ] The statute made it obligatory for all healthy males between 14 and 60 to work. C2 expected because it usually happens: Several Secret Service agents surrounded the President, all wearing the obligatory raincoat and hat. (อะบลิก'กะโทรี,-ทอ'รี,ออบ'ละกะโทรี) adj. เป็นพันธะ,เป็นภาระหน้าที่,จำเป็น,จำต้อง,เป็นข้อผูกพัน., See also: obligatorily adv.

slightly

adv a little: She's slightly taller than her sister. I'm slightly upset she forgot my birthday.

similarly

adv. You use similarly to say that something is similar to something else. Most of the men who now gathered round him again were similarly dressed. You use similarly when mentioning a fact or situation that is similar to the one you have just mentioned. A mother recognises the feel of her child's skin when blindfolded. Similarly, she can instantly identify her baby's cry.

sharply

adv. quickly and suddenly: Inflation has risen/fallen sharply. His health improved/deteriorated sharply this week. in a way that will cut or make a hole: a sharply pointed nail

gradually

adv. slowly over a period of time or a distance: Gradually, she realized that he wasn't telling her the truth. The bank slopes gradually down to the river. As the plot unfolds, you gradually realize that all your initial assumptions were wrong. Those who disagreed with the director's viewpoint were gradually edged out of the company.

steadily

adv. constantly, continuously gradually: Prices have risen steadily. calmly and in a controlled way: She returned his gaze steadily.

coherently

adverb in a way that is clear and carefully considered, with each part connecting or following in a natural or sensible way: Your essay does not coherently focus or communicate your ideas. She was able to coherently address those issues. clearly and in a way that is easy to understand: In times of distress, it can be difficult to speak coherently. [ADV] อย่างปะติดปะต่อกัน

formerly

adverb formal B2 in the past: The European Union was formerly called the European Community. (adv) แต่ก่อน,แต่กาลก่อน,แต่หนหลัง,เมื่อก่อน,แต่ปางก่อน,สมัยก่อน

afterwards

after the time mentioned: We had tea, and afterwards we sat in the garden for a while. They separated, and soon/shortly afterwards Jane left the country. Synonyms after later We agreed on a price but afterwards they wanted £10 extra. If you're a good boy at the doctor's I'll take you swimming afterwards. Everyone would go into the hall for assembly and then afterwards we'd go to our respective classes.

largely

almost completely: a largely male company Their complaints have been largely ignored. Until recently the civil war had been largely unreported in the press. (ลาร์จฺ'ลี) adj. อย่างมาก,อย่างใหญ่โต,โดยทั่วไป, Syn. mostly,generally

prey

an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal: A hawk hovered in the air before swooping on its prey. be/fall prey to sb/sth to be harmed or deceived by someone or something : The once-successful property development company has fallen prey to the current economic crisis. FINANCE to be bought by a larger, more powerful company or organization: The bank seems likely to fall prey to a bigger organization. (เพร) n. เหยื่อ,สัตว์ที่ล่าหรือจับกินเป็นอาหาร ,การล่าเหยื่อ,สิ่งที่ปล้นมา. vt. จับกินเป็นอาหาร,มีผลร้ายต่อจิต,ทำให้ผู้อ่านเป็นเหยื่อ

food poisoning

an illness usually caused by eating food that contains harmful bacteria In addition, large events create challenging logistics for the safe handling of food, increasing the risk of unintentional food poisoning.

visa

an official mark made in a passport (= official document allowing you to travel to foreign countries) which allows you to enter or leave a particular country, stay for a particular length of time, etc.: I've applied for an extension to my visa. an entry visa My visa still hasn't come through. I need to extend my visa . I've applied for an extension to my visa . They granted her an entry visa. You must have a guarantor in order to get a visa to enter the country. We travelled to Argentina on a tourist visa. วีซ่า

an eyesore

an unpleasant or ugly sight in a public place: They think the new library building is an eyesore. n. สิ่งที่อุจาดนัยน์ตา,สิ่งที่บดบังความสวยงามของสิ่งอื่น

rheumatism

any painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues noun [ U ] MEDICAL a medical condition that causes stiffness and pain in the joints (= places where two bones are connected) or muscles of the body: She suffers from rheumatism. I can't play the piano any more because I have rheumatism in my fingers.

as a consequence

as a result of something Animals have died as a consequence of coming into contact with this chemical. She was over the age limit and, in consequence, her application was rejected.

by way of

as a type of: He sent me some flowers by way of an apology. [IDM] เป็นตัวอย่าง

salt and pepper

be like chalk and cheese UK If two people are like chalk and cheese, they are completely different from each other: My brother and I are like chalk and cheese.

arty

being or wishing to seem very interested in everything connected with art and artists: She hangs out with a lot of arty types. (อาร์'ที) adj. มีลักษณะโอ้อวดทางศิลปะ

surreal

beyond what is real or believable; bizarre strange; not seeming real; like a dream: Driving through the total darkness was a slightly surreal experience. [ADJ] เกี่ยวกับลัทธิศิลปะที่มุ่งแสดงสิ่งที่เหนือจริง, Syn. surrealistic [ADJ] เหมือนฝัน, See also: เกี่ยวกับการนึกฝัน, เหนือความจริง, Syn. dreamlike, fantastic [N] ลักษณะแบบลัทธิที่อยู่เหนือความจริง, Syn. surrealism

controversial

causing disagreement or discussion: a controversial issue/decision/speech/figure The book was very controversial. (คันทระเวอ'เชิล) adj. เกี่ยวกับการโต้เถียง,เกี่ยวกับการขัดแย้ง,, See also: controversialism n. controversialist n., Syn. disputatious

chance

chance noun (OPPORTUNITY) [ C ] an occasion that allows something to be done; an opportunity: If you get a chance, come over and see me. You had many chances to back out of the deal, and you didn't do it. She'd been a substitute on the team, and she wanted a chance to play every day. chance noun (LIKELIHOOD) [ U ] a level of possibility that something will happen; likelihood: I've applied to seven different universities, and there's a good chance I'll get into two of them. chance noun (RISK) [ C ] a possibility that something bad will happen; a risk: There's a chance of injury in almost any sport. You don't get anywhere in life without taking chances. chance noun (LUCK) [ U ] the happening of something in a way that no one could have known, so that it seems to have no cause: Four years ago we met by chance in Paris. Do you by any chance know when the last bus leaves tonight? verb (RISK) [ T ] to do something although it involves risk: It's a very popular restaurant, and we may not get a table, but let's chance it. chance verb (LUCK) [ I ] to happen or find something in a way that is not planned or expected: I chanced upon some old love letters in a drawer.

processed food

commercially prepared food bought for convenience

reinforced concrete

concrete that contains metal rods to make it stronger

consist

consist of something — phrasal verb with consist verb to be something that is made or formed of various specific things: The crowd consisted mostly of college kids and office workers. Her responsibilities consist of answering the phone and greeting visitors. Many jazz trios consist of a piano, guitar and double bass. Atoms consist of positively-charged protons, negatively-charged electrons and neutral particles called neutrons. consist in sth — phrasal verb with consist verb formal to have something as a main and necessary part or quality: The beauty of air travel consists in its speed and ease. [ + -ing verb ] For her, happiness consists in watching television and reading magazines. (คันซิสทฺ') {consisted,consisting,consists} vt. ประกอบด้วย,อยู่ที่,เข้ากันได้กับ

on condition that

depending on something else happening or being done: Agreement was reached to repay part of the debt, on condition that the remaining debt be cancelled. I was allowed to go there on condition that I came back by five o'clock. I will do it on condition that I am paid. I will do it on condition that you help me. I will do it on condition that you support me. I will do that work on condition that I get paid for it. I will lend you some money on condition that you will repay it in a week. I will lend you this CD on condition that you don't lend it to anyone else. She was allowed to go to the disco on condition that she was back by ten.

Cancer

disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth

prompt

erb [T] (CAUSE) to make something happen: The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties. Recent worries over the president's health have prompted speculation over his political future. prompt sb to do sth C2 to make someone decide to say or do something: What prompted you to say that? I don't know what prompted him to leave. A description of the man prompted hundreds of calls after its release on Tuesday. The prime minister's speech prompted speculation that an election will be held later in the year. verb [T] (HELP REMEMBER) to help someone, especially an actor, to remember what they were going to say or do: I forgot my line and had to be prompted. adjective B2 (of an action) done quickly and without delay, or (of a person) acting quickly or arriving at the arranged time: They've written back already - that was a very prompt reply. They're usually fairly prompt in dealing with enquiries. noun [C] (COMPUTER) a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer is ready to receive your instructions prompt noun [C] (ACTOR'S HELP) words that are spoken to an actor who has forgotten what he or she is going to say during the performance of a play a person whose job is to help actors, during a performance, to remember words that they have forgotten adverb at the time stated and no later: We'll be leaving at six o'clock prompt. (พรอมพฺทฺ) adj. รวดเร็ว,ฉับพลัน,โดยพลัน,ทันทีทันใด, (เงิน) จ่ายได้ทันที. vt. กระตุ้น,ให้กำลังใจ,สนับสนุน,ถือหาง,บอกบท. vi. บอกบท. n. เวลาจำกัดในการชำระหนี้,การกระตุ้น,การให้กำลังใจ,การบอกบท,สิ่งเตือนใจ., See also: promptness n.

notably

especially or most importantly: The company is beginning to attract investors, most notably big Japanese banks. to an important degree, or in a way that can or should be noticed: The newspapers are notably biased. (adv) อย่างน่าจดจำ,อย่างน่าสังเกต,อย่างสะดุดตา

current affairs

events of political or social importance that are happening now noun [ plural ] UK political news about events happening now The great arguer on current affairs at his parents' home, on the radio and on television also argued in his own mind with history.

cultural event

events that relate to a specific culture; events that are representative of a culture (may be related to music, art or other similar things) Examples There are a bunch of cultural events happening downtown this weekend.

ever since

ever since B1 continuously since that time: He's been depressed ever since he got divorced.

fee

fee an amount of money paid for a particular piece of work or for a particular right or service: legal fees university fees an entrance/registration fee We couldn't pay the lawyer's fee. The entrance fee is six pounds, two pounds for the unwaged. Someone proposed a motion to increase the membership fee to £500 a year.

from now on

from now on/as from now from this moment and always in the future: From now on the gates will be locked at midnight.

grossly overpaid

grossly adverb UK /ˈɡrəʊs.li/ US /ˈɡroʊs.li/ extremely: It was grossly unfair to demand such a high interest rate on the loan. He's grossly overweight. overpaid adjective UK /ˌəʊ.vəˈpeɪd/ US /ˌoʊ.vɚˈpeɪd/ paid too much or more than usual: The bureaucrats, widely regarded as under-worked and overpaid, did not get much public sympathy for their demands for a pay rise. paid more than necessary: You can get a refund for the overpaid tax by filling in this form.

deforestation

he cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people: Deforestation is destroying large areas of tropical rain forest. [N] การตัดไม้ทำลายป่า

so as not to

in order not to

Let me see

let me see/let's see used when you want to think for a moment about something: "Is there a shop that sells sports clothes?" "Let me see - I think there's one near here."

longed for

long for sth; long to do sth C2 to want something very much: She longed to see him again. I'm longing for news of him. verb [I] (WANT) to want something very much: [ + to infinitive ] She longed to move out of the city. [PHRV] อยากอย่างมาก, See also: โหยหา, ปรารถนาอย่างมาก, Syn. itch for, sigh for, yearn or

independent travel

means any trip that you organise by yourself - booking your own accommodation, transport and itinerary as opposed to going somewhere as part of a holiday package.

traditional medicine

medical practices, derived from a society's long-established health-related knowledge and beliefs, that are used to maintain or restore well-being

floods

n An overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, esp. over what is normally dry land

demand for

need for

preservative

noun [ C or U ] a substance used to prevent decay in wood: a timber/wood preservative The fence has been treated with preservative. [ C ] a chemical used to stop food from decaying: This bread is completely free from artificial preservatives. No added preservatives. natural preservatives (พรีเซอ'วะทิฟว) n. ยากันบูด,ตัวสงวน,วัตถุกันเน่า adj. สงวน,กันบูด,กันเน่า

rare breed

noun a breed of livestock or poultry that is not associated with large-scale commercial farming, typically one that has traditionally been reared in a particular region. "he rears various rare breeds including Gloucester Old Spot pigs" a person or thing with characteristics that are uncommon among their kind; a rarity. "she's one of the rare breed of Hollywood stars who tread the fine line between commercial glory and art house credibility"

landscape

noun a large area of countryside, especially in relation to its appearance: a rural/barren landscape The landscape is dotted with the tents of campers and hikers. The cathedral dominates the landscape for miles around. [ C or U ] a view or picture of the countryside, or the art of making such pictures: a watercolour landscape J.M.W. Turner is one of the best-known British landscape painters. verb [ T ] to change the appearance of an area of land, especially next to a building or road so that it looks more like natural countryside adjective A landscape document is to be printed with the longer side of the paper at the top and bottom. (แลนดฺ'สเคพ) n. ทิวทัศน์,ลักษณะภูมิประเทศ. vt. ทำให้ทิวทัศน์ดีขึ้น, Syn. view,scenery

opposition

noun (DISAGREEMENT) C1 [ U ] strong disagreement: There is a lot of opposition to the proposed changes. The unions are in opposition to the government over the issue of increasing the minimum wage. Plans to desegregate the schools met with opposition. She left home in the face of strong opposition from her parents. The company took no heed of public opposition to the plans. การคัดค้าน

view

noun (OPINION) B1 [ C ] an opinion, belief, or idea, or a way of thinking about something: Do you have any views about/on what we should do now? In my view, her criticisms were completely justified. [ + that ] It's my view that the price is much too high. noun (SIGHT) A2 [ C or U ] what you can see from a particular place, or the ability to see from a particular place: The view from the top of the mountain is breathtaking/magnificent/spectacular. The rooftop restaurant affords a panoramic view (= allows you to see a wide area) across the bay. [ C ] a picture of a particular place: He paints rural views (= pictures of the countryside). in view UK close enough to be seen: I always make sure I keep the children in view whenever we're in a public place. on view If something is on view, it is arranged so that it can be seen by the public: The plans for the new road will soon be on view to the public in the library. verb (HAVE OPINION) C2 [ T ] to have a particular opinion or way of thinking about someone or something: A reporter asked the minister how he viewed recent events. She is viewed as a strong candidate for the job. verb (SEE) C2 [ I or T ] to watch something: There's a special area at the airport where you can view aircraft taking off and landing. Viewing figures (= the number of people watching) (= ) for the show were very low. [ I or T ] to look at something in a complete or careful way: We have two people coming to view the house this afternoon. (วิว) n. ภาพ,ทิวทัศน์,ทัศนวิสัย,ทรรศนะ,สายตา,การมอง,การสังเกต,ข้อคิดเห็น,ทัศนคติ,จุดประสงค์,เจตนา,จุดมุ่งหมาย,การสำรวจทั่วไป,-Phr. (in view ภายในแนวสายตา ภายใต้การพิจารณา) -Phr. (in view of เมื่อพิจารณาถึงในเรื่องเกี่ยวกับ) vt. ดู,มอง,สังเกต,สำรวจ,ตรวจสอบ

fare

noun (PAYMENT) B1 [ C ] the money that you pay for a journey in a vehicle such as a bus or train: Train fares are going up again. [ C ] someone who pays to be driven somewhere in a taxi Take some foreign currency to cover incidentals like the taxi fare to your hotel. Train fare increases of five percent are envisaged for the next year. verb to succeed or be treated in the stated way: How did you fare in your exams? Low-paid workers will fare badly/well under this government.

peculiarities

noun (STRANGE) [ C or U ] the quality of being strange or unusual, or an unusual characteristic or habit: You couldn't help but be aware of the peculiarity of the situation. Well, we all have our little peculiarities, don't we? noun (BELONGING TO) [ C ] something that is typical of one person, group, or thing: This technique is applicable to a wide variety of crops, but some modifications may be necessary to accommodate the peculiarities of each type. (พิวคิวลิแอ'ริที) n. ลักษณะเฉพาะ,นิสัยประหลาด,สิ่งที่แปลกประหลาด

discipline

noun (TRAINING) B2 [ U ] training that makes people more willing to obey or more able to control themselves, often in the form of rules, and punishments if these are broken, or the behaviour produced by this training: parental/military/school discipline There should be tougher discipline in schools. I don't have enough (self) discipline to save money. [ U ] the ability to control yourself or other people, even in difficult situations: Maintaining classroom discipline (= control of the students) is the first task of every teacher. In some of these schools, army-style drills are used to instil a sense of discipline. The new teacher had failed to enforce any sort of discipline. Problems arise if the parents' approach to discipline is inconsistent. noun (SUBJECT) C2 [ C ] a particular area of study, especially a subject studied at a college or university verb (PUNISH) [ T ] to punish someone: A senior army officer has been disciplined for revealing secret government plans to the media. verb (CONTROL) [ T ] to teach someone to behave in a controlled way: [ + to infinitive ] I'm trying to discipline myself to eat less chocolate. (ดิส'ซะพลิน) n. วินัย,ระเบียบวินัย,การฝึกฝน,การลงโทษ,สาขาวิชา,ศิลปปฎิบัติ,วินัยทางศาสนา vt. ฝึกฝน,ทำให้มีวินัย,ลงโทษ,แก้ไข., See also: discipliner n., Syn. order

operation

noun (WORK) C1 [ U ] the fact of operating or being active: There are several reactors of the type in operation (= working) at the moment. We expect the new system for assessing claims to come into operation (= start working) early next year. [ U ] the way that parts of a machine or system work together, or the process of making parts of a machine or system work together C1 [ C ] a business organization: Less profitable business operations will have difficulty in finding financial support. C1 [ C ] an activity that is planned to achieve something: a military/peacekeeping operation. Following the earthquake, a large-scale rescue operation was launched. [ + to infinitive ] The operation to fly in supplies will begin as soon as possible. The rescue operation has been complicated by bad weather. We need to look at the logistics of the whole aid operation. noun (MEDICAL PROCESS) B1 [ C ] (UK informal op) an occasion when a doctor cuts a body for medical reasons in order to repair, remove, or replace an unhealthy or damaged part: a major/minor/routine operation an abdominal/cataract/transplant operation He has to have an operation on his shoulder. [ + to infinitive ] We will know in a couple of days if the operation to restore her sight was successful. noun (MATHEMATICS) [ C ] MATHEMATICS specialized a mathematical process, such as addition, in which one set of numbers is produced from another

stress

noun (WORRY) B1 [ C or U ] great worry caused by a difficult situation, or something that causes this condition: People under a lot of stress may experience headaches, minor pains, and sleeping difficulties. Yoga is a very effective technique for combating stress. the stresses and strains of the job stress-related illness noun (PRONUNCIATION) B2 [ C or U ] the way that a word or syllable is pronounced with greater force than other words in the same sentence or other syllables in the same word: The meaning of a sentence often depends on stress and intonation. When "insert" is a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, but when it is a noun, the stress is on the first syllable. noun (FORCE) [ C or U ] PHYSICS, ENGINEERING specialized a force that acts in a way that often changes the shape of an object: Computers work out the stresses that such a craft will encounter in flight. Jogging puts a lot of stress on your knee joints. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words stress noun (EMPHASIS) C1 [ U ] emphasis: During his speech, he laid particular stress on the freedom of the press. erb (EMPHASIZE) B2 [ T ] to give emphasis or special importance to something: [ + (that) ] He is careful to stress (that) the laboratory's safety standards are the best in the country. I'd just like to stress the importance of neatness and politeness in this job. stress verb (PRONOUNCE) B2 [ T ] to pronounce a word or syllable with greater force than other words in the same sentence or other syllables in the same word, or to play a musical note with greater force than others in a group: In the word "engine" you should stress the first syllable. stress verb (WORRY) [ I ] to feel worried and nervous: Don't stress over it - we'll soon get it sorted out. (สเทรส) n. ความตึงเครียด,ความบังคับ,การบีบคั้น,ความฉุกละหุก,เสียงหนัก,การกด,การดัน,แรงกดดัน,ตัวกระตุ้น,สิ่งกระตุ้น. vt. เน้นเสียง,เน้นหนัก,ออกเสียงหนัก, See also: stressness n., Syn. emphasis

Primary Industry

noun ECONOMICS, PRODUCTION [ C ] an important or the most important industry in a country or area: The state's primary industry is tourism. [ C or U ] an industry that produces energy or basic materials, such as coal, oil, metals, crops, etc., or these industries considered as a group: Developing countries often have a higher proportion of their workforce involved in primary industries than developed countries.

pedestrian crossing

noun [ C ] (US also crosswalk) a special place in a road where traffic must stop to allow people to walk across ทางม้าลาย

Dividends

noun [ C ] (a part of) the profit of a company that is paid to the people who own shares in it: Dividends will be sent to shareholders. In addition to their salary, employees receive a profit-related dividend. All that extra training is paying dividends. When you consider how much money the company made, it could have paid its shareholders a much higher dividend. As director and principal shareholder, he receives a substantial annual dividend from the company. (ดิฟ'วิเดินดฺ) n. เงินปันผล,จำนวนตั้งที่ถูกหาร

crescent

noun [ C ] (something with) a curved shape that has two narrow pointed ends, like the moon when it is less than half of a circle: The moon was a brightly shining crescent. a row of houses or a road built in a curve: They live at 15 Park Crescent. (เครส'เซินทฺ) n. เสี้ยวพระจันทร์,ดวงจันทร์ครึ่งซีก,สัญลักษณ์ของตุรกีหรืออิสลาม,รูปพระจันทร์ครึ่งซีก,ศาสนาอิสลาม,บ้าน ถนนหรือสิ่งก่อสร้างที่เป็นรูปครึ่งวงกลม adj. เป็นรูปพระจันทร์ครึ่งซีก,เพิ่มหรือสูงขึ้นเป็นลำดับ, See also: crescentic adj. ดูcresc

dinosaur

noun [ C ] A2 a type of reptile that became extinct about 65,000,000 years ago. There were many different types of dinosaur, some of which were extremely large. an old-fashioned person or thing that people no longer consider to be useful: This computer's a dinosaur, isn't it?

reporters

noun [ C ] B1 a person whose job is to discover information about news events and describe them for a newspaper or magazine or for radio or television She bluffed the doorman into thinking that she was a reporter. Now we're going live to our reporter in Washington for up-to-the-minute news on the crisis. A large crowd of reporters collected outside the prime minister's house.

grant

noun [ C ] B1 an amount of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose: a student/research grant a local authority/government grant [ + to infinitive ] They gave/awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year. We got a government grant for setting up our business, but they clawed it all back again in taxes. You might be eligible for a grant. Please state why you wish to apply for this grant. verb (GIVE) B2 [ T ] to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way: [ + two objects ] They granted her an entry visa. He was granted asylum. formal She granted their request/wish. verb (ACCEPT) [ T + (that) ] to accept that something is true, often before expressing an opposite opinion: I grant that it must have been upsetting but even so I think she overreacted. I grant you (= it is true that), it's a difficult situation but I feel sure he could have handled it more sensitively. take sth for granted B2 to believe something to be the truth without even thinking about it: I didn't realize that Melanie hadn't been to college - I suppose I just took it for granted. take sth or sb for granted B2 If you take situations or people for granted, you do not realize or show that you are grateful for how much you get from them: One of the problems with relationships is that after a while you just take each other for granted.

refund

noun [ C ] B1 an amount of money that is given back to you, especially because you are not happy with a product or service that you have bought: I took the radio back to the shop and asked for/demanded/got/was given a refund. verb [ T ] UK /ˌriːˈfʌnd/ US /ˌriːˈfʌnd/ C1 to give someone a refund: When I went on business to Peru, the office refunded my expenses. [ + two objects ] The holiday was cancelled so the travel agency had to refund everybody the price of the tickets. (รีฟันดฺ') vt.,vi.,n. (การ) คืนเงินให้,ชำระกลับ,ชดใช้,vt. ให้ทุนใหม่, See also: refunder n. refundment n. Synonym repay

valley

noun [ C ] B1 an area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it: the Nile Valley the Thames/Hudson valley There was snow on the hill tops but not in the valley. (แวล'ลี) n. หุบเขา,หุบเขาลำธาร,ห้วยเขา,หว่างเขา,แอ่งลึก., Syn. dale,dell

continent

noun [ C ] B1 one of the seven large land masses on the earth's surface, surrounded, or mainly surrounded, by sea and usually consisting of various countries: the North American continent the continents of Asia and Africa

coast

noun [ C ] B1 the land next to or close to the sea: Rimini is a thriving resort on the east coast of Italy. The accident happened three miles off the coast (= in the sea three miles from land). We spent a week by/on the coast (= by the sea). coast to coast from one side of the country to the other: We travelled across America coast to coast. mainly US in every part of a country: The visiting politician received coast-to-coast media attention. We drove down to the windswept Atlantic coast of Portugal. This particular stretch of coast is especially popular with walkers. The boat sailed down the coast. verb [ I ] to move forward in a vehicle without using the engine, usually down a hill: At the top of the hill I switched off the engine and we just coasted down the other side. to progress or succeed without any effort or difficulty: While I struggled, my sister coasted through school with top grades. (โคสทฺ) {coasted,coasting,coasts} n. ฝั่งทะเล v. แล่นแคร่เลื่อนหิมะ,แล่นเรือไปตามชายฝั่ง,แล่นไหลลงเนินเขา,ไปเรื่อยเปื่อย, See also: coaster n. ดูcoast

voyage

noun [ C ] B2 a long journey, especially by ship: He was a young sailor on his first sea voyage. figurative The first year of a loving relationship is a voyage (= period) of discovery. verb [ I ] literary to travel: In their little boat they planned to voyage to distant lands.

sportsman

noun [ C ] a man who plays sport, especially one who plays it well someone who plays sport in a way that shows respect and fairness towards the opposing player or team: He'll be remembered both as a brilliant player and as a true sportsman.

civil war

noun [ C ] a war fought by different groups of people living in the same country: The Spanish Civil War lasted from 1936 to 1939.

dope test

noun [ C ] an official test to discover if a person or an animal taking part in a competition has been given any drugs to make their performance better or worse

technophobe

noun [ C ] someone who dislikes new technology, especially computers, and is not able to use it with confidence

breadwinner

noun [ C ] the member of a family who earns the money that the family needs: Men are often expected to be the breadwinner in a family.

cliff

noun [ C ] B1 a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast: Keep away from the edge of the cliff - you might fall. the cliff edge They built a house at the foot of a cliff. The car skidded and plunged headlong over the cliff. Sand carried by the wind has hollowed out the base of the cliff. (คลีฟ) n. หน้าผาสูง, Syn. precipice

owners

noun [ C ] B1 someone who owns something: Are you the owner of this car? We still haven't found the dog's owner. The previous owner of the house had built an extension on the back. The painting was restored to its rightful owner. It's a typical country estate with a large house for the owner, farm buildings and estate workers' houses. (โอน'เนอะ) n. เจ้าของ

county

noun [ C ] B2 a political division of the UK or Ireland, forming the largest unit of local government, or the largest political division of a state in the US: County Antrim A county usually consists of several towns and the rural areas that surround them. Rutland is the smallest county in England.

professional foul

noun [ C ] UK /prəˌfeʃ.ən.əl ˈfaʊl/ US /prəˌfeʃ.ən.əl ˈfaʊl/ in football, an intentional foul (= an act that breaks the rules), especially one that is intended to prevent the other team from scoring a goal In association football or rugby, a professional foul is a deliberate act of foul play, usually to prevent an opponent scoring. Cantalejo blew for over 50 fouls in the match and let rough play and professional fouls occur repeatedly throughout the game without brandishing a red card.

proprietors

noun [ C ] a person who owns a particular type of business, especially a hotel, a shop, or a company that makes newspapers: a hotel/newspaper proprietor (โพรไพร'อิเทอะ) n. เจ้าของ,ผู้ครอบครองกรรมสิทธิ์., See also: proprietorship n.

rain forest

noun [ C ] a forest in a hot area of the world that receives a lot of rain

Organism

noun [ C ] BIOLOGY a single living plant, animal, virus, etc.: Amoebae and bacteria are single-celled organisms. (ออร์'กะนิสซึม) n. ร่างของสิ่งมีชีวิต,สิ่งมีชีวิต,ระบบ,องค์การ,องค์กร., See also: organismic,organismal adj., Syn. creature

defendant

noun [ C ] LAW specialized a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal The jury concluded from the evidence that the defendant was innocent. The defendant is accused of a range of crimes, from theft to murder. The judge directed the defendant to remain silent. noun [ C ] LAW a person or company in a law case that is accused of having done something illegal, or of harming someone else: The fine is the largest ever for a single defendant in a criminal antitrust case, officials said.

obsession

noun [ C or U ] B2 something or someone that you think about all the time: an unhealthy obsession with death her chocolate obsession He's always wanted to find his birth mother but recently it's become an obsession. More examples He has an obsession with cleanliness. His campaign for fathers' rights has become an obsession.

drought

noun [ C or U ] C2 a long period when there is little or no rain: This year (a) severe drought has ruined the crops.

pesticide

noun [ C or U ] a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other unwanted organisms: The pesticides that farmers spray on their crops kill pests, but they can also damage people's health. Environmentalists called for cuts in pesticide use.

biography

noun [ C or U ] B1 the life story of a person written by someone else: He wrote a biography of Winston Churchill. [N] อัตชีวประวัติ, See also: ประวัติชีวิต, ประวัติส่วนตัว, ชีวประวัติ, Syn. autobiography, profile

famine

noun [ C or U ] C2 a situation in which there is not enough food for a great number of people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens: Another crop failure could result in widespread famine. There were reports of refugees dying of famine. Thousands of people emigrated during the Irish potato famine of 1845-46.

coastline

noun [ C or U ] C2 the particular shape of the coast, especially as seen from above, from the sea, or on a map n. เส้นแนวชายฝั่งทะเล

kindergarten

noun [ C or U ] UK /ˈkɪn.dəˌɡɑː.tən/ US /ˈkɪn.dɚˌɡɑːr.tən/ US the first year of school, for children aged five UK a nursery school (คิน'เดอการ์'เทิน) n. โรงเรียนอนุบาล

birth rate

noun [ C usually singular ] the number of births that happen during a period of time in a particular place

wilderness

noun [ C usually singular ] C2 an area of land that has not been used to grow crops or had towns and roads built on it, especially because it is difficult to live in as a result of its extremely cold or hot weather or bad earth: a beautiful mountain wilderness Alaska is the last great wilderness. mainly US It's a wilderness area, under the protection of the Parks Department. noun [ C, usually singular ] in the wilderness if someone previously in a position of power is now in the wilderness, they have lost their power and it is not clear if or how they will get it back: His dismissal from the Cabinet led to a long period in the political wilderness. (วิล'เดอะนิส) n. บริเวณรกร้างว่างเปล่า,บริเวณกว้างใหญ่ไพศาล,จำนวนมหาศาล

gist

noun [ S ] the most important pieces of information about something, or general information without details: That was the gist of what he said. I think I got (= understood) the gist of what she was saying. (จิสทฺ) n. ส่วนสำคัญ,แก่นสาร,ประเด็น, Syn. pith,substance

overcrowding

noun [ U ] a situation when a place contains too many people or things: Investment in the railway network would reduce overcrowding on the roads. They are building new classrooms to ease overcrowding. overcrowded Passengers will not accept overcrowding and delays. Overcrowding, violence, and abuse are all part of the shocking state of juvenile justice systems. The project promises to relieve overcrowding in schools. We are trying to build our way out of overcrowding.

team spirit

noun [ U ] a feeling of belonging together that the members of a group have towards others in the group His aim is to rebuild a sense of team spirit so that the department becomes more effective.

underfunding

noun [ U ] FINANCE a situation in which something is given less money than it needs: The chronic underfunding of the plan has resulted in a $64.8 million shortfall. After years of underfunding and mismanagement, the business was on the brink of bankruptcy.

medical insurance contributions

noun [ U ] INSURANCE UK US ( UK also medical cover) insurance for the cost of medical treatment if you are ill or injured, often paid for by companies for their employees: All senior employees within our organization enjoy benefits such as a company car, pension, and medical insurance. Sharp increases in premiums for medical insurance will force rising numbers of companies to scrap the benefit. According to the Census Bureau, around one in seven Americans was without medical insurance last year. provide/take out/buy medical insurance Figures suggest that 11 percent of state residents do not have medical insurance. If you want private medical insurance once you stop work, you must be prepared for substantial costs. a medical insurance policy/plan/scheme medical insurance costs/premiums

day release

noun [ U ] UK a system in which people who work can study one day a week at a college: My boss wants me to do a day-release course in computing.

match-fixing

noun [ U ] UK (US game-fixing) dishonest activity to make sure that one team wins a particular sports match

longevity

noun [ U ] formal C2 living for a long time: To what do you attribute your longevity? remaining popular or useful for a long time: For longevity in car design, you really need to keep it simple. (ลอนเจฟ'วิที) n. ชีวิตอันยืนยาว,ระยะยาวนานของชีวิต,ช่วงชีวิต

balance of payments

noun [ singular ] ECONOMICS the difference between the amount of money a country receives from exports, foreign trade, etc. and the amount it spends on imports, etc. from other countries: A healthy balance of payments and huge foreign-exchange reserves will allow most Asian countries to finance expensive oil imports for a long time. a balance of payments deficit/surplus

firing

noun [C] (DISMISSAL) mainly US an act of removing someone from their job: hirings and firings noun [C] (CRITICISM) Indian English an act of speaking angrily to someone because you disapprove of what they have done: The official couldn't escape the firing by his superintendent.

differential

noun [C] (GAP) an amount of difference between things that are compared: a price differential The pay differential between employees and management is too great. adjective based on a difference: We have a differential salary structure based on employees' experience. (ดิฟฟะเรน'เชิน) adj.,n. เกี่ยวกับความแตกต่างกัน,เกี่ยวกับหรือประกอบด้วยอนุพันธ์ (derivative-วิชาคณิตศาสตร์)

Potholes

noun [C] (HOLE) a hole in a road surface that results from gradual damage caused by traffic and/or weather: The car's suspension is so good that when you hit a pothole you hardly notice it. a deep hole formed underground in limestone areas by the gradual rubbing and dissolving action of water flowing through the stone noun [C] (PROBLEM) a problem: The road to economic recovery is full of potholes. (พอท'โฮล) n. รู้สึก,โพรงลึก,หลุมตามถนน

summit

noun [C] (MEETING) C2 an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries: a summit meeting World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit. World leaders held a crisis summit. Summit members met in Rome. He said the environmental summit was all hypocrisy. (ซัม'มิท) n. จุดสุดยอด,สุดยอด,ความต้องการสูงสุด,ปริมาณสูงสุด. adj. สุดยอด,สุดขีด., See also: summital adj. summitless adj., Syn. top,maximum,climax

landlords

noun [C] (OWNER) B2 a person or organization that owns a building or an area of land and is paid by other people for the use of it: The landlord had promised to redecorate the bedrooms before we moved in. Housing associations are the biggest landlords in this area. noun [C] (BAR MANAGER) a man who is in charge of a pub or bar (แลนดฺ'ลอร์ด) n. เจ้าของที่ดิน,เจ้าของบ้านเช่า,เจ้าของโรงแรม., See also: landlordly adj. ดูlandlord, Syn. owner,proprietor

erosion

noun [U] (PHYSICAL DAMAGE) C1 the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind: soil/coastal erosion noun [U] (NEGATIVE EFFECT) C2 the fact of a good quality or situation being gradually lost or destroyed: The survey reveals a gradual erosion of the president's popularity and support.

maintenance

noun [U] (WORK) B2 the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition: Old houses need a lot of maintenance. There are thorough maintenance checks on each plane before take-off. The magazine offers tips on cutting your house maintenance costs. The network will be down for an hour for routine maintenance. The new ships, propelled by gas turbines, require less maintenance than older, steam-driven ones. noun [U] (MONEY) money that a person must pay regularly by law in order to support their child or previous marriage partner after a divorce (= official end to a marriage): He refused to pay maintenance for his three children. noun [U] (CONTINUED EXISTENCE) a situation in which something continues to exist or is not allowed to become less: the maintenance of living standards

nutritious/nutrition/nutrient

nutritious adjective UK /njuːˈtrɪʃ.əs/ US /nuːˈtrɪʃ.əs/ C1 containing many of the substances needed for life and growth: a nutritious diet Raw spinach is especially nutritious. nutrition noun [ U ] C1 the substances that you take into your body as food and the way that they influence your health: Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery. improvements in nutrition the process of taking in and using food, or the scientific study of this: She's a professor of nutrition at Columbia University. noun [ C ] any substance that plants or animals need in order to live and grow: It's good soil - full of nutrients. A healthy diet should provide all your essential nutrients.

percent/percentage

percent (adverb, noun): of each hundred Example Fifteen percent of the control group responded to treatment with Drug A. Example More than 95% of the participants who responded to the survey reported positive results. percentage (noun): part of a whole that can be expressed in hundredths Example A large percentage of the population has been exposed to rotavirus. Example The percentage of the population exposed to rotavirus is between 70% and 75%.

run up

phrasal verb with run verb US /rʌn/ present participle running | past tense ran US/ræn/ | past participle run to experience an unexpected difficulty, or to meet someone who is difficult to deal with: He's the slickest talker I've ever run up against.

take over

phrasal verb with take verb [ T ] took | taken [ I or T ] to begin to have control of something: The firm was badly in need of restructuring when she took over. take sth over The asset management company took over the bank's bad loans. [ T ] to take control of a company by buying enough shares to do this: The firm has been taken over by one of its main competitors. [ I ] to replace someone or something: Some workers will lose their jobs as machines take over. take over as sth When he died, his son took over as CEO. take over from sb He took over from Tony as head of department last year. phrasal verb with take verb [ T ] to get control of something, or to do something instead of someone else: He's taken over the spare bedroom for his model railroad. She took over management of this department last winter. to take control of something, especially an organization or a country: He took up the reins of government immediately after the coup. [PHRV] เข้าควบคุม, See also: เข้ารับตำแหน่งต่อ, เข้ารับงานต่อ, เข้าครองตำแหน่ง, Syn. assume, usurp [PHRV] แทนที่ [PHRV] พาไปยัง, See also: นำไปยัง, Syn. come over [PHRV] ควบคุม, See also: ได้อำนาจควบคุม, Syn. move in on [PHRV] ยอมรับภาระ / หน้าที่ [PHRV] ใช้เวลากับ, Syn. be over [PHRV] ช่วยให้เรียนร ู้/ ฝึกฝน, Syn. go over, go through [PHRV] พาชมทั่ว, See also: นำชมรอบ ๆ, Syn. look round

turn off

phrasal verb with turn verb to leave the road you are travelling on and travel along another one: Turn off the motorway at the next exit. [PHRV] เปลี่ยนไปทางใหม่ [PHRV] ปิด (น้ำ, แก๊ซ, ไฟฟ้า), Syn. put off [PHRV] มีสีหน้าหรือท่าทาง, Syn. turn on [PHRV] เลิกจ้าง [PHRV] สร้าง, See also: ผลิต [PHRV] เลิกสนใจ (คำไม่เป็นทางการ), See also: เลิกใส่ใจ [PHRV] แยกจาก [PHRV] เลิกชอบ, See also: เลิกสนใจ, Syn. be off, go off

co

prefix together; with: co-ownership a co-writer/co-author Appalling poverty and great wealth coexist in the city.

over

prefix UK /əʊ.vər-/ US /oʊ.vɚ-/ over- prefix (TOO MUCH) too much or more than usual: The children got over-excited (= too excited). over- prefix (MORE THAN) more than: a club for the over-50s over- prefix (ACROSS) across: Of course, the overland route is much slower than going by air. over- prefix (HIGHER POSITION) above: She was knocked off her bicycle by an overhanging branch.

semi

prefix half or partly: semi-literate semiconscious semi-permanent semi-skilled workers a semi-autobiographical novel

Battle of the Sexes

refers to a conflict between male and female gender roles.

household management

refers to the various tasks and chores associated with the organization, financial management , and day-to-day operations of a home.

modernist

relating to or a member of the modern art movement: Modernist architecture tries to conquer nature instead of working with it. The design of the new library has been acclaimed by Modernists.

post-modern

relating to postmodernism: a postmodern building a postmodernist critique

sociable,socialist,social

sociable adjective approving UK /ˈsəʊ.ʃə.bəl/ US /ˈsoʊ.ʃə.bəl/ B1 Sociable people like to meet and spend time with other people: Rob's very sociable - he likes parties. I had a headache and I wasn't feeling very sociable. socialist noun [ C ] POLITICS UK /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl.ɪst/ US /ˈsoʊ.ʃəl.ɪst/ a supporter of socialism or member of a socialist political party: He was a socialist all his life. social adjective (GOING OUT) B1 relating to activities in which you meet and spend time with other people and that happen during the time when you are not working: I had an active social life when I was at college. I'm a social drinker - I only drink when I'm with other people. Most schools organize social events for the students. UK I've just become a member of the company's sports and social club. approving Social people like to meet and spend time with other people: I'm shy, but my brother's very social. adjective (SOCIETY) B2 [ before noun ] relating to society and living together in an organized way: social classes/groups social disorder/trends/change/equality/justice/differences Monkeys are highly social animals.

armchair traveller

someone who finds out what a place or location is like by watching travel programs on television, looking at internet websites about travel or reading books about travel.

editor

someone whose job is to prepare text, film, etc. by deciding what to include and making mistakes correct

steady job

steady job/work C2 work that is likely to continue for a long time and for which you will be paid regularly: Owning your own home and having a steady job will help when applying for a loan.

biography

story of a person's life written by another person

Lack initiative and motivation

strong dependence/reliance on others; submissiveness to authority; matiisin resulting to oppression & exploitation

high-rise apartment

tall, with many floors: a high-rise office building

teacher/tutor/lecturer

teacher noun [ C ] A1 someone whose job is to teach in a school or college Examples The teacher drew a diagram showing how the blood flows through the heart. It takes a lot of enthusiasm and a love of children to make a good teacher. Dominique's teacher says that she interacts well with the other children. tutor noun [ C ] UK /ˈtʃuː.tər/ US /ˈtuː.t̬ɚ/ a teacher who teaches a child outside of school, especially in order to give the child extra help with a subject he or she finds difficult: His parents got him a tutor to help with his maths. During my illness I was taught by a series of home tutors. B2 UK a teacher at a British college or university who teaches one student or a small group : His tutor encouraged him to read widely in philosophy. noun [ C ] mainly UK B2 someone who teaches at a college or university: a senior lecturer a lecturer in psychology

preservation

the act of keeping something the same or of preventing it from being damaged: building preservation wood preservation There is great public concern about some of the chemicals used in food preservation. The church is in a poor state of preservation (= has not been kept in good condition). The president has said that the government is committed to the preservation (= protection) of the country's national interests. She belongs to the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites

symptoms

the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong

casualities

the military term for persons killed, wounded, or missing in action

minutiae

the minutiae noun [ plural ] small and often not important details: The committee studied the minutiae of the report for hours. Comedy is so often based on the minutiae of everyday life. (มินู'ชิอี) n.,pl.รายละเอียดเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ ,เรื่องเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ, See also: minutial adj. sing. -tia, Syn. trifles

freedom of the press

the right of journalists to publish the truth without restriction or penalty

information overload

the situation when too much information is available at one time, so that you cannot think about it in a clear way: The article dealt with the problem of information overload in large organizations with complex information systems.

the turn of the century

the turn of the century the time when one century ends and another begins: The museum reopened at the turn of the century.

as things stand

the way things are (also as things stand) in the present situation: The way things are, I'll never have this ready by June.

muscle

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

tell sth/sb apart

to be able to see the difference between two very similar things or people: As babies, the twins looked so much alike that I just couldn't tell them apart. [PHRV] แยกแยะ

sever

to break or separate, especially by cutting: The knife severed an artery and he bled to death. Her foot was severed from her leg in a car accident. Electricity cables have been severed by the storm. to end a connection with someone or something: The US severed diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1961. The company has severed its connection/links/relationship/ties with its previous partners. (เซฟ'เวอะ) vt.,vi. แยกออก,ตัดขาด,พราก,ขาด,แบ่งแยก, See also: severedly adv. severingly adv. rable adj.

to conclude

to bring to an end; finish; terminate

put an end to

to cause something to stop existing or happening: Mrs. Carroll said she was going to put an end to all the talking and fooling around in our class.

back out of

to decide not to do something that you had said you would do: The buyer backed out of the deal the day before they were due to sign the contract. กลับคำ

industrialised

to develop industry: It was the first country to industrialize. (อินดัส'เทรียลไลซ) vt. ทำให้เป็นอุตสาหกรรม. vi. กลายเป็นอุตสาหกรรม., See also: industrialisation,industrialiszation n.

pull out of

to do something unexpected that suddenly improves a bad situation [PHRV] ควักออกมาจาก, See also: ล้วงจาก, Syn. go out of, take out of [PHRV] เสนอความคิด [PHRV] แล่นออกไปจาก [PHRV] ละทิ้ง, See also: ทอดทิ้ง [PHRV] (เครื่องบิน) เริ่มเปลี่ยนระดับการบิน (หลัง) จากการบินต่ำลง [PHRV] หวนกับมา (ร่าเริง, สุขภาพดี)

fell through

to fail to happen: We found a buyer for our house, but then the sale fell through. [PHRV] ร่วงลงไป (เฉพาะบนผิวหรือด้านบน) [PHRV] ทำไม่สำเร็จ, See also: ล้มเหลว, Syn. drop through, fall down, fall down on, fall flat, fall to [PHRV] จมลงไป, See also: ร่วงลงไป, ตกลงไป, Syn. drop through, fall down, fall down on fall through the floor [IDM] ประหลาดใจมาก, See also: แปลกใจมาก

account for

to form the total of something: Students account for the vast majority of our customers. to explain the reason for something or the cause of something: Rural Americans are often older than those in other parts of America and that may account for the slower adoption rates for internet access.

bring about

to make something happen: He brought about the collapse of the company by his reckless spending.

wherever

to or in any or every place: We can go wherever you like. Wherever I go I always seem to bump into him. All across Europe, wherever you look, marriage is in decline and divorce rates are soaring. Wherever you choose to live there are always going to be disadvantages. He lives in Overington, wherever that is. B2 in every case: Wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar. More examples She has an annoying predisposition to find fault wherever she goes. He has to go wherever his job takes him. Geothermal power is generated wherever water comes into contact with hot rocks below the earth's surface. used instead of "where" to add emphasis to a phrase, usually expressing surprise: Wherever did you find that hat! Wherever did you get that idea! Wherever does he get the money from to go on all these exotic journeys? (แวร์เอฟ'เวอะ) conj. ที่ไหนก็ตาม,ไม่ว่าที่ใด,ในกรณีก็ตาม,ไม่ว่าอย่างไรก็ตาม,adv. ที่ไหน, Syn. in whatever place

deter

to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it: These measures are designed to deter an enemy attack. High prices are deterring many young people from buying houses. (ดิเทอร์') {deterred,deterring,deters} vt. ขัดขวาง,ยับยั้ง,ป้องกัน., See also: determent n., Syn. stop

enrol

to put yourself or someone else onto the official list of members of a course, college, or group: Is it too late to enrol at the college? I enrolled for/in/on the modern art course. He is enrolled as a part-time student. They want to enrol their children in their local school. (เอนโรล') vt.,vi. ดูenroll (เอนโรล') {enrolled,enrolling,enrolls} vt. ลงทะเบียน,บันทึก,ห่อ,ม้วนขึ้น. -vi. สมัครเข้า, See also: enroller n. ดูenroll, Syn. register

attain

to reach or succeed in getting something: He has attained the highest grade in his music exams. We need to identify the best ways of attaining our objectives/goals. India attained independence in 1947, after decades of struggle. (อะเทน') vt.,vi. บรรลุผล,สำเร็จ,ได้มา,ถึง,ได้ความรู้, Syn. gain,get ###A. fail,fall)

turn down

to refuse or reject (something or someone)

demobilise

to release someone from one of the armed forces, especially at the end of a war: He was demobilized in March 1946. (ดิโม'บะไลซ) vt. ปล่อยทหาร,ปล่อยจากการประจำการ., See also: demobilisation n. ดูdemobilize demobilization n. ดูdemobilize, Syn. disband

denote

to represent something: The colour red is used to denote passion or danger. (ดิโนท') vt. แสดงถึง,ชี้แนะ, See also: denotable adj. ดูdenote denotement n. ดูdenote denotive adj. ดูdenote

reiterate

to say again, repeat

bring up

to start to talk about a particular subject: Nobody was willing to bring up the subject of pay at the meeting.

resit

to take an exam again: If you fail these exams, you can resit them next year. [VI] สอบใหม่, See also: สอบซ่อม, Syn. retake

give something prominence/give prominence to something

to treat something as specially important Every newspaper gave prominence to the success of England's cricketers.

surgery

treatment by manual or operative methods

continue with

verb B1 [ I or T ] to keep happening, existing, or doing something, or to cause something or someone to do this: [ + to infinitive ] It's said that as the boat went down the band continued to play. [ + -ing verb ] If she continues drinking like that, I'll have to carry her home. Do you intend to continue (with) your studies? If the rain continues, we'll have to cancel tonight's plans. Sally Palmer will be continuing as chairperson this autumn. The article continues/is continued on page ten. B1 [ I ] to start to do something again after a pause: After stopping for a quick drink, they continued on their way. [ + -ing verb ] He paused for a moment to listen and then continued eating. The president continued by saying that his country was a free country and would always remain so. [ + speech ] "I don't like your weather!" she shouted, "and I don't," she continued, "like your food!" +with [PHRV] ดำเนินต่อไป, See also: ทำต่อไป, Syn. carry on

share

verb A2 [ I or T ] to have or use something at the same time as someone else: She's very possessive about her toys and finds it hard to share. Bill and I shared an office for years. I share a house with four other people. A2 [ I or T ] to divide food, money, goods, etc. and give part of it to someone else: Will you share your sandwich with me? Let's share the sweets (out) among/between everyone. We should share (in) the reward. B2 [ I or T ] If two or more people share an activity, they each do some of it: Shall we share the driving? We shared the preparation for the party between us, so it wasn't too much work. B1 [ I or T ] If two or more people or things share a feeling, quality, or experience, they both or all have the same feeling, quality, or experience: We share an interest in sailing. All hospitals share some common characteristics. I don't share your views/beliefs. The management and the union both share in the responsibility for the crisis. She knew that he was the person she wanted to share her life with. C1 [ T ] to tell someone else about your thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc.: He's not very good at sharing his worries. It's nice to have someone you can share your problems with. Come on, Bob, share the joke (with us). [ T ] to put something on a social media website so that other people can see it, or to let other people see something that someone else has put on a website : You might even recommend an article to other readers or share it on Facebook. We'll share the cost between us. I hate having to share a bathroom. noun (PART) B2 [ C or U ] a part of something that has been divided between several people: The total bill comes to €80, so our share is €20. We ought to make sure that everyone gets equal shares of the food. His share of the vote rose by 15 percentage points among Hispanics. B2 [ C or U ] a part of something that several people are involved in: She's not doing her share of the work. We must all accept some share of the responsibility. noun (PART OF A BUSINESS) C2 [ C ] one of the equal parts that the ownership of a company is divided into, and that can be bought by members of the public: The value of my shares has risen/fallen by eight percent. We have some shares in Apple. He invests in stocks and shares. share prices noun (SOCIAL MEDIA) [ C ] an occasion when someone shares something on a social media website: Her post has had over a thousand shares on Facebook. (แชร์) n. ส่วน,ส่วนหนึ่ง,ส่วนแบ่ง,ส่วนร่วมมือ,ส่วนที่รับผิดชอบ,หุ้นส่วน vt. แบ่งส่วน,แบ่งสรร,แบ่งเฉลี่ย,แบ่ง,แบ่งกำไร. vi. มีส่วน,ร่วมส่วน,ร่วมหุ้น,ร่วมกันทำ,ร่วมกันรับ,ร่วมกันรับผิดชอบ, See also: sharable adj. shareable adj. sharer n.

propagate

verb propagate verb (GROW) [ T ] to produce a new plant using a parent plant: Most house plants can be propagated from stem cuttings. [ I or T ] formal (of a plant or animal) to produce young plants or animals: Plants need certain conditions to propagate. The female crab needs to be saved to propagate the species. verb (SPREAD) [ T ] formal to spread opinions, lies, or beliefs among a lot of people: The government have tried to propagate the belief that this is a just war. Such lies are propagated in the media. [ T or I ] PHYSICS specialized to send out or spread light or sound waves, movement, etc., or to be sent out or spread: How are sound waves propagated? Light and sound propagate at vastly different speeds. (พรอพ'พะเกท) vt. เผยแพร่,แพร่พันธ์,แพร่ข่าว,เพิ่ม,เพิ่มทวี,ถ่ายทอด. vi. แพร่พันธุ์,เพิ่มทวี

convert

verb (CHANGE) B2 [ I or T ] to (cause something or someone to) change in form or character: Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom? What's the formula for converting pounds into kilograms? C2 [ I or T ] to change to a new religion, belief, opinion, etc., or to make someone do this: He converted to (= started believing in) Catholicism when he got married. I used to hate exercise, but my sister has converted me (to it). noun [ C ] someone who changes their beliefs, habits, or way of living: a Christian/Buddhist convert a convert to vegetarianism/wholemeal bread Thesaurus: synonyms and related words (คัน'เวิร์ทฺ') {converted,converting,converts} vt. เปลี่ยนแปลง,เปลี่ยนกลับ,ทำให้เปลี่ยนศาสนา (ตำแหน่ง พรรคหรืออื่น ๆ) vi. เปลี่ยนศาสนา, See also: convertive adj. ดูconvert

bend

verb (CURVE) B2 [ I or T ] to (cause to) curve: The road bends to the left after the traffic lights. B2 to move your body or part of your body so that it is not straight: I bent down and picked up the coins lying on the road. Now, bend forward/over and touch your toes! on bended knee in a position in which the knee of one leg is touching the floor: He went down on bended knee to ask her to marry him. noun (CURVE) B2 [ C ] a curved part of something: There's a bend in the pipe so you can't see from one end to the other. The car came around the bend on the wrong side of the road. [ U ] in football, the curve in which a ball moves when it has been kicked in a particular way: Good players can put bend on the ball. noun (ILLNESS) the bends [ plural ] a serious medical condition that divers (= people who swim underwater) get when they come up to the surface of the water too quickly (เบนดฺ) {bent,bent,bending,bends} vt.,vi. ทำให้งอ,ทำให้โค้ง,ทำให้ยอม,ก้ม,งอ,โค้ง,น้าว,โน้ม,ดัด,หัน,บ่าย,เบี่ยง,จ้องเขม็ง n. การงอ,การดัด,การเบี่ยง,หัวโค้ง,คุ้ง,เงื่อนเชือก, Syn. curve

melt

verb (FEEL LOVE) [ I ] to start to feel love or sympathy, especially after feeling angry: He only has to look at her, and she melts. He'd been going to refuse, but his heart melted when he saw the children's faces.

wobble

verb (MOVE) [ I or T ] to (cause something to) shake or move from side to side in a way that shows poor balance: That bookcase wobbles whenever you put anything on it. Don't wobble the table, please, Dan. figurative The company's shares wobbled with the news of a foreign takeover bid. verb (NOT CERTAIN) to be uncertain what to do or to change repeatedly between two opinions: The government can't afford to wobble on this issue. noun [C] (MOVEMENT) a movement from side to side that shows poor balance: I gave the poles a slight wobble and the whole tent collapsed. figurative The closure of the company's German subsidiary caused a sharp wobble in its profits. noun [C] (NOT CERTAIN) a feeling of not being certain about something: She's having a bit of a wobble about the move to New York. (วอบ'เบิล) vt.,n. (อาการ) โซเซ,โอนเอน,โยกไปมา,ส่าย,โคลงเคลง,สั่น,ไม่แน่นอน,ไม่คงที่, Syn. wabble,stagger,sway,dodder

defend

verb (PROTECT) B1 [ T ] to protect someone or something against attack or criticism; to speak in favour of someone or something: How can we defend our homeland if we don't have an army? White blood cells help defend the body against infection. They are fighting to defend their beliefs/interests/rights. He vigorously defended his point of view. verb (IN COURT OF LAW) to act as a lawyer for someone who has been accused of something in a court of law and try to prove that they are not guilty : I can't afford a lawyer, so I shall defend myself (= argue my own case in a court of law). verb (IN SPORT) [ T ] to compete in a sports competition that you won before and try to win it again: He will defend his 1,500 metre title this weekend. The defending champion will play her first match of the tournament tomorrow. [ I ] to try to prevent the opposing player or players from scoring points, goals, etc. in a sport: In the last ten minutes of the game, we needed to defend. (ดิ'เฟนดฺ') {defended,defending,defends} vt. ป้องกัน,ต้าน,พิทักษ์,แก้ตัวให้,เป็นทนายให้,แก้ต่าง, See also: defender n. ดูdefend, Syn. protect

plead

verb (REQUEST) C2 [ I ] to make an urgent, emotional statement or request for something: He was on his knees, pleading for mercy/forgiveness. She appeared on television to plead with the kidnappers. [ + speech ] "Give us more time," they pleaded. verb (STATE) C2 [ I, L only + adj, T ] LAW specialized to make a statement of what you believe to be true, especially in support of something or someone or when someone has been accused in a law court: The defendant pleaded not guilty/innocent to robbery with violence. They paid a high-powered attorney to plead their case (= argue for them in court). The judge ruled her unfit to plead (= to answer a legal charge) on the grounds of insanity. verb (EXCUSE) C2 [ T ] to say something as an excuse or explanation: She left early, pleading pressure of work. (พลีด) vt.,vi. แก้ต่าง,แก้ฟ้อง,ขอร้อง,วิงวอน., See also: pleadable adj. pleader n. pleading n.

strike

verb (STOP WORK) B2 [ I ] to refuse to continue working because of an argument with an employer about working conditions, pay levels, or job losses: Democratization has brought workers the right to strike and join a trade union. We're striking for better pay and improved safety standards. verb (CAUSE SUFFERING) C2 [ I or T ] to cause a person or place to suffer severely from the effects of something very unpleasant that happens suddenly: I have a life insurance policy that will take care of my family if disaster strikes. The disease has struck the whole community, sometimes wiping out whole families. verb (HIT) B1 [ I or T ] to hit or attack someone or something forcefully or violently: Her car went out of control and struck an oncoming vehicle. The police have warned the public that the killer could strike again. (สไทรคฺ) {struck,struck/stricken,striking,strikes} vt.,vi. ตี,ตอก,ทุบ,ต่อย,ชก,ปะทะ,พุ่ง,โจมตี,จู่โจม,เคาะ,โขก,เขก,ชน,ขูด,ขีด (ไม้ขีดไฟ) ,ตีกรรเชียง,พิมพ์,ประทับตรา,ทำเหรียญ,กด,อัด,เจาะพบ (น้ำมัน) จับ,ก่อ,ประสบ,ตกลง,ตบมือเป็นสัญญาณ,ยกเลิก,รื้อ,ถอน,ประทับใจ

diverged

verb [ I ] to follow a different direction, or to be or become different: They walked along the road together until they reached the village, but then their paths diverged. Although the two organizations have worked together for many years, their objectives have diverged recently.

congeal

verb [ I ] to change from a liquid or soft state to a thick or solid state: The blood had congealed in thick black clots.

exempt from

verb [ T ] to excuse someone or something from a duty, payment, etc.: Small businesses have been exempted from the tax increase. adjective with special permission not to do or pay something: Goods exempt from this tax include books and children's clothes. Pregnant women are exempt from dental charges under the current health system.

outplay

verb [ T ] to play a game more cleverly and successfully than another person or team: The French were completely outplayed by the Russian team.

require

verb [ T ] B1 to need something or make something necessary: Please call this number if you require any further information. Skiing at 80 miles per hour requires total concentration. [ + obj + to infinitive ] Bringing up children often requires you to put their needs first. You are required by law to stop your car after an accident.

disqualified

verb [ T ] UK /dɪˈskwɒl.ɪ.faɪ/ US /dɪˈskwɑː.lə.faɪ/ C2 to stop someone from being in a competition or doing something because they are unsuitable or they have done something wrong: Two top athletes have been disqualified from the championship after positive drug tests. UK He's been disqualified from driving for a year.

relegated

verb [ T ] UK /ˈrel.ɪ.ɡeɪt/ US /ˈrel.ə.ɡeɪt/ to put someone or something into a lower or less important rank or position: She resigned when she was relegated to a desk job. The story was relegated to the middle pages of the paper. UK If a football team is relegated, it is moved down to a lower division: If Southampton lose again they may be relegated from the Premier League to the First Division.

itemise

verb [ T ] to list things separately, often including details about each thing: We asked for an itemized bill, listing all our phone calls and how long they were. (ไอ'ทะไมซดฺ) adj. เป็นข้อ ๆ ,ซึ่งลงรายการไว้, Syn. list,specify

cites

verb [ T ] formal cite verb [T] (GIVE EXAMPLE) to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened: She cited three reasons why people get into debt. The company cited a 13 percent decline in new orders as evidence that overall demand for its products was falling. to speak or write words taken from a particular writer or written work: She cites both T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf in her article. (ไซทฺ) {cited,citing,cites} vt. อ้างอิง,กล่าวอ้าง,กล่าวสนับสนุน,ออกหมายเรียกตัวมาศาล,สดุดี,ชมเชย,กระตุ้นเรียกหา., See also: citable adj. ดู citatory adj. ดูcitation citeable adj. ดู citatory adj. ดูcitation citer n. ดู citatory adj.

erode

verb [I or T] (DAMAGE PHYSICALLY) C2 to rub or be rubbed away gradually: Wind and rain have eroded the statues into shapeless lumps of stone. The cliffs are eroding several feet a year. verb [I or T] (HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECT) C2 to slowly reduce or destroy something: His behaviour over the last few months has eroded my confidence in his judgment.

tolerate

verb [T] (ACCEPT) B2 to accept behaviour and beliefs that are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them: I will not tolerate that kind of behaviour in my class. [ + -ing verb ] I won't tolerate lying. The bacteria have developed an ability to tolerate these drugs. The soldiers have to tolerate difficult desert conditions. verb [T] (DEAL WITH) C2 to deal with something unpleasant or annoying, or to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions: These ants can tolerate temperatures that would kill other species.

deny

verb [T] (NOT TRUE) B2 to say that something is not true: He will not confirm or deny the allegations. [ + that ] Neil denies that he broke the window, but I'm sure he did. [ + -ing verb ] Neil denies breaking the window. there's no denying it is true: There's no denying that this has been a difficult year for the company. He said the police assaulted him while he was in custody, a claim which the police deny. The president has consistently denied the rumours. verb [T] (REFUSE) B2 to not allow someone to have or do something: Her request for time off work was denied. No one should be denied a good education./A good education should be denied to no one. [ + two objects ] The goalkeeper denied him his third goal. verb [T] (NOT ADMIT) to not admit that you have knowledge, responsibility, feelings, etc.: He denied all responsibility for the rumours which have been circulating. Even under torture, he refused to deny his beliefs/faith. to refuse to admit that you have any connection with something or someone: She has denied her family and refuses to have any contact with them. (ดิไน') {denied,denying,denies} vt. ปฎิเสธ,ไม่ยอมรับ,ไม่ตกลง,บังคับใจตัวเอง, Syn. dispute ###A. affirm

exploiting

verb [T] (USE WELL) B2 to use something in a way that helps you: We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible. More examples The increased globalization of the commodity trading business is something we must exploit. Exporters can currently exploit the favourable exchange rates. When a great opportunity like that comes along, you'd be a fool not to exploit it. We have a lot of knowledge and experience in this department that we are not currently exploiting fully. verb [T] (USE UNFAIRLY) B2 to use someone or something unfairly for your own advantage: Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees. noun [ C usually plural ] something unusual, brave, or funny that someone has done: She was telling me about her exploits while travelling around Africa.

what's more

what's more : in addition : FURTHERMORE used to add something surprising or interesting to what you have just said: And what's more worrying than her carpet-bagging is the growing influence of the money men. I don't know what's more stunning his poetic use of language or his photography. After all, what's more suitable than a nice pair of trainers to help you keep on running?

on credit

with payment to be made at a future date

literature

written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit. noun [U] (SPECIALIST TEXTS) all the information relating to a subject, especially information written by experts: It's important to keep up-to-date with the literature in your field. There is very little literature on the disease. noun [U] (INFORMATION) printed material published by a company that is intended to encourage people to buy that company's products or services; material that an organization publishes in order to persuade people to agree with its opinions: Could you send me your literature on/about car insurance policies, please? The Republicans were quick to highlight the Democrats' proposed tax increases in their campaign literature.

take part in

เtake part (in sth) to be involved in something with other people: Most of the board members took part in the discussions. ข้าไปมีส่วนร่วม

Shouting abuse

He shouted abuse means that the convicted person has shouted words, insults, threats to the judge across the courtroom. He might, for example, have shouted:

hurricane tornado typhoon cyclone

Hurricanes are tropical storms that form over the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific. Cyclones are formed over the South Pacific and Indian Ocean. Typhoons are formed over the Northwest Pacific Ocean. tornado plural tornadoes or tornados (US informal also twister) B2 a strong, dangerous wind that forms itself into an upside-down spinning cone and is able to destroy buildings as it moves across the ground

deteriorate

INTRANSITIVE: to become worse The weather deteriorated rapidly so the game was abandoned. deteriorate into: The economic situation could quickly deteriorate into social unrest. (ดิเทีย'เรียเรท) vt.,vi. ทำให้เลวลง,ทำให้เสื่อมเสีย,เลวลง,เสื่อมลง,ชำรุด,แตกสลาย

decline

IV. to gradually become less, worse, or lower: His interest in the project declined after his wife died. The party's popularity has declined in the opinion polls. IV,TV. to refuse: I invited him to the meeting but he declined. He declined my offer.

along with, together with sb/sth

Idiom 1: in addition to (something or someone) a plane carrying heavy radar equipment along with full fuel tanks 2: together with (something or someone) A bill came along with the merchandise. He worked along with several colleagues to finish on time.

appreciable\appreciative

If an amount or change is appreciable, it is large or noticeable enough to have an important effect: There has been an appreciable drop in the number of unemployed since the new government came to power. (อะพรี'ชะเบิล) adj. ซึ่งประเมินค่าได้,จำนวนมาก showing that you understand how good something is, or are grateful for something: It's nice to have an appreciative audience. I'm very appreciative of all the support you've given me.(อะพรี'ชีเอทิฟว) adj. รู้สึกขอบคุณ,เห็นคุณค่า,สามารถเห็นคุณค่าหรือขอบคุณได้

disappear

If people or things disappear, they go somewhere where they cannot be seen or found: The search was called off for the sailors who disappeared in the storm. I can't find my keys anywhere - they've completely disappeared. The sun disappeared behind a cloud. We looked for her but she had disappeared into the crowd. The movie is about a girl who mysteriously disappeared while on a picnic at Hanging Rock. I don't know how it's possible for a person to disappear without trace.(ดิสซะเพียร์') vt. หายไป,สาบสูญ,สูญหาย,หายลับ, Syn. vanish

running wild

If someone, often a child, runs wild, that person behaves as they want to without being controlled by anyone. The mob was running wild in the streets. His imagination ran wild.

made redundant

If you are made redundant, your employer tells you to leave because your job is no longer necessary or because your employer cannot afford to keep paying you.

productive land

Land that has produced farm crops within the previous 5 years.

lay/lie

Lie is a verb meaning to recline in a horizontal position on a supporting device like a bed or couch. I want to lie on my bed every Sunday morning reading the paper before the kids wake up. Chickie, the cat with four white socks, likes to lie on the couch nearest the fire. Lay is a verb meaning to put something down on a surface, normally in a gentle manner. If you would kindly lay the books out on the table, I will choose which one we will discuss. Would you like me to lay out your clothes for dinner, dear?

look at/see/watch

Look at When we look at something, we direct our eyes in its direction and pay attention to it: [the speaker is sitting at her computer] Come and look at this photo Carina sent me. Look at the rabbit! Warning: When look has an object, it is followed by at: Look at the rain. It's so heavy. Not: Look the rain. See See means noticing something using our eyes. The past simple form is saw and the -ed form is seen: I saw Trevor at the shopping centre yesterday. Has anyone seen my glasses? Watch as a verb Watch is similar to look at, but it usually means that we look at something for a period of time, especially something that is changing or moving: We watch television every evening. I like to sit at the window to watch what's happening in the garden.

loose/lose

Lose is a verb that means "to fail to win, to misplace, or to free oneself from something or someone." Loose is an adjective that means "not tight."

shop floor

PRODUCTION the ordinary workers in a factory, rather than the managers: The pay gap between the boardroom and the shop floor in Britain is now the widest in Europe. Union membership is low at this plant - about 35% of total employment and 50% of the shop floor. COMMERCE the part of a store where products are sold, rather than the offices or other parts of it: My first job was on the shop floor of a major retailer.

traffic-free zone

Pedestrian zones (also known as auto-free zones and car-free zones, and as pedestrian precincts in British English) are areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian-only use and in which most or all automobile traffic may be prohibited. ‎Definitions and types - ‎North America - ‎South America - ‎Asia. They are the greatest impediment to the flow of traffic. Service roads must be free of cattle and stray dogs. Much of them are seen grazing in. Part of Coventry city centre is to be made a traffic free zone. This means that the taxi ranks in Broadgate and Pepper Lane will be moved to.

avoid\prevent

Prevent Prevent means stop. Preventing something means stopping it, often before it has happened. You can prevent something, prevent something happening, or prevent someone from doing something. The arrival of the police prevented crime. His hand prevented the cup falling. Losing my passport prevented me from flying. Avoid Avoid means miss. If you avoid something you miss it, or try to make it miss you. You can avoid something or avoid something happening. I avoided the slap easily. I avoided being discovered by hiding.

illiterate

ADJ unable to read and write: A surprising percentage of the population is illiterate. Compare innumerate knowing little or nothing about a particular subject: computer illiterate financially/technologically illiterate (อิลิท'เทอเรท) adj. ไม่สามารถอ่านและเขียนหนังสือได้,ไม่รู้หนังสือ,ไร้การศึกษา,ไร้ความรู้ในสาขาหนึ่ง n. คนไม่รู้หนังสือ

likewise

Adv. You use likewise when you are comparing two methods, states, or situations and saying that they are similar. All attempts by the Socialists to woo him back were spurned. Similar overtures from the right have likewise been rejected. The V2 was not an ordinary weapon: it could only be used against cities. Likewise the atom bomb. If you do something and someone else does likewise, they do the same or a similar thing. He lent money, made donations and encouraged others to do likewise.

advice\advise

Advice /ədˈvɑɪs/ is a noun and means a suggestion about what someone should do. It is uncountable: Let me give you some advice: stay away from Margaret. Not: Let me give you an advice She gave him a lot of advice, but I don't think he listened. Not: ...a lot of advices ... If we want to use advice in a countable way, then we use the phrase a piece of advice: I have two pieces of advice for you about the holiday. We use the verb advise /ədˈvɑɪz/ to mean 'to give someone advice': I strongly advise you to lose weight. They finally did what we advised.

affect\effect

Affect and effect are different in meaning, though frequently confused. Affect is chiefly used as a verb and its main meaning is 'to influence or make a difference to', as in the following example sentences: The pay increase will greatly affect their lifestyle. The dampness began to affect my health. The weather will affect my plans for the weekend. Effect, on the other hand, is used both as a noun and a verb, although is more commonly used as a noun. As a noun it means 'a result or an influence', as in: Move the cursor until you get the effect you want. The beneficial effects of exercise are well documented. Over time the effect of loud music can damage your hearing. When used as a verb effect means 'to bring something about as a result'. It's most often used in a formal context as opposed to everyday English: Growth in the economy can only be effected by stringent economic controls. The new policies did little to effect change. The prime minister effected many policy changes. The key thing to remember is that effect is most commonly used as a noun, whereas affect is typically used as a verb.

autobiography

An account of a person's life written by that person

expenditure

An amount of money spent. noun C2 [ C or U ] the total amount of money that a government or person spends: It's part of a drive to cut government expenditure. The government's annual expenditure on arms has been reduced. [ U ] the act of using or spending energy, time, or money: The expenditure of effort on this project has been enormous. (อิคซฺเพน'ดิเชอะ) n. การใช้จ่าย,ค่าใช้จ่าย,งบประมาณ, Syn. expense

incentive scheme

An incentive scheme can be defined as a formal plan designed to encourage or promote specific behavior or action by the target group during a specified period of time.

during\for\while

For For is a time expression followed by a length of time - for an hour. Examples with for: I have been waiting for an hour. Sarah is going to Spain for ten days. Henry lived in France for five years. During During is followed by a noun. It is used to explain what happened throughout the period or in the course of an action or event. Examples with during: We always like to travel during the summer. The results of the test were given to us during the lesson. The accident occurred during the night. While While is followed by a subject and a verb. While is used to explain an action that occurs during the time another action was taking place. Examples of while: They held hands while they were watching the film. The journalists took notes while the President was speaking. We will pick some flowers while we're walking along the lake.

briefly\shortly

Shortly normally means 'soon, in a little while', as in: We will shortly be arriving at our destination The plane crashed shortly after take-off I'll be dealing with that shortly. Briefly means 'for or in a short space of time', as in: We will be stopping briefly at Cairo. Could you briefly explain what that means in practice? He briefly served as Vice President. Shortly only means 'briefly' in the predominantly British phrase to put it shortly, introducing a summary: To put it shortly, it's a mess. To put it shortly, I disagree with your proposition entirely. In short is also a popular way of introducing a summary in all varieties of English.

social conventions

Social conventions are those arbitrary rules and norms governing the countless behaviors all of us engage in every day without necessarily thinking about them, from shaking hands when greeting someone to driving on the right side of the road. In this book, Andrei Marmor offers a pathbreaking and comprehensive philosophical analysis of conventions and the roles they play in social life and practical reason, and in doing so challenges the dominant view of social conventions first laid out by David Lewis. These are the established rules, procedures and methods that are accepted as a guide for social conduct see social norms. Etiquette and social decorum are examples of social conventions.

canal\channel

The word 'channel' is a very general term, whereas the term 'canal' is more specific when we want to make reference to watercourse or sea passage. canal noun [C] (WATER ROUTE) B1 a long, thin stretch of water that is artificially made either for boats to travel along or for taking water from one area to another: The Panama Canal provides a crucial shipping link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. noun [C] (TUBE IN BODY) MEDICAL specialized a narrow tube through which air, fluid, or other substances can pass: The alimentary canal is the path by which food enters the body, and solid waste is passed out. (คะแนล') {canalled,canalling,canals} n. คลอง,ช่องทาง,ทางน้ำ,คู,หลอด,ท่อ,ช่อง. vt. ทำทางน้ำผ่าน channel noun [C] (TELEVISION) A2 a television station: a cable/terrestrial/satellite channel a music/movie/news/shopping/sports channel the news on Channel 4 [C] (PASSAGE) a passage for water or other liquids to flow along, or a part of a river or other area of water that is deep and wide enough to provide a route for ships to travel along: There are drainage/irrigation channels all over this flat agricultural land. The boats all have to pass through this narrow channel. a way of communicating with people or getting something done: We must open the channels of communication between the two countries. The government pursued every diplomatic/official channel to free the hostages. Complaints should be made through the proper/usual channels. C] (MAKING AVAILABLE) a way of making a product, information, etc. available: The insurer sells its products through a variety of distribution channels, including banks. a route or way out of an airport or port where travellers' bags are examined: If you have nothing to declare, go through the green channel. Goods to declare - use the red channel. verb [T] (DIRECT) C2 to direct something into a particular place or situation: Ditches were constructed to channel water away from the buildings. If she could only channel all that energy into something useful. A lot of money has been channelled into research in that particular field. verb [T] (ACT LIKE) to behave like or copy another person, so that you almost seem to be that other person: The band were dressed in 1960s outfits and seemed to be channelling the Beatles. (แชน'เนิล) n. ช่องแคบ,ช่อง,ทางน้ำไหล,ทางเดินเรือ,ราง,วิถีทาง,แนวทาง,ทางผ่าน,ท่อ -vi. นำผ่านทาง,บุกเบิกทาง,ขุดทาง,ขุดทางน้ำ,นำทาง

exchange

V. to give something to someone and receive something from that person: It's traditional for the two teams to exchange shirts after the game. Every month the group meets so its members can exchange their views/opinions (= have a discussion). We exchanged greetings before the meeting. to take something back to a shop where it was bought and get something else instead: If you don't like the gift, you can exchange it. I exchanged those trousers for a larger size. the act of giving something to someone and getting something else that is similar: [ C ] an exchange of ideas [ C ] an exchange of prisoners [ C or U ] an occasion when you give or return something to someone and they give you something else: If an item is faulty you are guaranteed a refund or an exchange. exchange of sth You may request an exchange of any or all of your shares into another mutual fund in the group. information/knowledge exchange อิคซฺเชนจฺ') v.,n. (การ) แลกเปลี่ยน,แลกเงินตรา,โต้ตอบ

fluctuate

Verb[I] to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another: Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season. Her wages fluctuate between £150 and £200 a week. -to change or vary frequently between one level or thing and another: Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season. I fluctuate between feeling really happy and utterly miserable. -if prices, levels, or interest rates fluctuate, they go up and down: Inflation has fluctuated in recent months along with oil prices. fluctuate between sth and sth Dividend yields typically fluctuate between 4 per cent and 6 per cent. fluctuate with sth Over the past months, retail prices have fluctuated with market conditions. prices/investments/profits fluctuate Traders on the New York Stock Exchange monitored their screens and took a wait-and-see approach as prices fluctuated. fluctuate wildly/significantly/slightly Shares have been fluctuating wildly in a volatile market. fluctuate from day to day/month to month/year to year Your cash flow fluctuates from year to year as your portfolio increases or decreases.

in conclusion

You say 'in conclusion' to indicate that what you are about to say is the last thing that you want to say. In conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe, enjoyable and readily available form of exercise. "So you see," Todd said in conclusion to that particular conversation. He would, in conclusion, greatly appreciate my help since I happened to be the only person in possession of all available facts. Gagman, Maurice DOUBTFUL MOTIVES

scrums

[ C ] (also scrummage) in the sport of rugby, a group of attacking players from each team who come together with their heads down and arms joined, and push against each other, trying to take control of the ball noun (GROUP OF PEOPLE) [ S ] a situation in which a group of people push each other to get to a place or obtain something noun (IN BUSINESS) [ U ] BUSINESS specialized a method used when developing a new product in which a team is allowed to organize itself and make changes quickly as they are needed. It also involves having short meetings every day. [ C ] BUSINESS specialized a short meeting held every day between the members of a team who are developing a new product

rise

[ I ] to move upwards: The balloon rose gently (up) into the air. At 6 a.m. we watched the sun rise (= appear and move upwards in the sky). to stand, especially after sitting: She rose from her chair to welcome us. He rose to his feet to deliver his speech. [ I ] formal to get out of bed: My grandfather rises at five every morning to do his exercises. to increase: Inflation is rising at/by 2.1 percent a month. When emotions, etc. rise, they start to increase: Tempers are rising (= people are becoming angry). My spirits rise (= I feel happier) whenever I think of my friends. [ I ] to become important, successful, or powerful: After a long career with the company, she has risen to the position of chief executive. He rose to power as the country emerged from its financial crisis. [ I ] to become higher: The ground rises over there. The castle is built on rising ground (= ground higher than areas around it).

fall

[ I ] to suddenly go down onto the ground or towards the ground without intending to or by accident: He fell badly and broke his leg. I fell down the stairs and injured my back. The object appeared to have fallen from a great height. The water's deep here, so don't fall in! She slipped and fell on the ice. He fell into the river and had to be rescued. I fell off my bike and scraped my knee. He was leaning out of the window and almost fell out. She fell under a bus and was killed instantly. She fell five metres to the bottom of the ravine. He fell to his death climbing the Matterhorn. [ I ] to become lower in size, amount, or strength: Demand for new cars has fallen due to the recession. The standard of his work has fallen during the year. Salaries in the public sector are expected to fall by 15 percent this year. The temperature could fall below zero overnight. Average temperatures fell by ten degrees. The pound has fallen to its lowest-ever level against the dollar. When the teacher walked in, the children's voices fell to a whisper (= they became very quiet). Share prices fell sharply this week. [ I ] to come down onto the ground or from a high position to a lower position: The snow had been falling steadily all day. It was October and the leaves had started to fall. [ I ] When the curtain falls in the theatre, it comes down because the play or performance has ended: The audience was still laughing as the curtain fell. [ I usually + adv/prep ] to belong to a particular group, subject, or area: The material falls into three categories. Matters of discipline fall outside my area of responsibility. [ I + adv/prep, L ] to change to a particular condition from a different one: He always falls asleep after drinking red wine. She suddenly fell ill. [ I ] to be beaten or defeated: The president fell from power during the military coup.

shifted

[ I or T ] to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly: She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other. The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow. C1 [ I ] (of an idea, opinion, etc.) to change: Society's attitudes towards women have shifted enormously over the last century. Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues. shift verb (GET RID OF) [ T ] UK informal to get rid of something unwanted, or to sell something: Modern detergents will shift most stains. The people at the toy shop expect to shift a lot of stock in the run-up to Christmas. noun (GROUP) B2 [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a group of workers who do a job for a period of time during the day or night, or the period of time itself: As the night shift leave/leaves, the day shift arrive/arrives. Are you on the night shift or the day shift? (= Do you work during the night period or the day period?) a change in position or direction: a shift in the wind/temperature The shift in the balance of power in the region has had far-reaching consequences. There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion towards peaceful negotiations. (ชิฟทฺ) vi.,vt.,n. (การ) เลื่อน,เคลื่อน,ย้าย,เคลื่อนย้าย,ยัก,เปลี่ยน,สับ เปลี่ยน,หมุนเวียน,แกว่ง,เสี่ยง,บ่ายเบี่ยง,ผลัก,ปัด,ผลัด,เปลี่ยนเวร,เปลี่ยนเกียร์,โยกย้าย. n. วิธีเปลี่ยน,วิธ'เลี่ยง,วิธีการ,แผนเฉพาะการ,การเปลี่ยนเวร,เวร,ยาม,เล่ห์เพทุบาย,การเปลี่ยนเก

cut

[ I or T ] to break the surface of something, or to divide or make something smaller, using a sharp tool, especially a knife: to cut a slice of bread I cut myself/my hand on that glass/with that knife. Cut the meat up into small pieces. This knife doesn't cut very well. Where did you have your hair cut? [ + obj + adj ] Firefighters had to cut the trapped driver loose/free (= cut the metal to allow the driver to get out of the car) using special equipment. He fell off the swing and cut his head open (= got a deep cut in his head). He cut the cake in/into six (pieces) and gave each child a slice. [T] to make something shorter, lower, smaller, etc.: to cut prices/costs to cut overtime/wages to remove something from something else: The sex scenes had been cut out of the TV version of the film. [ I or T ] to stop or interrupt something: to cut an engine/a motor "Cut! (= stop filming!)" shouted the director. B1 [ C ] an injury made when the skin is cut with something sharp: a deep cut [ C ] a reduction in the number, amount, or rate of something: a cut in expenditure/interest rates/hospital waiting lists (คัท) {cutted,cutting,cuts} v. ตัด,หั่น,ฟัน,แล่ n. การตัด,การหั่น,การฟัน,บาดแผล,ชิ้นที่ถูกตัดออก,ปริมาณที่ถูกตัดออก,adj. ซึ่งถูกตัด,

adapt

[ T ] to change, or to change something, to suit different conditions or uses: Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system. The recipe here is a pork roast adapted from Caroline O'Neill's book "Louisiana Kitchen". [ + to infinitive ] We had to adapt our plans to fit Jack's timetable. The play had been adapted for (= changed to make it suitable for) children. [ I ] to change your ideas or behaviour to make them suitable for a new situation: The good thing about children is that they adapt very easily to new environments. It took me a while to adapt to the new job. [ I ] BIOLOGY specialized If a living thing adapts, it changes slightly over time so it can continue to exist in a particular environment: Species have adapted to climate changes throughout history. The ways in which organisms have adapted to survive in this extreme environment are not well understood. (อะแดพทฺ') vt. ปรับตัว, ปรับให้เหมาะ, ดัดแปลง. -adaptive adj., Syn. adjust, fit)

promote

[ T ] to encourage people to like, buy, use, do, or support something: Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products. The Institute is intended to promote an understanding of the politics and culture of the Arab world. Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet today. It has long been known that regular exercise promotes all-round good health. More examples The government should be playing a more prominent role in promoting human rights. The organization is working with young people to promote awareness of the dangers of unprotected sex. The band are currently touring to promote their new album. [ T often passive ] to raise someone to a higher or more important position or rank: If I'm not promoted within the next two years, I'm going to change jobs. She's just been promoted to senior sales rep. to move a sports team to a higher group: If Coventry City win this match, they'll be promoted to the Premier League. (พระโมท') vt. สนับสนุน,ส่งเสริม,เลื่อน,กระตุ้น,ก่อการ,ก่อตั้ง., See also: promotable adj., Syn. further,upgrade

sent off

[ T ] US (UK send off) to order a sports player to leave the playing area during a game because they have broken a rule

succeed in

[PHRV] ประสบความสำเร็จใน

adjust

[TRANSITIVE] to change something slightly in order to make it better, more accurate, or more effective Stir in the lemon juice and adjust the seasoning. adjust something for something (=change something to show the effect of something else): The figures have been adjusted for inflation. a. to move something slightly so that it is in the right place or is more comfortable She stopped to adjust the strap on her sandal. [INTRANSITIVE] to get used to a new situation by changing your ideas or the way you do things When economic circumstances change, businesses need time to adjust. adjust to: It took her two years to adjust to life in England. a. if your eyes adjust to darkness or light, they get used to it and you begin to be able to see clearly again Give your eyes time to adjust. adjust to: Her eyes gradually adjusted to the gloom. vt. ปรับ,ปรับตัว,จัด,ปรองดอง

alter

[TRANSITIVE] to make something or someone different He altered his appearance with surgery. This doesn't alter the fact that what you did was wrong. [INTRANSITIVE] to become different The situation has altered radically since last week. [TRANSITIVE] to make small changes to a piece of clothing so that it fits better (ออล' เทอะ) vt.,vi. เปลี่ยน ,แปลง, แก้ไข, ดัดแปลง, ผันแปร -alteration n. ทำหมัน

lane

a narrow road in the countryside or in a town noun [C] (STRIP) B2 a special strip of a road, sports track, or swimming pool that is used to keep vehicles or competitors separate: a bus/bike/cycle lane The northbound lane is closed because of an accident. I find driving in the fast lane very stressful. The German runners/swimmers are in lanes 4 and 6. a route across the sea or through the air that ships or aircraft regularly sail or fly along: The English Channel is the busiest shipping lane in the world. sb's lane informal the knowledge, experience, or skills that someone has; used especially when saying that someone should only do things or express opinions on things that they know about: Stay in your lane. Just do your job. Do what you're asked to do. Many scientists have "stayed in their lanes" and not asked enough questions about the data emanating from "official" sources.

viable

able to work as intended or able to succeed: In order to make the company viable, it will unfortunately be necessary to reduce staffing levels. I am afraid your plan is not commercially/economically/financially/politically viable. BIOLOGY specialized able to continue to exist as or develop into a living being: There is a continuing debate about the age at which a human foetus can be considered viable. able to be done or likely to succeed: commercially/economically/financially viable Rising oil prices have made alternative energy sources more economically viable. a viable business/company/market The fund exists to provide finance to viable businesses that have been rejected by mainstream lenders. Home-working offers a viable solution to the work/family conflict. a viable alternative/option/proposition (ไว'อะเบิล) adj. (ทารก,เมล็ดพืชหรืออื่น ๆ) สามารถมีชีวิตและเจริญเติบโตได้, (ทารกในครรภ์) เจริญเติบโตพอที่จะมีชีวิตนอกมดลูกได้,ปฎิบัติได้,ทำงานได้,สามารถเจริญเติบโตหรือพัฒนาได้., See also: viability n. viably adv.

action

action noun (DOING SOMETHING) B2 [ U ] the process of doing something, especially when dealing with a problem or difficulty: This problem calls for swift/prompt action from the government. [ + to infinitive ] Action to prevent the spread of the disease is high on the government's agenda. We must take action (= do something) to deal with the problem before it spreads to other areas. So what's the plan of action? (= What are we going to do?) The complaints system swings into action (= starts to work) as soon as a claim is made. (SOMETHING DONE) B2 [ C ] something that you do: She has to accept the consequences of her actions. I asked him to explain his actions. C2 [ C ] a physical movement: I'll say the words and you can mime the actions. It only needs a small wrist action (= movement of the wrist) to start the process. (ACTIVITY) B1 [ U ] things that are happening, especially exciting or important things: I like movies with a lot of action. In her last novel, the action (= the main events) moves between Greece and southern Spain. the effect something has on another thing: They recorded the action of the drug on the nervous system. C2 [ U ] fighting in a war: Her younger son was killed in action. He was reported missing in action. He saw action (= fought as a soldier) in the trenches. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words action noun (WAY THING WORKS) C2 [ U or C ] the way something moves or works: We studied the action of the digestive system. The car has a very smooth braking action. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words action noun (LEGAL PROCESS) C1 [ C or U ] LAW specialized a legal process that is decided in a law court: a libel action She brought an action (for negligence) against the hospital. A criminal action was brought against him. The book was halted in South Africa by a threat of legal action. (แอค' เชิน) n. การกระทำ, การปฏิบัติ, การดำเนินการ, ท่าทาง, ขั้นตอน, การฟ้องร้อง, ฤทธิ์,อำนาจ, เหตุการณ์, การใช้กำลัง, การเดิน, การเคลื่อนไหว, การรบ,การพนัน, การกระทำที่ตื่นเต้น. -actions ความประพฤติ

activity

activity noun activity noun (MOVEMENT) B2 [ U ] the situation in which a lot of things are happening or people are moving around: There was a lot of activity in preparation for the Queen's visit. Economists are concerned by the low level of economic activity. There was a sudden flurry of activity when the director walked in. [ C or U ] the work of a group or organization to achieve an aim: He was found guilty of terrorist activity. criminal activities [ C usually plural ] something that is done for enjoyment, especially an organized event: His spare-time activities include cooking, tennis, and windsurfing. We offer our guests a wide range of outdoor/sporting activities. (แอคทีฟ' วิที) n. กิจกรรม, การเคลื่อนไหว, ลักษณะการดำเนินการ, ลักษณะการเคลื่อนไหว, ระดับความมีชีวิตชีวา, เรื่องราวที่ดำเนินการ, กิจกรรม Action is purpose-driven and strategic. It is based on knowing where you want to go and acting in an intentional manner that gets you there. There is a sense of discipline in it because it is grounded in vision and alignment with your goals. Activity is something else. It is the illusion of action without the driver of purpose or the discipline that's grounded in vision. It is action without strategy(will never produce and outcome).

continual\continuous

adj Continual means repeated but with breaks in between; chronic. Example: The continual problem of our car's not starting forced us to sell it. Continuous means without interruption in an unbroken stream of time or space. Example: The continuous dripping of the faucet drove me crazy.

epidermic

adj a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. affecting or tending to affect a disproportionately large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time typhoid was epidemic epidermic area (uniq) พื้นที่ระบาดของโรค, แหล่งระบาด

downward

adj. moving towards a lower position: a downward trend The country's economy is on a downward spiral. adv. toward a lower position, level, or amount: The road slopes gently downward for a mile or two.

populated

adjective (of a place) having people living there: They don't want to run the risk of bombs falling on populated areas. They live in densely populated, racially segregated neighbourhoods.

marked

adjective A marked change or difference in behaviour or in a situation is very obvious or noticeable: There was a marked improvement in my health when I gave up smoking. Unemployment has fallen again, although the change is less marked than last month. (มาร์คฺ) adj. น่าสังเกต,เด่นชัด,ชัดเจน,แจ่มแจ้ง,มีรอย,มีเครื่องหมาย., See also: markedly adv. markedness n., Syn. conspicuous

well-adjusted

adjective A well adjusted person is reasonable and has good judgment and theirbehaviour is not difficult or strange: [ before noun ] a quiet, well-adjusted man

calm

adjective B1 peaceful, quiet, and without worry: He has a very calm manner. Now keep calm everyone, the police are on their way. without hurried movement or noise: After a night of fighting, the streets are now calm. B1 If the weather is calm, there is no wind, or if the sea or a lake is calm, it is still and has no waves. verb [ T ] to stop someone feeling upset, angry, or excited: He tried to calm the screaming baby by rocking it back and forth. calm sb's fears to make someone feel less worried about something noun a quiet or peaceful period or situation: It was the calm of the countryside that he loved so much. (คาล์ม) {calmed,calming,calms} adj. สงบ,เงียบสงบ,ไร้ลมพัด,ใจสงบ. n. ความสงบ,ความเงียบสงบ,ภาวะนิ่งเฉย,ภาวะไร้ลมพัด,ภาวะใจสงบ. vt. ทำให้สงบ. vi. สงบ, See also: calmness n., Syn. quiet

winding

adjective B2 A winding path, road, river, etc. repeatedly turns in different directions: There's a very long, winding path leading up to the house. They struggled up the narrow winding stairs. A winding story or series of events is complicated and involves many changes: The TV series featured a winding, complex story line. (ไว'ดิง) n. การพัน,การม้วน,รอบหนึ่ง,ม้วนหนึ่ง,ด้ายที่พันอยู่,สิ่งที่พันหรือม้วนอยู่,วิธีการพัน,วิธีม้วน,adj. พันรอบ,เป็นขด,เป็นม้วน,คดเคี้ยว,หมุนวน,วกวน, See also: windingly adv. windingness n., Syn. coiling,twining

vast

adjective B2 extremely big: A vast audience watched the broadcast. The amount of detail the book contains is vast. The people who have taken our advice have saved themselves vast amounts/sums of money. The vast majority of children attend state schools. [ADJ] ใหญ่โต, See also: มโหฬาร, กว้างใหญ่, Syn. big, boundless, enormous, huge, Ant. little, small, tiny

crucial

adjective B2 extremely important or necessary: a crucial decision/question Her work has been crucial to the project's success. [ + that ] It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately. adv crucially (ครู'เชิล) adj. เด็ดขาด,ซึ่งชี้ขาด,รุนแรง,ถึงพริกถึงขิง,เกี่ยวกับความเป็นความตาย,เป็นรูปกากบาทหรือรูปกางเขน

overweight

adjective B2 fat: He used to be very overweight. I'm only a few pounds overweight, but I just can't seem to lose them. an overweight man/woman/child Opposite underweight B2 heavier than is allowed: If your luggage is overweight, you have to pay extra.

elegant

adjective B2 graceful and attractive in appearance or behaviour: an elegant woman a very elegant suit an elegant dining room An elegant idea, plan, or solution is clever but simple, and therefore attractive. She wore an elegant dove-grey jacket. She's got the most elegant writing style. (เอล'ละเกินทฺ) adj. งดงาม,เก๋,สละสลวย,สวยงาม,เรียบร้อย,ดีเลิศ, Syn. refined

economical

adjective B2 not using a lot of fuel, money, etc.: There's increasing demand for cars that are more economical on fuel. What's the most economical way of heating this building? More examples A big car like that is not very economical on fuel, is it? You should buy ordinary everyday foodstuffs in bulk - it's more economical. I had to buy a new washing machine as it would not have been economical to get it repaired. ประหยัด มัธยัสถ์

scarce

adjective C1 not easy to find or get: Food and clean water were becoming scarce. scarce resources Opposites abundant copious plentiful With jobs so scarce, many young people have nothing to do. In wartime, food is often scarce. adverb almost not: I could scarce believe my eyes. Synonyms barely hardly just scarcely (สแคสฺ) adj. ขาดแคลน,ไม่เพียงพอ,หายาก,ไม่ค่อยพบ -Phr. (make oneself scarce จากไป (โดยเฉพาะอย่างกะทันหัน)) . adv. อย่างขาดแคลน,อย่างไม่เพียงพอ., See also: scarceness n.

extinct

adjective C1 not now existing: There is concern that the giant panda will soon become extinct. Many tribes became extinct when they came into contact with Western illnesses. A lot of trades have become extinct because of the development of technology. An extinct volcano is one that is not now active (= will not explode again).

juvenile

adjective C1 LAW formal or specialized relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult: juvenile crime/offenders adult adjective disapproving silly and typical of a child: juvenile behaviour a juvenile sense of humour noun [ C ] a young person

elaborate on

adjective C2 containing a lot of careful detail or many detailed parts: You want a plain blouse to go with that skirt - nothing too elaborate. They're making the most elaborate preparations for the wedding. He came out with such an elaborate excuse that I didn't quite believe him. verb [ I ] formal to add more information to or explain something that you have said: The congresswoman said she was resigning, but refused to elaborate on her reasons for doing so. (อีแลบ'เบอเรท) adj. ประณีต,ซับซ้อน vt.,vi. วางแผนอย่างละเอียด,ทำอย่างประณีต,บรรยายอย่างละเอียด, See also: elaboration n. ดูelaborate elaborative adj. ดู elaborator n. ดู laborate, Syn. develop ###A. simple

lenient

adjective C2 not as severe or strong in punishment or judgment as would be expected: They believe that judges are too lenient with terrorist suspects. In view of the quantity of drugs involved, 16 years was the most lenient sentence (= punishment) the judge could impose.

ruthless

adjective C2 not thinking or worrying about any pain caused to others; cruel: ruthless ambition a ruthless dictator Some people believe that to succeed in this world you have to be ruthless. (รูธ'ลิส) adj. ไม่มีความเมตตา,ไร้ความปรานี,โหดเหี้ยม,ทารุณ, See also: ruthfully adv. ruthfulness n., Syn. cruel,inhuman,merciless,pitiless,callous

Facial

adjective C2 of or on the face: facial hair facial cleansers and moisturizers noun [ C ] a beauty treatment that cleans and improves the skin of the face with creams and gentle rubbing: Beauty treatments range from an eyelash tint at £8 to a deep cleansing facial costing £80. facial expressions (เฟ'เชิล) adj. เกี่ยวกับหน้า. -n. การนวดหน้า

derelict

adjective Derelict buildings or places are not cared for and are in bad condition: a derelict site The theatre has been left to stand/lie derelict. noun [ C ] formal a person who has no home or money and often lives outside (เดอ'ระลิคทฺ) adj. ซึ่งถูกทอดทิ้ง,ซึ่งละทิ้งหน้าที่. n. ทรัพย์สิ่งของที่ถูกทอดทิ้ง,เรือที่ถูกทิ้งลอยลำอยู่,บุคคลที่ถูกสังคมทอดทิ้ง,คนจรจัด,คนที่ทิ้งหน้าที่, See also: dereliction n., Syn. left ###A. dutiful คำศัพท์ย่อย:

under-developed

adjective ECONOMICS having little or no modern industry, few modern services, and a weak economy: Many of these regions are very underdeveloped. not as advanced or powerful as possible or expected: They have a good brand name but it is underdeveloped. The reason for the underdeveloped state of the country's capital markets is decades of economic mismanagement.

secured

adjective FINANCE secured loans, debts, etc. involve an agreement for the lender to take particular assets from the borrower if the money is not paid back: secured capital/financing/debt The company has agreed to pay about £2.7 million to outside creditors to resolve its secured and unsecured debts. secured bonds/credit cards/notes

frugal

adjective careful when using money or food, or (of a meal) cheap or small in amount: a frugal lifestyle a frugal meal of bread and soup (ฟรู'เกิล) adj. ประหยัด,ตระหนี่,มัธยัสถ์,กระเหม็ดกระแหม่,เล็กน้อย., See also: frugality n. frugalness n., Syn. thrifty

emphatic

adjective done or said in a strong way and without any doubt: Poland reached the final of the championship yesterday with an emphatic 5-0 victory over Italy. The minister has issued an emphatic rejection of the accusation. emphatically adverb US /emˈfæt̬·ɪk·li/ He emphatically denied the rumors. (เอมแฟท'ทิค) adj. เกี่ยวกับการเน้น,สำคัญ,มีพลังงาน,เด่นชัด,เด็ดขาด,เฉียบขาด

wavy

adjective having a series of curves: Sarah has wavy blond hair. (เว'วี) adj. เป็นคลื่น,เป็นลอน,มีคลื่นมาก,เป็นลอนมาก, (ใบ) มีขอบเป็นคลื่น,สั่นไหว,แปรปรวน, See also: wavily adv. waviness n., Syn. curfed,undulating

exact

adjective in great detail, or complete, correct, or true in every way: The exact distance is 1.838 metres. The exact time of the accident was 2.43 p.m. "I still owe you £7, don't I?" "Actually, it's £7.30 to be exact." verb [ T ] formal to demand and get something, sometimes using force or threats: to exact revenge on someone The blackmailers exacted a total of $100,000 from their victims. to make something necessary: Heart surgery exacts tremendous skill and concentration. (อิดแซคทฺ') {exacted,exacting,exacts} adj. แน่นอน,แน่ชัด,ถูกต้อง,เที่ยง,แม่นยำ. vt. บีบบังคับ,เรียกร้อง,ต้องการ., See also: exactable adj. ดูexact exacter n. ดูexact exactor n. ดูexact exactness n. ดูexact -S...

deterrent

adjective making someone less likely to do something by making it difficult for them to do it or by making them realize that it will have bad results: a deterrent effect noun [ C ] C2 something that deters people from doing something: a nuclear deterrent Tougher prison sentences may act/serve as a deterrent to other would-be offenders. check Some people say that capital punishment acts as a deterrent. Drink-driving is one case where severe punishment seems to work as a deterrent. (ดิเทอ'เรินทฺ) adj. ซึ่งยับยั้ง,ซึ่งกีดขวาง n. ตัวยับยั้ง,ตัวกีดขวาง, See also: deterrence n.

debilitating

adjective making someone or something physically weak: a debilitating condition/disease Diabetes can be severely debilitating or even life-threatening if not treated regularly.

meandering

adjective moving slowly in no particular direction or with no clear purpose: a meandering river a long meandering speech

bumpy

adjective not smooth: We drove along a narrow, bumpy road. It might be a bumpy flight (= an uncomfortable and rough flight) because there's a lot of air turbulence ahead. (บัม'พี) adj. ขรุขระ,ไม่แน่นอน,เปลี่ยนแปลง, See also: bumpiness n.

vulnerable

adjective open to attack: C2 able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked: I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on. It is on economic policy that the government is most vulnerable. Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid. Opposite invulnerable Alison's story is a reminder of how vulnerable women can be in what is still essentially a man's world. Start-ups are very vulnerable in the business world. Small companies such as ours are very vulnerable in a recession.

threefold

adjective three times as big or as much: a threefold increase having three parts: a threefold classification adverb by three times: Prices have risen threefold. adj.,adv. สามเท่า,ประกอบด้วย3ส่วน,สามทบ.

overpriced

adjective too expensive: These shoes are very nice, but they're really overpriced.

punishing

adjective very difficult and making you feel tired: Currently she has a punishing schedule of five presentations a day. noun informal take a punishing to be damaged because of rough treatment: My tyres took quite a punishing on the rough terrain.

windswept

adjective (of places) open to and not protected from strong winds : We drove down to the windswept Atlantic coast of Portugal. having hair that is untidy because it has been blown in different directions by the wind: She was looking a bit windswept. windswept hair

typical

adjective B1 showing all the characteristics that you would usually expect from a particular group of things: I must look like the typical tourist with my shorts and my camera. This kind of hot and spicy food is very typical of the food in the south of the country. Typical symptoms would include severe headaches, vomiting and dizziness. disapproving showing all the bad characteristics that you expect from someone or something, often in a way that is annoying: It's just typical of Dan to spend all that money on the equipment and then lose interest two months later. "He called at the last minute to say he wasn't coming." "Typical!" (ทิพ'พิเคิล) adj. เป็นตัวอย่าง,เป็นแบบฉบับ,เป็นสัญลักษณ์,เข้ากับแบบหรือตัวอย่าง., Syn. typic, See also: typically adv. typicalness n.

widespread

adjective C1 existing or happening in many places and/or among many people: There are reports of widespread flooding in northern France. Malnutrition in the region is widespread - affecting up to 78 percent of children under five years old. The campaign has received widespread support. (ไวดฺ'สเพรด) adj. กว้างขวาง,แพร่หลาย,กระจาย,กางออก,ขยายออก

prohibitive

adjective If the cost of something is prohibitive, it is too expensive for most people: Hotel prices in the major cities are high but not prohibitive. preventing something from being done, or preventing others from succeeding: She is the prohibitive favorite to win the Democratic nomination. prohibitive laws/legislation (โพรฮิบ'บิทิฟว) adj. ซึ่งห้าม,ซึ่งขัดขวาง,ซึ่งป้องกัน,ซึ่งยับยั้ง

peripheral

adjective Something that is peripheral is not as important as something else: The book contains a great deal of peripheral detail. happening at the edge of something: A figure came into my peripheral vision. noun [ C ] COMPUTING specialized a piece of equipment, such as a printer, that can be connected to a computer ADJ] ซึ่งอยู่ที่เส้นรอบวง, See also: เกี่ยวกับรอบนอก, Syn. external, surface, outer, roundabout [ADJ] อุปกรณ์ต่อพ่วงกับคอมพิวเตอร์ (แต่ไม่ใช่ส่วนประกอบของเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์), Syn. console

arduous

adjective difficult, needing a lot of effort and energy: an arduous climb/task/journey (อาร์'ดิวเอิส) adj. ยากลำบาก,ตรากตรำ,อย่างแรง,ขัน

genetically modified

adjective (also genetically engineered) C1 A genetically modified plant or animal has had some of its genes changed scientifically: genetically modified food/crops

compulsory

adjective B2 If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law: Swimming was compulsory at my school. The law made wearing seat belts in cars compulsory.

sophisticated

adjective B2 having a good understanding of the way people behave and/or a good knowledge of culture and fashion: She was slim, svelte, and sophisticated. I don't think I have any books that would suit your sophisticated tastes. He was older than me and from London and I thought him very sophisticated. B2 intelligent or made in a complicated way and therefore able to do complicated tasks: I think a more sophisticated approach is needed to solve this problem. These are among the most sophisticated weapons in the world. He's very suave and sophisticated. She certainly appeared very sophisticated to me. He's transformed from an awkward teenager into a sophisticated young man. (ซะฟิส'ทิเคทิด) adj. ช่ำชองโลก,มีลักษณะของชาวกรุง,ขาดความไร้เดียงสา,ขาดลักษณะธรรมชาติ,ซึ่งอ้างเหตุผลผิด ๆ ,ตบตา,หลอกลวง,ทำให้หลงผิด,ซับซ้อน., Syn. sophisticate.

beneficial

adjective B2 helpful, useful, or good: The improvement in sales figures had a beneficial effect/influence on the company as a whole. A stay in the country will be beneficial to his health. More examples The psychiatric team decided that it would not be beneficial to keep her in hospital. Breast-feeding is extremely beneficial to the health of newborn babies. (เบนนะฟิช'เชียล) adj. เป็นประโยชน์,เป็นผลดี,ซึ่งช่วยเหลือ,มีสิทธิในการใช้สอย, See also: beneficialness n. ดูbeneficial, Syn. helpful -Conf. beneficent

mistaken

adjective C1 wrong in what you believe, or based on a belief that is wrong: If you think you can keep drinking so much without damaging your health, then you're mistaken. Unfortunately I was mistaken about how much it would cost. The negotiations continued in the mistaken belief that a peaceful agreement could be reached. a case of mistaken identity (มิสเท'เคิน) adj. ผิดพลาด,ซึ่งกระทำผิด

elusive

adjective UK /iˈluː.sɪv/ US /iˈluː.sɪv/ C2 difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember: The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever. Success, however, remained elusive for her. elusive memories อิลู'ซิฟว) adj. ซึ่งหลบหลีก,ว่องไวเหมือนปรอท,เข้าใจยาก,ยากที่จะอธิบาย

allergic

adjective UK /əˈlɜː.dʒɪk/ US /əˈlɝː.dʒɪk/ [ after verb ] having an allergy: I'm allergic to cats. [ before noun ] caused by an allergy: an allergic reaction humorous having a strong dislike of something: My dad's allergic to pop music.

rural

adjective UK /ˈrʊə.rəl/ US /ˈrʊr.əl/ B2 in, of, or like the countryside: The area is still very rural and undeveloped. Compare urban She's carrying out a comparative study of health in inner cities and rural areas. In the rural areas, illiteracy is widespread. The austerities of life in a small rural community were not what I was used to. The authorities have revoked their original decision to allow development of this rural area. Their cottage is in an idyllic rural setting.

all-inclusive

adjective UK /ˌɔːl.ɪnˈkluː.sɪv/ US /ˌɑːl.ɪnˈkluː.sɪv/ including everything: a seven-night all-inclusive package an all-inclusive resort all-inclusive cost/deal/price The rental is an all-inclusive price including heating, electricity, water, etc. all-inclusive holiday/package/resort

coarse

adjective coarse adjective (ROUGH) rough and not smooth or soft, or not in very small pieces: coarse sand/breadcrumbs Linen is a coarse-grained fabric. rude or offensive in manner or speech: Now and then coarse laughter broke out. (คอร์ส) adj. หยาบ,หยาบคาย,มีคุณภาพที่เลว,ธรรมดา ๆ ,ขาดรสนิยม

imperative

adjective imperative adjective (URGENT) C2 extremely important or urgent: [ + that ] The president said it was imperative that the release of all hostages be secured. [ + to infinitive ] It's imperative to act now before the problem gets really serious. (อิมเพอ' ระทิฟช) adj. ซึ่งเลี่ยงไม่ได้, จำเป็น, เชิงบังคับ

jagged

adjective rough and with sharp points: a jagged cut/tear jagged rocks a jagged line/edge (แจก'กิด) adj. เป็นเหลี่ยมแหลม,เป็นซี่ฟัน,ขรุขระ., See also: jaggedness n. ดูjagged, Syn. sawlooth

general

adjective (COMMON) B2 involving or relating to most or all people, things, or places, especially when these are considered as a unit: The general feeling is that justice was not served. There is general concern about rising crime rates. My general impression of the place was good. in general B1 (also as a general rule) usually, or in most situations: In general, men are taller than women. As a general rule, we don't allow children in the bar. B2 considering the whole of someone or something, and not just a particular part of him, her, or it: So, apart from the bad ankle, how are you in general? be in the general interest formal to be a good thing for the public: The government will only say it is not in the general interest to reveal any more information. The general consensus in the office is that he's useless at his job. There was a general air of expectancy in the crowd. adjective (NOT LIMITED) B2 including a lot of things or subjects and not limited to only one or a few: general knowledge used as part of the title of a job of someone who is in charge of a whole organization or company: the general manager the General Secretary of the UN (เจน'เนเริล) adj. ทั่วไป,โดยทั่วไป n. เรื่องทั่วไป,นายพล,สาธารณชน. -Phr. (in general โดยทั่วไป) m, Syn. universal,common ###A. local,exact

awkward

adjective (DIFFICULT) B2 difficult to use, do, or deal with: It's an awkward corner, so take it slowly. Some of the questions were rather awkward. It was an awkward ascent, but we reached the top eventually. [ + to infinitive ] My car's quite awkward to drive. adjective (EMBARRASSING) B2 causing problems, worry, or embarrassment: an awkward position/situation There followed an awkward silence while we all tried to think of something to say. They'd chosen an awkward time to call as I'd just got into the bath. The police asked some awkward questions about where the money had come from. C2 embarrassed or nervous: I always feel awkward when I'm with Chris - he's so difficult to talk to. He seemed a little awkward when I first met him. adjective (NOT HELPFUL) mainly UK intentionally not helpful: Just stop being so awkward and help me push the car, will you! adjective (MOVEMENT) moving in a way that is not natural, relaxed, or attractive: His movements were slow and awkward. (ออค'เวิร์ด) adj. งุ่มง่าม,เชื่องช้า,เคอะเขิน,เก้งก้าง,ไม่รู้จะทำอย่างไรดี,อึดอัดใจ,อันตราย,ยากที่จะจัดการได้,ไม่สะดวก,ไม่เหมาะ -awkwardness n., Syn. gawky, ungainly)

keen on

adjective (EAGER) B1 very interested, eager, or wanting (to do) something very much: They were very keen to start work as soon as possible. Joan wanted to go to a movie but I wasn't keen (= I didn't want to go). She's a keen tennis player. She's keen on (playing) tennis. adjective (STRONG) extreme or very strong: Many people are taking a keen interest (= a very great interest) in the result of the vote. C1 very good or well developed: a keen sense of smell A keen wind is strong and cold: a keen north wind adjective (SHARP) very sharp: a keen knife/blade verb [ I ] to make a loud, long, sad sound, especially because someone has died adjective if competition between people or businesses is keen, they are using a lot of effort to be more successful than the others: Some firms are diversifying their businesses in response to keen competition. UK if prices are keen, they are lower and offer more value than others: Superstores may offer keen prices that small-town shops cannot match. UK very interested in something or eager to do something: A keen member of two local investment clubs, he runs portfolios of shares for both himself and his wife. a keen interest in sth Among the foundation's donors are corporations with a keen interest in issues before the legislature. keen on sth Like every banker these days, he is keen on managing other people's wealth. keen to do sth The company is keen to expand beyond the UK. (คีน) adj. คม,แหลม,คมกริบ,หลักแหลม,ไวมาก,จัด,กล้า,รุนแรง,กระตือรือร้น,ขะมักเขม้น,ดีเลิศ,ยอดเยี่ยม., See also: keenness n. ดูkeen, Syn. eager,sharp,acute

delicate

adjective (EASILY DAMAGED) B2 needing careful treatment, especially because easily damaged: Peaches have delicate skins which are easily bruised. Delicate plants need to be kept in a greenhouse during the winter. delicate china Molly's health has always been delicate (= she gets sick easily). C1 needing to be done carefully: Repairing damaged nerves is a very delicate operation/process. With something as delicate as brain surgery, there is little margin for error. If used on delicate skin, this cream may produce a stinging sensation. adjective (DIFFICULT) a delicate situation, matter, point, etc. C1 a situation. matter, etc. that needs to be dealt with carefully in order to avoid trouble or offence: I need to speak to you about a delicate matter. The pay negotiations have reached a delicate point/stage. adjective (ACCURATE) able to measure very small changes: Weather-forecasters have extremely delicate equipment which helps them predict what the weather is going to be like. adjective (SOFT) B2 pleasantly soft or light: a rose with a delicate scent a delicate shade of pink adjective (ATTRACTIVE) C2 having a thin, attractive shape: She folded her delicate hands on the table. (เดล'ละคิท) adj. ละเอียดอ่อน,ประณีต,อ่อนช้อย,บรรจงแตกง่าย,อ่อนแอ,แคล่วคล่อง,ยากที่จะจัดการ,ลำบาก, See also: delicateness n. ดูdelicate, Syn. precise

same

adjective (EXACTLY LIKE) the same A1 exactly like another or each other: My twin sister and I have the same nose. She was wearing exactly the same dress as I was. Hilary's the same age as me. She brought up her children in just (= exactly) the same way her mother did. adjective (NOT ANOTHER) A1 [ before noun ] not another different place, time, situation, person, or thing: My brother and I sleep in the same room. Rachel's still going out with the same boyfriend. That (very) same day, he heard he'd passed his exams. I would do the same thing again if I had the chance. They eat at the same restaurant every week. Shall we meet up at the same time tomorrow? pronoun same pronoun (EXACTLY LIKE) the same as A2 exactly like: People say I look just the same as my sister. John thinks the same as I do - it's just too expensive. the same B2 not changed: After all these years you look exactly the same - you haven't changed a bit. Charles is just the same as always. same pronoun (NOT ANOTHER) the same B1 not another different thing or situation: I'm terrible at physics, and it's the same with chemistry - I get it all wrong. [ before noun ] humorous not another different person: "Was that Marion on the phone?" "The (very) same." adverb the same B2 in the same way: We treat all our children the same. I need some time to myself, the same as anybody else. (เซม) adj. เหมือนกัน,เช่นเดียวกัน,เท่ากัน,อย่างเก่า, -pron. สิ่งที่เป็นประเภทเดียว,สิ่งดังกล่าว -phr. (all the same เช่นเดียวกัน อย่างไรก็ตาม), Syn. identical,like

practical

adjective (EXPERIENCE) B2 relating to experience, real situations, or actions rather than ideas or imagination: Qualifications are important but practical experience is always a plus. The service offers young people practical advice on finding a job. What's the use of theoretical knowledge that has no practical application? adjective (EFFECTIVE) C2 approving able to provide effective solutions to problems: She has lots of interesting ideas, but they're not very practical. We need someone practical who can cope with a crisis. adjective (SUITABLE) C1 suitable for the situation in which something is used: I tend to wear clothes that are practical rather than fashionable. Heavy boots aren't very practical for running. adjective (POSSIBLE) C1 able to be done or put into action: [ + to infinitive ] It's simply not practical to divide the work between so many people. noun [ C ] a class or exam in a scientific or technical subject in which students do things rather than just write or talk about them: We had to dissect a worm and a frog in our biology practical today. (แพรค'ทิเคิล) adj. เกี่ยวกับการปฏิบัติ,เกี่ยวกับการกระทำ,ใช้ได้,เหมาะสม,มีประโยชน์,ตามความเป็นจริง,เน้นในทางปฏิบัติ,ได้ผล., See also: practicality,practicalness n.

prominent

adjective (FAMOUS) C1 very well known and important: a prominent Democrat a prominent member of the Saudi royal family The government should be playing a more prominent role in promoting human rights. It's worrying that such a prominent politician is so easily led. She is likely to play a prominent part in the forthcoming election campaign. Lady Thatcher remained a prominent political figure. prominent adjective (NOTICEABLE) sticking out from a surface: She has a prominent chin/nose. C2 Something that is in a prominent position can easily be seen or noticed: New books are displayed in a prominent position on tables at the front of the store. (พรอม'มะเนินทฺ) adj. เด่น,เด่นชัด,สะดุดตา,มีชื่อเสียง,โด่งดัง,ยื่นออก,โผล่ออก

senior

adjective (HIGH RANK) B2 high or higher in rank: senior management a senior government minister She's senior to me, so I have to do what she tells me. older and more experienced than the other members of a team: The Dragons head coach praised his senior players in the 23-16 win. adjective (OLDER) B2 [ before noun ] older: The more senior students are given some extra responsibilities. Compare junior noun (YOUNGER) (UK written abbreviation Snr); (US written abbreviation Sr.) used after a man's name to refer to the older of two people in the same family who have the same name: Hello, may I speak to Ken Griffey senior, please? noun (HIGH RANK) [ C ] someone who is high or higher in rank: It's important to impress your seniors if you want to be promoted.

mature

adjective (LIKE AN ADULT) B2 Mature people behave like adults in a way that shows they are well developed emotionally: He's very mature for his age. A mature decision is one that is made after a lot of careful thought: Upon mature reflection, we find the accused guilty. The interview showed her as a self-assured and mature student. Can we discuss this in a mature manner? adjective (PHYSICALLY GROWN) completely grown physically: a mature adult sexually mature Mature male gorillas have silver-grey hairs on their backs. mature oak trees mature adjective (FOOD) having a flavour that is completely developed: Do you prefer mild or mature cheddar? verb (DEVELOP MENTALLY) [ I or T ] to become more developed mentally and emotionally and behave in a responsible way: Girls are said to mature faster than boys. He matured a lot while he was in college. [ I ] If ideas, opinions, etc. mature, they reach an advanced or developed state: It took several years for her ideas to mature. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words mature verb (GROW PHYSICALLY) [ I ] to become completely grown physically: Humans take longer to mature than most other animals. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words mature verb (FOOD) [ I or T ] to allow food and wine to become old enough for the flavour to develop completely: The wine has been matured in oak vats. The cheese is left to mature for two years. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words mature verb (FINANCE) [ I ] FINANCE & ECONOMICS specialized If an insurance agreement or an investment matures, it becomes ready to be paid: The policy matures after 15 years.

mature

adjective (LIKE AN ADULT) B2 Mature people behave like adults in a way that shows they are well developed emotionally: He's very mature for his age. A mature decision is one that is made after a lot of careful thought: Upon mature reflection, we find the accused guilty. The interview showed her as a self-assured and mature student. Can we discuss this in a mature manner? adjective (PHYSICALLY GROWN) completely grown physically: a mature adult sexually mature Mature male gorillas have silver-grey hairs on their backs. mature oak trees mature adjective (FOOD) having a flavour that is completely developed: Do you prefer mild or mature cheddar? mature adjective (FINANCE) FINANCE & ECONOMICS specialized A mature investment is ready to be paid. verb (DEVELOP MENTALLY) [ I or T ] to become more developed mentally and emotionally and behave in a responsible way: Girls are said to mature faster than boys. He matured a lot while he was in college. [ I ] If ideas, opinions, etc. mature, they reach an advanced or developed state: It took several years for her ideas to mature. mature verb (GROW PHYSICALLY) [ I ] to become completely grown physically: Humans take longer to mature than most other animals. mature verb (FOOD) [ I or T ] to allow food and wine to become old enough for the flavour to develop completely: The wine has been matured in oak vats. The cheese is left to mature for two years. mature verb (FINANCE) [ I ] FINANCE & ECONOMICS specialized If an insurance agreement or an investment matures, it becomes ready to be paid: The policy matures after 15 years. (มะเทียว') adj.,v. เจริญเติบโตเต็มที่,เป็นผู้ใหญ่,ครบอายุ,สุก,สมบูรณ์,ทำให้สุก,บ่ม,ทำให้สมบูรณ์,ทำให้เจริญเติบโตเต็มที่., See also: maturely adv. matureness n., Syn. aged,grown

fond

adjective (LIKING) be fond of sb/sth B1 to like someone or something very much; to like doing something: She was very fond of horses. "I'm very fond of you, you know," he said. My brother is fond of pointing out my mistakes. [ before noun ] happy and loving: Many of us have fond memories of our childhoods. We said a fond farewell to each other (= we said goodbye in a loving way) and promised to write. I like to travel but, then again, I'm very fond of my home. Many people in Britain are fond of gardening . I didn't like him at first, but in the end I actually got quite fond of him. adjective (FOOLISH) a fond belief/hope something that you would like to be true but that is probably not: I waited at home all evening in the fond hope that he might call. (ฟอนดฺ) adj. ชอบ,รัก,ติดอกติดใจ,โง่,งมงาย. v. เอาอกเอาใจ,รัก,ชอบ,ทำให้โง่., Syn. affectionate,-A. averse

chronic

adjective (LONG-LASTING) C2 (especially of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time: chronic diseases/conditions chronic arthritis/pain a chronic invalid There is a chronic shortage of teachers. More examples She suffers from chronic pain in her knees. I have a chronic bowel disease. adjective (BAD) very bad: The acting was chronic. (ครอน'นิค) adj. เรื้อรัง,เป็นประจำ, See also: chronicity n. ดูchronic

worthless

adjective (NO MONEY) C2 having no value in money: The company's shares are now virtually worthless. He said the jewels were worthless fakes. adjective (NOT IMPORTANT) C1 not important or not useful: She was criticized so much by her employers that she began to feel worthless. (adj) ไร้ค่า,ไม่มีราคา,ไม่มีประโยชน์,ใช้การไม่ได้

dim

adjective (NOT CLEAR) C2 not giving or having much light: The lamp gave out a dim light. He sat in a dim corner of the waiting room. If your eyes are dim, you cannot see very well. a dim memory, recollection, etc. C2 something that you remember slightly, but not very well: I had a dim recollection of having met her before. adjective (NOT CLEVER) not very clever: He's a nice guy, but a little dim. UK Don't be so dim! adjective (NOT POSITIVE) not likely to succeed: The company's prospects for the future are rather dim. verb C2 to (make something) become less bright: Someone dimmed the lights. The lights dimmed and the curtains opened. literary to (make a positive feeling or quality) become less strong: Our hopes/expectations dimmed as the hours passed. (ดิม) {dimmed,dimming,dims} adj. ทึบ,หมอง,สลัว,ไม่สว่าง,พร่า,คลุมเครือ,เลือนราง,เชื่องช้า,ท้อแท้,หมอง,ไม่แจ่มแจ้ง -Phr. (take a dim view of สงสัย,มองในแง่ร้าย) vt.,vi. (ทำให้) ทึบ, (ทำให้) หมอง,ทำให้ (เลือนราง) ., See also: dims n.,pl. ไฟสลัว,ไฟหรี่

steep

adjective (NOT GRADUAL) B1 (of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle: a steep slope It's a steep climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it. The castle is set on a steep hill/hillside. C1 A steep rise or fall is one that goes very quickly from low to high or from high to low: There has been a steep increase/rise in prices. She scrambled up the steep hillside and over the rocks. There's a very steep slope just before you reach the top of the mountain. I had to climb a steep flight of stairs to her front door. adjective (TOO MUCH) informal (especially of prices) too much, or more than is reasonable: They are having to face very steep taxes. We enjoyed our meal at the restaurant, but the bill was a bit steep. The membership fees at the golf club are pretty steep. verb [ I or T ] to cause to stay in a liquid, especially in order to become soft or clean, or to improve flavour: Leave the cloth to steep in the dye overnight. We had pears steeped in red wine for dessert. (สทีพ) adj. สูง,ชัน,สูงชัน, (ราคา) สูงเกินไป,สูงลิ่ว,เกินไป. vt.,vi.,n. (การ) จุ่ม,จุ้ม,แช่,ทำให้เปียกชุ่ม,อาบ,ทำให้อิ่มตัว,ที่สูงชัน,ความเปียกชุ่ม,ของเหลวที่ใช้จุ่ม

innocent

adjective (NOT GUILTY) B2 (of a person) not guilty of a particular crime: He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime. Compare The jury concluded from the evidence that the defendant was innocent. There isn't the slightest degree of doubt that he's innocent. A person accused of a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty. adjective (NO EXPERIENCE) B2 having no knowledge of the unpleasant and evil things in life: She has such an innocent face that I find it hard to believe anything bad of her. adjective (NOT INVOLVED) B2 An innocent person is someone who is not involved with any military group or war: Several innocent bystanders were injured in the explosion. adjective (NOT INTENDED TO HARM) C2 (of a thing) not intended to harm anyone: It was an innocent remark, I didn't mean to hurt his feelings. noun [ C ] a person who has very little experience and does not know about the bad things that happen in life (อิน'นะเซินทฺ) adj. ไร้เดียงสา,บริสุทธิ์,ไร้มลทิน,ซื่อ,ไม่รู้ตัว,ไม่เป็นภัย,ไม่รุนแรง,ไร้มายา. n. บุคคลที่ไร้เดียงสา,เด็กเล็ก ๆ ผู้ไม่มีมายา,คนโง่, Syn. artless

obscure

adjective (NOT KNOWN) not known to many people: an obscure island in the Pacific an obscure 12th-century mystic adjective (NOT CLEAR) not clear and difficult to understand or see: Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain obscure. His answers were obscure and confusing. verb [ T ] to prevent something from being seen or heard: Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window. The sun was obscured by clouds. to make something difficult to discover and understand: Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators. (อับสเคียว'เออะ) adj. คลุมเครือ,ไม่ชัดแจ้ง,มืดมัว,มัว,ไม่มีชื่อเสียง,เล็กน้อย,ห่างไกล,ไกลลิบลับ vt. ปิดบัง,ซ่อนเร้น,ทำให้สับสน,ทำให้มืดมน,ทำให้มืดมัว,ทำให้คลุมเครือ,ทำให้ด้อยลง. n. ความมืดมัว,ความไม่ชัดแจ้ง.

specific

adjective (PARTICULAR) B2 relating to one thing and not others; particular: The virus attacks specific cells in the brain. The money is intended to be used for specific purposes. formal The disease seems to be specific to (= only found in) certain types of plant. Is there anything specific you want from the shops? adjective (EXACT) C1 clear and exact: No specific allegations have yet been made about the prison officers' behaviour. Can you be more specific about where your back hurts? (สพิซิฟ'ฟิค) adj. โดยเฉพาะ,เจาะจง,พิเศษ,จำเพาะ,ตามชนิด,ระบุ,กำหนด, (ฟิสิกส์) เปรียบเทียบ. n. สิ่งที่เจาะจง,ยาสำหรับโรคเฉพาะ,น้ำหนักพิกัด,เกณฑ์., See also: specifically adv. specificity n., Syn. definite,particular

divorced

adjective (PEOPLE) B1 married in the past but not now married: She's divorced. They got divorced after only six months of marriage. His second marriage was annulled because he never divorced his first wife. Please state whether you are single, cohabiting, married, separated, divorced or widowed. There is no longer any stigma to being divorced. King Edward VIII abdicated so that he could marry Mrs Simpson, a divorced woman. They got divorced in 1992 after a tempestuous marriage. divorced adjective (SUBJECTS) not based on or affected by something: Sometimes politicians seem to be divorced from reality.

suspicious

adjective (SEEM GUILTY) B2 making you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is wrong: Her behaviour was very suspicious. The fire at the bank is being treated as suspicious. It's a little suspicious that no one knows where he was at the time of the murder. There were some suspicious characters hanging around outside. There's a suspicious-looking van parked at the end of the street. adjective (DOUBT) B2 feeling doubt or no trust in someone or something: His colleagues became suspicious (= thought that there was something wrong) when he did not appear at work, since he was always punctual. They are deeply/highly (= very) suspicious of one another/of each other's motives. My mother has a very suspicious nature (= does not trust people). (ซัสพิช'เชิส) adj. น่าสงสัย,เต็มไปด้วยความสงสัย,ขี้สงสัย,ขี้ระแวง, See also: suspiciousness n., Syn. doubtful,dubious

detached

adjective (SEPARATE) separated: The label became detached from your parcel. C1 UK A detached house is not connected to any other building: Prices are rising so fast that people can't afford detached houses. adjective (WITHOUT EMOTION) C2 A detached person does not show any emotional involvement or interest in a situation: She seemed a bit detached, as if her mind were on other things. Throughout the novel, the story is seen through the eyes of a detached observer. (ดิแทชทฺ') adj. ซึ่งแยกออก,ไม่ลำเอียง,ไม่เกี่ยวข้อง,มีอุเบกขา, Syn. separated

mild

adjective (SLIGHT) C1 not violent, severe, or extreme: She can't accept even mild criticism of her work. He has suffered a mild heart attack - nothing too serious. Do you prefer mild or mature cheddar? He's been a bit dizzy and confused since the accident. Do you think it's mild concussion? This cream contains a mild analgesic to soothe stings and bites. adjective (WEATHER) B1 Mild weather is not very cold or not as cold as usual: We've had a mild winter this year. adjective (FOOD) B2 used to describe food or a food flavour that is not very strong: He doesn't like a hot curry - he prefers a mild one. a mild chilli sauce adjective (GENTLE) gentle and calm: a shy, mild sort of guy noun [ U ] a dark beer that does not have a very strong or bitter taste (ไมล์ดฺ) adj. อ่อน,อ่อนโยน,เบา,ไม่รุนแรง,ไม่มากเกินไป,ไม่ฉุน,ไม่เผ็ด,ไม่แรง,เมตตา,กรุณา, See also: mildly adv. mildness n.

in particular

adjective (SPECIAL) B2 [ before noun ] special, or this and not any other: She wanted a particular type of cactus. He wouldn't take just any book - he had to have this particular one! "Why did you ask?" "Oh, no particular reason, just making conversation." in particular B1 especially: What in particular did you like about the last apartment that we saw? Are you looking for anything in particular? This particular stretch of coast is especially popular with walkers. In the light of recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particular care of their personal belongings. adjective (NOT EASILY SATISFIED) C1 [ after verb ] not easily satisfied and demanding that close attention should be given to every detail: He's very particular about the kitchen - everything has to be perfectly clean and in its place. She's very particular about what she eats. noun particulars [ plural ] details or information about a person or an event, especially when officially recorded: There's a form for you to note down all your particulars. the particular formal If you are considering the particular, you are considering single examples rather than general matters or ideas: The report focuses on the particular rather than the general and so doesn't draw any overall conclusions. (adv) โดยเฉพาะ, โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง

odd

adjective (STRANGE) B2 strange or unexpected: Her father was an odd man. What an odd thing to say. The skirt and jacket looked a little odd together. That's odd - I'm sure I put my keys in this drawer and yet they're not here. adjective (NOT OFTEN) C2 [ before noun ] not happening often: She does the odd teaching job but nothing permanent. You get the odd person who's rude to you but they're generally quite helpful. adjective (NUMBERS) (of numbers) not able to be divided exactly by two: 3, 5, and 7 are all odd numbers. The houses on this side of the street all have odd numbers. adjective (SEPARATED) [ before noun ] (of something that should be in a pair or set) separated from its pair or set: He's got a whole drawer full of odd socks. I'd got a few odd (= I had various) balls of wool left over. used after a number, especially a number that can be divided by ten, to show that the exact number is not known: I'd say Robert's about 40-odd - maybe 45. (adj) ชอบกล,แปลก,ประหลาด,เศษเกิน,ปลีกย่อย,คี่

radical

adjective (SUPPORTING CHANGE) C2 believing or expressing the belief that there should be great or extreme social or political change: He was known as a radical reformer/thinker/politician. These people have very radical views. More examples The feeling among the grassroots of the Party is that the leaders are not radical enough. This is a desperate situation which requires a truly radical solution. He belonged to the radical fringes of the party. adjective (VERY IMPORTANT) C1 relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or extreme: We need to make some radical changes to our operating procedures. I'm just having my hair trimmed - nothing radical. radically adverb (COMPLETELY) C1 completely or extremely: The accident radically changed the course of his life. Our approach is radically different to that of our competitors. (แรด'ดิเคิล) adj. มูลฐาน,รากฐาน,สมุฎฐาน,หัวรุนแรง,สุดขีด,รุนแรง, (คณิตศาสตร์) เกี่ยวกับหรือกลายเป็นroot,เกี่ยวกับรากศัพท์, See also: radically adj. n. ผู้มีหัวรุนแรง,ฝ่ายซ้าย,กลุ่มธาตุ,เครื่องหมายหรือจำนวนกรณฑ์,รากศัพท์,หมวดน้ำ

common

adjective (USUAL) B1 the same in a lot of places or for a lot of people: It's quite common to see couples who dress alike. "Smith" is a very common name in Britain. common courtesy/decency the basic level of politeness that you expect from someone common knowledge B2 a fact that everyone knows: [ + that ] It's common knowledge that they live together. Oil spills are common, as is the dumping of toxic industrial wastes. adjective (SHARED) B1 belonging to or shared by two or more people, or things: a common goal/interest English has some features common to many languages. for the common good If something is done for the common good, it is done to help everyone. make common cause with sb formal to act together with someone in order to achieve something: Environmental protesters have made common cause with local people to stop the motorway being built. common adjective (LOW CLASS) disapproving typical of a low social class: My mum thinks dyed blonde hair is a bit common. noun (LAND) [ C ] (US also commons) an area of grass that everyone is allowed to use, usually in or near a village noun (SHARED) have sth in common B1 to share interests, experiences, or other characteristics with someone or something: We don't really have much in common. in common with sb/sth C1 in the same way as someone or something: In common with many mothers, she feels torn between her family and her work. (คอม'เมิน) adj. ร่วมกัน,ธรรมดา,สามัญ,ซึ่งรู้จักกันดีในทางเลว,พร้อมกัน,เหมือนกัน,สาธารณะ n., See also: commons n.,pl. คนสามัญ,สมาชิกสภาล่าง,ห้องอาหารขนาดใหญ่ (โดยเฉพาะในมหาวิทยาลัย), Syn. habitual,ordinary,usual -Conf. mutu

plain

adjective (WITH NOTHING ADDED)B1 not decorated in any way; with nothing added: She wore a plain black dress. We've chosen a plain carpet (= one without a pattern) and patterned curtains. He prefers plain food - nothing too fancy. adjective (CLEAR)C2 obvious and clear to understand: It's quite plain that they don't want to speak to us. The reason is perfectly plain. adjective (COMPLETE [ before noun ] (used for emphasis) complete: It was plain stupidity on Richard's part. adjective (NOT BEAUTIFUL)C2 (especially of a woman or girl) not beautiful: She had been a very plain child. noun (LAND) [ C ] (also plains [ plural ]) a large area of flat land: the coastal plain High mountains rise above the plain.

spatial

adjective (also spacial) relating to the position, area, and size of things: This task is designed to test children's spatial awareness (= their understanding of where things are in relation to other things). (สเพ'เซิล) adj. เกี่ยวกับช่องว่าง,เกี่ยวกับอากาศ,มีอยู่ในช่องว่าง,มีอยู่ในอวกาศ

reluctant

adjective C1 not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it: [ + to infinitive ] I was having such a good time I was reluctant to leave. Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children. She persuaded her reluctant husband to take a trip to Florida with her. The United Nations was reluctant to get its forces embroiled in civil war. I'm a bit reluctant to get involved. (รีลัค'เทินทฺ) adj. ไม่เต็มใจ,ไม่สมัครใจ,ฝืนใจ,ต่อต้าน,ฝืด, Syn. unwilling,loath,averse

ambigous

adjective C2 having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally: His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous. The wording of the agreement is ambiguous. The government has been ambiguous on this issue. (แอมบิก' กิวเอิส) adj. คลุมเครือ, กำกวม, มีหลายความหมาย, ยากที่จะเข้าใจ.

rigid

adjective C2 stiff or fixed; not able to be bent or moved: a rigid steel and concrete structure I was rigid with (= stiff and unable to move because of) fear. not able to be changed or persuaded: disapproving We were disappointed that they insisted on such a rigid interpretation of the rules. (ริจ'จิด) adj. แข็ง,ตายตัว,ไม่ยอม,ดื้อ,ไม่ยืดหยุ่น,เข้มงวด,กวดขัน, See also: rigidity,rigidness n. rigidly adv., Syn. hard,inflexible

blue-collar

adjective [ before noun ] Blue-collar workers do work needing strength or physical skill rather than office work.

adverse

adjective [ before noun ] C2 having a negative or harmful effect on something: The match has been cancelled because of adverse weather conditions. They received a lot of adverse publicity/criticism about the changes. So far the drug is thought not to have any adverse effects. He attracted a lot of adverse publicity with his speech about unmarried mothers. Reactions to the proposal so far have been adverse, but we may convince people in time. The world record attempt was postponed due to adverse conditions. He knew there would be an adverse reaction from his friends, so he tried to keep their affair secret. It is clear that these violent films have an adverse effect on children.

annual

adjective [ before noun ] B1 happening once every year: an annual event/visit/holiday Companies publish annual reports to inform the public about the previous year's activities. B1 relating to a period of one year: annual income/salary/profit More examples They spent their annual holiday on a yacht in the Caribbean. The flowers at the annual flower show were a beautiful sight. The average annual rainfall in this region is 750 mm. noun [C] (BOOK) a book or magazine published once a year, especially for children, with the same title and style but different contents US a yearbook noun [C] (PLANT) a plant that grows, produces seeds, and dies within one year (แอน' นวล) adj. ประจำปี, ทุกปี, เกี่ยวกับปี, เกิดขึ้นระหว่างปี, มีชีวิตอยู่เพียงฤดูเดียวหรือปีเดียว. -n. พืชที่มีชีวิตอยู่เพียงฤดูเดียวหรือปีเดียว, หนังสือหรือรายได้ประจำปี. -annually adv., Syn. yearlong, yearly

highland

adjective [ before noun ] UK /ˈhaɪ.lənd/ US /ˈhaɪ.lənd/ in or relating to an area with mountains or hills: highland springs Much of central and eastern Brazil is highland plateau. The couple met as teenagers in the highland village of Soloma. Melting ice thunders along highland valleys in a torrent of mud and rock. A huge painting of highland cattle hangs on the wall. noun UK /ˈhaɪ.lənd/ US /ˈhaɪ.lənd/ an area in the north of Scotland that was one of nine local government regions until 1996 and is now a council area (= an area with its own local government): In Highland, some 83% of the funding of the council is from the Scottish Executive. Officials from the Highland Council have been working closely with local communities.

on-line

adjective [ before noun ] available or done on the internet: an online account/database/magazine Opening an online bank account couldn't be easier. online trading/advertising/shopping There has been a increase in online trading by individuals. The company built an online presence with its Web site. online retailers/investors adverb INTERNET, IT bought, done, or used on the internet: All our products are readily available online. do/trade/work online The chain of 315 stores also trades online. buy sth/order sth/shop online Shoppers are getting used to buying online. apply/book online Compare more than 400 credit cards and apply online. be/go online INTERNET, IT to be or become connected to the internet so that you can use its services: I went online to look for a cheap flight. come online to be connected to a system and start production of goods, energy, services, etc.: A gas field producing an estimated 20 million cubic meters a day is scheduled to come online by the end of next year.

obliged

adjective [after verb] (FORCED) be, feel, etc. obliged B2 [ + to infinitive ] to be forced to do something or feel that you must do something: Doctors are legally obliged to take certain precautions. She feels obligated to be nice to Jack because he's her boss. adjective [after verb] (GRATEFUL) (be) much obliged formal used to thank someone and say that you are grateful: "Here's the information you requested." "Oh, (I'm) much obliged (to you)." be obliged if formal used to ask someone politely to do something: I'd be obliged if you would complete and return the form as soon as possible.

liable

adjective [after verb] (RESPONSIBLE) C1 LAW specialized having (legal) responsibility for something or someone: The law holds parents liable if a child does not attend school. If we lose the case we may be liable for (= have to pay) the costs of the whole trial. adjective [after verb] (LIKELY) C2 very likely to do something: The areas of town near the river are liable to flooding (= are often flooded). [ + to infinitive ] He's liable to make a fuss if you wake him.

prior to

adjective [before noun] (EARLIER) C1 formal existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time: The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish. They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of a prior engagement (= something already planned for that time). prior to sth C1 before a particular time or event: the weeks prior to her death adjective [before noun] (MORE IMPORTANT) formal more important: Mothers with young children have a prior claim on funds. noun [ C ] UK /praɪər/ US /praɪr/ a man who is in charge of a priory or who is second in charge of an abbey (ไพร'เออะ) adj. ก่อน,อันก่อน,อยู่ก่อน. -Phr. (prior to ก่อนจนกว่า), Syn. earlier

rolling

adjective [before noun] (GRADUAL) gradual: The plan is for a rolling extension of the tax over the next ten years. adjective [before noun] (OF HILLS) (of hills) gently rising and falling: The train journey took us through a valley past rolling hills.adjective [before noun] (OF HILLS) (รอล'ลิง) n. การกลิ้ง,การม้วน,การมวน,การกลอก,การบด,การหมุน,การคลึง,เสียงกลิ้ง (เสียงม้วน...) adj. ซึ่งกลิ้ง (ม้วน,มวน..) ,เป็นลูกคลื่น,พลิกกลับ,ขึ้น ๆ ลง ๆ ,เซไปเซมา,ทำให้เกิดเสียงดังที่ต่อเนื่อง, See also: rollingly adv.

versatile

adjective approving C2 able to change easily from one activity to another or able to be used for many different purposes: He's a very versatile young actor who's as happy in highbrow dramas as he is in TV comedies. A leather jacket is a timeless and versatile garment that can be worn in all seasons. This jacket is very versatile - you can dress it up for the evening. He is a very versatile actor. We want all our staff to be versatile. This is a very versatile recipe - you can double the portions for a party. Teachers have to be versatile to cope with different ability levels. (เวอ'ซะไทลฺ,-ทิล) adj. มีประโยชน์หลายอย่าง,สามารถปรับตัวได้ง่าย,มีความสามารถรอบตัว,อเนกประสงค์, (พืช) อยู่ตรงกลางที่สามารถหันไปรอบด้าน., See also: versatility n. versatilely adv., Syn. practical,useful,gifted,resourceful

opinionated

adjective disapproving An opinionated person is certain about their beliefs, and expresses their ideas strongly and often: He was opinionated and selfish, but undeniably clever.

Authoritarian

adjective disapproving demanding that people obey completely and refusing to allow them freedom to act as they wish: an authoritarian regime/government/ruler His manner is extremely authoritarian. noun [ C ] disapproving someone who demands that people obey completely and refuses to allow them freedom to act as they wish: My father was a real authoritarian so we were brought up very strictly. Authoritarians demand rigid adherence to rules and an uncritical acceptance of authority.

mandatory

adjective formal Something that is mandatory must be done, or is demanded by law: The minister is calling for mandatory prison sentences for people who assault police officers. Athletes must undergo a mandatory drugs test before competing in the championship. In 1991, the British government made it mandatory to wear rear seat belts in cars.

egalitarian

adjective formal believing that all people are equally important and should have the same rights and opportunities in life: an egalitarian society The party's principles are basically egalitarian. noun [ C ] formal a person who has egalitarian beliefs: Adams was no egalitarian. (อิแกลลิแทร์'เรียน) adj. เกี่ยวกับความเสมอภาคของมวลมนุษย์ -n. ผู้ยึดหลักความเสมอภาคของมนุษย์ทุกคน., See also: egalitarianism n. ดูegalitarian

formative years

adjective formal relating to the time when someone or something is starting to develop in character: She spent her formative years in Africa. a formative experience a formative period EDUCATION specialized A formative assessment happens while a student is being taught about a subject, rather than at the end of a year or unit of work, in order to check their progress: Continual formative assessment of student understanding through observation, student questioning, and written assignments helps teachers decide how well students are doing.

detrimental

adjective formal C2 causing harm or damage: These chemicals have a detrimental effect/impact on the environment. Their decision could be detrimental to the future of the company. (ดีทระเมน'เทิล) adj. เป็นอันตราย,เป็นภัย n. ผู้ที่เป็นอันตราย, Syn. hurtful

shook

adjective informal UK /ʃʊk/ US /ʃʊk/ (US also shook up); (UK also shaken, shaken up) shocked and upset by an unpleasant experience: When the earthquake happened, my daughter was really shook. He's still pretty shook up about the whole thing. He was shook, right to the core. She said her husband was "too shook up" to talk to reporters. I drove home by myself, totally shook up. shook on sth liking or wanting someone or something very much, or very eager to do or have something: I'm not shook on coffee myself. He thinks Jimmy's shook on his sister.

unreconstructed

adjective often humorous having opinions or behaving in a way not considered to be modern or politically acceptable in modern times: She describes herself as an unreconstructed feminist.

cosmopolitan

adjective usually approving C1 containing or having experience of people and things from many different parts of the world: New York is a highly cosmopolitan city. noun [ C ] usually approving someone who has experience of many different parts of the world: Lisa is a real cosmopolitan.

halfway

adjective, adverb in the middle of something, or at a place that is equally far from two other places: New York City is halfway between Boston and Washington, DC. I'd like you to look at the diagram that is halfway down page 27. She started feeling sick halfway through dinner. adverb not very, but enough to be satisfactory: Any halfway decent teacher should be able to explain the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. adj. กึ่งทาง,กลางคัน,เกือบจะ. -meet halfway ประนีประนอม,อะลุ้มอล่วย., Syn. almost,nearly

gross

adjective, adverb C1 (in) total: A person's gross income is the money they earn before tax is deducted from it. Once wrapped, the gross weight of the package is 2.1 kg. She earns £30,000 a year gross. Compare net adjective I earn £15,000 gross, but my net income is about £12,000. His gross annual income is over half a million pounds. This graph shows the gross domestic product of all the European countries.

mostly

adverb B1 mainly: In the smaller towns, it's mostly (= usually) very quiet at nights. The band are mostly (= most of them are) teenagers. Shakespeare wrote mostly in verse. After leaving school, she spent a year travelling, mostly in Africa and Asia. in large degree or amount: The story seemed to be mostly true. The group is mostly teenagers, with a few younger children. (โมสทฺ'ลี) adv. ส่วนมาก, Syn. principally

purely

adverb C1 only: On a purely practical level, it is difficult to see how such proposals would work. We made this decision purely for financial reasons. purely and simply for only one reason or purpose: They decided to close the museum purely and simply because it cost too much to run. He wants the job purely for reasons of vanity and ambition. a purely academic argument/question (เพียว'ลี) adv. อย่างบริสุทธิ์,ไม่มีสิ่งเจือปน,เท่านั้น,เต็มที่,สิ้นเชิง,ทั้งหมด,อย่างไร้เดียงสา

diagonally

adverb in a straight and sloping way that is not horizontal or vertical, for example joining two opposite corners of a square or other flat shape with four sides: It's quickest if you cut diagonally across the park. Peel and slice the carrots diagonally into half-inch slices. The rectangular pieces of cloth are folded diagonally and draped over the head. The route goes diagonally across the city. Raise your right leg diagonally to the left. [ADV] เป็นแนวทแยงมุม, See also: เป็นแนวเส้นทแยงมุม

exactly

adverb A2 used when you are giving or asking for information that is completely correct: The journey took exactly three hours. That'll be £15 exactly, please. It tastes exactly the same as the real thing, but has half the fat. The building looks exactly as it did when it was built in 1877. "What you seem to be saying is that more should be invested in the road system and less in the railways." "Exactly" (= that is correct). B1 used to emphasize what you are saying: Do exactly what I tell you and no one will get hurt! Exactly how do you propose to achieve this? What exactly do you mean? not exactly used for saying that someone or something is slightly different from a particular way of describing him, her, or it: He's not exactly good-looking, but he has a certain attraction. B2 used for saying that something is not completely true: "So you gave her your iPod?" "Not exactly, I lent it to her." used for saying that something is the opposite of a particular way of describing it: Answer the question - it's not exactly difficult. Please describe to the court exactly what you saw. No one knows exactly what happened but several people have been hurt. I don't know exactly what's wrong with her - I think it's some sort of virus. (อิคแซคทฺ'ลี) adv. อย่างแน่นอน,อย่างแม่นยำ,อย่างแน่ชัด,อยู่พอทีเดียว,เท่านั้น

particularly

adverb B1 especially, or more than usual: We're particularly interested to hear from people who speak two or more European languages. I didn't particularly want to go, but I had to. (adv) โดยเฉพาะ,อย่างเป็นพิเศษ,อย่างเจาะจง

mainly

adverb B1 usually or to a large degree: I mainly go to bed around midnight. The group is made up of mainly young people. They argued that the tax will mainly benefit the rich. (เมน'ลี) adv. ส่วนใหญ่,โดยทั่วไป, Syn. mostly

primarily

adverb B2 mainly: We're primarily concerned with keeping expenditure down. Baseball is primarily a summer game. (ไพรแม'ริลี) adv. อย่างสำคัญ,ส่วนมาก,ส่วนใหญ่,แรกเริ่ม, Syn. mostly

solely

adverb C1 only and not involving anyone or anything else: I bought it solely for that purpose. It seems he's not solely to blame for the accident. The product's success cannot be attributable solely to the ads. (โซล'ลี) adv. แต่ผู้เดียว,โดยอันเดียว,โดดเดี่ยว,เพียงหนึ่งเท่านั้น,เท่านั้น,โดยเอกเทศ

exclusively

adverb C1 only: This offer is available exclusively to our established customers. an exclusively female audience limited to a specific thing or group: Our employment agency deals exclusively with the advertising industry.

convicingly

adverb in a way that is convincing (= making you believe that something is true or right): She spoke convincingly of the need for a more humane prison system. She did talk convincingly about what needed to be done. in a way that makes it very clear who has won: They were convincingly beaten 3-1 by their opponents. None of the candidates won convincingly in either of the races. See convincing It tastes convincingly home-made. The Welsh side have played convincingly so far this season.

regradless

adverb C1 despite; not being affected by something: The plan for a new office building went ahead regardless of local opposition. She knew it was dangerous to visit him except at night, but she set out regardless (of the risk). This job is open to all, regardless of previous experience. All the children are lumped together in one class, regardless of their ability. He could see that she didn't like what he was saying, but he ploughed on regardless. It was pouring with rain, but we pressed on regardless.

normally

adverb UK /ˈnɔː.mə.li/ US /ˈnɔːr.mə.li/ B2 If something happens normally, it happens in the usual or expected way: Are the phones working normally again? B1 mainly UK If you normally do something, you usually or regularly do it: She doesn't normally arrive until ten. Normally, I plan one or two days ahead. The television was functioning normally until yesterday. What time does he normally get home (from work)? Children normally feel a lot of anxiety about their first day at school. (นอร์'เมิลลี) adv. ตามธรรมดา,ตามกฎ,โดยทั่วไป, Syn. regulary

therefore

adverb You use therefore to introduce a logical result or conclusion. Muscle cells need lots of fuel and therefore burn lots of calories. This could bring back competition and therefore better deals for customers.

correspondingly

adverb in a way that is similar to, connected with, or caused by something else: Life in the city is more expensive, but salaries are correspondingly higher. More of these drugs are being prescribed, and the fear is that the numbers of addicted patients will rise correspondingly. Reasonably low inflation should result in correspondingly low interest rates. As you get older, it gets correspondingly harder to meet people. The number of feral cats has risen, and the number of wild birds has dropped correspondingly. [ADV] อย่างเหมือนกัน, See also: อย่างคล้ายๆ กัน

specifically

adverb (FOR ONE PURPOSE) C1 for a particular reason, purpose, etc.: These jeans are designed specifically for women. [ + to infinitive ] I bought it specifically to wear at the wedding. We are aiming our campaign specifically at young people. adverb (EXACTLY) C1 clearly, exactly, or in detail: I specifically asked you not to be late. The law specifically prohibits acts of this kind. It specifically said/stated on the label that the jacket should be dry-cleaned only. (adv) โดยชนิด,โดยจำเพาะ,โดยพันธุ์,เป็นลักษณะเฉพาะ

simply

adverb (IMPORTANT) B2 completely or as much as possible: You look simply (= really) beautiful in that dress. The hunger in parts of Africa is terrible - there's (quite) simply (= without doubt) no other word for it. B2 only: I don't like my job - I simply do it for the money. More examples At first I thought he was a bit shy, but I've come to the conclusion that he's simply unfriendly! Drinking and driving is simply courting disaster. It's simply not cricket to flirt with another man's wife. adverb (EASY) B2 in an easy way: He explained it as simply as he could, but the class still didn't understand. in a plain way: a simply decorated apartment (ซิม'พลี) adv. ง่าย ๆ ,ชัดเจน,เรียบ ๆ ,โดยความจริงใจ,อย่างบริสุทธิ์,ตรงไปตรงมา,เท่านั้น,แท้ ๆ ,ทั้งหมด,โง่,เง่า

directly

adverb (STRAIGHT) B1 without anything else being involved or in between: Our hotel room was directly above a construction site. The disease is directly linked to poor drainage systems. The sun shone directly in my eyes. A narrow passage led directly through the house into the garden. You will report directly to the boss. The drug works more quickly if it is injected directly into the bloodstream. adverb (SOON) old-fashioned or formal very soon: Dr Schwarz will be with you directly. old-fashioned immediately: When you get home you're going directly to bed. conjunction UK formal immediately after: Directly he was paid, he went out shopping. formal as soon as: I'll be with you directly I've finished this letter. (ดิเรคทฺ'ลี) adv. โดยตรง,ทันที,ไม่ช้า,ถัดไป -conj. ทันทีที่, Syn. at once

whereby

adverb, conjunction C2 by which way or method: They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over a two-year period. We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other. not standard in which, or with which: It's put me in a position whereby I can't afford to take a job. (แวร์ไบ') conj. adv. อาศัยอะไร,เพราะอะไร,อย่างไร

chequebook journalism

chequebook journalism UK disapproving (US checkbook journalism) the activity in which a newspaper persuades someone involved in a news story to give their report of events by paying them a lot of money

chiefly

chiefly adverb mainly: The island chiefly attracts upmarket tourists. magazines intended chiefly for teenagers [ADV] อย่างสำคัญที่สุด, See also: อย่างมากที่สุด, Syn. mainly, primarily, principally;

earlier

comparative of early Membership in these groupings rests on par tnerships in managing cer tain resources, which, as mentioned earlier, may not necessarily be purely economic. Furthermore, earlier marriage reinforces this trend, because graduates will be spending a greater proportion of their childbearing years in marriage.

unless

conjunction B1 except if: You can't get a job unless you have experience (= you can only get a job if you have experience). Unless you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre (= I will see you there if you do not call to say you are not coming). More examples They threatened to kill him unless he did as they asked. Most wild animals won't attack unless they are provoked. I can't let you in unless you give the password. (อันเลส',เอินเลส') conj.,prep. นอกจาก,จนกว่า,ยกเว้น

whereas

conjunction UK /weərˈæz/ US /werˈæz/ B2 compared with the fact that; but: He must be about 60, whereas his wife looks about 30. You eat a huge plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich. He works slowly and precisely whereas I tend to rush things and make mistakes. Your hair has a natural wave whereas mine's just straight and boring. She described him, rather charitably, as quiet whereas I would have said he was boring. She actually enjoys confrontation, whereas I prefer a quiet life. He is a globalist, whereas we are nationalists who will put our country first. (แวร์แอซ') conj. ในทางตรงกันข้าม,ในกรณีที่เหตุ,ด้วยเหตุที่,อย่างไรก็ตาม,แต่ทว่า

while

conjunction (DURING) A2 (also formal whilst) during the time that, or at the same time as: I read it while you were drying your hair. While I was in Italy I went to see Alessandro. conjunction (ALTHOUGH) B2 (also formal whilst) despite the fact that; although: While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually like the man. While I fully understand your point of view, I also have some sympathy with Michael's. conjunction (BUT) B1 compared with the fact that; but: He gets £50,000 a year while I get a meagre £20,000! Tom is very extrovert and confident while Katy's shy and quiet. noun a while B1 a length of time: I only stayed for a short while. You were there quite a while (= a long time), weren't you? "When did that happen?" "Oh, it was a while ago (= a long time ago). ไวล์) n. ชั่วขณะ,ชั่วประเดี๋ยว,พักหนึ่ง,ช่วงเวลาเฉพาะ conj. ระหว่างเวลา,ตลอดเวลา,ในขณะที่,แม้ว่า,ถึงแม้ว่า,ในเวลาเดียวกัน,prep. จนกว่า vt. ทำให้เวลาผ่านไป (โดยเฉพาะอย่างสบาย) worth one's while คุ้มค่าเวลา,

conscientious\conscious

conscientious adjective C1 putting a lot of effort into your work: done with great car and attention Careful to do what one ought to do and do it as well as one can a conscientious student conscientiously adverb conscientiousness noun (คอน?ีเอน'เชิส) adj. ซึ่งควบคุมโดยสติรู้ผิดรู้ชอบ,รอบคอบ,ระมัดระวัง conscious adjective be conscious of sth/sb B2 to notice that a particular thing or person exists or is present: My tooth doesn't exactly hurt, but I'm conscious of it (= I can feel it) all the time. Knowing what is going on around one because one is able to use bodily senses and mental powers [ + -ing verb ] I think she's very conscious of being the only person in the office who didn't have a university education. [ + that ] He gradually became conscious (of the fact) that everyone else was wearing a suit. adjective (AWAKE) C1 awake, thinking, and knowing what is happening around you: He's still conscious but he's very badly injured. She's out of the operating theatre, but she's not fully conscious yet. figurative humorous "Can I speak to Isobel, please?" "She's still in bed. I'll go and see if she's conscious (= awake) yet." adjective (INTENTIONAL) C2 determined and intentional: He's obviously making a conscious effort to be nice to me at the moment. It wasn't a conscious decision to lose weight. It just happened. (คอน'เชิส) adj. ซึ่งมีจิตสำนึก,มีสติ,มีเจตนา,พิชาน

criticsm\objection

criticism noun [ C or U ] B2 the act of saying that something or someone is bad: The designs for the new mosque have attracted widespread criticism. I have a few criticisms to make about your speech. the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone, especially books, films, etc.: literary criticism If you have any constructive (= helpful) criticism of the project, I'd be glad to hear it. objection noun [ C ] B2 the act of expressing or feeling opposition to or dislike of something or someone: Her objection to/against the plan is based on incorrect facts. A couple of people raised/voiced objections to the proposal. [ + that ] I have no objection except that it may cost more than expected.

widespread

existing or happening in many places and/or among many people: There are reports of widespread flooding in northern France. Malnutrition in the region is widespread - affecting up to 78 percent of children under five years old. The campaign has received widespread support. There's widespread agreement that the law should be changed. The next 36 hours will be even colder with snow showers becoming more widespread. (ไวดฺ'สเพรด) adj. กว้างขวาง,แพร่หลาย,กระจาย,กางออก,ขยายออก

fulfill

fulfilled adjective feeling happy because you are getting everything that you want from life: For the first time in my life, I feel really fulfilled. verb [T] (MAKE HAPPEN) to do something as promised or intended, or to satisfy your hopes or expectations: She said the president had failed to fulfill his campaign promises. He stayed an extra semester to fulfill his graduation requirements. At the age of 45, she finally fulfilled her ambition to run a marathon. fulfill verb [T] (DEVELOP) to succeed in developing abilities or qualities to their fullest degree: Her immediate goal was to complete her novel, but her long-term goal was to fulfill her potential as a writer.(ฟลู'ฟิล') {fulfilled,fulfilling,fulfills} vt. ทำให้บรรลุผล,กระทำหน้าที่,ปฏิบัติตามหน้าที่,ทำให้พอใจ,ทำให้สมบูรณ์,บรรจุ., See also: fulfiler,fulfiller n., Syn. effect

put stress

if an official speech or report places, lays, or puts stress on something, it emphasizes it: We should develop a more dynamic conception of equality, placing more stress on opportunity.

turn down

if the economy or market turns down, there is less business activity and fewer opportunities to make money: When the market turns down, recruitment is one of the first areas companies look at to make savings.

providing that\provided that

if, or only if: ILO conventions allow schoolchildren to work during their holidays and free time provided that strict safety measures are taken. As long as, so long as, providing, etc. Sometimes we need to impose specific conditions or set limits on a situation. In these cases, conditional clauses can begin with phrases such as as long as, so long as, only if, on condition that, providing (that), provided (that). ... The words provided and providing are interchangeable when used to mean on condition that. Examples: Provided that the weather is fine, we'll have a picnic on Saturday. Providing that the weather is fine, we'll have a picnic on Saturday. Tony will attend provided that Sarah is not chairing the meeting. The newspaper did not publish the photographs because they were given by a confidential source who did so provided that we not release them before the elections. No Need for That The word that can be omitted. Examples: Provided the weather is fine, we'll have a picnic on Saturday. Providing the weather is fine, we'll have a picnic on Saturday. supposing (that), in case, providing that, Syn. ผิว่า, แม้ว่า, หากว่า, ถ้าว่า, Example: ถ้าหากว่าฝนไม่ตก เราจะไปดูหนังกัน, Thai definition: คำที่ใช้นำหน้าประโยค แสดงเหตุการณ์ที่สมมติขึ้นและเป็นเงื่อนไขให้บังเกิดผล

in the meantime

in the meantime B2 until something expected happens, or while something else is happening: Your computer won't arrive till Thursday. In the meantime, you can use Jude's. In the meantime, the shares will continue to trade on the open market. Your teacher will be here soon. In the meantime, can you get on with some reading, please? The school will have to be rebuilt. In the meantime, teachers are using portable

damage\harm\injury

injury noun [ C or U ] B2 physical harm or damage to someone's body caused by an accident or an attack: a head/back/knee injury Several train passengers received/sustained serious injuries in the crash. Injuries to the spine are common among these workers. They were lucky to escape (without) injury. harm noun [ U ] B2 physical or other injury or damage: Both deny conspiring to cause actual bodily harm. A mistake like that will do his credibility a lot of harm. Missing a meal once in a while never did anyone any harm. to harm or spoil something: Many buildings were badly damaged during the war. It was a scandal that damaged a lot of reputations.

inner-cities inner cities

inner city the central part of a city where people live and where there are often problems because people are poor and there are few jobs and bad houses: a child from the inner city inner-city adjective [ before noun ] in the central part of a city where people live and where there are often problems because people are poor and there are few jobs and bad houses, or relating to areas like this: Many inner-city areas have struggled with decline and decay. She teaches at an inner-city school.

UNHCR

is a United Nations agency with the mandate to protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities and stateless people, and assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. UNHCR's mandate does not apply to Palestinian refugees, who are assisted by UNWRA.

mass tourism

is a form of tourism that involves tens of thousands of people going to the same resort often at the same time of year. It is the most popular form of tourism as it is often the cheapest way to holiday, and is often sold as a PACKAGE DEAL.

gender roles

is a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people based on their biological or perceived sex. Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of masculinity and femininity.

internally displaced person

is someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the legal definitions of a refugee.

sustainable tourism

is the concept of visiting somewhere as a tourist and trying to make a positive impact on the environment, society, and economy.[1] Tourism can involve primary transportation to the general location, local transportation, accommodations, entertainment, recreation, nourishment and shopping. It can be related to travel for leisure, business and what is called VFR (visiting friends and relatives).

lecture/seminar/tutorial/workshop

lecture noun [C] (FORMAL TALK) a formal, prepared talk given to a group of people, esp. students: a lecture on astronomy lecture noun [C] (CRITICISM) a serious talk given to criticize someone or give someone advice: She gave him a lecture about his table manners. lecture verb [I/T] (TALK FORMALLY) to give a formal, prepared talk to a group of people, esp. students: [ I ] She's lecturing on the geology of the region. lecture verb [I/T] (CRITICIZE) to give someone a serious talk to criticize or give advice to that person: [ T ] He lectured me on the need to keep accurate records. noun [ C ] B2 an occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of people meet to study and discuss something: I attended practically every lecture and seminar when I was a student. I'm giving a seminar on the latest developments in genetic engineering next week. a seminar room tutorial noun [ C ] a period of study with a tutor and a small group of students: Students only have 8 hours of tutorials a week. IT a document or website on a computer that shows you how to use a product in a series of easy stages: An online tutorial for the program is available on our website. noun [ C ] UK /ˈwɜːkʃɒp/ US WORKPLACE a room or building where things are made or repaired using machines or tools: The amber products are produced in the workshop. A truck that does a 1,500 mile roundtrip requires five days in the workshop when it gets back. HR a meeting in which people learn about a subject by discussing it or doing activities relating to it: They offer a series of bilingual workshops on budgeting, marketing and managing a business. A series of workshops for restaurant managers was set up. do/hold/run a workshop Belinda runs workshops addressing issues related to working from home. The rest of the day they listened to speakers and attended workshops about leadership.

malnourished/malnutrition

malnourished adjective UK /ˌmælˈnʌr.ɪʃt/ US /ˌmælˈnɝː.ɪʃt/ weak and in bad health because of having too little food or too little of the types of food necessary for good health malnutrition noun [ U ] UK /ˌmæl.njuːˈtrɪʃ.ən/ US /ˌmæl.nuːˈtrɪʃ.ən/ physical weakness and bad health caused by having too little food, or too little of the types of food necessary for good health: Many of the refugees are suffering from severe malnutrition.

profit

money that a business earns above what it costs to produce and sell goods and services: [ U ] Any profit made on the sale is taxable. [ C ] A lot of businesses are reaping huge profits. Profit can also mean benefit: [ U ] He could see little profit in arguing with them. profit verb [ I/T ] earn money, or benefit: [ I ] It's sickening that somebody would profit from her misfortune. [ T ] fml What will it profit us to make this bargain (= How will we benefit)? (Definition of profit from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press) profit | BUSINESS ENGLISH profit noun [ C or U ] COMMERCE, FINANCE money that is earned in trade or business, especially after paying the costs of producing and selling goods and services: The group has had an uneven record in recent years, swinging back and forth between profits and losses. make/realize/turn a profit The company said it had made a profit of about £1.4bn on the deal. after-tax/pre-tax profit Pre-tax profits rose 22.3% to £13.7m. The expectation is that both turnover and trading profit will have increased during last year. sell sth at a profit A realized gain occurs when we sell an investment at a profit. profit on sth He will make a $431m profit on the sale. for profit Banks made new loans, then swiftly sold them off for profit, using the proceeds to extend still more. report profits In the year to March the company reported profits after tax of €900,000. profits fall/increase/rise Sales and profits rose last year. Concerns have been raised that a stagnating economy is hampering corporate profit growth. boost/increase profits an increase/jump/rise in profit a drop/fall in profit big/record/strong profits future/short-term/small profits annual/corporate/taxable profits be in/come into profit to be earning, or start to earn, money from a trade or business rather than losing it: Some want it to be illegal to make anyone redundant if you are in profit. first-half, first-quarter, etc. profit profits for the first half, first quarter, etc. of a financial year: The US entertainment giant showed how second-quarter profits had more than doubled. pure profit profit that does not need to have any costs taken away: Once overheads are covered, 55c of every $1 of sales is pure profit

circulation

movement of substances in body fluids

no matter

no matter what, when, why, etc. B2 used to emphasize that something is always true, or that someone must do something: I never seem to lose any weight, no matter how hard I try. We've got to get to the airport on time, no matter what. I'm thankful to know that no matter What they say. ขอขอบคุณที่ทำให้รู้ว่า ไม่ว่าเราจะพูดอะไร The Magnificent Archibalds (2008) I'm thankful that no matter How dark things might get, ขอขอบคุณ ในเรื่อง ไม่ว่าจะมืดสักแค่ไหน The Magnificent Archibalds (2008) No matter what you've done or how long ago ไม่ว่าอะไรที่คุณทำหรือนานแค่ไหน The Magnificent Archibalds (2008) No matter how hard you push me away. มันไม่สำคัญว่าคุณจะผลักไสชั้นออกไปเเค่ไหน There's No 'I' in Team (2008) No matter what you said,no matter what happened between the two of you, she loved you.She loves you. ไม่ว่าหนูจะพูดอะไร ไม่ว่าจะมีอะไรเกิดขึ้นระหว่างหนูกับเธอ เธอรักหนูมาตลอด เธอรักหนู All by Myself (2008) "And no matter what happens,"no matter what you decide to do และไม่ว่าจะเกิดอะไรขึ้น ไม่ว่าคุณจะตัดสินใจอย่างไร Dream a Little Dream of Me: Part 1 (2008) But no matter what he asks you, promise me you'll say "no." ไม่ว่าเค้าจะถามไรลูก สัญญานะ ว่าจะตอบ ว่า ไม่ City on Fire (2008)

nocturnal

nocturnal adjective Examples They are nocturnal creatures, which helps them avoid predators such as hawks and owls. The researchers live nocturnal lives in order to study the animals. We stood and admired Shanghai's nocturnal skyline. being active or happening at night rather than during the day: Most bats are nocturnal. nocturnal wanderings of the night, or relating to the night: He spends the nocturnal hours in his observatory. nocturnal light (นอคเทอร์'เนิล) adj. เกี่ยวกับกลางคืน

mediocre

not very good: The film's plot is predictable and the acting is mediocre. Parents don't want their children going to mediocre schools. (มีดิโอ'เคอะ) adj. เกี่ยวกับคุณภาพปานกลาง,ไม่ดีไม่เลว,สามัญ,เกือบไม่พอ

diet

noun B1 [ C or U ] the food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group: Diet varies between different countries in the world. a healthy/balanced/varied diet Rice is the staple diet (= most important food) of many people in China. The children seem to exist on a diet of fried food. B1 [ C ] an eating plan in which someone eats less food, or only particular types of food, because they want to become thinner or for medical reasons: I'm going on a diet next week and hope to lose ten pounds before Christmas. a crash/strict/calorie-controlled diet The doctor put me on a low-salt diet to reduce my blood pressure. [ S ] a particular type of thing that you experience or do regularly, or a limited range of activities: He was brought up on a diet of political propaganda from birth. Network TV only offers a diet of bad reality shows every night. adjective [ before noun ] Diet food or drink contains less sugar or fat than the usual type, and often contains an artificial sweetener: diet cola verb [ I ] to limit the food and/or drink that you have, especially in order to lose weight: You should be able to reduce your weight by careful dieting.

shore

noun B1 [ C or U ] the land along the edge of a sea, lake, or wide river: You can walk for miles along the shore. The boat was about a mile from/off (the) shore when the engine suddenly died. on shore on the land and not in a ship: We waited until we were on shore before repairing the sails. shores [ plural ] literary a country or continent with a coast: In 1992, Britain played host to the first multi-racial South African team to visit these shores. We could hear waves crashing against the shore. The waves gently lapped the shore.

publication

noun B2 [ U ] the act of making information or stories available to people in a printed or electronic form: The brochure will be ready for publication in September. Will you arrange the publication of the names of the winners? When is the publication date? (= When will the book be available to buy?) B2 [ C ] a book, magazine, newspaper, or document in which information or stories are published: Our latest publication is a magazine for health enthusiasts.

park and ride

noun [ C ] a place in or near a town or city where you can park your car cheaply and take a bus or other form of public transport into the centre: It's easiest to leave your car in the park-and-ride. [ U ] the system of leaving your car in a park and ride area and taking public transport to the city centre: Use park-and-ride wherever possible. the park-and-ride system

commitment

noun [ C or U ] a promise or firm decision to do something: Players must make a commitment to play for a full season. Can you give a commitment that the money will be made available? The government reaffirmed its commitment to the peace process. B2 [ U ] willingness to give your time and energy to a job, activity, or something that you believe in: I'd like to thank the staff for having shown such commitment. They don't want to promote me because they think I lack commitment. B2 [ C ] something that you must do or deal with that takes your time: family/work commitments I've got too many commitments at the moment to do an evening class. Having a dog is a big commitment.

fine arts

noun [ U ] drawings, paintings, and sculptures that are admired for their beauty and have no practical use fine arts [ plural ] painting and sculpture: a fine arts degree The fine arts have suffered from a lack of government funding.

confusion

noun B2 [ C or U ] a situation in which people do not understand what is happening, what they should do or who someone or something is: There seems to be some confusion over who is actually giving the talk. To avoid confusion, the twins never wore the same clothes. B2 [ U ] a situation, often with a lot of activity and noise, in which people do not know what to do: In the confusion after the bomb blast, I lost my bag and wasn't able to stop and look for it. More examples A spokeswoman blamed the confusion on miscommunication between the company and its customers. The picture emerging in reports from the battlefield is one of complete confusion. Label your suitcases to prevent confusion. (คันฟิว'เชิน) n. ความยุ่งเหยิง,ความไม่ชัด,ความงงงวย,การให้ยุ่งหรือสับสน,ความพ่ายแพ้,ความเสื่อมสลาย, Syn. puzzlement,disorder

in addition

noun 1: a part added (as to a building or residential section) The addition expanded the kitchen. 2: anything or anyone added : INCREASE The clerk was a recent addition to the staff. 3: the act or process of adding a recipe enhanced by the addition of freshly ground pepper especially : the operation of combining numbers so as to obtain an equivalent simple quantity schoolchildren learning about addition and subtraction 4: direct chemical combination of substances into a single product in addition : BESIDES entry 2, ALSO The job requires a college degree and, in addition, at least two years of experience. in addition to : combined or associated with : BESIDES entry 1 sense 2 In addition to soup, several salads were served. To accomplish great things, in addition to dream, must act. The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes shareware freely available. In addition to the thick fog, there was a heavy swell. There will be simple tests in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. In addition, interest on Treasury issues isn'tsubject to state and local income taxes.

federation

noun C1 [ C ] a group of organizations, countries, regions, etc. that have joined together to form a larger organization or government: the Russian federation [ U ] the act of forming a federation: The federation of the six original Australian states took place in 1901. He's against European federation. More examples The trade federation promotes cooperation between local businesses. The chairmen are proposing that a federation of the two leagues should take place. The organization was formed in 1982 by the federation of three separate firms. (เฟดเดอเร'เชิน) n. การรวมเข้าเป็นสหรัฐหรือสมาพันธรัฐ,กลุ่มการเมือง (สหรัฐ,สมาพันธรัฐ,สหพันธ์,สันนิบาต,พันธมิตรหรืออื่น ๆ), Syn. league

possessions

noun C2 [ U ] the fact that you have or own something: The possession of large amounts of money does not ensure happiness. formal I have in my possession a letter which may be of interest to you. formal He was found in possession of explosives. B2 [ C usually plural ] something that you own or that you are carrying with you at a particular time: Please remember to take all your personal possessions with you when you leave the aircraft. [ C usually plural ] a country that is ruled by another country: a former overseas possession [ U ] in games such as football and rugby, the time when a team has control of the ball: Wolves had a lot of possession but failed to score. We need to keep possession of the ball to give ourselves a chance. get/take possession of sth LAW specialized to start to use and control a building or piece of land that you may or may not own: We've already bought the house but we won't take possession of it until May. Police found a large quantity of drugs in his possession. Her most cherished possession is a 1926 letter from F. Scott Fitzgerald. She attaches a lot of importance to personal possessions. (พะเซส'เชิน) n. การมี,การครอบครอง,การเข้ายึดเอา,ความเป็นเจ้าของ,สิ่งที่ครองครอง,การควบคุม,การครอบงำความคิด,ความคิด,ที่ดินในครอบครอง,อาณานิคม

timber

noun C2 [ U ] trees that are grown so that the wood from them can be used for building: a timber forest These trees are being grown for timber. C2 [ U ] UK (US lumber) wood used for building: a timber merchant C2 [ C ] a long piece of wood used for building, especially houses and ships: roof timbers It was a brick house fronted on three sides with timber. We use a timber preservative regularly. Untreated timber would rot very quickly. (ทิม'เบอะ) n. ไม้,ท่อนไม้,ต้นไม้ (ขนาดใหญ่) ,ป่าไม้,โครงไม้,โครงเรือ,ไม้ขื่อ,ลักษณะหรือคุณสมบัต'ของบุคคล. vt. ใสไม้มค้ำด้วยไม้. interj. คำตะโกนของผู้ตัดไม้เพื่อเตือนให้ผู้อยู่ข้าง ๆ ให้ระวังไม้ที่กำลังจะล้มลง

monopoly

noun UK /məˈnɒpəli/ US plural monopolies [ C or U ] ECONOMICS a situation in which one company or person or a government has no competition in the sale of a particular product or service and is able to control its supply and price: business/corporate/government monopolies He argues that farm subsidies help keep agricultural land away from corporate monopolies. a monopoly of sth Each firm has a monopoly of goods that tend to be used together. a monopoly in/on sth A decision by the Supreme Court struck down the state's monopoly on radio and television stations. [ C ] ECONOMICS a company, person, etc. that is the only one supplying a particular product or service: The Justice Department is suing the company because they claim that it used unfair tactics to become a monopoly. [ C ] something that is controlled by one person or group and not shared by others: The network is a monopoly of the state telephone company.

reductions

noun UK /rɪˈdʌkʃən/ US [ C or U ] the process of making something less in price, size, amount, etc., or the fact of it becoming less: a reduction in sth The cutbacks have required a 10% reduction in staff numbers. Policyholders will be preparing themselves for further reductions in bonuses on maturing policies. a dramatic/significant/substantial reduction I was warned of a significant reduction in the projected payout. a gradual/slight/steady reduction debt/deficit/spending reduction The emphasis is on long-term debt reduction. rate/tariff/tax reduction Banks have announced mortgage rate reductions to bolster the housing market. poverty reduction emissions/greenhouse gas reductions cost reduction programs/targets [ C ] COMMERCE an amount by which the price of something is reduced: to get/make a reduction on sth I got a reduction on the skirt because there was a button missing. big/massive reductions Stores are offering big reductions this weekend. (รีดัค'เชิน) n. การลดลง,การย่อ,การทำให้หด,การทด,การทอน,การทำให้เจือจาง,การเอาออกซิเจนออกจากออกไซด์,การเพิ่มไฮโดรเจนแก่สาร,การได้อิเล็กตรอนของสาร,การลดวาเลนซีของธาตุที่มีประจุบวกในสารประกอบ, See also: reductional adj. -S...

output

noun UK /ˈaʊtpʊt/ US [ C or U ] ECONOMICS, PRODUCTION the amount of goods and services, or waste products, that are produced by a particular economy, industry, company, or worker: Monetary policy can be used to help to stabilize output and employment in an economy. To become more effective, we need to focus more on outputs and revenues. output of sth Relative to its GDP, Europe's output of IT hardware is only a fraction of that of America. boost/increase/raise output Oil prices fell by $1 following Opec's decision to boost output by 500,000 barrels a day. reduce/cut/limit output The Kyoto deal aimed to reduce the developed world's output of greenhouse gases by 5.2%. output falls/declines/is down Forecasters at the OECD expect that output in the euro zone will fall by 5.3% in the coming year. output rises/grows/is up According to a report by the Confederation of British Industry, factory output has risen in much of Britain over the past three months. an increase/rise/fall in output Biggest falls in output during October were in the consumer durables, capital goods, and manufacturing sectors. economic/industrial/manufacturing output global/national/domestic output annual/total/overall output output per hour/employee/worker [ U ] IT information or images that are produced by a computer or printer: computer/print output [ S or U ] the amount of energy, for example, heat or electricity, that is produced by a piece of equipment: A high-power output of 2300W (230V) on each channel makes it possible to connect nearly any device. [ C ] IT the part of a piece of electrical equipment where power, energy, or sound leaves it: Linking your sound card to the speaker outputs on your receiver may cause damage to the card when you turn the volume up. output verb [ T ] UK /ˈaʊtpʊt/ US outputting | output | output IT when a computer or printer outputs information or images, it produces them on paper or on screen : Once the printer has been installed, it will output a test document.

revenue

noun UK /ˈrevənjuː/ US /ˈrevənuː/ [ C or U ] FINANCE, ACCOUNTING (also revenues) money that a company receives, especially from selling goods or services: revenue(s) from sth Revenue from online ads is much less than from print advertising. revenue(s) of Analysts had forecast revenue of $1.39bn. in revenue(s) His firm posted $41 million in revenues last year. generate/bring in/raise revenue(s) The sport doesn't generate much revenue from ticket sales. boost/increase revenue(s) The banking group has in recent years struggled to boost revenues while keeping costs under control. a fall/increase in revenue(s) The company has an estimated annual revenue of $50 million. Advertising revenue fell last year. expected/projected revenue a source of revenue [ C or U ] TAX (also revenues) money that a government receives from taxes: They need to restructure the tax system to collect more revenue. There is extra pressure on the Chancellor to find new ways to raise revenue. State officials predicted a 5% growth in tax revenues. Other taxes will have to be raised to compensate for the lost revenue. [ S ] TAX, GOVERNMENT (also the Revenue) the government department in the UK that collects taxes: Taxpayers should always check the documents they get from the Revenue.

suburbs

noun UK /ˈsʌb.ɜːb/ US /ˈsʌb.ɝːb/ B2 [ C ] an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work in the town or city often live: Box Hill is a suburb of Melbourne. We drove from middle-class suburbs to a very poor inner-city area. the suburbs [ plural ] the outer area of a town, rather than the shopping and business centre in the middle: The company decided to relocate to the suburbs because the rent was much cheaper. a leafy suburb a middle-class suburb of New York It's a suburb of Manchester really - I wouldn't call it Manchester proper. We live in a suburb of London. ชานเมือง

interest

noun UK /ˈɪntrəst/ US [ U ] FINANCE money that is charged by a bank or other financial organization for lending money: interest charges/payments Interest charges on an overdraft are usually quite high. charge/pay interest A number of providers don't charge any interest for an introductory period when you get one of their cards. interest on sth The interest on a mortgage is higher than the interest earned on savings. You can expect to pay interest of 4-6% on the loan. with interest I paid back the whole sum with interest within a month. monthly/annual interest [ U ] FINANCE money that you earn from keeping your money in an account in a bank or other financial organization: earn/receive/pay interest You will earn interest at 4% as long as you have money in your account. Consumers look for the best rate of interest on their savings. You will receive interest payments on your investments monthly. The account pays interest of up to 5%. monthly/annual interest [ C ] an involvement or a legal right, usually relating to a business or possessions that you own with other people: He is a multi-millionaire with business interests around the world. an interest in sth The bank has a legal interest in the building until the money is repaid, as it was offered as security on the loan. [ S or U ] the feeling of wanting to give your attention to something or of wanting to be involved with and to discover more about something: show interest (in sth) Customers are showing a lot of interest in this new design. lose interest (in sth) Keep your points short and snappy when you make your presentation, or the audience might lose interest. take an interest (in sth) Since our company featured in a national newspaper, people are starting to take an interest in what we do. have an interest in sth I've always had an interest in aviation. Just out of interest, how many people were at the conference? [ C ] an activity that you enjoy doing or a subject that you like to spend time learning about: She lists her interests as music, running, and learning languages. [ U ] the quality that makes you think that something is interesting: be of interest to sb I think this report would be of interest to you. [ C or U ] something that brings someone advantages or that affects someone or something: A union looks after the interests of its members. It's in your interests to keep careful records. In the interests of safety, please do not smoke. I believe it is in everyone's best interests if I resign. ความสนใจ,ดอกเบี้ย

opportunity

noun UK /ˌɒp.əˈtʃuː.nə.ti/ US /ˌɑː.pɚˈtuː.nə.t̬i/ B1 [ C or U ] an occasion or situation that makes it possible to do something that you want to do or have to do, or the possibility of doing something: Everyone will have an opportunity to comment. I was never given the opportunity of going to college. [ + to infinitive ] The exhibition is a unique opportunity to see her later work. An ankle injury meant she missed the opportunity to run in the qualifying heat. formal Please contact us at the earliest opportunity (= as soon as possible). He goes fishing at every opportunity (= as often as possible). I used to love going out dancing, but I don't get much opportunity now. He had a golden (= an extremely good) opportunity to score in the first half but squandered it. B2 [ C ] the chance to get a job: employment/job opportunities opportunities for young graduates There are some great opportunities now for engineers trained in computer-aided design.

uprising

noun an act of opposition, sometimes using violence, by many people in one area of a country against those who are in power: Following a determined resistance in the east, there was eventually a popular uprising in the capital.

Initiative

noun initiative noun (NEW PLAN) C1 [ C ] a new plan or process to achieve something or solve a problem: The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides. More examples The German leadership lauded the Russian initiative. The UN called on all parties in the conflict to take a positive stance towards the new peace initiative. Joe Walker will be spearheading our new marketing initiative. noun (JUDGMENT) C1 [ U ] the ability to use your judgment to make decisions and do things without needing to be told what to do: Although she was quite young, she showed a lot of initiative and was promoted to manager after a year. I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative (= use your own judgment to decide what to do)! on your own initiative If you do something on your own initiative, you plan it and decide to do it yourself without anyone telling you what to do. the initiative C1 [ S ] the power or opportunity to win an advantage: to seize/take/lose the initiative (อินิช'ชิเอทิฟว) n.,adj. (เกี่ยวกับ) การริเริ่ม,การนำเข้า,การตัดสินใจของตนเอง.

drug abuse

noun the habitual taking of addictive or illegal drugs.

estuary

noun the wide part of a river at the place where it joins the sea: the Thames estuary the Rance estuary

tolerance

noun (ACCEPTANCE) C2 [ U ] (formal toleration) willingness to accept behaviour and beliefs that are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them: This period in history is not noted for its religious tolerance. Some members of the party would like to see it develop a greater tolerance of/towards contrary points of view. The book is essentially an exhortation to religious tolerance. My father never showed much tolerance towards us children. noun (ABILITY TO DEAL WITH) [ U ] the ability to deal with something unpleasant or annoying, or to continue existing despite bad or difficult conditions: My tolerance of/for heat is considerably greater after having lived in the Far East for a couple of years. [ U ] BIOLOGY specialized an animal's or plant's ability not to be harmed by a drug or poison over a long period of time: a greater tolerance of/to the drug noun (VARIATION) [ C or U ] ENGINEERING, MATHEMATICS specialized the amount by which a measurement or calculation might change and still be acceptable: parts that are made to tolerances of a thousandth of an inch

cast

noun (ACTORS) B2 [ C, + sing/pl verb ] the actors in a film, play, or show: After the final performance the director threw a party for the cast. Part of the movie's success lies in the strength of the supporting cast (= the actors who were not playing the main parts). noun (SHAPE) [ C ] an object made by pouring hot liquid into a container and leaving it to become solid [ C ] a plaster cast in a cast (UK also in plaster) If a part of your body is in a cast, it has a plaster cast around it to protect it while a broken bone repairs itself: verb (ACTORS) C2 [ T ] to choose actors to play particular parts in a play, film, or show: He was often cast as the villain. In her latest movie she was cast against type (= played a different verb (LIGHT) C2 [ T usually + adv/prep ] to send light or shadow (= an area of darkness) in a particular direction: The moon cast a white light into the room. The tree cast a shadow over/on his face. figurative Her arrival cast a shadow over/on the party (= made it less pleasant). cast light on sth to provide an explanation for a situation or problem, or information that makes it easier to understand: The discovery of the dinosaur skeleton has cast light on why they became extinct. cast verb (LOOK) cast a look, glance, smile, etc. to look, smile, etc. in a particular direction: She cast a quick look in the rear mirror. cast an/your eye over sth to look quickly at something: Could you cast an eye over this report for me? Thesaurus: synonyms and related words cast verb (THROW) [ T + adv/prep ] literary to throw something: The knight cast the sword far out into the lake. [ I or T ] (in fishing) to throw something, such as a line, into the water to catch fish with: He cast the line to the middle of the river. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words cast verb (DOUBT) cast doubt/suspicion on sb/sth C2 to make people feel less sure about or have less trust in something or someone: New evidence has cast doubt on the guilty verdict. cast aspersions on sb/sth formal to criticize or make damaging remarks or judgments about someone or something: His opponents cast aspersions on his patriotism. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words cast verb (REMEMBER) cast your mind back C2 to try to remember: If you cast your mind back, you might recall that I never promised to go. cast verb (VOTE) cast a/your vote C2 to vote: All the votes in the election have now been cast and the counting has begun. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words cast verb (SHAPE) [ T ] to make an object by pouring hot liquid, such as melted metal, into a shaped container where it becomes hard Thesaurus: synonyms and related words cast verb (MAGIC) cast a spell C2 to use words thought to be magic, especially in order to have an effect on someone: The old woman cast a spell on the prince and he turned into a frog. figurative When I was 17, jazz cast its spell on me (= I started to like it very much). Thesaurus: synonyms and related words cast verb (SKIN) [ T ] If a snake casts its skin, the outer layer of old skin comes off its body. (คาสทฺ) {cast,cast,casting,casts} v.,n. (การ) ขว้าง,ทิ้ง,เหวี่ยง,โยน,หว่าน,เปลื้อง,ปลด,ลอก (คราบ) ,ทอด (แสง,เงา,สายตา) ,ปลด,ลง,หย่อน,ทำนาย,หล่อ,ให้กำเนิด,ปฎิเสธ,ไล่ออก,ให้,จัดการ,เลือก (คนแสดง) ,คำนวณ,วางแผน,ข้าง,หล่อแบบ,คำนวณ,บวก,ทำนาย,ตรวจหา คำศัพท์ย่อย:

load

noun (AMOUNT CARRIED) B2 [ C ] the amount of weight carried, especially by a vehicle, a structure such as a bridge, or an animal: The maximum load for this elevator is eight persons. One truck involved in the accident was carrying a heavy load of coal. noun (AMOUNT TO DO) [ C ] the amount of work to be done by a person: If we share the organization of the party, that will help spread the load. I've got a heavy/light teaching load this term. a painful, difficult, or tiring situation to deal with: I wish I could do something to lighten your load (= make your situation easier). verb (CARRY) B2 [ I or T ] to put a lot of things into a vehicle or machine: How long will it take to load this sand onto the lorry? Let's load up the car and then we can go. to load the dishwasher/washing machine (โลด) {loaded,loading,loads} n. ของบรรทุก,น้ำหนักบรรทุก,ระวางน้ำหนักบรรทุก,ภาระ,สิ่งที่เป็นภาระ,น้ำหนักถ่วง,ปริมาณงาน,ปริมาณไฟฟ้าที่ผลิตได้,อุปกรณ์รับไฟฟ้า,ปริมาณเหล้าที่ทำให้มึนเมา v. บรรทุก,ใส่,ถ่วง,บรรจุ,มอบให้อย่างมากมาย,ลำเอียง,เพิ่มกำลังไฟฟ้า,เพิ่ม adv. มาก,มากมาย

pile

noun (AMOUNT) B1 [ C ] objects positioned one on top of another: a pile of books a pile of dirty clothes picture of pile Francisco Rama/EyeEm/GettyImages B1 [ C ] a mass of something that has been placed somewhere: a large pile of sand picture of pile Image Source/GettyImages a pile of sth/piles of sth informal a lot of something: I've got piles/a pile of things to do today. He had a pile of papers on his desk. Put those clothes in a pile for washing . noun (COLUMN) [ C ] a strong column or post of wood, metal, or concrete that is pushed into the ground to help support a building Thesaurus: synonyms and related words pile noun (SURFACE) [ S ] the soft surface made by the ends of many short threads on a carpet or on cloth such as velvet: a luxurious deep-pile carpet Thesaurus: synonyms and related words pile noun (BUILDING) [ C ] mainly humorous a large building: They've got a great big Victorian pile somewhere out in the country. pile verb (OBJECTS) [ I or T, + adv/prep ] (also pile up) to arrange objects into a pile: We piled plenty of logs up next to the fire. Please pile your homework books neatly on the table as you leave. Her plate was piled (high) with salad. Snow had piled up against the walls. pile verb (PEOPLE) [ I usually + adv/prep ] informal (of a group of people) to move together, especially in an uncontrolled way: As soon as the train stopped, they all piled in/out. (ไพล) n. กอง,กองไม้,จำนวนมาก,หม้อแบตเตอรี่แห้ง,หม้อไฟฟ้า,ตอม่อสะพาน,เสาเข็ม,เสาปัก,ขน,ขนนิ่ม,ขนสัตว์, (มักใช้ในรูปpiles) โรคริดสีดวงทวาร,หัวริดสีดวง vt. กอง,รวม,ถม,ทับถม,สะสม,เบียด,ทะลัก,ก่ายกอง,ใส่เสาเข็ม,ใส่ตอม่อ

gulf

noun (AREA) B2 [ C ] a very large area of sea surrounded on three sides by a coast: the Gulf of Mexico the Gulf [ S ] the Persian Gulf and the countries around it: The Gulf states include Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE. [ C ] formal a very large, deep hole in the ground The island is in the Gulf of Mexico. Warships are heading towards the Persian Gulf. The hurricane caused enormous devastation across the islands in the gulf. noun (DIFFERENCE) C2 [ C usually singular ] an important difference between the ideas, opinions, or situations of two groups of people: There is a widening gulf between the rich and the poor in our society. It is hoped that the peace plan will bridge the gulf (= reduce the very large difference) between the government and the rebels.

foundation

noun (BEGIN) C1 [ U ] an occasion when an organization, state, etc. is established: the foundation of a new state C1 [ C ] an organization that has been created in order to provide money for a particular group of people in need of help or for a particular type of study: the British Heart Foundation the Environmental Research Foundation [ U ] UK the first year of infant school, previously known as reception: a foundation class/teacher Her youngest child starts (in) foundation in September. noun (BUILDING) foundations [ plural ] the structures below the surface of the ground that support a building: The foundations will have to be reinforced to prevent the house from sinking further into the ground. (เฟาเด'เชิน) n. รากฐาน,พื้นฐาน,การก่อ,การสร้าง,การสถาปนา,มูลนิธิ,กองทุนมูลนิธิ,ผู้ก่อตั้ง,คณะผู้ก่อตั้ง,เครื่องรัดลำตัวผู้หญิง., See also: foundationary adj., Syn. basis

construction

noun (BUILDING) B2 [ U ] the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc.: She works in construction/in the construction industry. The bridge is a marvellous work of engineering and construction. This website is currently under construction (= being created). [ U ] the particular type of structure, materials, etc. that something has: The bridge is of lightweight construction. B2 [ C ] a building: What's that concrete and metal construction over there? Falling house prices are illustrative of the crisis facing the construction industry. The starting date for the construction work is June 23. The construction of the tunnel is a large and complex undertaking. He called for checks to discover whether corrupt officials are being bribed to connive in shoddy construction. noun (LANGUAGE) B2 [ C ] LANGUAGE specialized the way in which the words in a sentence or phrase are arranged: The writer has used several complex grammatical constructions. put a construction on sth formal to understand something in a particular way: How can they put such a damning construction on a perfectly innocent phrase? to understand something as having a particular meaning, especially other people's actions and statements: I don't want them to put the wrong construction on my actions. n. การก่อสร้าง

construction

noun (BUILDING) B2 [ U ] the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc.: She works in construction/in the construction industry. The bridge is a marvellous work of engineering and construction. This website is currently under construction (= being created). [ U ] the particular type of structure, materials, etc. that something has: The bridge is of lightweight construction. B2 [ C ] a building: What's that concrete and metal construction over there? noun (LANGUAGE) B2 [ C ] LANGUAGE specialized the way in which the words in a sentence or phrase are arranged: The writer has used several complex grammatical constructions. put a construction on sth formal to understand something in a particular way: How can they put such a damning construction on a perfectly innocent phrase? to understand something as having a particular meaning, especially other people's actions and statements: I don't want them to put the wrong construction on my actions.

facade

noun (BUILDING) [ C ] the front of a building, especially a large or attractive building: the gallery's elegant 18th-century façade noun (FALSE APPEARANCE) [ S ] a false appearance that makes someone or something seem more pleasant or better than they really are: He kept his hostility hidden behind a friendly façade. We are fed up with this façade of democracy. (ฟะซาด') n. ส่วนหน้าของอาคาร,สิ่งที่ตกแต่งภายนอก,ลักษณะภายนอก, Syn. front,show -pl. facades

explosions

noun (BURST) B2 [ C or U ] the fact of something such as a bomb exploding: The fire was thought to have been caused by a gas explosion. The explosion (= the intentional exploding) of nuclear devices in the Bikini Atoll was stopped in 1958. Fortunately there was no one in the house at the time of the explosion. The explosion sent pieces of metal and glass hurtling through the air. Eight people, including two children, were injured in the explosion. noun (EMOTION) [ C ] a sudden strong expression of emotion: There was an explosion of applause from the audience at the end of the performance. noun (INCREASE) C1 [ C ] a large increase in the number of something that happens very quickly: The government has had to take measures to halt the population explosion. noun (FALSE IDEA) [ U ] the act of proving that something is wrong: the explosion of the conspiracy theories surrounding the death of the star (เอคซฺโพล'เชิน) n. การระเบิด,เสียงระเบิด,การปะทุ,การบันดาลอารมณ์อย่างกะทันหัน

synthesis

noun (CHEMICAL PRODUCTION) [ U ] CHEMISTRY specialized the production of a substance from simpler materials after a chemical reaction noun (MIX) [ C ] formal plural syntheses the mixing of different ideas, influences, or things to make a whole that is different, or new: He describes his latest record as "a synthesis of African and Latin rhythms". (ซินธี'ซิส) n. การสังเคราะห์, See also: synthesist n. pl. syntheses

power

noun (CONTROL) B2 [ U ] ability to control people and events: I've no power over him - he does what he wants to. Once nicotine has you in its power, it's very difficult to stop smoking. She has the power to charm any man she meets. C1 [ U ] the amount of political control a person or group has in a country: Does the president have more power than the prime minister? How long has the Conservative Party been in power? The army seized power after five days of anti-government demonstrations. noun (STRENGTH) C1 [ U ] strength: Our car doesn't have enough power to tow a trailer. Weightlifters have tremendous power in their arms and legs. Scientists are working to harness the power of the atom. The economic power of many Asian countries has grown dramatically in recent years. noun (STRENGTH) C1 [ U ] strength: Our car doesn't have enough power to tow a trailer. Weightlifters have tremendous power in their arms and legs. Scientists are working to harness the power of the atom. The economic power of many Asian countries has grown dramatically in recent years.

impression

noun (EFFECT) B2 [ S ] the way that something seems, looks, or feels to a particular person: It makes/gives/creates a very bad impression if you're late for an interview. [ + (that) ] He likes to give the impression (that) he's terribly popular and has lots of friends. More examples Thesaurus: synonyms and related words impression noun (COPY) [ C ] an attempt at copying another person's manner and speech, etc., especially in order to make people laugh: She does a really good impression of the president. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words impression noun (MARK) [ C ] a mark made on the surface of something by pressing an object onto it: There were impressions around her ankles made by the tops of her socks. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words impression noun (BOOKS) [ C usually singular ] UK (US printing) all the copies of a book that have been printed at the same time without any changes being made: This is the second impression of the encyclopedia. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words Idiom make an impression on sb impression noun impression noun (OPINION) [ C ] an idea or opinion of what someone or something is like: It makes a bad impression if you're late for an interview. [ + that clause ] I get the impression that she's rather shy. [ + that clause ] I was under the impression that you didn't like your job (= I was wrong to think that you did not like your job). impression noun (EFFECT) [ U ] effect or influence on the way someone feels or thinks: All our warnings made little impression on him. impression noun (MARK) [ C ] a mark made on the surface of something by pressing an object into it: The bookcase had left an impression in the rug. (อิมเพรซ' เชิน) n. รอยประทับ, รอยกด, รอยพิมพ์, รอยฝังใจ, สิ่งที่ประทับใจ, การประทับใจ., See also: impressional adj. impressionally adv., Syn. imprint, mark, print, effect, influence

promotion

noun (ENCOURAGE) B2 [ C or U ] activities to advertise something: a sales promotion There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of wine. Obviously as sales manager he'll be very involved in the promotion and marketing of the product. C1 [ U ] the act of encouraging something to happen or develop: the promotion of a healthy lifestyle noun (RAISE) B2 [ C or U ] the act of raising someone to a higher or more important position or rank: Did Steve get/Was Steve given the promotion he wanted? The job offers excellent promotion prospects. [ U, C or U ] mainly UK If a sports team wins promotion, it moves to a higher division at the end of the season: River Plate's win last night has considerably increased their chances of promotion this season.

reason

noun (EXPLANATION) A2 [ C or U ] the cause of an event or situation or something that provides an excuse or explanation: The reason for the disaster was engine failure, not human error. [ + question word ] The reason why grass is green was a mystery to the little boy. [ + (that) ] The reason (that) I'm calling is to ask a favour. not standard The reason I walked out was because I was bored. [ + to infinitive ] The police have (every good) reason to believe that he is guilty. She was furious, and with reason (= with good cause). For some reason/For reasons best known to himself (= for reasons no one else knows about) he's decided to leave his job. by reason of formal because of: He's always asked to these occasions by reason of his position. I see no reason for us to depart from our usual practice. Car exhaust is the main reason for the city's pollution. noun (JUDGMENT) [ U ] the ability of a healthy mind to think and make judgments, especially based on practical facts: We humans believe that we are the only animals to have the power of reason. mainly UK old-fashioned He lost his reason (= became mentally ill) when both his parents were killed in the crash. within reason C2 within the limits of what is acceptable and possible: We can wear anything we like to the office, within reason. verb [ T ] to try to understand and to make judgments based on practical facts: [ + (that) ] Newton reasoned (that) there must be a force such as gravity I spent hours reasoning out the solution to the puzzle. (รี'เซิน) n. เหตุผล,มูลเหตุ,สติสัมปชัญญะ,ความสำนึก,การพิจารณาที่ดี,จิตปกติ,ความพอควร,ความไม่บ้า vi. คิดอย่างมีเหตุผล,ชี้แจงอย่างมีเหตุผล vt. คิดอย่างมีเหตุผล,คิดคำนวณในใจ,สรุป,ชี้แจงเหตุผล -Phr. (by reason of เพราะ), See also: reasoner n.

shoal

noun (FISH) [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a large number of fish swimming as a group: We could see shoals of tiny fish darting around. Piranhas often feed in shoals. noun (PEOPLE/THINGS) [ C usually plural ] informal a large number of things or people: In the summer, tourists visit the city in shoals. shoal noun (RAISED AREA) [ C ] GEOLOGY specialized a raised area of sand or rocks under the surface of the water (โชล) n. หาดตื้น,ที่ตื้น,สันดอน,คนจำนวนมาก,ฝูงปลา,สิ่งของจำนวนมาก adj. ตื้น. vi. กลายเป็นตื้น. vt. ทำให้ตื้น,เกยตื้นvi. จับกลุ่ม,อยู่กันเป็นฝูง

crew

noun (GROUP OF PEOPLE) B1 [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a group of people who work together, especially all those who work on and operate a ship, aircraft, etc.: an ambulance/lifeboat crew a TV/film/camera crew The aircraft has/carries a crew of seven. See also aircrew [ C ] the people who work on a ship, aircraft, etc. who are not officers: Apart from the ten officers, a crew of 90 takes care of the 300 passengers. noun (ROWING) [ U ] US the sport of rowing a boat (= causing it to move through water using poles with flat ends called oars): I'd never participated in any team sports until I did crew. She donated millions of dollars to make women's crew a varsity sport. Porterfield would go on to row crew for the US national team. He plays hockey and rows on the crew team. verb [ I or T ] If you crew a boat, or crew for someone on their boat, you help to sail it. (ครู) n. กลุ่มคน,ลูกเรือ,พวกลูกเรือ,บรรดาเพื่อนร่วมงาน,หน่วยทหารติดอาวุธ vi. ทำหน้าที่เป็นลูกเรือ -v. อดีตกาลของcrow, Syn. squad,group,team

bunch

noun (GROUP) B1 [ C ] a number of things of the same type fastened together or in a close group: a bunch of flowers/grapes/bananas/keys mainly US informal The reorganization will give us a whole bunch (= a lot) of problems. B1 [ S ] a group of people: They're a bunch of jerks. Your friends are a nice bunch. the best/pick of the bunch the best person or thing from a group of similar people or things: Send in your poems and we'll publish the best of the bunch. Those builders are a bunch of cowboys - they made a terrible job of our extension. These politicians are just a bunch of crooks. noun (HAIRSTYLE) bunches [ plural ] UK If a girl has her hair in bunches, it is tied together in two parts with one at each side of her head: (บันชฺ) {bunched,bunching,bunches} n. กลุ่ม,ช่อ,พวง,เครือ,พวก,ก้อน,ปุ่ม,รังแร่เล็ก vt.,vi. รวมกันเป็นกลุ่ม,มัดเป็นกลุ่ม,ร้อยเป็นพวง,มัดเป็นช่อ,รวมเป็นกอง, Syn. cluster

Government

noun (GROUP) B1 [ C, + sing/pl verb ] (written abbreviation govt) the group of people who officially control a country: the government of Israel The government is/are expected to announce its/their tax proposals today. The minister has announced that there will be no change in government policy. Senior government officials will be attending a meeting tomorrow. Theatre companies are very concerned about cuts in government grants to the arts. A government enquiry has been launched. noun (SYSTEM) B2 [ U ] the system used for controlling a country, city, or group of people: The 1990s saw a shift to democratic government in Eastern Europe. What this state needs is really strong government. B2 [ U ] the activities involved in controlling a country, city, group of people, etc.: The party that was elected to power has no experience of government. UK The party was in government (= controlled the country) for four years in the 1960s. (กัฟ'เวิร์เมินทฺ) n. รัฐบาล,การปกครอง, See also: governmental adj., Syn. order,rule control ###A. anarchy,chaos

flock

noun (GROUP) [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a group of sheep, goats, or birds: a flock of sheep/goats/geese The shepherd is bringing his flock down from the hills. [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a large group of people, usually people of a particular type: A noisy flock of tourists came into the building. The priest invited all the members of his flock (= all the people who go to his church) to attend the special service. noun (MATERIAL) [ U ] (US also flocking) soft material used for filling objects such as cushions, or soft material that forms a raised pattern on wallpaper or curtains verb (MOVE IN GROUP) [ I usually + adv/prep ] to move or come together in large numbers: Hundreds of people flocked to the football match. [ + to infinitive ] Crowds of people flocked to see the Picasso exhibition. flock verb (DECORATE) [ T ] to cover a surface with a soft material in order to decorate it: You can flock a living Christmas tree to achieve the effect of natural snow. a flocked greetings card (ฟลอค) n. ฝูง,โขยง,กลุ่ม,หมู่,ผู้คนจำนวนมาก,ฝูงชน,ก้อน,กลุ่มก้อน. vi. รวมกลุ่ม,จับกลุ่ม,ออ, Syn. herd,group

relief

noun (HAPPINESS) B2 [ S or U ] a feeling of happiness that something unpleasant has not happened or has ended: [ + to infinitive ] It was such a relief to hear that Marta was found safe and well. After the exam, I felt an incredible sense of relief. "James can't come tonight." "Well, that's a relief!" to seek/find/provide relief from the heat/cold/pain/noise We both heaved a sigh of relief when she left. To the bride's relief, the wedding ceremony went off without a hitch. She gave an audible sigh of relief. noun (HELP) C2 [ C or U ] food, money, or services that provide help for people in need: an international relief operation relief agencies/supplies Musicians have raised millions of dollars for famine relief in Africa. noun (RAISED AREA) [ U ] a method of raising shapes above a flat surface so that they appear to stand out slightly from it: Coins have pictures on them in relief. [ C ] ART specialized a sculpture made from a flat surface in which the forms are raised above the surface: stone reliefs

details

noun (INFORMATION) B1 [ C ] a single piece of information or fact about something: She insisted on telling me every single detail of what they did to her in hospital. We don't know the full/precise details of the story yet. She refused to disclose/divulge any details about/of the plan. details [ plural ] A2 information about someone or something: A police officer took down the details of what happened. UK Can I have your details (= name and address, etc.), please? the small features of something that you only notice when you look carefully: I was just admiring the detail in the doll's house - even the tins of food have labels on them. It's his eye for (= ability to notice) detail that distinguishes him as a painter. in detail B1 including or considering all the information about something or every part of something: We haven't discussed the matter in detail yet. The book described her suffering in graphic detail. He talked in great detail about the furniture he's chosen for the living room. go into detail B2 to tell or include all the facts about something: I won't go into detail over the phone, but I've been having a few health problems recently. [ C ] a part of something that does not seem important: Tony says, he's going to get the car, and finding the money to pay for it is just a minor detail. verb (GIVE INFORMATION) to describe something completely, giving all the facts: [ + question word ] Can you produce a report detailing what we've spent on the project so far? verb (ORDER) [ T + to infinitive, often passive ] to order someone, often a small group of soldiers or workers, to perform a particular task: Four soldiers were detailed to check the road for troops. verb (CLEAN CAR) [ T ] to clean the inside and outside of a vehicle very carefully: You can skip the car wash; Rogers has all the equipment to wash and detail your car in your own driveway. (ดี'เทล) n. รายละเอียด,ข้อปลีกย่อย,ส่วนย่อย vt. แจ้งรายละเอียด,แต่งตั้งหรือสั่งให้ปฎิบัติการพิเศษ

union

noun (JOINING) B2 [ S or U ] the act or the state of being joined together: Meanwhile the debate on European political and monetary union continues. formal She believes that the union (= marriage) of man and woman in holy matrimony is for ever. the Union [ S ] (in the American Civil War) the states that did not separate from the United States noun (WORKERS) B1 [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a trade union : the electricians' union (ยู'เนียน) n. การรวมกัน,ความสามัคคี,การสอดคล้องกัน,การสมรสกัน,การสังวาส,สหภาพ,สหพันธรัฐ,องค์การกรรมกร,เครื่องมือเชื่อมต่อ,ส่งท่อร่วม,การเชื่อมกัน. -Phr. (the Union สโมสรนักศึกษามหาวิทยาลัยสหรัฐอเมริกา (สมัยก่อน)), Syn. unification

trip

noun (JOURNEY) A2 [ C ] a journey in which you go somewhere, usually for a short time, and come back again: The trip from York to Newcastle takes about an hour by train. We're going on a trip to Norway this summer. I thought we might hire a motorboat and take a trip round/around the bay. mainly UK We can't afford another trip abroad this year. It's a ten-mile trip from the airport to the hotel. She's away on a business trip and won't be back until next week. Do you want to go on the school trip to France this year? I was thinking we could go on a shopping trip to New York this weekend. noun (EXPERIENCE) [ C ] slang an experience in which someone sees, hears, or feels things that do not exist as a result of taking an illegal drug: If you take this stuff when you're depressed, you'll have a really bad trip. [ C usually singular ] mainly US informal a person or experience that is strange or entertaining and exciting: My science teacher is such a trip - he says the most bizarre things. guilt/power/ego trip disapproving a period of time when you experience a particular feeling strongly: She's been on a real power trip since she became the office manager. I suffer from the classic working mother's guilt trip. verb (MOVE) [ I usually + adv/prep ] to move with quick, gentle steps: She looked stunning as she tripped down the stairs in her ball gown. verb (SWITCH) [ T ] to move a switch that operates an electrical system, or to cause such a system to start or stop working by moving a switch: A special system prevents the circuitry from being tripped accidentally by a power surge or lightning strike. verb (EXPERIENCE) [ I ] slang to experience the effects of taking an illegal drug that causes the user to see, hear, or feel things that do not exist: As a student he spent a lot of time tripping out on LSD. verb (LOSE BALANCE) B2 [ I or T ] to lose your balance after knocking your foot against something when you are walking or running, or to cause someone to do this: He tripped and fell down, grazing his knee. That cable is dangerous. Someone might trip over it. He was sent off for deliberately tripping Robson when he was about to score. n. การเดินทาง

court

noun (LAW) B2 [ C usually singular, U ] a place where trials and other legal cases happen, or the people present in such a place, especially the officials and those deciding if someone is guilty: Protestors gathered outside the court to await the verdict. He's due to appear in court again on Monday. Please describe to the court exactly what you saw. the European Court of Human Rights The lack of evidence means that the case is unlikely to go to court. take sb to court to take legal action against someone: She's threatening to take me to court for not paying the bill on time. settle (a case) out of court to solve a legal disagreement without taking legal action: The newspaper has agreed to settle out of court. noun (SPORT) B1 [ C ] an area drawn out on the ground that is used for playing sports such as tennis and basketball: a tennis/volleyball/basketball/squash court They were penalized for having too many players on the court. noun (OPEN AREA) [ C ] mainly UK an area or a short road that is not covered by a roof and is mostly or completely surrounded by buildings: You really should go and see the medieval court in the castle. noun (ROYALTY) [ C or U ] the official home of a queen or king: the courts of Renaissance Europe He quickly lost his popularity at court. [ S, + sing/pl verb ] the important people who live in the official home of a queen or king or who work for or advise them verb (PLEASE) [ T ] to try to please someone because you want them to join you: Adams is being courted by a number of football clubs. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words court verb (TRY TO GET) [ T ] to try to get something, especially attention or support from other people: She courts publicity by inviting journalists to extravagant parties. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words court verb (RISK) [ T ] to risk something unpleasant, especially by behaving stupidly or carelessly: Drinking and driving is simply courting disaster. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words court verb (HAVE A RELATIONSHIP) [ I or T ] old-fashioned to have a romantic relationship with someone that you hope to marry: They courted for two years before getting married. (คอร์ท) {courted,courting,courts} n. สนาม,ลาน,ศาล,คณะกรรมการบริหาร,ราชสำนัก,สภา,การเกี้ยว,การประจบ,การแส่หาเรื่อง vt.,vi. เกี้ยว,ประจบ,จีบ,แส่หาเรื่อง -Phr. (the Court of St. Jame's ราชสำนักอังกฤษ)

patent

noun (LEGAL RIGHT) [ C ] the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years: In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent on an apparatus for signalling and communicating called a Photophone. The company took out/filed a patent on a genetically engineered tomato. verb [ T ] to get the official legal right to make or sell an invention: If you don't patent your invention, other people may make all the profit out of it. adjective (OBVIOUS) [ before noun ] formal US UK /ˈpeɪ.tənt/ very obvious: a patent lie a patent disregard of the law "No," he replied, with patent distaste. (แพท'ทันทฺ) n. สิทธิบัตร adj. ซึ่งได้รับการคุ้มครองจากสิทธิบัตร,ได้รับประโยชน์เฉพาะตัว

wood

noun (MATERIAL) A2 [ C or U ] a hard substance that forms the branches and trunks of trees and can be used as a building material, for making things, or as a fuel: He gathered some wood to build a fire. She attached a couple of planks of wood to the wall for shelves. Mahogany is a hard wood and pine is a soft wood. The room was heated by a wood-burning stove. [ C ] a type of golf club (= long, thin stick) with a rounded wooden end, used for hitting the ball over long distances: He likes to use a number 2 wood to tee off. an area of land covered with a thick growth of trees: an oak wood We went for a walk in the woods after lunch. adjective UK /wʊd/ US /wʊd/ made of wood: Solid wood furniture is sturdy and durable. We sanded and polished the wood floor in the living room. Much of the original 18th-century wood panelling was destroyed in the fire.

means

noun (METHOD) B2 [ C ] a method or way of doing something: They had no means of communication. We need to find some other means of transportation. We need to use every means at our disposal. She tried to explain by means of sign language. There is no means of tracing the debt at all. The family had no means of support (= way of getting money). Television is an increasingly important means of communication. Exams are not the only means of assessing a student's ability. Well, we'll just have to find some other means of persuading her. There must be some means by which wealth can be distributed more equitably. Another means of preventing further flooding would be to deepen the river bed. noun (MONEY) C2 [ plural ] money, for example from an income, that allows you to buy things: [ + to infinitive ] He has the means to buy half the houses in the street if he wanted to. live beyond your means to spend more money than you receive as income live within your means to spend less money than you receive as income a man/woman of means a rich man/woman (n ) วิธีการ, เครื่องมือ, มาตรการ

difference

noun (NOT THE SAME) A2 [ C or U ] the way in which two or more things which you are comparing are not the same: What's the difference between an ape and a monkey? Is there any significant difference in quality between these two items? make a (big) difference B2 (also make all the difference) to improve a situation (a lot): Exercise can make a big difference to your state of health. Putting up some new wallpaper has made all the difference to the place. not make any difference B2 (also not make the slightest difference) to not change a situation in any way: You can ask him again if you want, but it won't make any difference - he'll still say no. It makes no difference where you put the plants - they won't grow in this soil. with a difference used to say that something is unusual, and more interesting or better than other things of the same type: Try new Cremetti - the ice cream with a difference. Can you tell the the difference between poisonous mushrooms and edible varieties? I forget the exact age difference between Mark and his brother - they're two or three years apart. noun (NOT AGREEING) C2 [ C usually plural ] a disagreement: They had a terrible argument a few weeks ago, but now they've settled/resolved their differences. have a difference of opinion to disagree: They had a difference of opinion about/over their child's education. difference noun (AMOUNT) B1 [ C or U ] the amount by which one thing is different from another: a(n) age/price/temperature difference There's a big difference in age between them. There's a difference of eight years between them. (ดิฟ'เฟอเรินซฺ) n. ความแตกต่าง,ข้อแตกต่าง,จำนวนแตกต่างกัน. vt. ทำให้แตกต่าง,แบ่งแยกข้อแตกต่าง

present

noun (NOW) the present B1 [ S ] the period of time that is happening now, not the past or the future: That's all for the present. The play is set in the present. noun (SOMETHING GIVEN) A2 [ C ] (UK informal prezzie); (or pressie, UK/ˈprez.i/ US/ˈprez.i/) something that you are given, without asking for it, on a special occasion, especially to show friendship, or to say thank you: a birthday/Christmas/wedding present They gave me theatre tickets as a present. at present B1 formal now: "Are you busy?" "Not at present." At present she's working abroad. adjective (IN A PLACE) B1 [ after verb ] in a particular place: The whole family was present. There were no children present. adjective (NOW) [ before noun ] happening or existing now: I don't have her present address. Please state your present occupation and salary. verb [T] (GIVE) B2 to give, provide, or make something known: The winners were presented with medals. The letter presented the family with a problem that would be difficult to solve. The documentary presented us with a balanced view of the issue. He presented the report to his colleagues at the meeting. verb [T] (INTRODUCE) B2 UK to introduce a television or radio show: She presents the late-night news. formal to introduce a person: May I present Professor Carter? Later on I'd like to present you to the headteacher. present yourself to arrive somewhere and introduce yourself: He presented himself at the doctor's at 9.30 a.m. as arranged. present itself C2 If something presents itself, it happens: An opportunity suddenly presented itself. เพรส'เซินทฺ) adj. มีอยู่,ปรากฎอยู่,ปัจจุบัน,เดี๋ยวนี้,ต่อหน้า,เข้าร่วม n. เวลาปัจจุบัน,ขณะนี้,กริยาปัจจุบัน vt. เสนอ,ให้,ยื่น,มอบ,แนะนำ,นำเข้าพบ,บรรยาย,แสดงให้เห็น,เล็ง (ปืน) ,ฟ้องร้อง n. ของขวัญ, See also: presents n. เอกสารปัจจุบัน -Phr. (at pres

vented

noun (OPENING) [ C ] a small opening that allows air, smoke, or gas to enter or leave a closed space: If you have a gas fire in a room, you should have some kind of outside vent. [ C ] a cut in the bottom of a piece of clothing to allow the person wearing it to move more easily: The skirt is long and straight with two side vents. verb [ I or T ] C2 to express a negative emotion in a forceful and often unfair way: Please don't shout - there's no need to vent your frustration/anger/rage/spleen on me. I didn't mean to upset anyone, I just needed to vent. noun (EXPRESS FEELINGS) give vent to sth C2 to express a negative emotion in a forceful and often unfair way: The meeting will be an opportunity for everyone to give vent to their feelings. (เวนทฺ) n. รูเปิด,ช่อง,ทางออก,ช่องอากาศ,ปากกระบอกปืน,ทวาร,ทวารหนัก,ช่องขับถ่าย. vt. เปิดทางออกให้,ระบายออก,ขับออก (เวนทฺ) n. การแสดงออก,การเปล่งเสียง,การขับออก. vt. แสดงออก,ปล่อยอารมณ์,ระบาย,ทำให้บรรเทา,จัดให้มีทางออก. vi. ระบาย,ผ่อนคลาย,บรรเทาลง, Syn. expression,utterance,outlet,passage,express,air

track

noun (PATH) C1 [ C or U ] the pair of long metal bars fixed on the ground at an equal distance from each other, along which trains travel: a ten-mile stretch of track Passengers are requested not to walk across the tracks. B1 [ C ] UK a path or rough road that is made of soil rather than having a surface covered with stone or other material: The house is at the end of a dirt/an unmade track. More examples The horse and cart jogged down the rough track towards the farm. There's a track that leads directly to the reservoir. After a while the narrow track merges with a wider path. noun (SPORT) B1 [ C ] a type of path or road, often in the shape of a ring, that has been specially designed and built for sports events, especially racing: an all-weather track a dog/horse track The runners are now on their final lap of the track. B2 [ U ] US a sport in which people compete with each other by running a race on a specially prepared circular path: a track event Sam runs track on the high school team. [ U ] US (also track and field); (UK athletics) the general name for a particular group of sports in which people compete, including running, jumping, and throwing noun (MARKS) B2 [ C usually plural ] a mark or line of marks left on the ground or on another surface by an animal, person, or vehicle that has moved over it, showing the direction they moved in: Police found tyre tracks in the mud. The hunters followed the tracks of the deer for hours. The burglars were careful not to leave any tracks behind them be on the track of sb/sth to be examining marks or pieces of information that show where a person or animal has gone, in order to catch him, her, or it: The police are on the track of the killer. noun (DIRECTION) [ C ] the direction that something has taken or will take through the air: People living in the track of the hurricane have been advised to leave their homes until it has passed. noun (DEVELOPMENT) C2 [ C or U ] the direction in which someone's job or education develops: She was a lawyer, but then she changed track completely and became a doctor. [ C usually singular ] the way in which a thought or idea has developed or might develop: I found it difficult to follow the track of his argument. verb (FOLLOW) C2 [ T ] to follow a person or animal by looking for proof that they have been somewhere, or by using electronic equipment: It's difficult to track an animal over stony ground. The military use radar satellites to track targets through clouds and at night. The terrorists were tracked to (= found in) Amsterdam.

rent

noun (PAYMENT) A2 [ C or U ] a fixed amount of money that you pay regularly for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc. that someone else owns: I pay a higher rent/more rent than the other tenants because my room is bigger. Rents here are ridiculously high/low. for rent offered by the owner for someone else to use in exchange for money The rent is due at the end of the month. Tenants who fall behind in their rent risk being evicted. We're really struggling to find enough money to pay the rent at the moment. noun (HOLE) [ C ] formal a large hole torn in a piece of material: There was a large rent in his parachute. verb (PAY TO USE) A2 [ T ] to pay or receive a fixed amount of money for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc.: I rented a car from a garage so that I could get about. [ + two objects ] The old lady rented me her spare bedroom for £200 a week. My Dad has a villa that he rents (out) to tourists. (เรนทฺ) n. ค่าเช่า,การเช่า,ทรัพย์สินที่ให้เช่า,รอยแยก,รูฉีก,รูขาด,การแตกร้าว vt.,vi. ให้เช่า,กิริยาช่อง2และ3ของrend (ดู) -Phr. (for rent ให้เช่า), See also: rentability n. rentable adj.

staff

noun (PEOPLE) A2 [ S, + sing/pl verb ] the group of people who work for an organization: There is a good relationship between staff and pupils at the school. The staff are not very happy about the latest pay increase. [ C usually singular ] Indian English a person who works for an organization Has the news been communicated to the staff yet? She thanked the staff for their dedication and enthusiasm. noun (STICK) [ C ] formal a long, strong stick held in the hand that is used as a support when walking, as a weapon, or as a symbol of authority noun (MUSIC) [ C ] US (UK stave) the five lines and four spaces between them on which musical notes are written verb [ T ] to be or provide the people who work for an organization: Many charity shops in Britain are staffed by/with volunteers. (สทาฟ) n. ไม้เท้า,ไม้ราว,เสาค้ำ,เครื่องค้ำจุน,เสา,เสาธง,ตะพด,ตะบอง,ด้าม,ไม้รังวัด,ไม้สัญญาณ,ไม้แสดง อำนาจ,คทา,ด้าม,ป้ายทาง,เส้นขีดขวางที่เป็นโน๊ตเพลงห้าเส้น,คณะผู้ร่วมงาน,คณะเสมียนพนักงาน,คณะเสนาธิการ,เสนาธิการ adj. เกี่ยวกับคณะเสนาธิการ,เกี่ยวกับคณะผู้ร่วมงาน

youth

noun (PERIOD/STATE) B2 [ S or U ] the period of your life when you are young, or the state of being young: I was a fairly good football player in my youth. The first volume is the author's account of his misspent youth in the bars of Dublin. He looks like a man who's found the secret to eternal youth (= staying young). You may not have played tennis as often as him, but at least you've got youth on your side (= you are young). noun (BOY) [ C ] disapproving a boy or a young man: Gangs of youths were throwing stones and bottles at the police. noun (YOUNG PEOPLE) B1 [ U, + sing/pl verb ] young people, both male and female, considered as a group: the youth of today the nation's disaffected youth (ยูธ) n. ความเป็นหนุ่มเป็นสาว,วัยหนุ่มวัยสาว,ยุวชน,เด็กหนุ่มสาว,คนหนุ่มคนสาว,ระยะแรกเริ่ม pl. youths

crops

noun (PLANT) B1 [ C ] (the total amount collected of) a plant such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable grown in large amounts: The main crops grown for export are coffee and rice. a bumper (= very good) potato crop After three crop failures in a row, the people face starvation. He gave a lecture on crop and animal husbandry. This year's harvest was one of the most successful since the record crop of 1985. noun (GROUP) [ C usually singular ] informal a group of people or things with something in common, that exist at a particular time: The judges will select the best from this year's crop of first novels. noun (HAIRSTYLE) [ C ] a short hairstyle: Her hair was cut in a short crop. noun (THROAT) [ C ] a part of the throat in many birds where food is stored before going into the stomach noun (STICK) [ C ] a short stick used to control a horse by hitting it verb (CUT) [ T ] to make something shorter or smaller, especially by cutting: He had his hair cropped when he went into the army. [ T ] When animals such as sheep or horses crop grass or other plants, they eat the top parts. [ T ] to remove some or all of the edges from a picture, leaving only the most important part: He cropped the photo so that only the face remained. verb (PLANT) [ I usually + adv/prep ] If a plant crops, it produces fruit, flowers, etc.: The carrots have cropped (= grown) well this year. [ T usually passive ] to grow crops on land: The land is intensively cropped.

prospect

noun (POSSIBILITY) B2 [ C or U ] the possibility that something good might happen in the future: Is there any prospect of the weather improving? There seems little prospect of an end to the dispute. [ + that ] There's not much prospect that this war will be over soon. There's every prospect of success. prospects B2 [ plural ] the possibility of being successful, especially at work: She's hoping the course will improve her career prospects. Prospects of/for (= opportunities for) employment remain bleak for most people in the area. C2 [ S ] the idea of something that will or might happen in the future: The prospect of spending three whole days with her fills me with horror. I'm very excited at the prospect of seeing her again. We face the prospect of having to start all over again. [ C ] a person who might be chosen, for example as an employee: We'll be interviewing four more prospects for the jobs this afternoon. He cheered up at the prospect of a meal. The prospect of working full-time fills me with dread. Spending 12 hours on a plane isn't a very attractive prospect. The prospect of parenthood filled her with horror. She's relishing the prospect of studying in Bologna for six months. prospect noun (VIEW) [ C ] formal a good view of a large land area or of a city: From the restaurant there was a marvellous prospect of/over the valley and the mountains beyond. verb [ I ] UK /ˈprɒs.pekt/ US /ˈprɑː.spekt/ to search for gold, oil, or other valuable substances on or under the surface of the earth: to prospect for oil/gold (n,v) โอกาส, การคาดการณ์, การคาดหวัง, ค้นหา

credit

noun (PRAISE) B2 [ U ] praise, approval, or honour: She got no credit for solving the problem. Her boss took credit for it/took (all) the credit instead. To her (great) credit, she admitted she was wrong. I gave him credit for (= thought that he would have) better judgment than he showed. be a credit to sb/sth to do something that makes a person, group, or organization feel proud or receive praise: She is a credit to her family. do your family, parents, teacher, etc. credit to cause someone who has been or is responsible for you to receive praise by your good behaviour or successful actions: She does her teachers credit. all credit to sb used to show that you think a person deserves a lot of praise for something that they have done: All credit to her, she did it all herself. noun (MONEY) B1 [ U ] a method of paying for goods or services at a later time, usually paying interest as well as the original money: They decided to buy the car on credit. The shop was offering six months' (interest-free) credit on electronic goods. [ C or U ] money in your bank account: I was relieved to see from my statement that my account was in credit. noun (COURSE UNIT) B2 [ C ] a unit that represents a successfully finished part of an educational course: Each of these classes is worth three credits. verb (PAY) [ T ] to pay money into a bank account: They credited my account with $20 after I pointed out the mistake. credit verb (BELIEVE) [ T not continuous ] to believe something that seems unlikely to be true: He even tried to pretend he was my son - can you credit it? It was hard to credit some of the stories we heard about her. (เครด'ดิท) {credited,crediting,credits} n. ความน่าไว้วางใจ,ความเชื่อถือ,ชื่อเสียง,เกียรติยศ,เกียรติภูมิ,ฐานะ,หลักฐาน,สินเชื่อ,การเชื่อของ,เงินสินเชื่อ,เงินคงเหลือในธนาคาร,บัญชีรายรับ,หน่วยกิตวิชา,หนังสือรับรองสินเชื่อ vt. เชื่อถือ,ไว้วางใจ,เลื่อมใส,นำชื่อ

strain

noun (PRESSURE) B2 [ C usually singular or U ] a force or influence that stretches, pulls, or puts pressure on something, sometimes causing damage: The hurricane put such a strain on the bridge that it collapsed. As you get older, excess weight puts a lot of strain on the heart. Their constant arguments were putting a strain on their marriage. The recent decline in the dollar has put a bigger strain on the economic system. Migration into the cities is putting a strain on already stretched resources. C2 [ C ] an injury to a muscle or similar soft part of the body caused by using that part too much: a groin/hamstring strain eyestrain B2 [ C or U ] something that makes you feel nervous and worried: She's a lot better than she was but she's still not ready to face the stresses and strains of a job. He's been under a lot of strain recently. a groin strain His muscles knotted with the strain. noun (TYPE) [ C ] a particular type or quality: A strain of puritanism runs through all her work. [ C ] an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics are different in some way from others of the same group: Scientists have discovered a new strain of the virus which is much more dangerous. noun (MUSIC) strains [ plural ] the sound of music being played or performed: I could hear the strains of Mozart in the background. verb (PRESSURE) B2 [ I or T ] to become stretched or to experience pressure, or to make something do or experience this: I've put on such a lot of weight recently - this dress is straining at the seams. I strained a muscle in my back playing squash. Don't watch TV in the dark - you'll strain your eyes! [ + to infinitive ] figurative I really had to strain (= try very hard) to reach those top notes. figurative I was straining (my ears) (= listening hard) to hear what they were saying. verb (SEPARATE) [ T ] to separate liquid food from solid food, especially by pouring it through a utensil with small holes in it: Could you strain the vegetables, please. The oil in which the fish is fried is strained off and used to cook potatoes. verb (MONEY) C2 [ T ] to cause too much of something to be used, especially money: Increases in wholesale oil prices have strained the company's finances.

estate

noun (PROPERTY) B2 [ C ] a large area of land in the country that is owned by a family or an organization and is often used for growing crops or raising animals: It's a typical country estate with a large house for the owner, farm buildings, and estate workers' houses. [ C ] LAW specialized everything that a person owns when they die : She left her entire estate to her niece. The estate for sale includes two miles of river frontage. What acreage is her estate ? With the income from the family estate, she's in clover. noun (BUILDINGS) B2 [ C ] UK a group of houses or factories built in a planned way: a housing estate an industrial estate (= a group of factories) noun (CAR) [ C ] UK (also estate car); (US station wagon) a car with a lot of space behind the back seat and an extra door at the back for putting in large objects noun (STATE) [ U ] old use a state of being: the holy estate of marriage (อีสเทท') n. หลักทรัพย์ที่ดินและสิ่งก่อสร้างที่ติดดินผืนใหญ่,ที่ดิน,ทรัพย์สิน,ฐานันดร,กลุ่มการเมือง,กลุ่มสังคม, -Phr. (the fourth estate ฐานันดรที่4 (นักหนังสือพิมพ์)) -Phr. (the Three Estates ฐานันดรทั้ง 3 ในยุคศักดินายุโรปได้แก่พระ ขุนนางและสามัญชน)

feature

noun (QUALITY) B2 [ C ] a typical quality or an important part of something: The town's main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace. Our latest model of phone has several new features. A unique feature of these rock shelters was that they were dry. [ C ] a part of a building or of an area of land: a geographical feature This tour includes the area's best-known natural features, including the Gullfoss waterfall. The most striking feature of the house was a huge two-storey room running the entire width and height of the building. B2 [ C usually plural ] one of the parts of someone's face that you notice when you look at them: He has wonderful strong features. regular (= even and attractive) features Her eyes are her best feature. A unique feature of these rock shelters was that they were dry. The car has some excellent design features. He has wonderful strong features. noun (ARTICLE) C2 [ C ] a special article in a newspaper or magazine, or a part of a television or radio broadcast, that deals with a particular subject: a double-page feature on global warming noun (FILM) [ C ] (also feature film) a film that is usually 90 or more minutes long verb [ I + adv/prep, T ] B2 to include someone or something as an important part: The movie features James Dean as a disaffected teenager. This week's broadcast features a report on victims of domestic violence. It's an Australian company whose logo features a red kangaroo. (ฟี'เชอะ) n. หน้าตา,ลักษณะโฉมหน้า,ภูมิประเทศ,ลักษณะเฉพาะ,สารคดีพิเศษ,รูป,แบบ. vt. เป็นลักษณะเฉพาะ,เป็นลักษณะสำคัญ,ทำให้เด่น, Syn. attribute

appeal to

noun (REQUEST) C1 [ C ] a request to the public for money, information, or help: They're launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine victims. [ + to infinitive ] The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the area over the weekend. No witnesses to the accident have come forward yet, despite the police's appeal. The missing child's distraught parents made an emotional appeal for information on TV. The appeal for people to donate blood was very successful. noun (LEGAL)[ C or U ] a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision: The case went to the court of appeal/the appeal court. He won his appeal and the sentence was halved. noun (QUALITY)B2 [ U ] the quality in someone or something that makes him, her, or it attractive or interesting: sex appeal Spielberg's movies have a wide appeal. This used to be a marvellous hotel but it has lost its appeal in recent years. verb (REQUEST)C1 [ I ] to make a serious or formal request, especially to the public, for money, information, or help: They're appealing for clothes and blankets to send to the devastated region. The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl. I tried to appeal to (= ask for support based on) his sense of loyalty, stressing how good the company had been to him. [ + to infinitive ] Church leaders have appealed to the government to halt the war. verb (LEGAL) [ I ] to request a higher court of law to consider again a decision made by a lower court, especially in order to reduce or prevent a punishment: The teenager has been given leave (= allowed) by the High Court to appeal against her two-year sentence. They're appealing to the court to reduce the sentence to a fine. [ I ] to formally request that a legal or official decision be changed: The parents appealed against the school's decision not to admit the child. The players appealed to the referee for a free kick. appeal verb (ATTRACT) B2 [ I not continuous ] to interest or attract someone: It's a programme designed to appeal mainly to 16 to 25-year-olds. I think what appeals to me about his painting is his use of colour. UK I haven't been skiing - it's never really [PHRV] ดึงดูดใจ, See also: ทำให้สนใจ [PHRV] บอก, See also: ขอappealed.

litter

noun (RUBBISH) B2 [ U ] small pieces of rubbish that have been left lying on the ground in public places: About two percent of fast-food packaging ends up as litter. noun (BABY ANIMALS) [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a group of animals that are born at the same time and have the same mother: a litter of kittens picture of litter MIXA/GettyImages Thesaurus: synonyms and related words litter noun (BED) [ U ] dried grass or plant stems used by animals as a bed litter noun (ANIMAL TOILET) [ U ] a substance that is put in a container to be used as a toilet by pets: cat/pet litter verb [ T ] to spread across an area or place untidily: The park was littered with bottles and cans after the concert. Dirty clothes littered the floor of her bedroom. be littered with sth A place, document, or other object that is littered with something has or contains a lot of that thing: The newspaper has a reputation for being littered with spelling mistakes. [ I ] to drop rubbish on the ground in a public place: People who litter often have no pride in the area. (ลิท'เทอะ) {littered,littering,litters} n. เกี้ยว,แคร่,เปลหาม,เตียงหาม,คนหาม,ฟาง,หญ้าแห้ง,สิ่งหมักหมมบนพื้นดินของป่า,สิ่งเรี่ยราดกระจุดกระจาย,ลูกสัตว์คอกหนึ่ง vt. ทิ้งเรี่ยราด, ทิ้งกระจุยกระจาย, ทิ้งระเกะระกะ, ปูหญ้าหรือฟาง, ออกลูก (สัตว์)

loan

noun (SUM) B1 [ C ] an amount of money that is borrowed, often from a bank, and has to be paid back, usually together with an extra amount of money that you have to pay as a charge for borrowing: She's trying to get a $50,000 loan to start her own business. We could apply for/take out a loan to buy a car. More examples I had to take out a bank loan to start my own business. How much interest are you paying on the loan? The loan must be repaid within a specified period. noun (BORROW) C1 [ C or U ] an act of borrowing or lending something: Thank you very much for the loan of your bike. This exhibit is on loan (= being borrowed/lent) from/to another museum. verb [ T ] UK /ləʊn/ US /loʊn/ to lend: This library loans books and CDs. [ + two objects ] I'd loan you the money if I could./I'd loan the money to you if I could. (โลน) n. การให้ยืม,การให้กู้,สิ่งที่ให้ยืม,เงินที่ให้กู้. vt.,vi. ให้ยืม,ให้กู้, Syn. credit

loan

noun (SUM) B1 [ C ] an amount of money that is borrowed, often from a bank, and has to be paid back, usually together with an extra amount of money that you have to pay as a charge for borrowing: She's trying to get a $50,000 loan to start her own business. We could apply for/take out a loan to buy a car. I had to take out a bank loan to start my own business. How much interest are you paying on the loan? oun (BORROW) C1 [ C or U ] an act of borrowing or lending something: Thank you very much for the loan of your bike. This exhibit is on loan (= being borrowed/lent) from/to another museum. verb [ T ] to lend: This library loans books and CDs. [ + two objects ] I'd loan you the money if I could./I'd loan the money to you if I could. (โลน) n. การให้ยืม,การให้กู้,สิ่งที่ให้ยืม,เงินที่ให้กู้. vt.,vi. ให้ยืม,ให้กู้, Syn. credit

drama

noun (THEATRE) B1 [ C or U ] a play in a theatre or on television or radio, or plays and acting generally: She's starred in several TV dramas. He's the drama critic for the Times. She studied English and drama at college. used in expressions that refer to the type of play or film: a courtroom drama a historical drama noun (EXCITEMENT) B1 [ C ] an event or situation, especially an unexpected one, in which there is worry or excitement and usually a lot of action: We had a little drama last night when the oil in the pan caught fire. [ U ] the excitement and energy that is created by a lot of action and arguments: As a lawyer, he enjoyed the drama of the courtroom.

property

noun (THINGS OWNED) B1 [ U ] an object or objects that belong to someone: The club does not accept responsibility for loss of or damage to club members' personal property. Both books have "Government property" stamped inside them. Children need to be taught to have respect for other people's property. B2 [ C or U ] a building or area of land, or both together: He owns a number of properties on the south coast. The notice said "Private property - keep off!" Yes, I've bought my own house - I'm now a man/woman of property! [ U ] LAW specialized the legal right to own and use something More examples The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual. Apparently he was sacked after he was caught stealing company property. The police impounded cars and other personal property belonging to the drug dealers. The fire resulted in damage to their property. noun (QUALITY) [ C ] a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be used in a particular way: One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well. We value herbs for their taste, but we forget that they also have medicinal properties. (พรอพ'เพอที) n. ทรัพย์สิน,ทรัพย์สมบัติ,สมบัติ,ที่ดิน,สิทธิครอบครอง,กรรมสิทธิ์, (ปรัชญา) ,ลักษณะที่ไม่สำคัญ, (ละคร) เครื่องประ-ดับหรืออุปกรณ์, Syn. possessions,holding,attibute,trait,feature

dedication

noun (TIME/ENERGY) C1 [ U ] the willingness to give a lot of time and energy to something because it is important: He has always shown great dedication to the cause. She thanked the staff for their dedication and enthusiasm. The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers. The job requires a lot of enthusiasm, dedication and self-sacrifice. noun (OF BOOK, ETC.)[ C ] a statement that says in whose honour something has been written, made, performed, etc.: The dedication at the front of the book read "For my Father". noun (OF BUILDING) [ C ] a ceremony in which a building, especially a religious building, is opened for use and its purpose is stated

ceiling

noun (TOP OF A ROOM) A2 [ C ] the inside surface of a room that you can see when you look above you noun (LIMIT) C2 [ C usually singular ] an upper limit, usually relating to money: They have imposed/set a ceiling on pay rises. (ซีล'ลิง) n. เพดาน,ดาดฟ้า,การกรุฝาผนัง

qualification

noun (TRAINING) B1 [ C ] an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills, etc.: You'll never get a good job if you don't have any qualifications. Do you have any teaching/legal/medical/secretarial/academic qualifications? B2 [ C or U ] an ability, characteristic, or experience that makes you suitable for a particular job or activity: Some nursing experience is a necessary qualification for this job. [ + to infinitive ] One of the qualifications you need to work here is a sense of humour! More examples Candidates with a qualification in Chemistry have exemption from this course. The preparatory certificate is the minimum qualification required to teach English in most language schools. No formal qualificat noun (COMPETITION) C1 [ U ] success in getting into a competition: The win earned them qualification for the World Cup finals. qualification noun (LIMIT) [ C ] an extra piece of information that limits the effect of something that you say or write: [ + that ] The doctor said I can leave hospital today, but with the qualification that I have to come back every day to get the dressing changed.

imports

noun COMMERCE UK /ˈɪmpɔːt/ US [ C, usually plural ] a product that is made in one country and brought into another, especially in order to sell it: Oil is our most important import by far. cheap/expensive/imports [ C or U ] the activity or business of bringing goods into a country from another country: The authorities imposed a ban on imports of hormone-treated beef. Trade (the sum of exports and imports) was equivalent to 44% of GDP. The officials were accused of evading tariffs on the import of cars and other luxury goods. verb [ I or T ] COMMERCE to bring a product into a country from another country, especially in order to sell it: In some large chains, more than 80% of all produce is imported. For four consecutive quarters, the country has exported more than it has imported. import sth from/into sth We can undercut British showroom prices by up to 30% by importing cars from cheaper European markets. Some of the Chinese cars being imported into European countries use electrical components from Germany. Machinery products must comply with the safety regulations of the importing countries. [ T ] to introduce new goods, customs, or ideas to one country from another: The Brazilian-owned steel company has become one of the two biggest employers in town, importing a new management style and fresh capital to the area. [ T ] IT to copy information from one computer or computer program to another: The images can be imported directly into the page layout.

crowd

noun [ + sing/pl verb ] A2 [ C ] a large group of people who have come together: A crowd of about 15,000 attended the concert. [ S ] informal a group of friends or a group of people with similar interests: She goes around with a friendly crowd. "Who was there?" "Oh, the usual crowd." A crowd had gathered to hear her speak. In her bright yellow coat, she was easily identifiable in the crowd. A big crowd of demonstrators were protesting against cuts in health spending. He pushed his way to the front of the crowd to get a better look. The crowd was cheering and urging her on all through the race. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words Idiom follow the crowd crowd verb [ T ] informal to make someone feel uncomfortable by standing too close to them or by watching them all the time: I need some time to do this work properly, so don't crowd me. (เคราดฺ) {crowded,crowding,crowds} n. ฝูงชน,กลุ่มชน,คนมาก ๆ ,กลุ่มคนที่ชมการแสดงหรืออื่น ๆ vt. เบียดเสียด

journey

noun [ C ] A2 the act of travelling from one place to another, especially in a vehicle: I love going on long journeys. We broke our journey (= stopped for a short time) in Jacksonville before travelling on to Miami the next day. Have a safe journey! figurative He views his life as a spiritual journey towards a greater understanding of his faith. mainly UK Did you have a good journey? mainly UK It's a two-hour train journey from York to London. Compare trip noun (JOURNEY) She gave the children some sweets to chew on during the long car journey. The journey was quite quick because the road was clear . I expect you'd like to rest after your long journey. n. การเดินทาง

cruise

noun [ C ] B1 a journey on a large ship for pleasure, during which you visit several places They're going on a cruise round the Med. They've just set off on a round-the-world cruise. verb B2 [ I ] to travel on ships for pleasure [ I ] If a ship or aircraft cruises, it travels at a continuous speed. [ I or T ] slang to go around public places looking for someone to have sex with: He spends the weekends cruising the bars.การล่องเรือ

architect architecture architectural

noun [ C ] B1 a person whose job is to design new buildings and make certain that they are built correctly a person responsible for achieving a particular plan or aim: Bevan was the architect of the British National Health Service. architecture noun [ U ] B1 the art and practice of designing and making buildings: to study architecture B1 the style in which buildings are made: Roman architecture Modernist architecture tries to conquer nature instead of working with it. This is a prime example of 1930s architecture. architectural relating to architecture: architectural drawings/plans a building of architectural interest

breakthrough

noun [ C ] B2 an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem: Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer. A major breakthrough in negotiations has been achieved. This drug has been heralded as a major breakthrough in the fight against breast cancer. They had minor breakthroughs but real success eluded them. Biological research has often been a precursor to medical breakthroughs which benefit patients. (เบรค'ธรู) n. การพัฒนาอย่างมากมายยิ่ง,การก้าวหน้าทางวิทยาศาสตร์ครั้งสำคัญยิ่ง,การฝ่าอุปสรรค, การบุกทะลวง, Syn. advance -Conf.break through

consultant

noun [ C ] B2 someone who advises people on a particular subject: a management/financial/computer consultant a firm of public relations consultants UK a specialist (= doctor with special training and knowledge in a particular area of medicine) We ought to hire a public relations consultant to help improve our image. The doctor gave him a referral to the consultant. Eventually they found a consultant they felt they could do business with .

supporter

noun [ C ] B2 someone who supports a particular idea, group, or person: He is one of the president's strongest supporters within industry. B1 UK (US fan) someone who wants a particular team to win and might show it by going to watch the team play: Thousands of supporters have travelled to London for the cup final. He is a declared supporter of the scheme. I'd marked her down as a Labour Party supporter, but I was completely wrong. Coventry City football club counted their millionth supporter through the gates last Saturday. She's a self-professed supporter of prison reform.

drawback

noun [ C ] C1 a disadvantage or the negative part of a situation: One of the drawbacks of living with someone is having to share a bathroom. (ดรอ'แบค) n. อุปสรรค,สิ่งกีดขวาง,จุดบกพร่อง,การถอนคืน,การถอนเงิน,การคืนภาษี,การคืนเงิน, Syn. hindrance

cutbacks

noun [ C ] C1 a reduction in something, made in order to save money: The closure of the Manchester printing factory is the company's biggest single cutback so far.

workaholic

noun [ C ] C2 a person who works a lot of the time and finds it difficult not to work: A self-confessed workaholic, Tony Richardson can't remember when he last had a holiday.

standpoint

noun [ C ] C2 a set of beliefs and ideas from which opinions and decisions are formed: "I have to put aside my emotions," he says, "and consider it from a professional standpoint." n. จุดยืน,หลัก,แง่คิด,ทัศนคติ

acres

noun [ C ] C2 a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,047 square metres or 4,840 square yards: He's got 400 acres of land in Russia. The mansion is set in 90 acres of beautiful, unspoilt countryside. The college is surrounded by 70 acres of parkland. The Forestry Commission is responsible for preserving over 2 million acres of woodland.

lifespan

noun [ C ] C2 the length of time for which a person, animal, or thing exists: The average human lifespan in the developed countries has increased over the last hundred years. The project's lifespan is estimated at about five years. (n ) อายุขัย

fanatic

noun [ C ] C2 informal a person who is extremely interested in something, to a degree that some people find unreasonable: a fitness/film fanatic disapproving a person who has very extreme beliefs that may lead them to behave in unreasonable or violent ways: religious fanatics (ฟะแนท'ทิค) n. ผู้มีความกระตือรือร้นอย่างคลั่งไคล้,คนคลั่ง. adj. ดูfanatical

deficit

noun [ C ] ECONOMICS, FINANCE the total amount by which money spent by a business or government is more than the money it receives: a deficit of £10 million/$1 billion, etc. The two companies between them have reported a deficit of nearly $14bn. have/run/show a deficit About a third of the nation's non-profit arts presenters run a large deficit each year, according to Charity Navigator. reduce/cut a deficit federal/government/public deficit The US balance of payments deficit was running at over 4% of gross domestic product. the amount by which something, especially an amount of money, is smaller than it should be: a pension/pension fund deficit a deficit in sth The company reported that an estimated $31.5 million deficit in this year's operating budget would end up at about $20 million as a result of savings. There is a deficit of trust between the customer and the banks, which yesterday's headline figure will do little to dispel. Compare surplus in deficit used to describe a situation when a business or country has spent more money than it has received, or an amount of money is smaller than it should be: At the time, the Federal Budget was expected to remain in deficit until at least Fiscal 2011. At their last valuation, almost all council pension funds were in deficit.

sex objects

noun [ C ] If you consider someone to be, or you treat someone like a sex object, you are only interested in them sexually, and not as a person: She wanted to be regarded as more than just a sex object.

offender

noun [ C ] LAW a person who is guilty of a crime: first-time/repeat/habitual offender A first-time offender might expect probation rather than a jail sentence. convicted/alleged offenders young/juvenile offenders sex/drug offenders someone or something that does something wrong: Concerning damage to the environment, holiday resorts tend to be the worst offenders. (n) ผู้ละเมิด,ผู้รุกราน,ผู้กระทำผิด

balanced diet

noun [ C ] a combination of the correct types and amounts of food: If you have a balanced diet, you are getting all the vitamins you need.

travel agencies

noun [ C ] a company or shop that makes travel arrangements for people I called several travel agencies (= companies of travel agents) to compare prices before I booked a cruise.

tour operator

noun [ C ] a company that makes arrangements for travel and places to stay, often selling these together as package holidays: She co-founded the nation's largest tour operator for foreigners visiting the USA.

porch

noun [ C ] a covered structure in front of the entrance to a building (พอร์ทชฺ) n. ระเบียง,ระเบียงประตู,เฉลียง,ปากทางเข้า,ประตูหน้าบ้าน, Syn. veranda,portico

fatalities

noun [ C ] a death caused by an accident or by violence, or someone who has died in either of these ways: There are thousands of traffic fatalities (= deaths in traffic accidents) every year. The first fatalities of the war were civilians. จำนวนผู้เสียชีวิต

technicality

noun [ C ] a detail or small matter: He was disqualified from the competition on a technicality. a decision based only on a specific rule or rules and not on any other consideration: The case was dismissed on a technicality and will be retried at a later date. (เทคนะแคล'ลิที) n. ลักษณะเทคนิค,ลักษณะเฉพาะวิชา,การใช้กลวิธี,การใช้หลักวิชา,สิ่งที่เป็นหลักวิชา,หลักวิชา, Syn. nicety

peninsula

noun [ C ] a long piece of land that sticks out from a larger area of land into the sea or into a lake: the Korean/Arabian/Florida Peninsula (พะนิน'ซิลละ) n. คาบสมุทร,แหลมที่ยื่นไปในทะเล., See also: peninsular adj. peninsularism n. peninsularity n.

ridge

noun [ C ] a long, narrow raised part of a surface, especially a high edge along a mountain: We walked along the narrow mountain ridge. figurative A ridge (= a narrow area) of high pressure will bring good weather this afternoon. the part of a roof where the sloping sides join at the top (ริดจฺ) n. สันเขา,สัน,สันหลังคา,สันปันน้ำ,เทือกเขา,ทางแคบ,หลังสัตว์,ส่วนที่นูน,คิ้ว,ริ้ว,แนวคันนา vt. ทำให้เป็นสัน,ทำให้มีคิ้ว (ริ้วหรือแนว) vi. กลายเป็นสันขึ้น,กลายเป็นทางแคบ,กลายเป็นคิ้วหรือริ้วหรือแนว, Syn. crest,spine,hill

ridge

noun [ C ] a long, narrow raised part of a surface, especially a high edge along a mountain: We walked along the narrow mountain ridge. figurative A ridge (= a narrow area) of high pressure will bring good weather this afternoon. the part of a roof where the sloping sides join at the top (ริดจฺ) n. สันเขา,สัน,สันหลังคา,สันปันน้ำ,เทือกเขา,ทางแคบ,หลังสัตว์,ส่วนที่นูน,คิ้ว,ริ้ว,แนวคันนา vt. ทำให้เป็นสัน,ทำให้มีคิ้ว (ริ้วหรือแนว) vi. กลายเป็นสันขึ้น,กลายเป็นทางแคบ,กลายเป็นคิ้วหรือริ้วหรือแนว, Syn. crest,spine,hill

mix-up

noun [ C ] a mistake that causes confusion: There was a mix-up at the office and we all received the wrong forms. mix up [PHRV] ผสม, See also: รวม, ปน mix up [PHRV] ทำให้สับสน, See also: ทำให้ยุ่งเหยิง, ไม่เป็นระเบียบ, Syn. jumble up, muddle up mix up in [PHRV] เกี่ยวข้องกับ, See also: มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องใน mix up with [PHRV] คบหากับ, See also: คบค้ากับ, สมาคมกับ

chat room

noun [ C ] a part of the internet where people can communicate by writing messages to each other, often on a particular subject Somebody's been posting obscene messages in this chat room. He was in the habit of using internet chat rooms to approach young girls. They've produced an information pack telling children how to use the internet safely and avoid chat room abusers.

outpatient

noun [ C ] a person who goes to a hospital for treatment, but who does not stay any nights there: an outpatient clinic (เอาทฺ'เพเชินทฺ) n. คนไข้นอก

building site

noun [ C ] a piece of land on which a house or other building is being built

monorail

noun [ C ] a railway system that has a single rail (= the long metal bar on which the train travels) often above ground level, or the train that travels along it (มอน'นะเรล) n. รถไฟที่วิ่งบนรางเดียว,รางดังกล่าว

pension

noun [ C ] a regular income paid by a government or a financial organization to someone who no longer works, usually because of their age or health: comfortable/decent/generous pension They receive a generous pension, typically 75% of last pay drawn. pension plan/scheme Her new job offers a company pension scheme. Any pension contributions you pay into your plan qualify for tax relief. According to the report, CEOs received an average of $1.3 million in pension benefits last year. final-salary/index-linked pension If you want an index-linked pension, which will rise in line with inflation, you will get less to start with. draw/pay/receive a pension a full/small pension (เพน'เชิน) n. เบี้ยบำนาญ,เงินบำนาญ,เงินช่วยเหลือ,เงินสงเคราะห์., Syn. annuity

copse

noun [ C ] a small group of trees

hillock

noun [ C ] a small hill

endangered species

noun [ C ] a type of animal or plant that might stop existing because there are only a few of that type alive

barrister

noun [ C ] a type of lawyer in the UK , Australia, and some other countries who can give specialized legal advice and can argue a case in both higher and lower courts

hectares

noun [ C ] a unit used for measuring land. One hectare is the same as 10,000 square metres: Farmers plan to earn an extra £30 per hectare by joining a basic environmental scheme. hectares of sth Over the last decade, fires have claimed nearly one million hectares of forest land in Portugal. a 3,200-hectare offshore chemical complex

hooligan

noun [ C ] a violent person who fights or causes damage in public places: Hooligans had sprayed paint all over the car.

Ecosystem

noun [ C ] all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the environment: Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced ecosystem. [N] ระบบที่เกิดจากความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างสิ่งมีชีวิตและสิ่งแวดล้อม

mortgage

noun [ C ] an agreement that allows you to borrow money from a bank or similar organization, especially in order to buy a house, or the amount of money itself: They took out a £40o,000 mortgage (= they borrowed £40o,000) to buy the house. a monthly mortgage payment People who default on their mortgage repayments may have their home repossessed. Having a big mortgage is a real drain on your earnings. verb [ T ] to borrow money to buy a house: Their home was mortgaged up to the hilt (= the full value of their home had been borrowed). (มอร์'กิจฺ) n.,v. การจำนอง,จำนอง,ให้คำมั่น,เป็นพันธะ

service industries

noun [ C ] an industry that provides a service for people but does not result in the production of goods: More than 70 percent of jobs in the area are in service industries, ranging from hotels to banking.

power struggle

noun [ C ] an unpleasant or violent competition for power

increment

noun [ C ] one of a series of increases: You will receive annual salary/pay increments every September. a regular increase in the amount that someone is paid: Most staff will receive an annual increment. There are six-monthly salary increments during the two-year training period. one of a series of increases: in increments of sth The vouchers are sold in increments of €10 from a minimum purchase of €20 to a maximum of €200. The speed of the machine can be increased by small increments.

volcano

noun [ C ] plural volcanoes or volcanos B2 a mountain with a large, circular hole at the top through which lava (= hot liquid rock) gases, steam, and dust are or have been forced out: an extinct/dormant volcano an active volcano Erupting volcanoes discharge massive quantities of dust into the stratosphere. The long-dormant volcano has recently shown signs of erupting. The pictures were an eloquent reminder of the power of the volcano. Since the volcano last erupted, many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes. (วอลเค'โน) n. ภูเขาไฟ,บุคคลที่เดือดดาลง่าย pl. volcanoes,volcanos

pragmatist

noun [ C ] someone who deals with problems in a sensible way that suits the conditions that really exist, rather than following fixed theories, ideas, or rules: She rose to power by being a political pragmatist who took advantage of every opportunity. Americans have a reputation for being political pragmatists, not ideologues.

commuters

noun [ C ] used to describe something that is used by people who regularly travel between home and work, for example a place that they live, or a method of travel: commuter town/suburb, etc. Fanwood, New Jersey, is still an important commuter town. commuter flight/airline/bus, etc. They caught a commuter flight to Boston in the morning. someone who regularly travels between work and home: The train was packed with commuters.

contract

noun [ C ] B1 a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups, or the agreement itself: a contract of employment a temporary/building contract They could take legal action against you if you break (the terms of) the contract. be under contract to have formally agreed to work for a company or person on a stated job for a stated period of time verb (BECOME SMALLER) [ I or T ] to make or become shorter or narrower or generally smaller in size: In spoken English, "do not" often contracts to "don't". As it cooled, the metal contracted. [ I ] to become smaller in amount or quantity: A recession is a period when the economy is contracting. Agricultural output has contracted by 2.3 percent. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words contract verb (BECOME ILL) C2 [ T ] formal to catch or become ill with a disease: He contracted malaria while he was travelling. contract verb (AGREEMENT) C2 [ I or T ] to make a legal agreement with someone to do work or to have work done for you: [ + to infinitive ] Our company was contracted to build shelters for the homeless. (คอน'แทรคทฺ) n. สัญญา,ข้อตกลง,หนังสือสัญญา,คำย่อ,รูปแบบย่อ -v. หด,ย่น,ขมวด,เกร็ง,ติด (โรค,นิสัย) ,ทำ (หนี้สิน) ,ทำสัญญา, See also: contractible adj. ดูcontract contractibility n. ดูcontract, Syn. agreement

characteristic

noun [ C ] B2 a typical or noticeable quality of someone or something: Unfortunately a big nose is a family characteristic. Sentimentality seems a characteristic of all the writers of that period. The male bird displays (= has) several characteristics which distinguish him from the female adjective C2 typical of a person or thing: With the hospitality so characteristic of these people, they opened their house to over 50 guests. She behaved with characteristic dignity. The creamy richness is characteristic of the cheese from this region. (แคริคเทอริส'ทิค) adj. เป็นลักษณะเฉพาะ -n. ลักษณะเฉพาะ การรู้จำอักขระหมายถึง เทคโนโลยีในการทำให้เครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์รับรู้ความแตกต่างของรูปลักษณะตัวอักษร ต่าง ๆ ที่มนุษย์เขียนหรือพิมพ์ขึ้น โดยใช้แสงหรือสนามแม่เหล็ก แล้วถอดรหัสเป็นภาษาเครื่อง (machine language) เพื่อนำไปประมวลผลต่อไปได้ดู pattern recognition ประกอบ

scholar

noun [ C ] C1 a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university: a classics/history scholar Dr Miles was a distinguished scholar of Russian history. informal someone who is intelligent or good at learning by studying: David's never been much of a scholar. (สคอล'เลอะ) n. ผู้คงแก่เรียน,นักวิชาการ,ผู้เชี่ยวชาญ,นักเรียน,นักศึกษา,ลูกศิษย์,ผู้ได้รับทุนการศึกษา.

bundle

noun [ C ] C2 a number of things that have been fastened or are held together: a bundle of clothes/newspapers/books a bundle of sticks More examples We sorted the newsletters into bundles for distribution. I've got a bundle of clothes here to give to charity. How much asparagus shall I buy - a couple of bundles? verb (PUSH) [ I or T, + adv/prep ] to push or put someone or something somewhere quickly and roughly: He bundled his clothes into the washing machine. She was bundled into the back of the car. verb (SELL TOGETHER) [ T ] to include an extra computer program or other product with something that you sell: The system came bundled with a word processor, spreadsheet, and graphics program. (บัน'เดิล) {bundled,bundling,bundles} n. มัด,ห่อ,พวง,กลุ่ม,กอง,เงินจำนวนมาก. vt. มัดเข้าด้วยกัน,ส่งไปอย่างเร่งรีบ,รีบไล่ไป. vi. รีบจากไป,รีบไป,นอนบนเตียงเดียวกัน -Phr. (bundle up ใส่เสื้อผ้าให้อุ่น), See also: bundler n.

feat

noun [ C ] C2 something difficult needing a lot of skill, strength, courage, etc. to achieve it: The Eiffel Tower is a remarkable feat of engineering. She performed remarkable feats of organization for the company. (ฟีท) n. ความดีความชอบ,ความสำเร็จ,ความสามารถ,ฝีมือ adj. ชำนาญ,คล่องแคล่ว,เหมาะสม,สะอาดหมดจด,เรียบร้อย

batch

noun [ C ] a group of things or people dealt with at the same time or considered similar in type: The cook brought in a fresh batch of homemade cupcakes. We looked at the job applications in two batches. (แบทชฺ) n. ชุด,หมู่,พวก,ยุก,ปริมาณวัตถุที่ทำแต่ละครั้ง

burden

noun [ C ] a heavy load that you carry: The little donkey struggled under its heavy burden. C1 something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about: the burden of responsibility My elderly mother worries that she's a burden to me. Buying a house often places a large financial burden on young couples. (เบอร์'เดิน) n. ภาระ,น้ำหนักที่แบก vt. บรรจุอย่างหนัก, ทำให้ยุ่งยาก

package tour

noun [ C ] a holiday at a fixed price in which the travel company arranges your travel, hotels, and sometimes meals for you: We bought a cheap package tour to Spain and stayed in a big hotel by the sea. This is a destination where it may well be advantageous to take a package tour as there are good offers with hotel/flight arrangements.

economic migrant

noun [ C ] a person who leaves their home country to live in another country with better working or living conditions

expatriate

noun [ C ] someone who does not live in their own country: A large community of expatriates has settled there. verb [ T ] formal to use force or law to remove someone from their own country: The new leaders expatriated the ruling family.

granting

noun [ C ] B1 an amount of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose: a student/research grant a local authority/government grant [ + to infinitive ] They gave/awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year. verb (GIVE) B2 [ T ] to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way: [ + two objects ] They granted her an entry visa. He was granted asylum. formal She granted their request/wish. verb (ACCEPT) [ T + (that) ] to accept that something is true, often before expressing an opposite opinion: I grant that it must have been upsetting but even so I think she overreacted. I grant you (= it is true that), it's a difficult situation but I feel sure he could have handled it more sensitively. take sth for granted B2 to believe something to be the truth without even thinking about it: I didn't realize that Melanie hadn't been to college - I suppose I just took it for granted. take sth or sb for granted B2 If you take situations or people for granted, you do not realize or show that you are grateful for how much you get from them: One of the problems with relationships is that after a while you just take each other for granted. (กรานทฺ) vt. อนุญาต,ยอมให้,ให้,โอน. n. สิ่งที่ให้,การให้,การอนุญาต,การโอน,การโอนทรัพย์สิน., See also: grantable adj. granter n. grantor n., Syn. boon

reward

noun [ C ] B1 something given in exchange for good behaviour or good work, etc.: There's a reward for whoever finishes first. The rewards of motherhood outweigh the anguish. B1 an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner: The police offered a reward for any information about the robbery. (รีวอร์ด') n. รางวัล,เงินรางวัล,สิ่งตอบแทน vt. ให้รางวัล,ตอบแทน,ชดเชย,ทดแทน, See also: rewardable adj. rewardableness n. rewardably adv. rewarder n., Syn. pay,remuneration

motive

noun [ C ] B2 a reason for doing something: Why would she have killed him? She has no motive. Does he have a motive for lying about where he was? What is the motive behind (= the reason for) the bombing? I think you should examine/question their motives in offering to lend you the money. adjective [ before noun ] PHYSICS specialized (of power or force) causing movement or action (โม'ทิฟว) n. แรงดลใจ. adj. เป็นการกระตุ้น,เป็นสิ่งดลใจ. vt. กระตุ้น,ดลใจ.

consequence

noun [ C ] B2 a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient: Not making a will can have serious consequences for your children and other family members. Scientists think it is unlikely that any species will actually become extinct as a consequence of the oil spill. I told the hairdresser to do what she wanted to my hair, and look at the consequences! Well, if you insist on eating so much, you'll have to suffer/take (= accept and deal with) the consequences! of little/no consequence C1 (also not of any/much consequence) not important: The money was of little consequence to Tony. The accident was the inevitable consequence of carelessness. He left as a direct consequence of what she said. The drought has had devastating consequences. (คอน'ซะเควินซฺ) n. ผลลัพธ์,ผลที่ตามมา,ผลที่เกิดขึ้นภายหลัง,ความสำคัญ -Phr. (in consequence ผลก็คือ), Syn. result,effect ###A. antecedent,cause

pond

noun [ C ] B2 an area of water smaller than a lake, often artificially made: the pond [ S ] informal a humorous way of referring to the Atlantic Ocean, when it is thought of as separating the UK or Europe and the US: It's good to get a view from the other side of the pond. The children enjoy floating their boats on the pond in the park. The pond was covered in a brittle layer of ice. a stagnant pond

counterpart

noun [ C ] C1 a person or thing that has the same purpose as another one in a different place or organization: The prime minister is to meet his European counterparts to discuss the war against drugs. Gender counterpart would generally mean the other gender. So if it's for males, the counterpart would be understood to be female and vice versa. (It works here because there are only two genders. If talking about more, this could create confusion.)

solicitor

noun [ C ] C1 a type of lawyer in Britain and Australia who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal subjects and can represent people in lower courts: a firm of solicitors (ซะลิส'ซิเทอะ) n. ผู้เรียกร้อง, (ชักชวน,ขอร้อง,วิงวอน,เชื้อเชิญ,จูงใจ,ล่อใจ,กระตุ้นใจ) , (ในอังกฤษ) ทนายความชั้นรองลงมาจากbarrister,อัยการ., See also: solictorship n.

blend

noun [ C ] C2 a mixture of different things or styles: a rich blend of the finest coffee beans Their music is a blend of jazz and African rhythms. a word formed by combining two other words: "Meritage" is a blend that combines "merit" and "heritage". verb [ I or T ] to mix or combine together: Blend the ingredients into a smooth paste. The carpet blends well with the colour of the walls. blend in/blend into sth (เบลนดฺ) {blended/blent,blended/blent, blending,blends} vt.,vi.,n. (การ) ผสม,คลุก,กลมกลืน vi. คลุกเคล้าให้เข้ากันจนแยกไม่ออก,ทำให้เหมาะกับ,คำสนธิ,ของผสม,ของเจือปน, Syn. mix

tenants

noun [ C ] C2 a person who pays rent for the use of land or a building Tenants are complaining that vital repairs are not being done. They formed a tenants association. He was cruel to his tenants. (เทน'เนินทฺ) n. ผู้เช่า,ผู้เช่าที่,ผู้เช่าที่นา,ผู้อยู่อาศัย,ผู้ครอบครอง. vt. เช่าที่,อาศัยอยู่,พำนัก. vi. อาศัยอยู่., Syn. lessee,leaseholder

verdict

noun [ C ] C2 an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial: The jury reached/returned a unanimous verdict of (not) guilty. Voters gave their verdict on the government's economic record last night by voting overwhelmingly for the opposition. (เวอ'ดิคทฺ) n. คำตัดสินของคณะลูกขุน,คำตัดสิน,คำชี้ขาด., Syn. finding,answer

at right angles to

noun [ C ] GEOMETRY an angle of 90º: Join the two pieces of wood at a right angle. The chorion was breached at a right angle to the membranes to avoid membrane tenting. The manus impressions are tridactyl, strongly asymmetric, and rotated outward at almost a right angle to the long axis of the track way.

judge

noun [ C ] UK /dʒʌdʒ/ US LAW a person who is in charge of a court of law and who makes final decisions in legal disagreements: All three judges found him guilty of professional misconduct. a High Court/Supreme Court judge someone who decides who should win a competition: A panel of judges chose six team projects as winners. verb [ I or T ] to decide whether you think someone or something is good, bad, effective, etc.: Long-term investors have experience in judging risk. judging from/by sth Judging by the opinion polls, support for the mainstream right has hardly changed. judge whether/how/what Delegates must try to judge whether countries are meeting their quotas of greenhouse gas reductions. be judged to be/have Crops that are judged to have an overall benefit will be approved for planting. [ T ] to decide who should win a competition: The same criteria are used to judge all contestants. [ T ] LAW to make a final decision in a legal disagreement: be judged guilty/innocent of sth A disciplinary hearing judged them guilty of "gross misconduct". be judged to have done/be sth The company was judged to have broken antitrust laws and now faces a fine. I want the book to be judged on its merits, not on my reputation.

component

noun [ C ] UK /kəmˈpəʊ.nənt/ US /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ C1 a part that combines with other parts to form something bigger: television/aircraft/computer components The factory supplies electrical components for cars. The course has four main components: business law, finance, computing and management skills. Fresh fruit and vegetables are an essential component of a healthy diet. The control of inflation is a key component of the government's economic policy. Decoding the paintings is not difficult once you know what the component parts symbolize. The whole car can be modelled on a computer before a single component is made. Good communication is an important component of any relationship. Freudian theory is a key component of his therapy. n. ส่วนประกอบ

pedestrian

noun [ C ] UK /pəˈdes.tri.ən/ US /pəˈdes.tri.ən/ B1 a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go: A few pedestrians sheltered from the rain in doorways. The death rate for pedestrians hit by cars is unacceptably high. adjective formal disapproving UK /pəˈdes.tri.ən/ US /pəˈdes.tri.ən/ not interesting; showing very little imagination: Her books, with few exceptions, are workmanlike but pedestrian. His speech was long and pedestrian. (พะเดส'เทรียน) n. ผู้เดินเท้า

perks

noun [ C ] UK /pɜːk/ US /pɝːk/ informal an advantage or something extra, such as money or goods, that you are given because of your job: A company car and a mobile phone are some of the perks that come with the job. an advantage: Having such easy access to some of the best cinema and theatre is one of the perks of living in Sydney. verb [ I or T ] informal (to cause a liquid, especially coffee) to percolate

spectator

noun [ C ] UK /spekˈteɪ.tər/ US /spekˈteɪ.t̬ɚ/ B2 a person who watches an activity, especially a sports event, without taking part: They won 4-0 in front of over 40,000 cheering spectators. A few incredulous spectators watched as Paterson, ranked 23rd in the world, beat the champion. Marshals struggled in vain to prevent spectators rushing onto the racetrack. Will spectators please stay behind the rail? At the last minute, we roped in a couple of spectators to complete the team. The racing car left the track at 120 mph and scythed through the crowd of spectators, killing ten.

excursion

noun [ C ] UK /ɪkˈskɜː.ʃən/ US /ɪkˈskɝː.ʃən/ a short journey usually made for pleasure, often by a group of people: This year's annual excursion will be to Lincoln. Next week we're going on an excursion. excursion into sth a short involvement in a new activity: A teacher by profession, this is her first excursion into writing. การเดินทาง

discount

noun [ C ] UK /ˈdɪs.kaʊnt/ US /ˈdɪs.kaʊnt/ A2 a reduction in the usual price: They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies. They offer a ten percent discount on travel for students. It was the offer of a large discount on the TV that was the real clincher. There is a 25% discount on all electrical goods until the end of the week. Students and pensioners are entitled to a discount. The discount applies only to children under (the age of) ten. People who work in the trade can buy their books at a discount. verb (NOT CONSIDER) [ T ] to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention: You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back. verb (REDUCE) [ T often passive ] to reduce the price of something: discounted goods/rates (ดิส'เคาทฺ) vt,vi.,n. (การ) ลดราคา,ลดส่วน,ไม่นับ,ส่วนลด,ค่าชักส่วนลด -discountable adj., Syn. deduct

mortgage

noun [ C ] UK /ˈmɔː.ɡɪdʒ/ US /ˈmɔːr.ɡɪdʒ/ an agreement that allows you to borrow money from a bank or similar organization, especially in order to buy a house, or the amount of money itself: They took out a £40o,000 mortgage (= they borrowed £40o,000) to buy the house. a monthly mortgage payment People who default on their mortgage repayments may have their home repossessed. Having a big mortgage is a real drain on your earnings. After falling behind with his mortgage repayments he now faces eviction from his home. She got behind with her mortgage and the house was repossessed. verb [ T ] to borrow money to buy a house: Their home was mortgaged up to the hilt (= the full value of their home had been borrowed). (มอร์'กิจฺ) n.,v. การจำนอง,จำนอง,ให้คำมั่น,เป็นพันธะ

rebate

noun [ C ] UK /ˈriːbeɪt/ US ACCOUNTING, FINANCE, TAX an amount of money that is paid back to you after you have paid too much: She thinks she is due a tax rebate. Any homeowner who has had a devaluation in their property is eligible for a rebate. apply/qualify for a rebate A good number of senior citizens across the state have still not applied for their rebates. get/receive a rebate If you do not currently receive a rebate and are on a low income, please apply to the council now. COMMERCE an amount of money that a manufacturer or store pays back to customers when they buy something: Carmakers are still using special incentives - such as rebates and cut-rate financing - to sell their vehicles. Consumers who were putting off buying a new car have been lured into dealerships by big cash rebates, analysts said. a rebate program/scheme a rebate of £583/$212/20%, etc. Rebates of $100 are available for businesses who replace old air conditioners with new, energy-efficient models. offer/carry a rebate We are offering consumers rebates ranging from $75 to $125 to buy new dishwashers or refrigerators. a rebate on sth Rebates are available on all computer purchases. Compare discount noun rebate verb [ T ] UK /ˈriːbeɪt/ US COMMERCE to pay back an amount of money to customers after they have bought something: Buying your pension through an independent adviser who can rebate all commission will keep charges down. Issuers charging an annual fee will normally rebate part of it either to the cardholder or direct to a nominated charity. ACCOUNTING, FINANCE, TAX to pay back an amount of money to someone after they have paid too much: All overpayments must be rebated to taxpayers. (รี'เบท,ริเบท') n. เงินคืน,ส่วนลด,เงินลด,ส่วนหัก,เงินภาษีที่ต้องหักคืนให้ vt. หักคืน,ให้ส่วนลด,ลดส่วน,หักออก,ทำให้ทู่,ทำให้ไม่คม, See also: rebatable,rebateable adj. rebater n.

statement

noun [ C ] UK /ˈsteɪt.mənt/ US /ˈsteɪt.mənt/ B2 something that someone says or writes officially, or an action done to express an opinion: The government is expected to issue a statement about the investigation to the press. He produced a signed statement from the prisoner. He threw paint over the fur coats because he wanted to make a statement about cruelty to animals. [ + that ] We were not surprised by their statement that jobs would be cut. bank statement) a record of the amounts of money paid into and taken out of your bank account during a particular period of time: Check you statement and see if the money has been taken from your bank account. He keeps all his bank statements and files them away. EDUCATION UK specialized (also statement of educational needs) a document that gives details of a the special needs of a child with a particular disability or problem and any extra help he or she should receive at school: Around a quarter of the class has a statement. Our son, who has a statement of educational needs, goes to a mainstream school. adjective [ before noun ] used to refer to a piece of clothing, jewellery, etc. that is designed to be very noticeable and stylish: People don't mind spending £500 for a statement piece. verb [ T ] UK EDUCATION specialized to officially give a child with a particular disability or problem a statement of educational needs: My five-year-old grandson has a speech impediment for which he has been statemented. She is specially trained to work with statemented children. [N] แถลงการณ์, See also: คำแถลง, ถ้อยแถลง, Syn. declaration, remark, assertion

victim

noun [ C ] UK /ˈvɪk.tɪm/ US /ˈvɪk.təm/ B2 someone or something that has been hurt, damaged, or killed or has suffered, either because of the actions of someone or something else, or because of illness or chance: to provide financial aid to hurricane/flood, etc. victims victims of crime The children are the innocent/helpless victims of the fighting. The new drug might help save the lives of cancer victims. We appear to have been the victims of a cruel practical joke. Our local hospital has become the latest victim of the cuts in government spending. fall victim to sth to be hurt, damaged, or killed because of something or someone: Sea turtles in this region often fall victim to the effects of pollution. The company has fallen victim to increased competition. The murderer had lured his victim to a deserted house. She claimed to have been a victim of child abuse. They're launching an appeal to raise money for famine victims. (วิค'ทิม) n. เหยื่อ,ผู้รับบาป,ผู้เคราะห์ร้าย,ผู้ถูกโกง,ผู้ถูกหลอก,สิ่งที่มีชีวิตที่ถูกบูชายัญ

overdraft

noun [ C ] UK /ˈəʊvədrɑːft/ US /ˈəʊvərˌdræft/ (also bank overdraft) BANKING an amount of money that a customer with a bank account is temporarily allowed to owe to the bank, or the agreement which allows this: run up/have an overdraft Research shows that 58% of students have an overdraft. I paid off my overdraft as soon as I got my pay cheque. We have an overdraft facility of £500 with our bank. an overdraft fee/rate/charge a free/interest-free overdraft (โอ'เวอะดราฟทฺ) n. การเบิกเงินเกินบัญชี (O.D) ,กระแสลมเหนือเตาไฟ,การปล่อยลมมากเกินไป

destination

noun [ C ] UK /ˌdes.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌdes.təˈneɪ.ʃən/ B1 the place where someone is going or where something is being sent or taken: We arrived at our destination tired and hungry. His letter never reached its destination. UK The Caribbean is a popular holiday destination. The gunman then took a hostage and demanded a plane and safe passage to an unspecified destination. It's the good weather that makes Spain such a popular tourist destination. What guided your choice of destination or was it arbitrary? California, along with Florida and Hawaii, is among the most popular US tourist destinations. Enter the competition and you could win a pair of return tickets to one of more than 30 European destinations.

media baron

noun [ C ] UK US (also media mogul); (media proprietor); (media tycoon) COMMUNICATIONS someone who owns and controls a large number of newspapers, television companies, magazines, etc. and is able to influence public opinion: He became one of Britain's most powerful media barons.

trend

noun [ C ] a general development or change in a situation or in the way that people are behaving: Surveys show a trend away from home-ownership and toward rented accommodation. There's been a downward/upward trend in sales in the last few years. the general direction of changes or developments: fashion trends The trend is toward working longer hours for less money.

swarm

noun [ C ] a large group of insects all moving together: a swarm of bees/wasps/ants/locusts The dead sheep was covered with swarms of flies. [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a large group of people all moving together: A swarm of/Swarms of photographers followed the star's car. verb [ I ] When insects swarm, they come together in a large group. When people swarm somewhere, they move there in a large group or in large numbers: During the summer, tourists swarm the little beachside town. (สวอร์ม) n. ฝูงผึ้ง,ฝูง,กลุ่มใหญ่,จำนวนมากมาย. -v. (ผึ้ง) อพยพออกจากรัง,ไปเป็นกลุ่มใหญ่,จับกลุ่ม,มีมากเกินไป,เต็มไปด้วย,ปีนป่าย,ปีนต้นไม้,ปีนเสา, See also: swarmer n., Syn. mass,throng,

attribute

noun [ C ] a quality or characteristic that someone or something has: Organizational ability is an essential attribute for a good manager. verb [ T, usually passive ] to say or think that something is the result of a particular thing: attribute sth to sth Her success can be attributed to three main factors. to say that a particular person was the first person to say something, do something, invent something, etc.: attribute sth to sb This idea has long been attributed to Keynes, but in fact he was not the first to think of it. (อะทริบ'บิวทฺ) vt. ให้เหตุผลว่า,ถือเอา,อ้างเหตุผล. -n. คุณลักษณะ. -attributer, attributor n. -attribution n., Syn. assign, consider , quality) ลักษณะประจำหมายถึง คุณสมบัติของสิ่งใดสิ่งหนึ่งที่มีลักษณะพิเศษ มีการเน้นความแตกต่างจากของอื่นในประเภทเดียวกัน

course

noun [ C ] a series of lessons on a particular subject: course in/on sth We provide courses in commerce, finance, and basic marketing. During the course, students will learn traditional business and project management skills. run/teach/offer a course My company offers a lot of in-house training courses. enrol on a course He has enrolled on a book-keeping course. be on/go on/do a course Going on a course is a great way of learning in a focused environment. take a course (in sth) She decided to take a course in recruitment practice to expand her career. pass/fail/complete a course Students who fail to complete the course will not be awarded a certificate. a course runs/takes place Our courses run between September and May. a two-year/part-time/full-time, etc. course a three-day ICT course an MBA/a management course a degree/distance-learning course

accent

noun [ C ] accent noun [C] (PRONUNCIATION) B1 the way in which people in a particular area, country, or social group pronounce words: He's got a strong southern/Boston accent. She's French but she speaks with an impeccable English accent. He speaks with a broad/heavy/strong/thick Yorkshire accent. I thought I could detect a slight Canadian accent. noun [C] (MARK) B2 a mark written or printed over a letter to show you how to pronounce it: a grave accent There's an acute accent on the e of "café". noun [C] (EMPHASIS) LANGUAGE, MUSIC specialized a special emphasis given to a particular syllable in a word, word in a sentence, or note in a set of musical notes: The accent falls on the final syllable. the accent is on sth great importance is given to a particular thing or quality: This season the accent is definitely on long, flowing, romantic clothes. verb [ T ] to emphasize something: In any advertising campaign, you must accent the areas where your product is better than the competition. specialized Accent the first note of every bar. (n. แอค' เซินทฺ, v. แอค' เซินทฺ, แอค' เซนทฺ') n. เสียงหนัก, เสียงเน้น,เครื่องหมายเสียงหนัก, การเน้นเสียงหนักตรงพยางค์หนึ่งพยางค์ใด, สำเนียงเปล่ง, ลักษณะจำพวก, ความเน้นหนัก.

fringe

noun [ C ] fringe noun [C] (EDGE) C2 the outer or less important part of an area, group, or activity: the southern fringe of the city the radical fringes of the party He attended several of the fringe meetings at the conference. noun [C] (HAIR) C2 UK (US bangs) an area of hair hanging over the forehead (= part of the face above the eyes) that is cut shorter than the rest of the hair: verb be fringed with sth If a place is fringed with something, that thing forms a border along the edge: The river is fringed with wild flowers. (ฟรินจฺ) n. ฝอย,ตะเข็บ,รวง,พู่,ขอบ,ขอบรอบนอก,ริม. vt. ใส่ฝอย (ตะเข็บวง)

plateau

noun [ C ] plural plateaux UK /-z/ US or mainlyUS plateaus plateau noun [C] (FLAT LAND) plateau noun [C] (NO CHANGE) a period during which there are no large changes: The US death rate reached a plateau in the 1960s, before declining suddenly. a large flat area of land that is high above sea level verb [ I ] to reach a particular level and then stay the same: I'd been losing about a pound a week on my diet, but recently I've plateaued and haven't lost an ounce. The economic slowdown has caused our sales to plateau. (แพลท'โท) n. ที่ราบสูง,ช่วงระยะที่มีการเจริญเล็กน้อยหรือไม่มีการเจริญ. vi. ถึงระยะที่มีการเจริญเล็กน้อยหรือไม่มีการเจริญ pl. plateaus,plateaux, Syn. tableland

Revues

noun [ C ] (also review) a show with songs, dances, jokes, and short plays often about recent events (รีวิว') n. ละครชุดประเภทเสียดสีทางการเมือง,บทประพันธ์เสียดสี,บทเพลงเสียดสี, Syn. review, See also: revuist n.

interest rate

noun [ C ] BANKING, FINANCE UK US (also rate of interest) the percentage amount that you pay for borrowing money, or get for lending money, for a period of time, usually a year: a 7% interest rate an interest rate of 7% a high/low/zero interest rate rising/falling interest rates Falling interest rates acted as a tax cut for households. rumours of an interest rate rise Interest-rate fluctuations may affect present and future cash flows of the company. A rise in the interest rate causes the value of existing bonds to fall. The government may cut interest rates to boost growth. The bank has decided to leave interest rates unchanged. Some cards charge an interest rate of over 16%. The National Bank has set the interest rate at 6%. a variable/fixed interest rate long-term/short-term interest rates

alliance

noun [ C ] C2 a group of countries, political parties, or people who have agreed to work together because of shared interests or aims: a military alliance NATO is sometimes called the Atlantic Alliance. C2 an agreement to work with someone else to try to achieve the same thing: The three smaller parties have forged/formed an alliance against the government. Some of us feel that the union is in alliance with management against us. All the countries have proclaimed their loyalty to the alliance. Religious fanatics have formed an unholy alliance with right wing groups. A chain can only be as strong as its weakest link, so we must look at the least committed country to see if the alliance will hold. (อะไล' เอินซฺ) n. พันธมิตร, สันนิบาต, การแต่งงาน, ความสัมพันธ์ที่เกิดจากการแต่งงาน, สหพันธ์, ข้อตกลงระหว่างประเทศ, Syn. fusion, union -A.difference, disparity)

fine

noun [ C ] LAW UK /faɪn/ US an amount of money that someone has to pay as a punishment for not obeying a law or rule: Copying cash is a federal offense and carries prison terms of up to 15 years and up to $5,000 in fines. a heavy/stiff fine The new state law carries with it heavy fines for teens caught with cigarettes. Bank officers said the decision to pay the fine would not affect its plans to pay off the loans within two years. be subject to/face a fine Employers can face fines and other sanctions for hiring any of the 8 to 10 million illegal immigrants who are estimated to live in this country. get/incur a fine If you go to court you could get a fine of up to a thousand dollars. hand out/impose a fine There has been a proposal to impose fines for late completion of work. Police can hand out on-the-spot fines to drunks. fine verb [ T, often passive ] LAW to make someone pay an amount of money as a punishment for not obeying a law or rule: The Financial Services Authority fined the bank a record £1m. be fined £100/$75,000, etc. (for sth) Individuals can be charged interest and fined up to £1,000 for late submission of their tax return.

dependants

noun [ C ] LAW UK (US dependent) someone who depends on you for financial support, for example, a child or family member who cannot work: As she has no dependants, the experts agreed there was no need for Ms Dewsbury to have life cover at present. Allowances may also be higher for those with dependants. adjective needing financial support from someone: At the age of 36, he is still dependant on his parents. dependant family/relative/spouse relying on someone or something to be able to continue to exist or make progress: The company is less dependant than some big retailers on massive stores to ensure good profitability.

boardroom

noun [ C ] MANAGEMENT, WORKPLACE UK /ˈbɔːdruːm/ US the group of people who manage a company or organization: She feels strongly that British boardrooms desperately need diversity. Shareholders felt mistakes had been made at boardroom level. boardroom battle/dispute/row The chairman stepped down after a bitter boardroom battle. boardroom coup/shake-up The departure of the chief executive and finance director in a boardroom coup has given rise to takeover speculation. boardroom pay/salaries MEETINGS the room where the group of people who manage a company or organization have their meetings: Workers were told of the closure in the company's boardroom.

male chauvinist

noun [ C ] POLITICS disapproving a man who believes that women are naturally less important, intelligent, or able than men, and so does not treat men and women equally: She called him a male chauvinist pig.

housing estate

noun [ C ] PROPERTY, GOVERNMENT UK UK US a group of houses built together in a planned way, sometimes by the local government of an area in order to provide houses for people to rent or buy at a low cost: The Prime Minister visited a London housing estate to publicize the police's new powers to tackle anti-social behaviour.

nuclear family

noun [ C ] SOCIAL SCIENCE specialized a family consisting of two parents and their children, but not including aunts, uncles, grandparents, etc.

personal best

noun [ C ] SPORTS specialized (abbreviation PB) the fastest time, highest score, best result, etc. that a particular person has ever achieved in a sporting event: Hayley won the silver medal, cutting almost 11 seconds off her personal best. She finished with personal bests in six out of the seven events.

current account

noun [ C ] UK BANKING ( UK also cheque account); ( US checking account) a bank account that you can take money from at any time and use for making payments , that usually earns little or no interest: She opened a current account with an online bank. in/into sb's current account He is considering what to do with around £5,000 he has in his current account. out of/from sb's current account I transfer my mortgage repayments monthly from my current account. a current account holder/customer ECONOMICS a measure of the money going into and out of a country in the form of exports and imports, income from interest and payments from foreign stocks, and other payments: Much of the improvement in the current account balance has come from a sharp decline in imports. This year has seen the country's first current account surplus in a decade. n. บัญชีกระแสรายวัน

pedestrian precinct

noun [ C ] UK (US pedestrian mall) a shopping area in a town where vehicles are not allowed

cycle lane

noun [ C ] UK UK /ˈsaɪ.kəl ˌleɪn/ US /ˈsaɪ.kəl ˌleɪn/ ( US bike lane, bicycle lane) a part of a road that is separated by a line from the rest of the road, for the use of people riding bicycles: We campaign for local authorities to provide cycle lanes and bike parking racks. Where vehicles have to cross the cycle lane at junctions, priority should be given to cyclists. You don't have to be regular cyclist to enjoy a cycling holiday in Holland as the safe, segregated cycle lanes have special traffic lights and signposts for cyclists. There are occasional examples of cycle lanes being carried in streets against the flow of one-way traffic systems. What with bus lanes, cycle lanes and pedestrianisation, he claims more and more road space is being stolen from motorists.

unskilled labourers

noun [ C ] UK (US laborer) a person who does unskilled physical work, especially outside: a farm labourer

stereotype

noun [ C ] disapproving C1 a set idea that people have about what someone or something is like, especially an idea that is wrong: racial/sexual stereotypes He doesn't conform to/fit/fill the national stereotype of a Frenchman. The characters in the book are just stereotypes. Compare prototype More examples I think I fit the popular stereotype of a mad scientist. She was the very stereotype of the prim English woman. Adverts are full of stereotypes. verb [ T ] disapproving to have a set idea about what a particular type of person is like, especially an idea that is wrong: The study claims that British advertising stereotypes women. We tried not to give the children sexually stereotyped toys.

cynic

noun [ C ] disapproving a person who believes that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere: I'm too much of a cynic to believe that he'll keep his promise. A cynic might say that the government has only taken this measure because it is concerned about its declining popularity.

tourist trap

noun [ C ] disapproving UK /ˈtʊə.rɪst ˌtræp/ US /ˈtʊr.ɪst ˌtræp/ a crowded place that provides entertainment and things to buy for tourists, often at high prices

conurbation

noun [ C ] formal a city area containing a large number of people, formed by various towns growing and joining together: the conurbations of Tokyo and Osaka

recipient

noun [ C ] formal a person who receives something: Former Nobel Peace Prize recipients include Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama. He was a recipient of the Civilian Service Award. [N] ผู้รับ

metropolis

noun [ C ] formal a very large city, often the most important city in a large area or country: Soon afterwards he left to begin his career in the metropolis. a sprawling/bustling/modern metropolis Houston, the fourth most populous US city, is a sprawling metropolis. As the world's first great industrial metropolis, London was also one of the first to be badly polluted.

sibling

noun [ C ] formal C2 a brother or sister: I have four siblings: three brothers and a sister. There was great sibling rivalry (= competition) between Peter and his brother.

seafarers

noun [ C ] literary a person who travels by sea: Portugal, a land of seafarers (ซี'แฟเรอะ) n.กลาสีเรือ,ชาวเรือ,ผู้ท่องเที่ยวในทะเล

merger

noun [ C ]C2 an occasion when two or more companies ororganizations join together to make one larger company: She's an attorney who advises companies about mergers and takeovers. The merger of these two companies would create the world's biggest accounting firm. Synonym: amalgamation The merger proved to be very lucrative for both companies. The shareholders seem to think that the executive board is overstating the case for a merger. Announcement of the merger is expected to ramp up share prices over the next few days. (เมอ'เจอะ) n. การรวมตัวของหน่วยงานธุรกิจการค้าเป็นหน่วยเดียวกับ, Syn. combine

persona non grata

noun [ C not after the ] UK /pəˌsəʊ.nə nɒn ˈɡrɑː.tə/ US /pɚˌsoʊ.nə nɑːn ˈɡrɑː.t̬ə/ plural personae non gratae POLITICS specialized a person who is not wanted or welcome in a particular country, because they are unacceptable to its government: He was declared persona non grata and asked to leave the country within 48 hours. someone who is not popular or accepted by others: From the look on their faces, I was obviously persona non grata.

opera

noun [ C or U ] A2 a musical play in which most of the words are sung, or plays and music of this type: "Carmen" is my favourite opera. I've never been a huge fan of opera. He goes to the opera (= to see an opera) whenever he can. an opera singer

salary

noun [ C or U ] B1 a fixed amount of money agreed every year as pay for an employee, usually paid directly into his or her bank account every month: an annual salary of £40,000 His net monthly salary is €2,500. She's on quite a good/decent salary in her present job. He took a drop in (= accepted a lower) salary when he changed jobs. a ten percent salary increase She retired at 50 on a full salary. It's not by any means a brilliant salary but it's adequate for our needs. Your salary will be paid on the third week of each calendar month. They're raising three kids on one small salary so money is very tight. I wouldn't work for them if they paid me twice my current salary. n. เงินเดือน

skills

noun [ C or U ] B1 an ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you have practised it: Ruth had/possessed great writing skills. I have no skill at/in sewing. More examples the skill of negotiating His skill lies in his ability to communicate quite complex ideas very simply. This job demands a high degree of skill.

enterainment

noun [ C or U ] B1 shows, films, television, or other performances or activities that entertain people, or a performance of this type: There's not much in the way of entertainment in this town - just the cinema and a couple of pubs. formal This season's entertainments include five new plays and several concerts of Chinese and Indian music. Synonym amusement This film is good family entertainment . I thought there was some in-flight entertainment on the Heathrow-New York flight. They lay on free entertainment at the club every day.

Abilities

noun [ C or U ] B1 the physical or mental power or skill needed to do something: There's no doubting her ability. [ + to infinitive ] She had the ability to explain things clearly and concisely. She's a woman of considerable abilities. I have children in my class of very mixed abilities (= different levels of skill or intelligence). a mixed-ability class Synonyms capability (ABILITY) capacity powers He had no doubts about his team's ability to reach the World Cup finals. Computer literacy is now as essential as the ability to drive a car. Organizational ability is essential in a good manager.

disaster

noun [ C or U ] B2 (an event that results in) great harm, damage, or death, or serious difficulty: An inquiry was ordered into the recent rail disaster (= a serious train accident). It would be a disaster for me if I lost my job. This is one of the worst natural disasters ever to befall the area. Heavy and prolonged rain can spell disaster for many plants. Everything was going smoothly until suddenly disaster struck. Inviting James and Ivan to dinner on the same evening was a recipe for disaster (= caused a very difficult situation) - they always argue with each other. be a disaster B2 informal to be very unsuccessful or extremely bad: The evening was a complete disaster. As an engineer, he was a disaster. The destruction of the rain forests is an ecological disaster. The plane narrowly avoided disaster when one of the engines cut out on take-off. Let us pray for the victims of this terrible disaster. News of the disaster shocked the whole world.

tradition

noun [ C or U ] B2 a belief, principle, or way of acting that people in a particular society or group have continued to follow for a long time, or all of these beliefs, etc. in a particular society or group: Fireworks have long been an American tradition on the Fourth of July. Switzerland has a long tradition of neutrality. [ + that ] There's a tradition in our office that when it's somebody's birthday, they bring in a cake for all of us to share. We decided to break with tradition (= not behave as usual) this year and go away for Christmas. According to tradition, a headless ghost walks through the corridors of the house at night. More examples This college has a long tradition of athletic excellence. In keeping with tradition, they always have turkey on Christmas Day.

suffering

noun [ C or U ] B2 physical or mental pain that a person or animal is feeling: The war will cause widespread human suffering. Now she is at peace and her suffering is over. After months of suffering, his death was a mercy. The idea is to kill the animal as quickly as possible without causing unnecessary suffering. The drugs did nothing to alleviate her suffering.

pension contribution

noun [ C or U ] B2 something that you contribute or do to help produce or achieve something together with other people, or to help make something successful: All contributions (= presents of money), no matter how small, will be much appreciated. All contributions (= articles to be printed) for the school magazine must be received by 1 August. This invention made a major contribution to road safety. She didn't make much of a contribution (= she did not say much) at today's meeting, did she? Would you like to make a contribution towards a present for Linda? With your contribution, that makes a total of £45. Marie Curie is famous for her contribution to science.

harvest

noun [ C or U ] B2 the time of year when crops are cut and collected from the fields, or the activity of cutting and collecting them, or the crops that are cut and collected: the grain/potato/grape harvest We had a good harvest this year. Farmers are reporting a bumper (= very big) harvest this year. It won't be long now till harvest (time). With the harvest finished, I was able to relax with an easy mind/conscience. The drought has made farmers anxious about the harvest. How many extra hands will we need to help with the harvest? verb (CROPS) [ T or I ] to pick and collect crops, or to collect plants, animals, or fish to eat: In the US, winter wheat is harvested in the early summer. Farmers sort the vegetables when they harvest. verb (BODY PARTS) [ T ] to take cells or other body parts from someone for medical use: The donor organ is harvested at the accident scene and rushed to a hospital. Stem cells harvested from cord blood have been used to successfully treat dozens of serious illnesses. verb (INFORMATION) [ T ] to collect large quantities of information, especially automatically: The ministry will not harvest data about salaries, sexual orientation, or country of origin for foreigners. Unauthorized use of personal information harvested from social networks is likely to anger potential customers.

incentives

noun [ C or U ] C2 something that encourages a person to do something: Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income. [ + to infinitive ] There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home when public transport remains so expensive. Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder. Indexation of pay rises to productivity will give people an incentive to work harder. The incentive to sell more is large - and it plainly works. The management have introduced a productivity incentive scheme for members of staff. Tax incentives have been offered to attract industry to the region. The new law provides incentives for businesses to invest in recycling equipment.

sponsorship

noun [ C or U ] MARKETING the act of providing money for a television or radio programme, website, sports event, or other activity in exchange for advertising: The company is reviewing its €6 million a year advertising and sponsorship budget. GOVERNMENT the act of supporting a new idea, especially a law: He was criticized for his sponsorship of the bill. the act of supporting a person, organization, or activity by giving money, encouragement, or other help: We have a student sponsorship scheme, sponsoring students from 18 through university.

misapprehension

noun [ C or U ] a failure to understand something, or an understanding or belief about something that is not correct: [ + that ] Most industrialists labour under a misapprehension (= wrongly believe) that unrestrained economic growth can be achieved without damaging the environment. (มิสแอพริเฮน'เชิน) n. ความเข้าใจผิด

culture shock

noun [ C or U ] a feeling of confusion felt by someone visiting a country or place that they do not know: It was a real culture shock to find herself in Bangkok after living on a small island.

income tax

noun [ C or U ] a tax that you have to pay on your income, usually higher for people with larger incomes [N] ภาษีเงินได้, See also: ภาษีรายได้

fossil fuels

noun [ C or U ] fuels, such as gas, coal, and oil, that were formed underground from plant and animal remains millions of years ago

convergence

noun [ C or U ] the fact that two or more things, ideas, etc. become similar or come together: a convergence of interests/opinions/ideas The convergence of pop-cultural trends and technological progress gave us camera phones and the "selfie".

Emigration

noun [ C or U ] the process of leaving a country permanently and going to live in another one: Emigration to Western Europe has been significant. Travel and emigration have broadened the mind and brought unparalleled opportunities to countless families. Many young people live in the United States as a result of their parents' emigration from Turkey, China, Romania, and a host of other nations. A frantic scramble for emigration visas threatened to aggravate a brain drain of the talented and educated. There should be new rules for emigrations and refugees. การอพยพออก

contrast

noun [ C or U ] B2 an obvious difference between two or more things: I like the contrast of the white trousers with the black jacket. The antique furnishing provides an unusual contrast to the modernity of the building. There's a marked contrast between his character and hers. Their economy has expanded, while ours, by/in contrast, has declined. The amount spent on defence is in stark/sharp (= in very noticeable) contrast to that spent on housing and health. verb C2 [ T ] to compare two people or things in order to show the differences between them: If you contrast some of her early writing with her later work, you can see just how much she improved. C2 [ I ] If one thing contrasts with another, it is very different from it: The styles of the two film makers contrast quite dramatically. The tartness of the lemons contrasts with the sweetness of the honey. (n. คอน'แทรสทฺ,คันแทรสทฺ') {contrasted,contrasting,contrasts} n. ความผิดแผกกัน,ความตรงกันข้าม,สิ่งหรือบุคคลที่ผิดแผกกันอย่างชัดเจน,ความแตกต่างระหว่างบริเวณดำและขาวในภาพถ่าย. -v. เปรียบเทียบความคิดแผกกัน., See also: contrastable adj. ดูcontrast

yearning for

noun [ C or U ] a strong feeling of wishing for something, especially something that you cannot have or get easily: I suppose it's because I live in a city that I have this yearning for open spaces. (เยิร์น'นิง) n. ความอยาก,ความต้องการมาก,ความคิดถึงอย่างรักใคร่,ความใฝ่ฝัน,ความใฝ่หา, See also: yearningly adv., Syn. desire,craving

debit

noun [ C or U ] B2 (a record of) money taken out of a bank account: The account was in debit at the end of the month (= more money had been spent than was in the account at that time). Debits are shown in the left-hand column. verb [ T ] B2 to take money out of an account or keep a record of this: The bank debited my account. The bank debited the money from my account. The unauthorized borrowing fee will be debited to your account.

Recession

noun [ C or U ] B2 a period when the economy of a country is not successful and conditions for business are bad: The country is sliding into the depths of (a) recession. More examples A lot of companies have been adversely affected by the recession. For the second time in ten years, the government has driven the economy into deep and damaging recession.

donation

noun [ C or U ] B2 money or goods that are given to help a person or organization, or the act of giving them: donations of food and money I'd like to make a small donation in my mother's name. Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause. "Will a £50 donation be enough?" "Yes, that would be quite acceptable ." Even a small donation can do a lot of good. (โดเน'เชิน) n. การบริจาค,การมอบให้,ของที่บริจาค,เงินที่บริจาค,ของขวัญ, Syn. grant

emphasis

noun [ C or U ] UK /ˈem.fə.sɪs/ US /ˈem.fə.sɪs/ plural emphases UK/ˈem.fə.siːz/ US/ˈem.fə.siːz/ B2 the particular importance or attention that is given to something: I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it. Schools here put/place/lay great emphasis on written work and grammar. the extra force that is given to a word or part of a word when it is spoken: The emphasis is on the final syllable. Where do you put the emphasis in the word "controversy"? Too much emphasis is placed on the desirability of being thin. The school puts a lot of emphasis on teaching children to read and write. You can never place enough emphasis upon the importance of safety. (เอม'ฟะซิส) n. การเน้น,ความสำคัญ,สิ่งที่มีความสำคัญ,การเน้น คำ,ความเข้มข้น,ความ

income tax

noun [ C or U ] UK US TAX a tax on the money that a person earns from working or that a company earns from the sale of products or services: business/corporate/personal income tax avoid/evade/pay income tax Several tax evaders got away with no penalties by agreeing to pay income tax for previous years. put up/increase/raise income tax Congress is highly unlikely to raise income tax in an election year. to cut/reduce/lower income tax The Chancellor proposed a 1p cut in the basic rate of income tax.

libel

noun [ C or U ] a piece of writing that contains bad and false things about a person: She threatened to sue the magazine for libel. verb [ T ] to write and publish something that contains bad and false things about a person: She claims the newspaper libelled her in editorials and news articles. With a few exceptions, no writer consciously sits down with the aim of libelling anyone.

coalition

noun [ C or U ] the joining together of different political parties or groups for a particular purpose, usually for a limited time, or a government that is formed in this way: Government by coalition has its own peculiar set of problems. By forming a coalition, the rebels and the opposition parties defeated the government. a coalition government a group of two or more political parties working together to win an election or govern an area: form/build/assemble a coalition With no party having gained overall control in the election, the two largest parties hope to form a coalition. enter into/join a coalition a coalition government (โคอะลิช'เชิน) n. การร่วมกัน,การร่วมมือกัน,สัมพันธมิตร,รัฐบาลผสม,การประสานกัน., See also: coalitionist,coalitoiner n., Syn. alliance

salary

noun [ C or U ] plural salaries HR, WORKPLACE the total amount of money that an employee is paid every year to do their job, or one of the payments they receive each month as part of this: an annual/a monthly salary Her annual salary exceeds €100,000. be on a salary of sth He must be on a salary of at least $90,000. pay sb a salary of sth I was being paid a salary of around $75,000. earn/get a salary high/low salary salary increase/cut Employees say they expect salary cuts of 13% or more. Your starting salary will be in line with your previous experience. on (a) salary I have six more months on salary after I step down. He earns about $1.2 million in salary and benefits at the bank. a competitive salary

Generalisation

noun [ C or U ] (UK usually generalisation) C1 a written or spoken statement in which you say or write that something is true all of the time when it is only true some of the time: The report is full of errors and sweeping/broad generalizations. Generalization can be dangerous. n. ลักษณะทั่วไป,หลักการหรือกฎเกณฑ์ทั่วไป,การพูดคลุม,การลงความเห็น,การวางหลักเกณฑ์, Syn. generality,majority

boom

noun [ C or U ] ECONOMICS, FINANCE UK /buːm/ US a period of increased economic activity and growth: A decade of market-oriented reforms has touched off an economic boom. The country as a whole will suffer the economic cost of the abrupt end of a decade-long boom. fuel/create/cause a boom The country's radical tax system is helping fuel a boom that rivals Asia's tiger economies. experience/enjoy/undergo a boom The construction industry experienced a boom in the years following the war. boom in sth The boom in internet share prices has fuelled a huge growth in stock market values around the world. property/housing/building boom During the housing boom, lenders issued loans in record amounts. dotcom/internet/technology boom The dot.com boom generated $18 billion in stock options and capital gains taxes for the state. stock market/investment/price boom consumer/spending boom verb [ I ] ECONOMICS, FINANCE to experience an increase in economic activity, interest, or growth: Small businesses have boomed, since the government passed a new law making it easier to set them up. Business is booming, producing increased earnings. With the economy booming, opportunities have never been better for entrepreneurs.

income

noun [ C or U ] ECONOMICS, FINANCE, ACCOUNTING, WORKPLACE UK /ˈɪŋkʌm/ US money earned by a person, company, government, etc. over particular period of time: an income of To qualify, you must have an income of $24,000 or less. earn/have/receive (an) income Your hobby could become a part-time way of earning income. generate/provide (an) income Some 40,000 farm families generate income from apple growing. income from/on sth More than 35% of personal revenue came from income on earned interest-bearing accounts. family/household income annual/monthly/quarterly income after-tax/pre-tax/post-tax income We were pleased to see revenues and pre-tax income improve for the second consecutive quarter. a high/low income additional/extra income current/future income a regular/steady income pension/retirement income She received rental income of about £12,000 a year from the property. For many students, summer jobs are their source of income for the upcoming school year. (อิน' คัม) n. รายได้, เงินได้, รายรับ, สิ่งที่เพิ่มเข้ามา, การเข้ามา (revenue, receipts)

borrowing

noun [ C or U ] FINANCE, BANKING the act of borrowing money or the amount of money that a person, company, government, etc. borrows: Deficit spending and foreign borrowing are reaching levels that could threaten the nation's future growth. Credit card borrowing was down £400,000 in November. short-term/medium-term/long-term borrowing An overdraft is not suitable for long-term borrowing. reduce/cut/control borrowing Government debt interest is projected to flatten out as borrowing is reduced. increase/encourage borrowing Low interest rates encourage borrowing, thereby stimulating demand for goods. borrowings [ plural ] the amount of money that a person, company, government, etc. borrows: The chairman recently reported that bank borrowings were down and profits were up eightfold. repay/clear borrowings Repay personal borrowings first, before borrowings for business purposes. long-term/short-term borrowings reduce/cut borrowings

excise duty

noun [ C or U ] TAX UK ( US excise tax) a tax on some types of goods such as alcohol, cigarettes, or petrol paid to a national or state government: excise duty/tax on sth a 5% excise duty on cigarettes Motorists can save about two thirds of the vehicle excise duty by choosing a cleaner car. Spending on the program will be paid for by raising the federal excise tax on tobacco.

discrepancy

noun [ C or U ] formal a difference between two things that should be the same: There is some discrepancy between the two accounts. The committee is reportedly unhappy about the discrepancy in numbers. (ดิสเครพ'เพินซี) n. ความไม่ลงรอยกัน,ความไม่ตรงกัน,ความขัดแย้ง

amenities

noun [ C usually plural ] something, such as a swimming pool or shopping centre, that is intended to make life more pleasant or comfortable for the people in a town, hotel, or other place: The council has some spare cash, which it proposes to spend on public amenities. basic amenities things considered to be necessary to live comfortably, such as hot water: The 200-year-old jail is overcrowded, understaffed, and lacking in basic amenities. สิ่งอำนวยความสะดวก

hiring

noun [ C usually plural ] UK /ˈhaɪə.rɪŋ/ US /ˈhaɪr.ɪŋ/ the act of starting to employ someone: The office has completely changed in the past few weeks because there have been so many hirings and firings (= a lot of new people have been employed and a lot of others have lost their jobs).

rush hour

noun [ C usually singular ] B2 the busy part of the day when towns and cities are crowded, either in the morning when people are travelling to work, or in the evening when people are travelling home: rush hour traffic

infrastructure

noun [ C usually singular ] C1 the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or organization uses in order to work effectively: The war has badly damaged the country's infrastructure. It is a long-term task to rebuild the infrastructure of a war-torn country such as Angola. The industry was accused of having invested little in workers, plant or infrastructure. The minister is responsible for the country's transport infrastructure. More money is needed to maintain the city's infrastructure. โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน

melting pot

noun [ C usually singular ] a place where many different people and ideas exist together, often mixing and producing something new: a cultural melting pot New Orleans is one of the great melting pots of America.

glass ceiling

noun [ C usually singular ] a point after which you cannot go any further, usually in improving your position at work: Various reasons are given for the apparent glass ceiling women hit in many professions. something that prevents someone from getting a more important position in their organization: Women have made scant progress in breaking through the glass ceiling to reach top corporate executive and boardroom positions. Few people who hit the glass ceiling are inclined to go through the additional pain of a complaint to the government.

green belt

noun [ C usually singular ] a strip of countryside round a city or town where building is not allowed London's green belt This is the first review of greenbelt policy since 1985.

welfare state

noun [ C usually singular ] a system that allows the government of a country to provide social services such as healthcare, unemployment benefit, etc. to people who need them, paid for by taxes The ANC established Africa's largest welfare state through the provision of old-age pensions. [N] ระบบสวัสดิการที่รัฐบาลให้แก่ประชาชนทางด้านต่างๆ, See also: เช่น การศึกษา สุขภาพ การเคหะ และอื่นๆ

Black Spot

noun [ C usually singular ] UK a place on a road that is considered to be dangerous because several accidents have happened there: This corner is an accident black spot. a place where something is very bad: an unemployment black spot

life expectancy

noun [ C usually singular or U ] the length of time that a living thing, especially a human being, is likely to live: Life expectancy in Europe increased greatly in the 20th century.

extended family

noun [ C usually singular, + sing/pl verb ] a family unit that includes grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, and uncles, etc. in addition to parents and children

gang

noun [ C, + sing/pl verb ] B2 a group of young people, especially young men, who spend time together, often fighting with other groups and behaving badly: Fights among rival gangs account for most murders in the city. B2 a group of criminals who work together: a gang of armed robbers C2 informal a group of friends: I've made friends at my new school, but I miss the old gang. I went out with the usual gang from college on Friday night. a group of workers or prisoners who work together: a gang of labourers More examples The gang drove off, with the police in hot pursuit. He is believed to have been shot by a rival gang in revenge for the shootings last week. The gang admitted they had committed four recent bank robberies. (แกง) n. กลุ่ม,แก๊ง,พวก,หมู่,หมู่โจร,พวกโจร,ชุด,หน่วย,ระยะทาง. vt.,vi. จัดเป็นกลุ่ม,กลายเป็นกลุ่ม. -Phr. (gang up (on) รวมกลุ่มกันต่อต้าน), Syn. band,horde,crew

throng

noun [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a crowd or large group of people: A huge throng had gathered around the speaker. verb [ I + adv/prep, T ] to be or go somewhere in very large numbers: Crowds thronged the market place. The narrow streets were thronged with summer visitors. [ + to infinitive ] Thousands of people thronged to see the exhibition while it was in the capital. (ธรอง) n. ฝูงชน,กลุ่มคน,กลุ่ม,จำนวนมากมาย,การชุมนุม,เรื่องราวคับขัน vt.,vi. จับกลุ่ม,รวมกลุ่ม,ชุมนุม,แออัด,ออกัน,กลุ้มรุม, Syn. mass

enterprise

noun [ C/U ] US /ˈen·tərˌprɑɪz/ an organization, esp. a business, or a difficult and important plan, esp. one that will earn money: [ U ] private enterprise [ C ] The road is bordered by shopping centers, restaurants, retail outlets, and other commercial enterprises. Enterprise is also the willingness and energy to do something new that takes a lot of effort: [ U ] They've showed a great deal of enterprise in setting up this project. (Definition of enterprise from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press) enterprise | BUSINESS ENGLISH enterprise noun UK /ˈentəpraɪz/ US [ C ] an organization, a company, or a business: a manufacturing/catering/farming enterprise a large/small/medium-sized enterprise a state/state-owned/multinational enterprise a domestic/local/foreign enterprise He was responsible for building the pizza company into a billion-dollar enterprise. They run a family enterprise in their local town. enterprise development/management The grants are intended to support local small enterprise development. [ C ] a business plan or project, especially one that is difficult or that may fail or lose money: a business/commercial/economic enterprise What we always look for in a future business partner is a commitment to the business enterprise and its success. a successful/joint enterprise [ U ] business activity in general: boost/encourage/promote enterprise The government unveiled a wide range of measures to boost business and enterprise yesterday. The enterprise and development committee supports innovation in business. [ U ] the quality or activity of thinking of new ideas and activities in business and making them successful despite the risks involved: The prime minister applauded the innovation of private entrepreneurs and said he would like to see similar enterprise in the public sector, too. The scheme rewards young people who show initiative and enterprise.

wage

noun [ S ] B1 a particular amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, especially one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education: a very low/high wage an hourly/daily/weekly/annual wage He gets/earns/is paid a good wage, because he works for a fair employer. The job pays very low wages. verb [ T ] formal to fight a war or organize a series of activities in order to achieve something: Doesn't the president need Congress' permission to wage war on another country? They've been waging a long campaign to change the law. (เวจฺ) n. ค่าจ้าง,เงินเดือน,ค่าแรง,ค่าตอบแทน,ความมั่นคง vt. ดำเนินต่อไป,ว่าจ้าง,ให้คำมั่น vi. ต่อสู้,ดิ้นรน, Syn. earnings,emolument

take up

noun [ S ] UK /ˈteɪk.ʌp/ US /ˈteɪk.ʌp/ how much people start to use or accept a service, or sometimes a product, that has become available to them: We are calling for government action to improve the take-up of state benefits. noun [ U or S ] (also takeup) UK US COMMERCE the degree to which people start to buy or use a product or service that has become available: It is hard to know what the take-up of the new flat-rate service will be. It's been a raging success, with more than 90% take-up. The group's recent rights issue is suffering from a low take-up rate. high/low/poor take-up Part of the reason for the poor take-up may be that people will have to disclose very personal details. เริ่มต้น

cost of living

noun [ S ] UK US ECONOMICS the amount of money that people need to spend in order to buy basic goods or services such as food, clothes, and a place to live: The rising cost of living in the country has forced many people to take second jobs. an increase/fall in the cost of living a high/low cost of living ค่าครองชีพ

readership

noun [ S, + sing/pl verb ] C1 the group of people who regularly read a particular newspaper, magazine, etc.: The magazine has a readership of over 250,000. It's a newspaper with a large right-wing readership.

weaker sex

noun [ S, + sing/pl verb ] used to refer to women in general: considered offensive by many people

genetic engineering

noun [ U ] (the science of) changing the structure of the genes of a living thing in order to make it healthier, stronger, or more useful to humans

fast food

noun [ U ] A2 hot food such as hamburgers that is quick to cook or is already cooked and is therefore served very quickly in a restaurant

photography

noun [ U ] A2 the activity or job of taking photographs or filming: She's taking an evening class in photography. The film won an award for its photography.

Flu Epidemic

noun [ U ] B1 a common infectious illness that causes fever and headache: a flu virus to catch/get/have (the) flu She's very hot and shivery, so I think she must have flu. There are lots of people off school this week with flu.

poverty

noun [ U ] B2 the condition of being extremely poor: Two million people in the city live in abject (= very great) poverty. He emigrated to Australia to escape the grinding (= very great) poverty of his birthplace. Helping to alleviate poverty in developing countries also helps to reduce environmental destruction. a poverty of sth formal a lack of something or when the quality of something is extremely low: There is a disappointing poverty of creativity in their work. The problem of poverty is particularly acute in rural areas. The closure of the factory brought poverty to the town . When is the government going to tackle the problem of poverty in the inner cities? I've never witnessed such extremes of wealth and poverty.

popularity

noun [ U ] B2 the fact that something or someone is liked, enjoyed, or supported by many people: the increasing popularity of organic food The prime minister is riding on a wave of popularity. Cinema in Britain is undergoing a revival of popularity. By the late 70s the group's popularity was beginning to wane.

conservation

noun [ U ] B2 the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity: wildlife conservation a conservation area C1 carefully using valuable natural substances that exist in limited amounts in order to make certain that they will be available for as long a time as possible: the conservation of coal/gas/oil reserves Energy conservation reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment. "conservation programme"

literacy

noun [ U ] C1 the ability to read and write: Far more resources are needed to improve adult literacy. The country has a literacy rate of almost 98%. knowledge of a particular subject, or a particular type of knowledge: Computer literacy is becoming as essential as the ability to drive a car. (ลิท'เทอระซี) n. ความสามารถอ่านออกเขียนได้, การรู้หนังสือ

packaging

noun [ U ] COMMERCE material used for wrapping or covering goods to protect them: the challenge of recycling plastic packaging Unwanted items should be returned in their original packaging. COMMERCE the process of putting products into containers so that they can be sold or sent somewhere: The price includes packaging and transport. COMMERCE (also product packaging) the process of putting together information, products, or services to be sold as a set: We specialize in the packaging of services, with the aim of selling more to each individual customer. Newspapers are finding that flexible content packaging is essential in a globalized market.

mobility

noun [ U ] ECONOMICS the fact that it is easy for someone to change their situation, for example by doing different work, becoming part of a different social class, or moving to a different place: Some employment systems require more flexibility and mobility than others. class/social/economic mobility The government thinks higher education means more social mobility. upward/downward mobility Widespread upward mobility has meant that mobile phones and automobiles are considered normal purchases. the fact that it is easy to move or transport something from one place to another, or to use it for a different purpose: I prefer the mobility of a handheld camera. In a world of capital mobility, bilateral trade figures don't really tell you very much. IT, COMMUNICATIONS, E-COMMERCE the ability to have particular services available on a phone or a computer used while travelling from place to place, without being connected by wires: Consumers are demanding mobility, so that they can have access to information wherever they are.

salmonella

noun [ U ] a type of bacteria that exists in several forms, some of which live in food and make the people who eat it ill: salmonella poisoning the illness caused by this bacteria: an outbreak of salmonella (แซลมะเนล'ละ) n. เชื้อแบคทีเรียรูปท่อนกลมจำพวกหนึ่งที่ทำให้เกิดโรคแก่คนและสัตว์เลือดอุ่น pl. Salmonellae

multi-tasking

noun [ U ] the ability to do several different jobs at the same time: Women are supposed to be more adept at multitasking and communicating. multitasking skills IT a computing process that allows a computer to operate several different programs at the same time: a multitasking operating system

Depopulation

noun [ U ] the action of causing a country or area to have fewer people living in it: rural depopulation/depopulation of the rural areas Closure of rural schools will accelerate depopulation. After decades of depopulation, our cities are undergoing a second renaissance. The depopulation of Ireland continued for more than a century. cities that have suffered depopulation

Depopulation

noun [ U ] the action of causing a country or area to have fewer people living in it: rural depopulation/depopulation of the rural areas Closure of rural schools will accelerate depopulation. See depopulate After decades of depopulation, our cities are undergoing a second renaissance. The depopulation of Ireland continued for more than a century.

jeering

noun [ U ] the action of laughing or shouting insults at someone to show you have no respect for them: loud jeering from the opposition parties I shouted to be heard above the jeering of my colleagues.

availability

noun [ U ] the fact or possibility that you can buy, get, or have something: availability of sth Many companies choose to produce abroad because of the low labour costs and the availability of skilled labour. limited/widespread/growing availability Prices were driven up due to the limited availability of key raw materials. lack of availability Customers complained about the increased insurance premiums and the lack of availability of quality coverage. the fact that you have time free for doing something, or the amount of time that you have: sb's availability We could meet next week - what's your availability? availability for sth Union workers were asked about their attitudes toward a strike and their availability for picket-line duty.

job satisfaction

noun [ U ] the feeling of pleasure and achievement that you experience in your job when you know that your work is worth doing, or the degree to which your work gives you this feeling: Many people are more interested in job satisfaction than in earning large amounts of money. Companies with high levels of job satisfaction tend to have higher profitability and productivity. Employees reported increased job satisfaction since the changes to the organization.

adolescence

noun [ U ] the period of time in a person's life when they are developing into an adult: She had a troubled adolescence. yet another novel about the joys and sorrows of adolescence

healthcare

noun [ U ] C1 the set of services provided by a country or an organization for the treatment of the physically and the mentally ill: Healthcare workers are some of the lowest paid people in the country. the activity or business of providing medical services: Many people in the country cannot afford health care. Large corporations should have some responsibility in providing healthcare, safe working conditions, and an environment of equality. For many voters, health care reforms are high on the political agenda. healthcare system/service/sector The NHS is a world-leading healthcare system free at the point of need to everyone. healthcare benefits/costs/expenses healthcare/industry/company/provider free/private health care

numeracy

noun [ U ] ability to do basic mathematics: statistics on the literacy and numeracy of twelve-year-olds [N] ความรู้พื้นฐานที่ดีทางการคำนวณ

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

noun [ U ] an illness that people who work in certain buildings can get, caused by poor air quality inside the building: Air conditioning can contribute to sick building syndrome.

unification

noun [ U ] the act or process of bringing together or combining things or people: the unification of East and West Germany His party's long-term goal remained eventual unification. Migrants have a right to citizenship and family unification. Progress towards economic unification remains limited. (ยูนิฟิเค'เชิน) n. การรวมตัวกัน,ความสอดคล้องกัน

REPETITVE STRAIN INJURY (RSI)

noun [ U ] (abbreviation RSI) a painful medical condition that can cause damage to the hands, wrists, upper arms, and backs, especially of people who use computers and other forms of keyboard

obesity

noun [ U ] C1 the fact of being extremely fat, in a way that is dangerous for health: The National Institute of Health is discussing ways of tackling the problem of childhood obesity. A diet that is high in fat and sugar can lead to obesity.

discretion

noun [ U ] UK /dɪˈskreʃ.ən/ US /dɪˈskreʃ.ən/ discretion noun [U] (CAREFUL BEHAVIOUR) C2 the ability to behave without causing embarrassment or attracting too much attention, especially by keeping information secret: "Can you trust him with this?" "Yes, he's the soul of discretion (= he will not tell other people)." noun [U] (RIGHT TO CHOOSE) formal the right or ability to decide something: Students can be expelled at the discretion of the principal (= if the principal decides it). I leave the decision to your discretion (= for you to decide). (ดิสเครช'เชิน) n. ความสุขุม,การไตร่ตรองอย่างรอบคอบ,ความระมัดระวัง., See also: discretionary adj. ดูdiscretion discretional adj. ดูdiscretion

health

noun [ U ] UK /helθ/ US the activity or business of providing medical services: They welcomed the government's commitment to extra spending on health and education. Treatment of heart disease and cancer will be a top priority according to a report released by the Department of Health. The governor's plan is by far the most sweeping health reform proposal that any state has attempted recently. health department/official the condition of someone's body or mind, or the state of being well: Increases in the volume of work are damaging the health of some of our top executives. A clean water supply is crucial to public health. health problems/risks/threats the condition of a company, organization, or economy and the degree to which it is successful or makes a profit: In the UK, every retailer's health is measured by its Christmas sales. Layoffs are sometimes necessary for the long-term health of an economy. the financial health of the company

congestion

noun [ U ] UK /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/ US /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/ a situation in which a place is too blocked or crowded, causing difficulties: These facilities are designed to ease the congestion of emergency rooms. Cases are being repeatedly delayed because of congestion in the courts. C1 a situation in which there is too much traffic and movement is difficult: The (traffic) congestion in the city gets worse during the summer. Major airports will need new runways to relieve congestion. the problem of being unable to breathe through your nose because it is blocked, usually during an infection: This spray helps to ease nasal congestion. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, and runny nose. the problem of having lungs or other body parts that have become too full of blood or another liquid: He took to bed for weeks each winter with chest congestion. Congestion in the lungs or other vital organs of the body tends to destroy the tissues of the affected parts. (n) ความพลุกพล่าน,ความแออัด,เลือดคั่ง

congestion

noun [ U ] UK /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/ US /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/ a situation in which a place is too blocked or crowded, causing difficulties: These facilities are designed to ease the congestion of emergency rooms. Cases are being repeatedly delayed because of congestion in the courts. C1 a situation in which there is too much traffic and movement is difficult: The (traffic) congestion in the city gets worse during the summer. Major airports will need new runways to relieve congestion. the problem of being unable to breathe through your nose because it is blocked, usually during an infection: This spray helps to ease nasal congestion. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, and runny nose. the problem of having lungs or other body parts that have become too full of blood or another liquid: He took to bed for weeks each winter with chest congestion. Congestion in the lungs or other vital organs of the body tends to destroy the tissues of the affected parts. n. ความแออัด

wheat

noun [ U ] UK /wiːt/ US /wiːt/ B2 a plant whose yellowish-brown grain is used for making flour, or the grain itself: wheat fields Wheat is a staple crop for millions of people across the world. See also wholewheat mainly US Many wheat farmers have begun to diversify into other forms of agriculture. We drove past fields of ripening wheat. If he eats anything with wheat in it he's very sick. ข้าวสาลี

innocence

noun [ U ] UK /ˈɪn.ə.səns/ US /ˈɪn.ə.səns/ C1 the fact that someone is not guilty of a crime: She pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her. He was led away, protesting his innocence (= saying he was not guilty). C2 the quality of not having much experience of life and not knowing about the bad things that happen in life: She has a child-like innocence which I find very appealing. It took 15 years for the alleged criminals to prove their innocence. She has this apparent innocence which, I suspect, she uses to her advantage. The presumption of innocence is central to British law. (อิน'นะเซินซฺ) n. ความไร้เดียงสา,ความบริสุทธิ์,ความไร้มลทิน,ความซื่อ,ความไม่รู้ตัว,ความไม่เป็นภัย,บุคคลที่ไร้เดียงสา,สิ่งที่ไร้เดียงสา, Syn. innocuousness ###A. guilt

GNP

noun [ U ] UK /ˌdʒiːenˈpiː/ US ECONOMICS abbreviation for Gross National Product: the total value of all the goods and services produced by a country in a particular year, including income from foreign investments: This year, exports generated 41.4 percent of GNP.

corporal punishment

noun [ U ] UK /ˌkɔː.pər.əl ˈpʌn.ɪʃ.mənt/ US /ˌkɔːr.pɚ.əl ˈpʌn.ɪʃ.mənt/ the physical punishment of people, especially of children, by hitting them n. การลงโทษทางกายของผู้กระทำผิด

cybernetics

noun [ U ] UK /ˌsaɪ.bəˈnet.ɪks/ US /ˌsaɪ.bɚˈnet̬.ɪks/ the scientific study of how information is communicated in machines and electronic devices, comparing this with how information is communicated in the brain and nervous system The paper deals with the ways in which cybernetics can be made use of in industry, particularly where the development, design, and even construction of computer systems is involved. cybernetic adjective Too often a simplistic cybernetic control model underpins performance measurement systems.

irrigation

noun [ U ] UK /ˌɪr.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɪr.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ the practice of supplying land with water so that crops and plants will grow: an irrigation system Dirty irrigation water can spread animal pathogens to fruits and vegetables. (เออระเก'เชิน) n. การชลประทาน,การทดน้ำ,การปล่อยให้น้ำ หรือของเหลวไหลผ่าน,การชำระล้าง., See also: irrigatioanl adj.

job security

noun [ U ] UK US HR the fact of your job being permanent, so that you will probably not lose it: No job can offer guaranteed job security these days. ความมั่นคงในการทำงาน

unemployment

noun [ U ] US /ˌʌn·ɪmˈplɔɪ·mənt/ SOCIAL STUDIES the situation of not having a job that provides money, or the number of people in this situation at any time: high/low unemployment The unemployment rate was 4 percent in October. (Definition of unemployment from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press) unemployment | BUSINESS ENGLISH unemployment noun [ U ] UK /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/ US ECONOMICS, WORKPLACE the number or percentage of people in a country or area who do not have jobs: In the hardest hit areas, unemployment stands at around 14%. Youth unemployment among those between 16 and 19 remains high. The Office for National Statistics said the "claimant count" measure of unemployment dropped by 5,500 last month. an area of low/high unemployment unemployment figures/levels/statistics widespread/rising/growing unemployment unemployment rises/soars/climbs In Arkansas, the state's unemployment rose from 4.1% in December to 4.3% in January. unemployment falls/drops/decreases Unemployment is dropping fastest in the north of the country. level/rate of unemployment Unofficial estimates put the level of unemployment in the region at around 10%. rise/increase/decline in unemployment Further increases in unemployment are expected. reduce/cut/tackle unemployment Helping people out of poverty involves ensuring they have the right skills to compete in the labour market, as well as tackling unemployment. unemployment remains low/high/steady Fed forecasts are that unemployment will remain low at about 4.75%. a situation in which someone does not have a job: Fear of unemployment is driving homeowners to trade down as a safety measure against the chance of tough times ahead. a period/spell of unemployment Periods of unemployment are an inevitable feature of modern working life. Welfare discrimination plunges thousands of young people into a cycle of homelessness, unemployment and poverty. US informal money that the government pays regularly to unemployed people who are looking for jobs: If your contract is terminated, insist that your bosses give you a letter confirming that you can claim unemployment. See also

censorship

noun [ U ] the act of censoring books, films, etc.: censorship of the press (เซน'เซอชิพ) n. การเซนเซอร์,การตรวจสอบ,อำนาจการตรวจสอบ,ตำแหน่งเจ้าหน้าที่ตรวจสอบยับยั้ง,พลังจิตข่มซ่อนเร้นอยู่ในใจ

grandeur

noun [ U ] the quality of being very large and special or beautiful: the silent grandeur of the desert the grandeur of Wagner's music (แกรน'เจอะ) n. ความสูงศักดิ์,ความสง่างาม,ความผึ่งผาย,ความยิ่งใหญ่,ความน่ากลัว. n. สิ่งที่ใหญ่โต,สิ่งที่สูงศักดิ์, Syn. magnificence,glory,pomp

childcare

noun [ U ] (also child care) UK /ˈtʃaɪldkeər/ US WORKPLACE, HR care for a child or children while their parents are at work or are absent for another reason: What childcare facilities does your company offer? Without adequate childcare provision, many women who wish to work are unable to do so.

Impressionism

noun [ U ] ART specialized a style of painting, which began in France in the 1860s, in which the artist tries to represent the effects of light on an object, person, area of countryside, etc.

lending

noun [ U ] BANKING, FINANCE the activity of lending money to people and organizations which they pay back with interest: lending to sb Lending to borrowers with lower credit scores increased sharply during 2005-6. increase/cut/raise lending In the first half of the year, the Bank increased its lending by almost 50%. lending rises/increases/falls UK mortgage lending fell by a record £2.3bn in April. Equity prices have been hit sharply by the US sub-prime lending crisis. business/consumer/corporate lending bank/commercial/subprime lending lending company/institution/market lending practices/figures/growth

Ecotourism

noun [ U ] BUSINESS, GEOGRAPHY the business of organizing holidays to places of natural beauty in a way that helps local people and does not damage the environment Costa Rica's national parks have made it a center for ecotourism.

inflation

noun [ U ] ECONOMICS, FINANCE an increase in prices over time, causing a reduction in the value of money: high/low/moderate inflation Higher inflation threatens to force interest rates higher. falling/rising inflation Two decades of falling inflation and falling interest rates provided an exceptional, probably unique, boost to equities. accelerating/runaway/galloping inflation a surge/increase/rise in inflation The rise in inflation will be seen as a major set-back for the chancellor. a decline/fall/reduction in inflation to control/curb/reduce inflation push up/fuel inflation The government raised prices to encourage production, further fuelling inflation. the overall rate of inflation above/below inflation He is planning to increase public spending by 3.3% above inflation for the next three years. The rankings are based on the banks' return on equity, which is then adjusted for inflation. keep pace with/outstrip inflation The agency's budget has not kept pace with inflation and the staff has been cut.

Inflation

noun [ U ] ECONOMICS, FINANCE UK /ɪnˈfleɪʃən/ US an increase in prices over time, causing a reduction in the value of money: high/low/moderate inflation Higher inflation threatens to force interest rates higher. falling/rising inflation Two decades of falling inflation and falling interest rates provided an exceptional, probably unique, boost to equities. accelerating/runaway/galloping inflation a surge/increase/rise in inflation The rise in inflation will be seen as a major set-back for the chancellor. a decline/fall/reduction in inflation to control/curb/reduce inflation push up/fuel inflation The government raised prices to encourage production, further fuelling inflation. the overall rate of inflation above/below inflation He is planning to increase public spending by 3.3% above inflation for the next three years. The rankings are based on the banks' return on equity, which is then adjusted for inflation. keep pace with/outstrip inflation The agency's budget has not kept pace with inflation and the staff has been cut. Compare deflation disinflation reflation (อินเฟล'เชิน) n. การพองตัว,การพองลม,การขยายตัว,การลำพอง,การสูงขึ้นอย่างผิดปกติ, Syn. undue expansion

automation

noun [ U ] PRODUCTION, WORKPLACE the use of machines or computers instead of people to do a job, especially in a factory or office: Advances in factory automation and related technologies have allowed companies to raise output without increasing costs.

Taxation

noun [ U ] TAX, GOVERNMENT the system of collecting taxes: The proposals restrict investors' ability to shelter their assets from taxation. Reform of the country's taxation system is high on the Government's economic agenda. central/general/local taxation Britain has one of the highest rates of personal taxation in the world. Generally, all capital gains are taxable unless you are exempt from taxation. In Europe health care, education or sponsorship of the arts, have largely been financed through higher rates of taxation. The committee proposed a sweeping overhaul of the tax code last week, aimed at shifting more of the burden of taxation to the wealthy business/company/corporate taxation money that is collected as tax: cut/reduce/raise taxation The big corporations are adamant the government must reduce taxation. excessive/heavy taxation high/low taxation

traffic calming

noun [ U ] UK the act of building raised areas, small roundabouts, or other similar structures on roads, usually roads where there are houses, so that vehicles are forced to move more slowly along them:

drink-driving

noun [ U ] UK UK /ˌdrɪŋkˈdraɪ.vɪŋ/ US /ˌdrɪŋkˈdraɪ.vɪŋ/ (US drunk driving) the act of driving a vehicle after drinking too much alcohol: He was jailed for four months for drink-driving.

vitality

noun [ U ] approving C2 energy and strength: According to the packet, these vitamin pills will restore lost vitality. (ไวแทล'ลิที) n. กำลังกาย,กำลังวังชา,กำลังจิต,ความสามารถในการอยู่รอด,พลังชีวิต,พลังที่ทำให้สิ่งมีชีวิตดำเนินอยู่ได้, Syn. exuberance

bigotry

noun [ U ] disapproving the fact of having and expressing strong, unreasonable beliefs and disliking other people who have different beliefs or a different way of life: religious/racial bigotry (บิก'กะทรี) n. ความหัวดื้อ,ความมีทิฐิมานะ, Syn. intolerance

retribution

noun [ U ] formal UK /ˌret.rɪˈbjuː.ʃən/ US /ˌret.rəˈbjuː.ʃən/ deserved and severe punishment: They fled because they feared retribution for the genocide. She was asked whether a civilian government should seek retribution against military officers involved in human rights abuses. Many saw her death as divine retribution (= punishment by God) for her crimes. (รีทระบิว'เชิน) n. เวร,กรรมสนอง,การจองเวร,การตอบแทน,การแก้แค้น, See also: retributive adj., Syn. retaliation,recompense

disgust

noun [ U ]C2 a strong feeling of disapproval and dislike at a situation, person's behaviour, etc.: She walked out in disgust. We are demonstrating to show our anger and disgust at the treatment of refugees. He resigned from the committee in disgust at the corruption. Beresford, much to his disgust, was fined for illegal parking. verb [ T not continuous ] to make you feel extreme dislike or disapproval: Doesn't all this violence on TV disgust you? disgust verb [ T ] I'm disgusted by how dirty this oven is. disgusted adjective He gave her a disgusted look. disgusting adjective When you burn garbage, you've got some pretty disgusting stuff going up in the atmosphere. (ดิสกัสทฺ') n. ความน่ารังเกียจ,ความน่าขยะแขยง,ความสะอิดสะเอียน,ความน่าชัง. vt. ทำให้อาเจียน, ทำให้น่าชัง,ทำให้น่าขยะแขยง., See also: disgustedness n. ดูdisgust, Syn. offend,irk,repulsion

equality

noun [ U or C ] B2 the right of different groups of people to have a similar social position and receive the same treatment: equality between the sexes racial equality the government department responsible for equalities Opposite inequality Civil rights include freedom, equality in law and in employment, and the right to vote. Gandhi was loved and revered for his unceasing struggle for freedom and equality. Sexual equality will not be achieved until there is more provision for childcare. We are committed to the ideal of equality.

downsizing

noun [ U or C ] UK /ˈdaʊn.saɪ.zɪŋ/ US /ˈdaʊn.saɪ.zɪŋ/ the practice of making a company or an organization smaller by reducing the number of people working for it, or an occasion when this is done: The company announced a worldwide downsizing of its operations. There have been reports of layoffs and downsizings. corporate downsizing the practice of moving to a smaller home, usually because your home has become too large for you or as a way of saving money: Downsizing can free up cash to pay debts and make life more affordable by cutting bills. Business types sometimes try to rationalize downsizing as "rightsizing." A similar downsizing is expected to be announced soon at Chrysler. He lost his job during a downsizing. The airline's downsizing hurt morale and service quality and eventually led to a top management overhaul. He and his wife moved to a different town in a downsizing. การลดค่าใช้จ่าย

personnel

noun [ U, + sing/pl verb ] C1 the people who are employed in a company, organization, or one of the armed forces: The new director is likely to make major changes in personnel. military personnel C1 the department of a company or organization that deals with its employees when they first join, when they need training, or when they have any problems: Personnel will help you find somewhere to live. For more information about the job, please contact the personnel manager. Service personnel are subject to the Official Secrets Act. I initialled the documents and returned them to personnel. No admittance to unauthorized personnel. (เพอซะเนล') n. เจ้าหน้าที่,พนักงาน,บุคลากร

animal rights activist

noun [ plural ] the rights of animals to be treated well, for example by not being used for testing drugs or by not being hunted: She campaigns for animal rights. Animal rights activists protested outside the laboratory. noun [ C ] POLITICS a person who believes strongly in political or social change and takes part in activities such as public protests to try to make this happen: He's been a trade union/party activist for many years. an animal rights activist [N] สิทธิของสัตว์ที่จะมีชีวิตอยู่อย่างอิสระปราศจากการหารประโยชน์ของมนุษย์หรือถูกมนุษย์ทารุณหรือกักขัง

belonging

noun [ plural ] B2 the things that a person owns, especially those that can be carried : I put a few personal belongings in a bag and left the house for the last time. (บิลอง'อิง) n. ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างกัน,ทรัพย์สมบัติ,สิ่งของที่มีอยู่,ของประกอบ,ญาติพี่น้อง, See also: belongings n. ทรัพย์สมบัติ, Syn. relationship,possessions,assets

comparison

noun [C or U] (EXAMINING DIFFERENCES) B2 the act of comparing two or more people or things: They made a comparison of different countries' eating habits. By/In comparison with the French, the British eat far less fish. More examples You can't really draw a comparison between the two cases - they're entirely different. I thought I was badly treated but my experiences pale in comparison with yours. It was a tame film in comparison to some that she's made. noun [C or U] (CONSIDERING SIMILARITIES) B2 the fact of considering something similar or of equal quality to something else: She drew a comparison between life in the army and life in prison. To my mind there's no comparison between the two restaurants (= one is much better than the other). He's a good writer but he doesn't bear/stand comparison with Shakespeare (= he is not nearly as good as Shakespeare). (คัมแพ'ริเซิน) n. การเปรียบเทียบ ภาวะที่ถูกเปรียบเทียบ,การเทียบเคียง. -Phr. (degree of comparison การเปรียบเทียบคุณลักษณะในไวยากรณ์), Syn. equation,matching,similarity,correlation

migration

noun [C or U] (TRAVELLING/MOVING) the process of animals travelling to a different place, usually when the season changes: Christmas Island is known for its annual migration of 50 million bright red land crabs from the forest to the sea. Some old roads follow the paths of seasonal animal migrations. Scientists track bird populations and migration patterns. C1 the process of people travelling to a new place to live, usually in large numbers: There was a mass migration of poverty-stricken farmers into the cities. He argues that there are many economic benefits of migration. Compare emigration immigration Prior to migration, Ohio's peregrine falcon population is estimated to reach 110 to 130 birds. The longest migration of a tiger shark tracked before this new record was 1,984 miles. The city has incorporated moose migration paths into its land-use planning. Pressure on housing, health services and schools would occur even without migration, she argues. noun [C or U] (CHANGING) the process of beginning to use a new computer system, or of moving information from one type of system to another: Thanks for your patience during the migration to the new system. The processes must include accurate data migration. the process of customers changing to a new service or to a new company that supplies a service: They are assessing the impact of the migration of 6,000 subscribers to DIRECTV Latin America in the third quarter.

platoon

noun [C, + sing/pl verb] (GROUP) a small group of about ten or twelve soldiers, with a lieutenant in charge of it: His platoon was ambushed. a platoon commander a group of vehicles, especially military vehicles: The captain was in the lead vehicle of the platoon. First there is a platoon of motorcycle outriders who will clear the streets ahead. TRANSPORT specialized a group of vehicles that are connected physically or using computer technology so they can travel close together in a group, as a way to save space, fuel, or money: But there is still the problem of managing the formation and dispersal of platoons as cars join and leave. noun [C, + sing/pl verb] (SPORTS) SPORTS US specialized two sports players, especially baseball players, who play at the same position at different times: The most common platoon uses a left-handed batter against right-handed pitching and a right-handed batter against left-handed pitching. verb [I or T] (SPORTS) SPORTS US specialized in a sports team, especially in baseball, to use two players at different times at the same position, or to play at the same position as another player: Bowden says he'll be platooning the two players as much as possible. The coach plans to platoon him with Ahman Green. verb [I or T] (VEHICLES) TRANSPORT specialized to connect vehicles either physically or using computer technology so they can travel close together in a group, as a way to save space, fuel, or money: As drivers become comfortable with the technology and see that it is safe, they might be willing to consider platooning in their own cars. (พละทูน') n. หมวด,หมวดทหาร,หมวดตำรวจ หมวดเล็ก,กลุ่มคน,กลุ่มนักฟุตบอลประจำหน้าที่หนึ่ง ๆ vt. จัดเป็นหมวด,จัดเป็นกลุ่ม,จัดเป็นกอง, Syn. unit,group

crashed

noun [C] (ACCIDENT) a serious accident in which one or more cars, trucks, or other vehicles hit something, or in which an aircraft hits the ground or another aircraft: She was killed in an airplane crash in 1983. crash noun [C] (NOISE) a loud noise that sounds as if it is caused by something violently breaking apart or hitting something else: There was a loud crash, and we rushed over to see what had fallen. crash noun [C] (FAILURE) a sudden loss of value of investments, or a failure of a business verb (GO WHERE NOT INVITED) [ T ] infml to go to a party or other event without an invitation: Some guys tried to crash the party but they weren't allowed in. crash verb (SLEEP) [ I ] slang to sleep, or to stay at a place to sleep temporarily: I was so tired after work, I crashed on the sofa. crash verb (NOISE) [ always + adv/prep ] to fall or hit something in a noisy or violent way: [ I ] All the dishes the waitress was carrying crashed to the floor. [ always + adv/prep ] To crash is also to move in a noisy or violent way: [ I ] A big black bear came crashing through the underbrush. crash verb (FAIL) [ I ] (of investments) to lose value, or (of a business) to lose money and be unable to continue to operate: When the market crashed, everyone lost money. [ I ] If a computer crashes, it suddenly stops operating. crash verb (HIT VIOLENTLY) [ I/T ] (of a vehicle on the ground) to hit another vehicle or a large object violently, or (of an aircraft) to fall and violently hit the ground, a building, etc., or hit another aircraft while flying: [ I ] The plane crashed into the mountainside, killing all aboard. adjective (QUICK) involving great effort to achieve a lot quickly: took a crash course in cooking A crash diet is a way of losing body weight quickly by eating very little. ชน

bay

noun [C] (COAST) B1 a part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on three sides: We sailed into a beautiful, secluded bay. San Francisco Bay the Bay of Naples noun [C] (TREE) (also bay tree) a small evergreen tree (= one that never loses its leaves) that has leaves that are used to add flavour to food noun [C] (SPACE) a partly surrounded or marked space: A truck pulled into the loading bay. UK Visitors must park their cars in the marked bays. (เบ) {bayed,baying,bays} n. อ่าวเล็ก,ที่เว้าของเทือกเขา,มุข,ชื่อเสียง (bays) ,สีน้ำตาลปนแดง,ม้าหรือสัตว์ที่มีสีน้ำตาลปนแดง,เสียงเห่า,ภาวะหมดหนทาง,ความอับจน,การหอน vi. เห่า,หอน vt. เห่าใส่ adj. สีเทาปนแดง

compound

noun [C] (COMBINATION) CHEMISTRY specialized a chemical that combines two or more elements: Salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine. Many fertilizers contain nitrogen compounds. formal something consisting of two or more different parts: Then there was his manner, a curious compound of humour and severity. LANGUAGE specialized a word that combines two or more different words. Often, the meaning of the compound cannot be discovered by knowing the meaning of the different words that form it. Compounds may be written either as one word or as separate words: 'Bodyguard' and 'floppy disk' are two examples of compounds. noun [C] (AREA) an area surrounded by fences or walls that contains a group of buildings: The gates opened and the troops marched into their compound. The embassy compound has been closed to the public because of a bomb threat. verb (WORSEN) [ T often passive ] to make a problem or difficult situation worse: Her terror was compounded by the feeling that she was being watched. His financial problems were compounded when he unexpectedly lost his job. Severe drought has compounded food shortages in the region. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words compound verb (COMBINE) [ T ] to mix two things together: Most tyres are made of rubber compounded with other chemicals and materials. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words adjective consisting of two or more parts FINANCE & ECONOMICS specialized used to refer to a system of paying interest in which interest is paid both on the original amount of money invested (= given to companies hoping to get more back) or borrowed and on the interest that has collected over a period of time: compound interest The investment fund has achieved annual compound returns of 18.2 percent. (คอม'เพาน์ดฺ) {compounded,compounding,compounds} n. บริเวณบ้าน,บริเวณล้อมรั้ว,สารประกอบ,คำผสม vt. (คัมเพานด') ใส่รวมกัน,ประกอบเป็นสารประกอบ,ตกลงไม่เอาเรื่อง,คิดดอกเบี้ยทบต้น,เพิ่ม,เสริม. vi. ต่อรอง,ประนีประนอม,ตกลงกันได้, See also: compounder n. ด

linked

noun [C] (CONNECTION) B2 a connection between two people, things, or ideas: There's a direct link between diet and heart disease. Their links with Mexico are still strong. diplomatic links between the two countries B1 a connection between documents on the internet: Click on this link to visit our online bookstore. This research confirms the link between aggression and alcohol. The police have found no evidence of a terrorist link with the murder. noun [C] (CHAIN) one of the rings in a chain verb [ T ] B2 to make a connection between two or more people, things, or ideas: The explosions are not thought to be linked in any way. The use of CFCs has been linked to the depletion of the ozone layer. (ลิงคฺ) {linked,linking,links} n. สิ่งเชื่อมต่อ,การเชื่อม,ข้อต่อ,ข้อลูกโซ่,ห่วงเชื่อม,เครื่องประสาน,เครื่องเกี่ยวดอง,หน่วยสื่อสาร,กระดุมหรือที่หนีบของแขนเสื้อเชิ้ต,หน่วยความยาว7.92 นิ้ว (หน่วยวัด) ,ส่วนที่เป็นโค้งเว้าของแม่น้ำลำธาร. vt.,vi. เชื่อม,ต่อ,ประสาน

showcase

noun [C] (CONTAINER) a container with glass sides in which valuable or important objects are kept so that they can be looked at without being touched, damaged, or stolen noun [C] (OPPORTUNITY) a situation or event that makes it possible for the best features of something to be seen: The Venice Film Festival has always been the showcase of Italian cinema. The exhibition is an annual showcase for British design and innovation. verb [ T ] to show the best qualities or parts of something: The main aim of the exhibition is to showcase British design. (โช'เคส) n. ตู้กระจกแสดงสินค้า,ตู้แสดง,สิ่งที่แสดงจุดเด่นของสิ่ง ของหรือคน. vt. แสดง,ทำให้เห็นจุดเด่น, Syn. exhibit

peak

noun [C] (HIGHEST POINT) B2 the highest, strongest, or best point, value, or level of skill: Prices reach a peak during August. Beat the egg whites until they are stiff enough to form firm peaks. We saw a victory by an athlete at the very peak of her fitness and career. noun [C] (HAT PART) mainly UK (US usually visor) the flat curved part of a cap that goes above the eyes of the person who is wearing it noun [C] (MOUNTAIN) B1 the pointed top of a mountain, or the mountain itself: It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb. adjective [ before noun ] UK /piːk/ US /piːk/ Peak times are the times when most people are using or doing something: Traffic congestion is really bad at peak periods (= when it is busiest). It is most expensive to advertise at peak viewing times (= those with the most people watching). Don't go there in the peak (= busiest) season - it'll be hot and crowded. Peak levels or rates are when they are at their highest: peak rate electricity mainly UK often humorous used to describe something that has become so popular and common that it is no longer fashionable or people start to dislike it: I think we've reached peak beard (= beards were fashionable, but now too many people have them). verb [ I ] to reach the highest, strongest, or best point, value, or level of skill: Official figures show that unemployment peaked in November.

residents

noun [C] (HOME) B2 a person who lives or has their home in a place: a resident of the UK/Australia The local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces. The hotel bar was only open to residents (= to people staying at the hotel). He entered the United States in 1988 as a permanent resident because of his marriage to a U.S. citizen. Most local residents strenuously object to the building proposals. This pool is for the use of hotel residents only. noun [C] (MEDICAL) US Austalian a doctor who is still training, and who works in a hospital: She's a first-year resident in oncology at Boston General Hospital. adjective C1 living or staying in a place: She's resident abroad/in Moscow. [ before noun ] used to refer to someone who has a special skill or quality in a group or organization: She is the university's resident expert on Italian literature. humorous Tony is the company's resident clown.

galley

noun [C] (KITCHEN) a kitchen in a ship or aircraft noun [C] (BOAT) (in the past) a long, low ship with sails that was usually rowed by prisoners or slaves:

cape

noun [C] (LAND) a very large piece of land sticking out into the sea: the Cape of Good Hope noun [C] (COAT) a type of loose coat without sleeves that is fastened at the neck and hangs from the shoulders (เคพ) n. แหลม,ผ้าคลุมไหล่, See also: caped adj. ดู cape

bargain

noun [C] (LOW PRICE) B1 something on sale at a lower price than its true value: This coat was half-price - a real bargain. The airline regularly offers last-minute bookings at bargain prices. The sales had started and the bargain hunters (= people looking for things at a low price) were out in force. She has a sharp eye for a bargain. Buyers who have waited for bargains at the end of the year will find slim pickings. The fall in property prices means that there are a lot of bargains waiting to be snapped up. Jonathan doesn't miss a trick! If there's a bargain to be had at the market, he'll find it. She's got a good nose for a bargain, verb [ I or T ] UK /ˈbɑː.ɡɪn/ US /ˈbɑːr.ɡɪn/ to try to make someone agree to give you something that is better for you, such as a better price or better working conditions: Unions bargain with employers for better rates of pay each year. (บาร์'เกน) n. การต่อรองราคา,สิ่งที่ได้มาด้วยการต่อรองราคา,สินค้าราคาถูก vi.,vt. ต่อรองราคา,ตกลง -Phr. bargain for คาดหวัง เชื่อถือ -Conf. agreement

monitor

noun [C] (PERSON WHO WATCHES) B2 a person who has the job of watching or noticing particular things: United Nations monitors were not allowed to enter the area. Rosie was chosen to be monitor in class that day. They are employed as monitors to make sure that the organization works within the law. International monitors are keeping watch on the election process. noun [C] (TESTING MACHINE) a machine that regularly tests something: a radiation monitor noun [C] (SCREEN) B2 a computer screen or a device with a screen on which words or pictures can be shown: a computer monitor a TV monitor Doctors watched the old man's heartbeat on a monitor. noun [C] (AT SCHOOL) a child in school who has special jobs to do: the library monitor verb [ T ] C1 to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover something about it: The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels. The CIA were monitoring (= secretly listening to) his phone calls.

stack

noun [C] (PILE) a pile of things arranged one on top of another: He chose a cartoon from the stack of DVDs on the shelf. a large amount: Don't worry, we've got stacks of time. the stacks a set of shelves in a library that are positioned close together so that a lot of books can be stored on them noun [C] (AIRCRAFT) a group of aircraft circling over an airport at different heights waiting for permission to land: We were in the stack for over an hour before we landed. stack noun [C] (COMPUTER) a way of storing data (= information) on a computer so that the last piece of data to be stored is the first one to be found by the computer stack noun [C] (ACCIDENT) a car accident, especially one that causes damage verb (PUT SOMEWHERE) [ T ] to arrange things in an ordered pile: Once the last few people had left the hall, the caretaker began stacking (up) the chairs. [ T ] to fill something with objects: I got a job stacking shelves in a supermarket. Will you stack the dishwasher and switch it on, please? verb (AIRCRAFT) [ I or T ] (also stack up) to circle over an airport waiting for permission to land, or to make an aircraft do this: The airline uses thousands of tonnes of fuel a year when its planes are stacking above Heathrow and Gatwick. (สแทคฺ) n. กองที่ซ้อนกัน,ซุ้มปืน,สุม,จำนวนมากมาย,กลุ่มปล่องไฟบนหลังคา vt.,vi. กอง,ลุม,ก่ายขึ้น,จัดไพ่เพื่อโกง เรียงทับซ้อนใช้ในเรื่องโครงสร้างการเก็บข้อมูล หมายถึง การเก็บข้อมูลโดยเรียงทับซ้อนกันเป็นชั้น ๆ การเรียงทับแบบนี้จะทำให้เกิดภาวะเข้าก่อน ออกหลัง เพราะกว่าจะออกมาได้ ก็ต้องรื้อกองที่ทับซ้อนอยู่ ออกไปให้หมดเสียก่อน, Syn. bundle,pile,gather

stacks

noun [C] (PILE) a pile of things arranged one on top of another: He chose a cartoon from the stack of DVDs on the shelf. picture of stack malerapaso/iStock/Getty Images Plus/GettyImages informal a large amount: Don't worry, we've got stacks of time. verb stack verb (PUT SOMEWHERE) [ T ] to arrange things in an ordered pile: Once the last few people had left the hall, the caretaker began stacking (up) the chairs. [ T ] to fill something with objects: I got a job stacking shelves in a supermarket. Will you stack the dishwasher and switch it on, please? (สแทคฺ) n. กองที่ซ้อนกัน,ซุ้มปืน,สุม,จำนวนมากมาย,กลุ่มปล่องไฟบนหลังคา vt.,vi. กอง,ลุม,ก่ายขึ้น,จัดไพ่เพื่อโกง เรียงทับซ้อนใช้ในเรื่องโครงสร้างการเก็บข้อมูล หมายถึง การเก็บข้อมูลโดยเรียงทับซ้อนกันเป็นชั้น ๆ การเรียงทับแบบนี้จะทำให้เกิดภาวะเข้าก่อน ออกหลัง เพราะกว่าจะออกมาได้ ก็ต้องรื้อกองที่ทับซ้อนอยู่ ออกไปให้หมดเสียก่อน, Syn. bundle,pile,gather

sentenced

noun [C] (PUNISHMENT) B2 a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been found guilty of doing something wrong: He got a heavy/light sentence (= he was severely/not severely punished). The offence carries a jail/prison/life/five-year sentence. He was given a non-custodial/suspended sentence. pronounce sentence (of a judge) to say officially what a punishment will be: The judge will pronounce sentence on the defendant this afternoon. (เซน'เทินซฺ) n. ประโยค,การตัดสิน,การตัดสินลงโทษ,การพิพากษา,การลงโทษ,คติพจน์,คำคม,สุภาษิต. vt. ตัดสิน,พิพากษา., See also: sentencer n., Syn. judgment,opinion,verdict

witness

noun [C] (SEE) B2 a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident: Police are appealing for witnesses to the accident to come forward. According to (eye) witnesses, the robbery was carried out by two teenage boys. be witness to sth to see something happen: She was witness to the tragic event. someone who is asked to be present at a particular event and sign their name in order to prove that things have been done correctly: He signed the treaty in the presence of two witnesses. They were married a year after they first met, with two friends acting as witnesses. If you haven't got a witness, you haven't got a leg to stand on. One by one the witnesses narrated the sequence of events which led up to the disaster. The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses. New witnesses have cast doubt on some of the evidence that sent the 19 year old to the gallows. She bore witness to his patience and diligence. witness noun [C] (LAW) a person in a law court who says what they know about a legal case or a particular person: Ten witnesses are expected to testify at the trial today. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. expert witness a person who is allowed to give their opinion in a law court because of their knowledge or practical experience of a particular subject: A psychiatrist was called as an expert witness for the defence. verb [T] (BE PRESENT) B2 to see something happen, especially an accident or crime: Did anyone witness the attack? They were staying in the capital at the time of the riots and witnessed several street battles. [ + -ing verb ] He arrived home just in time to witness his brother being taken away by the police. to be present at an event and to sign your name as proof that it happened or that it was done correctly: Her will was witnessed by two colleagues. verb [T] (HAPPEN) formal When a place or period witnesses a particular event, the event happens in that place or during that period: This university has witnessed quite a few changes over the years. Those years witnessed momentous changes throughout Europe. witness verb [T] (SHOW) to show or give proof of something: This year's charity ball was the most successful one ever, as witnessed by the number of tickets sold. The programme aroused strong feelings - witness the number of letters received. (วิท'นิส) n. พยาน,ผู้เห็น,ผู้เซ็นชื่อรวมเป็นพยาน,หลักฐาน,คำให้การเป็นพยาน vt.,vi. ดู,เห็น,เห็นด้วยตา,เป็นผู้ลงนามร่วม,เป็นพยาน,ลงนามเป็นพยาน,เป็นหลักฐาน, See also: witnessable adj. witnesser n., Syn. testifier,evidence

outline

noun [C] (SHAPE) C2 the main shape or edge of something, without any details: She drew the outline of the boat and then coloured it in. in outline as a shape with an edge but without any details: The mountain was visible only in outline as the light faded. noun [C] (SHAPE) C2 the main shape or edge of something, without any details: She drew the outline of the boat and then coloured it in. in outline as a shape with an edge but without any details: The mountain was visible only in outline as the light faded. verb [ T ] outline verb [T] (DRAW SHAPE) to draw the main shape or edge of something: The area we're interested in is outlined in red on the map. verb [T] (DESCRIBE) B2 to give the main facts about something: At the interview she outlined what I would be doing. (เอาทฺ'ไลนฺ) n. เค้าโครง,รูปร่าง,สัณฐาน,เค้าหน้า,เส้นรอบนอก,ภาพคร่าว ๆ ,แผนผังสังเขป,ต้นร่าง. vt. ร่างเค้าโครง,สรุปความ, See also: outlines n.,pl. ส่วนที่สำคัญข้อความสำคัญ, Syn. sketch,plan,draw

store

noun [C] (SHOP) B1 UK a large shop where you can buy many different types of goods: a department store a DIY/furniture store A1 US any type of shop: a clothing/liquor store also UK a department store also UK a furniture store a convenience store noun [C] (STH KEPT) an amount of something that is being kept for future use: He has an impressively large store of wine in his cellar. Food stores are reported to be running dangerously low in the capital. verb [ T usually + adv/prep ] B2 to put or keep things in a special place for use in the future: The data is stored on a hard disk and backed up on a CD. I stored my possessions in my mother's house while I was living in Spain. I've stored my thick sweaters and jackets (away) until next winter. (สทอร์) n. ร้าน,ร้านค้า,ห้องพัสดุ,ห้องเก็บของ,พัสดุ,สิ่งที่เก็บสะสมไว้,การเก็บสะสม,ปริมาณมาก,จำนวนมาก vt. เก็บสะสม,เก็บรักษา,ใส่ไว้ในห้องพัสดุ,ป้อนข้อมูลลงในเครื่องคอมพิวเตอร์,เก็บข้อมูลไว้. vi. เก็บสะสม,เก็บรักษา stores เสบียงอาหาร เครื่องใช้และพัสดุที่จำเป็น

stream

noun [C] (SMALL RIVER) B1 water that flows naturally along a fixed route formed by a channel cut into rock or ground, usually at ground level: a mountain stream underground streams There's a bubbling stream that flows through their property. This little stream can become a deluge when it rains heavily. The stream was quite shallow so we were able to walk across it. The stream glinted in the moonlight. noun [C] (CONTINUOUS FLOW) any current of water or liquid: the level of cholesterol in your blood stream the direction in which water is moving: She stopped rowing and let the boat float with the stream. B2 a continuous flow of things or people: There has been a steady stream of phone calls from worried customers. I had a constant stream of visitors while I was ill. noun [C] (STUDENTS) UK (US track) a group of school students with similar ability who are approximately the same age and are taught together: I'm in the A stream for maths, and the B stream for English. the top/bottom stream verb (FLOW) [ I usually + adv/prep ] to flow somewhere or produce liquid, quickly and in large amounts without stopping: There were tears streaming down his face. One woman was carried from the scene of the accident with blood streaming from her head. UK I've got a terrible cold and my nose has been streaming all week. stream in, out, through, etc. to move continuously in one direction: We were all very excited as we streamed out of our final exam. Officials estimate that 20,000 refugees streamed into the city last week. verb (INTERNET) [ T ] to listen to or watch sound or video on a computer directly from the internet rather than downloading it and saving it first verb (STUDENTS) [ T ] UK (US track) to group and teach together school students with similar abilities who are approximately the same age: We start to stream the children in the third form.

plot

noun [C] (STORY) B2 the story of a book, film, play, etc.: The movie has a very simple plot. The plots of his books are basically all the same. noun [C] (PLAN) a secret plan made by several people to do something that is wrong, harmful, or not legal, especially to do damage to a person or a government: The plot was discovered before it was carried out. [ + to infinitive ] The police have foiled a plot to assassinate the president. noun [C] (GROUND) C2 a small piece of land that has been marked or measured for a particular purpose: a vegetable plot There are several plots of land for sale. verb (MARK) [ T ] to mark or draw something on a piece of paper or a map [ T ] to make marks to show the position, movement, or development of something, usually in the form of lines or curves between a series of points on a map or piece of paper: Radar operators plotted the course of the incoming missile. We've plotted our projected costs for the coming year, and they show a big increase verb (PLAN) [ I or T ] to make a secret plan to do something wrong, harmful, or illegal: The army is plotting the overthrow of the government. I can't believe that he's plotting against his own father. [ + to infinitive ] They're plotting (together) to take over the company. [ T ] humorous to make a secret plan to do something funny or enjoyable to or for someone: [ + to infinitive ] They're plotting to play a trick on their brother. He's plotting a surprise party for his wife's birthday. verb (STORY) [ T ] to write the plot for something: So far I've only plotted (out) the story in a rough form. (พลอท) n. ที่ดินแปลเล็ก,แผน,แผนการ,แผนการลับ,แผนที่,แผนผัง.,ที่ดินแปลเล็ก vt.,vi. แบ่งที่ดินออกเป็นแปลง ๆ ,วางแผน

breeding

noun [U] (ANIMALS) the keeping of animals or plants in order to breed from them: The family's business was horse-breeding. We used to keep pigs for breeding purposes. the process in which animals have sex and produce young animals: The penguins' breeding season has begun. noun [U] (BEHAVIOUR) old-fashioned (also good breeding) polite and socially correct behaviour that someone has because they were taught it as a child (บรีด'ดิง) n. การเพาะพันธ์,การออกลูก,กิริยาfission, Syn. raising

gaming

noun [U] (BETTING) the risking of money in games of chance, especially at a casino: gaming machines/tables noun [U] (COMPUTER GAMES) the activity of playing video games

Hardware

noun [U] (COMPUTER) B1 the physical and electronic parts of a computer, rather than the instructions it follows Compare software Much of our existing military hardware is obsolescent. The machine allows multitasking without the need to buy extra hardware. The thieves stole thousands of pounds worth of computer hardware. The cost of computer hardware has fallen in the last ten years. noun [U] (TOOLS) metal tools, materials, and equipment used in a house or a garden, such as hammers, nails, and screws noun [U] (MILITARY) informal equipment, especially if it is for military use or if it is heavy Thesaurus: synonyms and related words เครื่องมือ

devastation

noun [U] (DAMAGE) damage and destruction: If disease is allowed to spread, it will cause widespread devastation. The storm left behind it a trail of devastation. noun [U] (STRONG FEELING) feeling very shocked or upset: She had a look of utter devastation on her face.

cultivation

noun [U] (GROWING CROPS) C1 the act of preparing land and growing crops on it, or the act of growing a particular crop: At the height of poppy cultivation in the late 1990s, Afghanistan produced more than 2,000 tons of raw opium annually. The cultivation of wheat required the most fertile lands. noun [U] (DEVELOPING) the act of trying to develop and improve something: Those who take up the cultivation of mindfulness find out for themselves how it helps to solve life's problems. We should strive to continuously progress in our cultivation of virtue. the act of making a special effort to establish and develop a friendship: For the cultivation of friends we need above all time for conversation. Social media is structured in a way that encourages the collection rather than the cultivation of friendship. n. การฝึกฝน, การพรวนดิน, การปลูกพืช, การผูกมิตร

integrity

noun [U] (HONESTY) C2 approving the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change: No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity. sb's artistic, professional, etc. integrity approving someone's high artistic standards or standards of doing their job, and that person's determination not to lower those standards: Keen to preserve his artistic integrity, he refused several lucrative Hollywood offers. Lord Fletcher, said the Bishop, was a man of unimpeachable integrity and character. His comments cast a slur on the integrity of his employees. Her probity and integrity are beyond question. noun [U] (WHOLE) formal the quality of being whole and complete: A modern extension on the old building would ruin its architectural integrity. (อินเทก'กริที) n. การยึดถือหลักคุณธรรม,ความซื่อสัตย์,ความสมบูรณ์,ความมั่นคง,ความเป็นอันหนึ่งอันเดียวกัน, Syn. honesty,wholeness

Deflation

noun [U] (MAKING SMALLER/WEAKER) the action of making something smaller by removing the air from inside it; the fact of becoming smaller in this way : The rate of deflation of the balloon depends on the kind of material from which it is made. the situation in which something becomes weaker, or something or someone becomes less confident than before: a feeling of deflation after the party noun [U] (MONEY) a reduction of the supply of money in an economy, and therefore a reduction of economic activity, that is often part of an intentional government plan to reduce prices (ดิเฟล'เชิน) n. การปล่อยอากาศหรือแก๊สออก,การเพิ่มค่าเงินสูง,ภาวะเงินฝืด., See also: deflationary adj. ดูdeflation

coverage

noun [U] (REPORT) C1 MEDIA the reporting of a particular important event or subject: What did you think of the BBC's election coverage? There's a good arts coverage in the newspaper, but not much political commentary. I can remember watching live TV coverage of the first lunar landing, so that dates me . The wedding received extensive coverage in the newspapers. Sometimes it seems that press coverage of an event is inversely proportional to its true importance . noun [U] (DEALING WITH) the fact of dealing with or directing attention to something: These books give very good grammar coverage (= they deal with grammar very well). noun [U] (PROTECTION) C1 US (UK cover) financial protection so that you get money if something bad happens: They have a national program that provides health/medical coverage for every citizen. There is no coverage for expenses under $5 000. (คัฟ'เวอริจฺ) n. ขอบเขตที่การประกันภัยครอบคลุมถึง,เงินค้ำประกัน,เงินประกัน,การรายงานข่าวและการตีพิมพ์ข่าวหรือออกข่าว,ขอบเขตของการรายงานข่าว

still life

noun c or u a type of painting or drawing of an arrangement of objects that do not move, such as flowers, fruit, bowls, etc.: We went to an exhibition of 17th century Dutch still lifes.

multitude

noun formal a multitude of a large number of people or things: The city has a multitude of problems, from homelessness to drugs and murder. This case has raised a multitude of questions. the multitude a large crowd of people: He stepped out onto the balcony to address the multitude below. the multitudes [ plural ] large numbers of people: the multitudes using the internet the multitude the ordinary people who form the largest group in a society (มัล'ทิทูด) n. จำนวนมากมายของบุคคลหรือสิ่งของ,ฝูงชน,ฝูง,กลุ่ม,ความมากมาย,ความหลากหลาย

facilities

oun (BUILDING) B1 [ C ] a place, especially including buildings, where a particular activity happens: a nuclear research facility a military facility a new sports facility facilities B1 [ plural ] the buildings, equipment, and services provided for a particular purpose: shopping facilities medical facilities sports facilities Protesters have been demonstrating outside the new research facility. The training facility is scheduled to open in April 2005. New vehicles are inspected at the company's inspection facility. noun (ABILITY) B2 [ C or U ] an ability to do something easily or well: His facility for languages is astonishing. [ C or U ] a feature of a product that allows you to do something: a computer with a speech recognition facility UK He asked the bank to increase his overdraft facility.

parole

permission for a prisoner to be released before their period in prison is finished, with the agreement that they will behave well: He's been released on parole. She hopes to be eligible for parole in three years. Reynolds was sentenced to life without parole. verb [ T usually passive ] to give someone parole: He was paroled from prison last year after serving about four years. I am not happy with the possibility he could be paroled in 20 years. (พะโรล') n. การปล่อยจากคุกโดยมีทัณฑ์บนไว้., See also: parolee n.

go down

phrasal verb to move down to a lower level or place: He went down on his knees and begged for forgiveness. He first went down the mines when he was 17. to reach or go as far as: Its roots can go down three metres. This path goes down to the river. When the sun goes down, it moves down in the sky until it cannot be seen any more: On summer evenings we would sit on the veranda and watch the sun go down. to be reduced in price, value, amount, quality, level, or size: The temperature went down to minus ten last night. The company's shares went down 7p to 53p. to be remembered or recorded in a particular way: Hurricane Katrina will go down in the record books as the costliest storm ever faced by insurers. to be received in a particular way: The joke didn't go down very well. to lose or be defeated: England's unbeaten run of ten games ended last night when they went down 4-2 to France.

go up

phrasal verb to move higher, rise, or increase: The average cost of a new house has gone up by five percent to £276,500. to suddenly explode: There's a gas leak and the whole building could go up at any moment. If a sign goes up, it is fixed into position: The new "No Parking" signs went up yesterday. If a building goes up, it is built: A new factory is going up at the site of the old airport. If you go up to a college or university, especially Oxford University or Cambridge University, you begin studying there, or continue studying after a holiday.

broke out

phrasal verb with break verb broke | broken (START) B2 If something dangerous or unpleasant breaks out, it suddenly starts: War broke out in 1914. Fighting has broken out all over the city. break out in a rash, sweat, etc. to suddenly have red marks or sweat appear on your skin: She broke out in a rash after eating some strawberries. It didn't take much exercise to make him break out in (a) sweat. When I heard the noise I broke out in a cold sweat. I break out in a cold sweat just thinking about public speaking. There's a sense of foreboding in the capital, as if fighting might at any minute break out. The ambassador was recalled when war broke out. Fighting broke out in the stands five minutes before the end of the match. An argument broke out and in the ensuing fight, a gun went off. (ESCAPE) to escape from prison: They broke out of prison and fled the country.

check in

phrasal verb with check verb (FOR FLIGHT) B1 to show your ticket at an airport so that you can be told where you will be sitting and so that your bags can be put on the aircraft: Passengers are requested to check in two hours before the flight. You can save time by checking in online. You'll be unpopular with the airport staff if you don't check in on time. There are a couple of passengers who still haven't checked in, so we may be able to get you on the flight. I was just about to check in when I realized I'd left my passport at home. We had to queue for ages to get checked in for the flight.

cool down

phrasal verb with cool verb [ I/T ] (EXERCISE) to continue to exercise gently to prevent injury after you have done more difficult exercises: After you've cooled down from a hard run, you should refuel as soon as you can.

got together

phrasal verb with get verb present participle getting | past tense got | past participle got or US usually gotten (MEET) B1 If two or more people get together, they meet each other, having arranged it before: Shall we get together on Friday and go for a drink or something? to start a romantic relationship: She got together with Paul two years ago. [PHRV] ทำสิ่งที่ดี (คำไม่เป็นทางการ), See also: จัดการได้ดี, Syn. get one's shit together [IDM] ควบคุมตัวเอง, Syn. gather together, pull together [PHRV] รวมตัวกัน, Syn. gather together [PHRV] พบปะ, See also: พบ [PHRV] รวมเงินกัน [PHRV] เห็นพ้องกัน [PHRV] พบปะสังสรรค์, Syn. get together [PHRV] จัดให้เรียบร้อย, See also: จัดให้เป็นระเบียบ

heat up

phrasal verb with heat verb [ T ] US /hit/ to make something warm or hot: Let's see what happens when I heat it up. If a situation heats up, it becomes more extreme: With the political climate heating up, we can expect to hear a lot more from both candidates. [PHRV] ทำให้ร้อนขึ้น, See also: อุ่นให้ร้อน, Syn. boil up, heat up

look forward to

phrasal verb with look verb to feel pleasure because an event or activity is going to happen: I'm looking forward to my vacation. [IDM] ตั้งตาคอย, See also: รอคอย [PHRV] ตั้งตาคอย, See also: รอคอย [PHRV] ตั้งหน้ารอคอย, Syn. anticipate

in the same way

phrase You use in the same way to introduce a situation that you are comparing with one that you have just mentioned, because there is a strong similarity between them. My parents are together and, if anything, closer than ever. In the same way, I also feel closer to both of them. Apparently the lounge had also been closed in the same way the day before. The aircraft will also be able to land in the same way as other aircraft at other land bases.

in brief

phrase [noun PHRASE] If you refer to something in brief, you are referring to a shortened version of it with few details. You can say in brief to indicate that you are about to say something in as few words as possible or to give a summary of what you have just said. In brief, take no risks. "So you didn't enjoy the party much." "In brief, no."

inter

prefix used to form adjectives meaning "between or among the people, things, or places mentioned": international an interdepartmental meeting intercontinental missiles

tele

prefix over a long distance, done by phone, or on or for television

uni

prefix having or consisting of only one: unilateral unisex

trans

prefix (ACROSS) across: a transatlantic flight the trans-Alaskan pipeline trans- prefix (CHANGED) changing or having changed from one thing to another: Kate has transformed (= completely changed the appearance of) that house since she moved in. I accidently transposed two letters (= put each one in the other letter's place) when I typed my password. trans- prefix (CHEMISTRY) CHEMISTRY specialized used to form the names of chemical substances in which the atoms are arranged on opposite sides of the molecule, especially on opposite sides of a carbon bond (= connected carbon atoms): In some human studies fat loss is accompanied by impairment in insulin sensitivity, especially when using the trans-10, cis-12 isomer.

besides

preposition 1: OTHER THAN, EXCEPT no one besides us Nothing besides a miracle could help them. 2: TOGETHER WITH a decision that, besides being practical, is morally right adverb 1: as well : ALSO serves pizza, pasta, and many other foods besides 2: MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE I can't go, and besides, I wouldn't go if I could. adjective : ELSE knows a lot about pop culture but very little besides

owing to

preposition B2 because of: The concert has been cancelled owing to lack of interest. [PREP] เนื่องจาก, See also: เพราะว่า, Syn. because of

concerning

preposition formal B2 about: I've had a letter from the tax authorities concerning my tax payments. More examples We wish to remove any ambiguity concerning our demands. They have been lobbying Congress to change the legislation concerning guns. adjective formal not standard making you feel slightly worried: The increase in crime in the area is very concerning.

principally

principally adverb mainly: The advertising campaign is aimed principally at women. [ADV] อย่างสำคัญที่สุด, Syn. supremely, superlatively, mainly

plenty

pronoun, noun, adverb B1 (the state of having) enough or more than enough, or a large amount: "Would you like some more wine?" "No thanks, I've had plenty." Don't grab at the balloons, children - there are plenty for everyone. We've got plenty of time before we need to leave for the airport. They've always had plenty of money. There's plenty to do here. US informal This car cost me plenty (= a lot of money). There's plenty more beer in the fridge.

integrate

verb C1 [ I or T ] to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits, and customs: He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially. It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own. Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture. [ T ] to combine two or more things in order to become more effective: You need to integrate exercise into your normal life. The idea with young children is to integrate learning with play. (อิน'ทะเกรท) vt. ทำให้รวมตัวกันเป็นก้อน,รวบรวม vi. รวมตัวกันเป็นกลุ่ม,ประสานกัน., See also: integrative adj., Syn. unify integrated (อิน'ทะเกรททิด) adj. รวมตัวกัน,ประสานกัน

broadcast

verb B2 [ I or T ] to send out a programme on television or radio: Radio Caroline used to broadcast from a boat in the North Sea. The tennis championship is broadcast live to several different countries. The ceremony was broadcast on the internet. [ T ] to spread information to a lot of people: I'm leaving but please don't broadcast the fact. I don't want this broadcast to the entire school. More examples She is to host a new half-hour show which will be broadcast every weekday evening. The military junta has today broadcast an appeal for calm. The interview will be broadcast during prime time. Television camera crews broadcast the event all round the world. noun [ C ] a television or radio programme: a radio/television broadcast We watched a live broadcast of the concert. adjective US A broadcast station is a television station sent out from the ground rather than using satellites. (บรอด'คาสทฺ) v. กระจายเสียง,กระจายข่าว,เผยแพร่,หว่านพืช. -Conf. forecast

merge

verb C2 [ I or T ] to combine or join together, or to cause things to do this: They decided to merge the two companies into one. The country's two biggest banks are planning to merge. After a while the narrow trail merges with a wider path. [ I ] US (UK filter in) to join a line of moving traffic without causing other vehicles to slow down The blue and green paint merge together at the edges. Their companies are planning to merge in the New Year. (เมิร์จฺ) vt.,vi. ทำให้รวมตัว,ผสมกับ,กลมกลืน,กลายเป็น., See also: mergence n., Syn. unite

acquit

verb [ T often passive ] to decide officially in a law court that someone is not guilty of a particular crime: She was acquitted of all the charges against her. Five months ago he was acquitted on a shoplifting charge. verb [T] (PERFORM) fml to cause yourself to perform or behave in the stated way: She acquitted herself well, finishing second. (อะควิท') vt. ทำให้พ้นไป, ชำระ, ตัดสินให้พ้นโทษ, ปฏิบัติ, ดำเนินการได้ผล. -acquiter n., Syn. forgive, pardon, clear, free

form

verb B2 [ I or T ] to begin to exist or to make something begin to exist: A crowd formed around the accident. A solution began to form in her mind. I formed the impression (= the way she behaved suggested to me) that she didn't really want to come. [ T ] to make something into a particular shape: She formed the clay into a small bowl. B1 [ L only + noun ] to make or be something: The lorries formed a barricade across the road. Together they would form the next government. This information formed the basis of the report. [ I ] formal If separate things form, they come together to make a whole: The children formed into lines. Research forms the predominant part of my job. noun (DOCUMENT) A2 [ C ] a paper or set of papers printed with spaces in which answers to questions can be written or information can be recorded in an organized way: an application form (= document used for asking officially for something, for example a job) an entry form (= document used to enter a competition) noun (TYPE) B2 [ C ] a type of something: Swimming is the best form of exercise. noun (SHAPE) C1 [ C ] the shape or appearance of something: I could just about make out his sleeping form on the bed. take form to gradually be seen or gradually develop: Trees and hedges started to take form as the fog cleared noun (ABILITY) [ U ] A competitor's form is their ability to be successful over a period of time: Both horses have shown good form over the last season. (ฟอร์ม) {formed,forming,forms} n. รูปแบบ,รูปร่าง,แบบฟอร์ม,ระดับ,ความสามารถ,ฝีเท้า. vt. สร้างเป็นรูปร่าง,ก่อรูปแบบ,ผลิต,ประกอบ,ทำ,จัด,เรียง,จัดแถว,จัดตั้ง,คิด,เกิดความคิด. vi. เป็นรูปเป็นร่างขึ้น,กลายเป็น,จัดขึ้น

exports

verb B2 [ I or T ] to send goods to another country for sale: French cheeses are exported to many different countries. Our clothes sell so well in this country that we have no need to export. Opposite import [ T ] to put something from one country into use in other countries: American culture has been exported all over the world. [ T ] If you export information from a computer, you copy a large amount of it to a different part of the computer's memory or to another device. We export our products to countries as far afield as Japan and Canada. Japan exported $117 billion in merchandise to the US in 1999. noun [ C or U ] B2 a product that you sell in another country, or the business of sending goods to another country in order to sell them there: Coffee is one of Brazil's main exports. We plan to increase our exports over the next five years. The export of ivory is now strictly controlled. India grows tea for export. We are planning to develop our export market/trade. (เอคซฺพอร์ทฺ') vt. ส่งสินค้าออก n. (เอคซฺ'พอร์ท) สินค้าออก,การส่งสินค้าออก adj. (เอคซฺ'พอร์ท) เกี่ยวกับสินค้าออก, See also: exportable adj. exporter n. exportation n.

crumble

verb C2 [ I or T ] to break, or cause something to break, into small pieces: She nervously crumbled the bread between her fingers. The cliffs on which the houses are built are starting to crumble. [ I ] to become weaker in strength or influence: Support for the government is crumbling. noun [ C or U ] UK a sweet dish made from fruit covered in a mixture of flour, butter, and sugar rubbed together into small pieces, baked, and eaten hot: apple crumble

distinguish

verb UK /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/ US /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/ B2 [ I or T, not continuous ] to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from another: He's colour-blind and can't distinguish (the difference) between red and green easily. I sometimes have difficulty distinguishing Spanish from Portuguese. It's important to distinguish between business and pleasure. It's not the beauty so much as the range of his voice that distinguishes him from other tenors. distinguish yourself to do something so well that you are admired and praised for it: He distinguished himself as a writer at a very early age. They look so similar it's often difficult to distinguish one from the other. The male bird displays several characteristics which distinguish him from the female. It's his eye for detail that distinguishes him as a painter. (ดิสทิง'กวิช) vt. ทำให้แตกต่าง,จำแนก,รู้ถึงข้อแตกต่าง,วินิจฉัย,ทำให้เด่น,กระทำตัวดีเป็นพิเศษ vi. แสดงความแตกต่าง,จำแนก, See also: distinguishable adj. ดูdistinguish distinguisher n. ดูdistinguish distinguishingly n.,adv. ดูdistinguish dis

swell

verb UK /swel/ US /swel/ swelled | swollen or swelled C2 [ I or T ] to become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amount: It was obvious she had broken her toe, because it immediately started to swell (up). The group recruited more members, swelling its ranks (= increasing its size) to more than 1.3 million. literary His heart/breast swelled with pride (= he felt very proud) as he stood watching his son graduate. Noun[c] the slow up and down movement of the sea with large but smooth waves an increase in sound produced by a musical instrument or instruments (สเวล) {swelled,swollen/swelled,swelling,swells} vi.,vt. (ทำให้) บวม,ขยายตัว,พองตัว,โป่ง,ล้น,โตขึ้น,เพิ่มขึ้น,นูนขึ้น,ดังขึ้น,แรงขึ้น,คุยโว,โอ้อวด,วางมาดใหญ่โต n. การบวม (ขยายตัว,พองโต...) ,ส่วนที่บวม (ขยายตัว,พองโต...) ,ที่ดินที่ค่อย ๆ นูนขึ้น,เสียงที่ค่อย ๆ ดัง

inherited

verb UK /ɪnˈherɪt/ US [ I or T ] LAW, PROPERTY to receive money, property, or assets from someone who has died: All her children stand to inherit equally. inherit sth from sb She inherited a fortune from her father when he died. [ T ] if you inherit a situation, problem, department, etc., you become responsible for dealing with it or managing it: The report showed that he inherited a $5.6 million revenue shortfall when he took over the department. inherit sth from sb/sth When he took office, he inherited a deficit budget from the previous administration. verb (QUALITY) C2 [ T ] to be born with the same physical or mental characteristics as one of your parents or grandparents: Rosie inherited her red hair from her mother. (อินเฮอ'ริท) vt. รับช่วง,สืบช่วง,สืบทอด,สืบลักษณะทางกรรมพันธุ์. vi. สืบทอด,รับมรดก,กลายเป็นทายาท, See also: inheritability n. inheritable adj. inheritably adv

decline

verb US UK /dɪˈklaɪn/ decline verb (GO DOWN) B2 [ I ] to gradually become less, worse, or lower: His interest in the project declined after his wife died. The party's popularity has declined in the opinion polls. formal The land declines sharply away from the house. [ I or T ] formal to refuse: I invited him to the meeting but he declined. He declined my offer. noun [ S or U ] US UK /dɪˈklaɪn/ B2 when something becomes less in amount, importance, quality, or strength: industrial decline Home cooking seems to be on the/in decline (= not so many people are doing it). a decline in the number of unemployed She seemed to be recovering and then she went into a decline. (ดิไคลน') vi.,n. (การ) เอียง,ลาด,เสื่อมลง,ปฏิเสธ,บอกปัด,ไม่ยอม

localised

verb to limit something to a particular area: Gravity has localized the swelling to the foot and ankle. formal to find the position of something: Electricians worked through the night to localize the faulty switches. BUSINESS specialized to make a product or service more suitable for a particular area: The TV station is continuing to localize content in order to maximize regional sales. (โล'คะไลซ) vt. ทำให้จำเพาะอยู่เฉพาะส่วนเฉพาะที่,จำกัด,จำกัดวง. vi. รวมอยู่ในที่หรือท้องที่หนึ่ง,จำกัดวง., See also: localizable adj. ดูlocalize localization n. ดูlocalize localizer n. ดูlocalize, Syn. limit,locate,c

provide

verb B1 [ T ] to give someone something that they need: This booklet provides useful information about local services. All meals are provided at no additional cost. The author provides no documentary references to support her assertions. We have concerns about whether the government will be able to provide viable social services for poorer families/provide poorer families with viable social services. Putting more police on patrol doesn't provide a real solution to the problem of increasing violence. More examples Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder. Do you think the state should provide free nursery education? A healthy diet should provide all your essential nutrients. (พระไว'ดิด) conj. ภายใต้เงื่อนไข,โดยมีข้อแม้ว่า, Syn. in case,granted

admit

verb (ACCEPT) B1 [ T or I ] to agree that something is true, especially unwillingly: He admitted his guilt/mistake. [ + (that) ] She admitted (that) she had made a mistake. [ + -ing verb ] She admitted making a mistake. At first he denied stealing the money but he later admitted (to) it. I wasn't entirely honest with him, I admit. [ + to infinitive ] The new law was generally admitted to be difficult to enforce. admit defeat to accept that you have failed and give up: After several attempts to untie the knot, I admitted defeat and cut through it with a knife. I was too embarrassed to admit that I was scared. He was ashamed to admit to his mistake. She grudgingly admitted that she had been wrong to criticize him. verb (ALLOW IN) [ T ] to allow someone to enter a place: Each ticket admits one member and one guest. Men will not be admitted to the restaurant without a tie. literary A gap between the curtains admitted the faint glimmer of a street lamp. [ T ] to allow a person or country to join an organization: Spain was admitted to the European Community in 1986. [ T ] to allow someone to enter a hospital because they need medical care: UK She was admitted to hospital suffering from shock. US She was admitted to the hospital suffering from shock. (แอสดมิท') vt.,vi. ให้เข้า,รับเข้า, ให้สิทธิเข้าได้, ยอมให้, ยอมรับรอง, ยอมรับ, รับสารภาพ, รับ, รับรอง. -admittable, admittible adj., Syn. let in, concede)

realise

verb (BECOME AWARE) B1 [ I or T ] to understand a situation, sometimes suddenly: They didn't realize the danger they were in. [ + (that) ] "Do you realize (that) this is the third time you've forgotten?" she said angrily. [ + question word ] I realize how difficult it's going to be, but we must try. As he watched the TV show, he suddenly realized (that) he'd seen it before. "You're standing on my foot." "Sorry, I didn't realize." verb (ACHIEVE) C1 [ T ] to achieve something you were hoping for: Lots of money, a luxury house, a fast car - Danny had realized all his ambitions by the age of 25. (รี'อะไลซ) vt. เข้าใจ,สำนึก,ทำให้เป็นจริง,ทำให้สมปรารถนา,ทำให้บรรลุผล,เปลี่ยนเป็นเงินสดหรือเงิน,ได้กำไรหรือมีรายได้,ขายได้กำไร vi. เปลี่ยนทรัพย์สินหรือสินค้าให้เป็นเงินสดหรือเงิน, See also: realisable adj. realizable adj. realisably adv.

fold

verb (BEND) B1 [ I or T ] to bend something, especially paper or cloth, so that one part of it lies on the other part, or to be able to be bent in this way: I folded the letter (in half) and put it in an envelope. He had a neatly folded handkerchief in his jacket pocket. Will you help me to fold (up) the sheets? The table folds up when not in use. [ T ] literary to wrap: She folded her baby in a blanket. He folded his arms around her. to move a part of your body into a position where it is close to your body: She sat with her legs folded under her. verb (FAIL) [ I ] (of a business) to close because of failure: Many small businesses fold within the first year. suffix having the stated number of parts, or multiplied by the stated number: threefold fourfold The problems are twofold - firstly, economic, and secondly, political. In the last 50 years, there has been a 33-fold increase in the amount of pesticide used in farming. noun [C] (BEND) a line or mark where paper, cloth, etc. was or is folded: Make a fold across the centre of the card. GEOLOGY specialized a bend in a layer of rock under the earth's surface caused by movement there (โฟลดฺ) {folded,folding,folds} vt. พับ,ทบ,ห่อ,ไขว้,ปิด,ผนึก,หุ้ม,ผสม. vi. พับ,ปิด. -Phr. (fold up ล้มเหลว,ประสบความล้มเหลว) . n. ส่วนพับ,ส่วนทบ,ส่วนไขว้. -foldable adj., Syn. pleat

poaching

verb (COOK) [ T ] to cook something such as a fish, or an egg with its shell removed, by putting it in gently boiling water or other liquid: We had poached eggs for breakfast. Do you like pears poached in red wine? verb (TAKE) [ I or T ] to catch and kill animals without permission on someone else's land: The farmer claimed that he shot the men because they were poaching on his land. [ T ] to take and use for yourself unfairly or dishonestly something, usually an idea, that belongs to someone else: Jeff always poaches my ideas, and then pretends that they're his own. [ T ] disapproving to persuade someone who works for someone else to come and work for you: They were furious when one of their best managers was poached by another company. (โพช) vi.,vt. ลุกล้ำ,ล้ำ,ขโมยจับสัตว์ในที่ดินของคนอื่น,ล่าสัตว์หรือจับปลาอย่างผิดกฎหมาย,ถูกย่ำเป็นเลนหรือเป็นหลุม,ชิงตีลูก,แย่ง,แหย่, Syn. trespass

commited

verb (CRIME) B2 [ T ] to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong: He was sent to prison for a crime that he didn't commit. to commit adultery/murder to commit an offence Soldiers who obey orders to commit atrocities should be answerable for their crimes. They were imprisoned for incitement to commit grievous bodily harm. Fresh evidence has recently come to light which suggests that he didn't in fact commit the murder. verb (PROMISE) C2 [ I or T ] to promise or give your loyalty, time, or money to a particular principle, person, or plan of action: Like so many men, he has problems committing himself to a relationship. The government must commit itself to improving healthcare. Once we have committed to this course of action there is no going back. commit yourself to express an opinion or to make a decision that you tell people about: I think I can come but I won't commit myself till I know for sure. commit sth to memory to make certain that you remember something commit sth to paper to write something down: Perhaps we should commit these ideas to paper before we forget them. verb (SEND) [ T ] formal to send someone officially to prison or hospital: He's been committed to prison for fraud. (คะมิท') {committed,committing,commits} vt. มอบ,มอบให้แก่,มอบหมาย (หน้าที่ ความไว้วางใจ) ,ส่งโรงพยาบาลโรคจิต,ให้คำมั่น,กระทำ,ทำผิด -Phr. (commit to memory ท่องจำ จดจำ), See also: committable adj.

committing

verb (CRIME) B2 [ T ] to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong: He was sent to prison for a crime that he didn't commit. to commit adultery/murder to commit an offence Soldiers who obey orders to commit atrocities should be answerable for their crimes. They were imprisoned for incitement to commit grievous bodily harm. Fresh evidence has recently come to light which suggests that he didn't in fact commit the murder. verb (PROMISE) C2 [ I or T ] to promise or give your loyalty, time, or money to a particular principle, person, or plan of action: Like so many men, he has problems committing himself to a relationship. The government must commit itself to improving healthcare. Once we have committed to this course of action there is no going back. commit yourself to express an opinion or to make a decision that you tell people about: I think I can come but I won't commit myself till I know for sure. commit sth to memory to make certain that you remember something commit sth to paper to write something down: Perhaps we should commit these ideas to paper before we forget them. verb (SEND) [ T ] formal to send someone officially to prison or hospital: He's been committed to prison for fraud.

determine

verb (DECIDE) C1 [ T often passive ] to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen: The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we're allowed to spend. Your health is determined in part by what you eat. Eye colour is genetically determined. [ + question word ] formal Officials will determine whether or not the game will be played. People should be allowed to determine their own future. [ T ] formal to make a strong decision: [ + that ] She determined that one day she would be an actor. [ + to infinitive ] On leaving jail, Joe determined to reform. verb (DISCOVER) C1 [ T ] formal to discover the facts or truth about something: The police never actually determined the cause of death. [ + question word ] It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether these men are innocent. [ + that ] The jury determined that the men were guilty. (ดิเทอร์'มิน) vt. กำหนด,ตัดสินใจ,ตกลงใจ,ตั้งใจ,ยุติ,ทำให้สิ้นสุด vi. ตกลงใจ., See also: determinable adj. determinability n., Syn. decide (ดิเทอร์'มินดฺ) adj. แน่นอน,ซึ่งตัดสินใจแล้ว,ซึ่งตัดสินแล้ว, See also: determinedness n., Syn. resolved,fixed

promoted

verb (ENCOURAGE) B2 [ T ] to encourage people to like, buy, use, do, or support something: Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products. The Institute is intended to promote an understanding of the politics and culture of the Arab world. Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet today. It has long been known that regular exercise promotes all-round good health. The government should be playing a more prominent role in promoting human rights. The organization is working with young people to promote awareness of the dangers of unprotected sex. verb (RAISE) B1 [ T often passive ] to raise someone to a higher or more important position or rank: If I'm not promoted within the next two years, I'm going to change jobs. She's just been promoted to senior sales rep. to move a sports team to a higher group: If Coventry City win this match, they'll be promoted to the Premier League. [ T often passive ] US If a student is promoted, he or she goes up to the next level in school.

compare

verb (EXAMINE DIFFERENCES) [ T ] to examine or look for the differences between persons or things: This store's prices are high compared to what some other stores charge. compare verb (CONSIDER SIMILARITIES) [ I/T ] to consider or suggest that something is similar or equal to something else: [ I ] Instant coffee doesn't compare with freshly ground coffee (= fresh coffee is much better). (คัมแพร์ ') {compared,comparing,compares} vt .เปรียบเทียบ,เทียบเคียง,อุปมา. vi. เทียบได้กับ,สู้ได้,เทียบได้กับ,การเปรียบเทียบ,การเทียบเคียง., See also: comparer n. ดูcompare -Conf. contrast

collapsed

verb (FALL) B2 [ I ] to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support: Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake. The chair collapsed under her weight. figurative He thought his whole world had collapsed when his wife died. B2 [ I ] If someone collapses, they fall down because of being sick or weak: He collapsed and died of a heart attack. [ I or T ] to fold something into a smaller shape, usually so it can be stored, or (especially of furniture) to fold in this way: All chairs collapse for easy storage. verb (FAIL) C2 [ I ] (of people and business) to suddenly be unable to continue or work correctly: Lots of people lost their jobs when the property market collapsed. Talks between management and unions have collapsed. Share prices collapsed (= became lower suddenly) after news of poor trading. noun (FAILURE) B2 [ C or U ] the sudden failure of a system, organization, business, etc.: I don't know what caused the collapse of her marriage. A poor economy has caused the collapse of thousands of small businesses. Negotiations between the two countries are on the brink/verge of collapse (= very soon going to fail). He suffered a mental/nervous collapse after ten years' teaching. noun (FALL) [ S or U ] the sudden falling movement of a person or structure that has become too weak to stand: He was taken to hospital after his collapse on the pitch. the collapse of a building during the earthquake (คะแลพซฺ') {collapsed,collapsing,collapses} vi.,vt.,n. (ทำให้) (การ) ล้มลง,ยุบลง,พังลง,ทรุดลง,พับเก็บได้,ล้มหมดสติ,สูญเสียการควบคุมตัวเอง,ตกฮวบฮาบ (ราคา), See also: collapsible adj. ดูcollapse collapsable adj. ดูcollapse collapsibility n. ดูcoll

qualify

verb (FINISH TRAINING) B2 [ I or T ] to successfully finish a training course so that you are able to do a job; to have or achieve the necessary skills, etc.: She hopes to qualify (as a lawyer) at the end of the year. [ + obj + to infinitive ] This course qualifies you to teach in any secondary school. He qualified as a vet last year. It takes three years to qualify as a social worker. What do you need to do to qualify as a speech therapist. verb (HAVE RIGHT) B2 [ I or T ] to have the legal right to have or do something because of the situation you are in, or to cause someone to have such a right: She doesn't qualify for maternity leave because she hasn't been in her job long enough. To qualify for the competition you need to be over 18. Being a single parent qualifies you for extra benefits. verb (GET INTO COMPETITION) B2 [ I ] to succeed in getting into a competition: Nigeria was the first team to qualify for the World Cup. England has to win tonight's qualifying match to advance to the next round of the competition. Our goal has always been to reach the qualifying rounds of the Champions League. verb (LIMIT) [ T ] to limit the strength or meaning of a statement: I'd like to qualify my criticisms of the school's failings, by adding that it's a very happy place. [ T ] LANGUAGE specialized In grammar, a word or phrase that qualifies another word or phrase limits its meaning and makes it less general: In the sentence "He walked quickly along the road", "quickly" and "along the road" qualify "walked".

lend

verb (GIVE) A2 [ T ] to give something to someone for a short period of time, expecting it to be given back: She doesn't like lending her books. [ + two objects ] If you need a coat I can lend you one/lend one to you. B2 [ I or T ] If a bank or other organization lends money, it gives money to someone who agrees that they will pay the money back in the future, usually with extra money added to the original amount: The bank refuses to lend to students. [ + two objects ] The bank agreed to lend him $5,000. Very reluctantly, I've consented to lend her my car. All right, I'll lend you the money. verb (ADD TO) [ T ] If something lends a particular quality to something else, it adds that quality to it: [ + two objects ] Vases of flowers all around the room lent the place a cheerful look/lent a cheerful look to the place. formal These events lend support to the view that the law is inadequate. lend itself to sth C2 formal If something lends itself to something else, it is suitable for that thing or can be considered in that way: The novel's complex, imaginative style does not lend itself to translation. (เลนดฺ) vt. ให้ยืม,ให้ยืมเงิน,ให้,มอบให้,ปรับตัว. vi. ยืม,ยืมเงิน,กู้เงิน., See also: lender n.

leave

verb (GO AWAY) A1 [ I or T ] to go away from someone or something, for a short time or permanently: I'll be leaving at five o'clock tomorrow. He left the house by the back door. verb (NOT TAKE) A2 [ T ] to not take something or someone with you when you go, either intentionally or by accident: Hey, you've left your keys on the table. Can I leave a message for Sue? verb (REMAIN) A2 If something leaves something else, a part or effect of it stays after it has gone or been used: His shoes left muddy marks on the floor. [ + two objects ] If I give you €50 that won't leave me enough cash to pay the bill. B2 [ T ] If you leave something in a particular condition, you do not touch it, move it, or act to change it in any way, so that it stays in the same condition: Leave that chair where it is. He left most of his dinner (= did not eat much of it). [ T + obj + -ing verb ] If you leave something or someone doing something, he, she, or it is still doing it when you go away: I left the children watching television. verb (NOT USE ALL) A2 [ T ] to not eat or use all of something: They'd eaten all the cake, but they'd left some sandwiches. verb (STOP)A1 [ T ] to stop doing something, or to leave a place because you have finished an activity: Many children leave school at 16. verb (END RELATIONSHIP) B1 [ T ] to end a relationship with a husband, wife, or partner and stop living with them: I'll never leave you. verb (WAIT) C2 [ T ] If you leave (doing) something, you wait before you do it: I'll leave these letters till Monday (= write them on Monday). verb (AFTER DEATH)[ T ] To leave a wife, husband, or other close family member is to die while these family members are still alive: He left a wife and two children. C2 [ + two objects ] If you leave something that you own to someone, you say they should receive it when you die: He left his nieces all his money./He left all his money to his nieces. verb (GIVE RESPONSIBILITY)[ T ] to allow someone to make a choice or decision about something, or to make someone responsible for something: I left the decision (up) to her. noun (HOLIDAY) C2 [ U ] time allowed away from work for a holiday or illness: How much annual/paid leave do you get? leave of absence formal permission to be away from work or studies noun (PERMISSION) [ U ] formal permission or agreement: He did it without (my) leave. [ + to infinitive ] Did you get leave to do that? leave noun (GOODBYE) take leave to say goodbye: He decided the time had come to take leave of his home town. (ลีฟว) {left,left,leaving,leaves} vt. จากไป,ออกจาก,จาก,ทิ้งไว้,เหลือไว้,หยุด,ยกเลิก,ไม่สนใจ,ปล่อย. vi. จากไป,ออกจาก. n. การอนุญาต,การอนุญาตให้ลา,ระยะเวลาที่อนุญาตให้ลา,การจากไป. -Phr. (leave off หยุด ทอดทิ้ง)

sink

verb (GO DOWN BELOW) B1 [ I or T ] to (cause something or someone to) go down below the surface or to the bottom of a liquid or soft substance: The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank (to the bottom of the ocean) in 1912. The legs of the garden chair sank into the soft ground. verb (FALL) B2 [ I ] to (cause something or someone to) fall or move to a lower level: The sun glowed red as it sank slowly below the horizon. Student numbers have sunk considerably this year. UK informal We sank (= drank) a bottle of wine each last night. The wounded soldier sank (= fell) to the ground. verb (DIG) [ T ] to dig a hole in the ground, or to put something into a hole dug into the ground: Sinking more wells is the best way of supplying the population with clean drinking water. The first stage of building the fence is sinking the posts into the ground. sink verb (FAILURE) [ T ] to cause something to fail or be in trouble: This rain could sink our plans for the barbecue.

contain

verb (HOLD) B1 [ T not continuous ] to have something inside or include something as a part: How much liquid do you think this bottle contains? I lost a file containing a lot of important documents. verb (CONTROL) [ T not continuous ] to keep something harmful within limits and not allow it to spread: Farms in the area have been closed off in an attempt to contain the disease. More police were sent to help contain the violence. C2 [ T often in negatives ] to control or hide a strong emotion, such as excitement or anger: She could no longer contain her anger and started yelling at him. humorous Contain yourself! It's not that exciting. (คันเทน') {contained,containing,contains} vt. บรรจุ,จุ,มี,ยับยั้ง,จำกัด,จำกัดวง

attack

verb (HURT) B1 [ I or T ] to try to hurt or defeat using violence: He was attacked and seriously injured by a gang of youths. Army forces have been attacking the town since dawn. verb (CRITICIZE) C1 [ T ] to criticize someone strongly: She wrote an article attacking the judges and their conduct of the trial. The report attacks the idea of exams for seven and eight-year-olds. verb (DAMAGE) C2 [ T ] If something, such as a disease or a chemical, attacks something, it damages it: AIDS attacks the body's immune system. My rose bushes are being attacked by aphids. verb (SPORT) [ I or T ] If players in a team attack, they move forward to try to score points, goals, etc. verb (DEAL WITH) [ T ] to deal with something quickly and in an effective way: We have to attack these problems now and find some solutions. The children rushed in and eagerly attacked the food (= quickly started to eat it). noun (VIOLENT ACT) B1 [ C or U ] a violent act intended to hurt or damage someone or something: a racist attack Enemy forces have made an attack on the city. noun (CRITICISM) C2 [ C or U ] a strong criticism of someone or something: a scathing attack on the president The government has come under attack from all sides for cutting education spending. noun (ILLNESS) [ C ] a sudden and short period of illness: an attack of asthma/flu/malaria figurative an attack of the giggles noun (SPORT) B1 [ C or U ] the part of a team in some sports that tries to score points: The team has a strong attack, but its defence is weak. The team is strong inattack but useless in defence. [ U ] determination in the way you play a sport, trying hard to score points: The team needs to put some more attack into its game. (อะแทค') vt.,vi.,n. โจมตี,เข้าตี,ทำร้าย,เล่นงาน,ลงมือทำ, (โรค) เป็น, (ไข้) จับ,ลงมือทำ,เริ่มขึ้น,เริ่มต้น,ข่มขืน, พยายามข่มขืน

bounce

verb (JUMP) B1 [ I or T ] to (cause to) move up or away after hitting a surface: The ball bounced off the goalpost and into the net. She bounced the ball quickly. [ I usually + adv/prep ] to move in an energetic and enthusiastic manner: Tom bounced in, smiling broadly. verb (NOT PAY) [ I or T ] informal to (cause a cheque to) not be paid or accepted by a bank because there is no money in the account: I had to pay a penalty fee when my cheque bounced. To my horror the bank bounced the cheque. noun (MOVEMENT) [ C or U ] the act of bouncing, or the quality that makes something able to bounce: In tennis you have to hit the ball before its second bounce. figurative This shampoo will give your hair bounce (= make it look attractively thick) and shine. bounce noun (RISE) [ C usually singular ] an improvement or change to a higher level, for example in how popular a politician or party is: His speech to the convention may have given him a bounce. The city has seen a bounce in homicide.

deposited

verb (LEAVE) [ T usually + adv/prep ] to leave something somewhere: The flood waters fell, depositing mud over the whole area. The bus deposited me miles from anywhere. The cuckoo deposits her eggs in other birds' nests. verb (MONEY) C1 [ T ] to put something valuable, especially money, in a bank or safe (= strong box or cupboard with locks): There's a night safe outside the bank, so you can deposit money whenever you wish. I deposited £500 in my account this morning. [ T ] to pay someone an amount of money when you make an agreement with that person to pay for or buy something, that either will be returned to you later, if the agreed arrangement is kept, or that forms part of the total payment: When we moved in, we had to deposit $1,000 with the landlord in case we broke any of his things. You deposit 20 percent now and pay the rest when the car is delivered. noun (LAYER) C2 [ C or U ] a substance or layer that is left, usually after a liquid is removed: Decant the wine carefully, so that you leave the deposit in the bottom of the bottle. In hard-water areas, a chalky deposit often forms in pipes and kettles. The flood left a thick deposit of mud over the entire ground floor of the house. C2 [ C ] GEOLOGY specialized a layer that has formed under the ground, especially over a long period: mineral/oil/coal deposits noun (MONEY) C1 [ C ] a payment, especially into a bank account: To open an account, you need to make a minimum deposit of $500. B1 [ C ] an amount of money that you pay as the first part of the total payment for something: The shop assistant says if I leave £10 as a deposit, they'll keep the dress for me. We paid/put a deposit of £5,000 on the house, and paid the balance four weeks later. They asked us to put down a deposit. C1 [ C ] an amount of money that you pay when you rent something, and is returned to you when you return the thing you have rented: It costs $2,000 a week to rent the yacht, with a $200 refundable/returnable deposit. You pay a 10p deposit/deposit of 10p on the bottle, which you get back when you return the empty bottle. (ดิพอส'ซิท) {deposited,depositing,deposits} vt. ทับถม,สะสม,กอง,ฝากไว้,ฝากเงิน,วางไข่ vi. ฝากไว้. n. สิ่งที่ทับถม,การฝาก,ที่เก็บเงินฝาก,เงินมัดจำ

deposit

verb (LEAVE) [ T usually + adv/prep ] to leave something somewhere: The flood waters fell, depositing mud over the whole area. The bus deposited me miles from anywhere. The cuckoo deposits her eggs in other birds' nests. I deposited my luggage in a locker at the station. verb (MONEY) C1 [ T ] to put something valuable, especially money, in a bank or safe (= strong box or cupboard with locks): There's a night safe outside the bank, so you can deposit money whenever you wish. I deposited £500 in my account this morning. [ T ] to pay someone an amount of money when you make an agreement with that person to pay for or buy something, that either will be returned to you later, if the agreed arrangement is kept, or that forms part of the total payment: When we moved in, we had to deposit $1,000 with the landlord in case we broke any of his things. You deposit 20 percent now and pay the rest when the car is delivered. noun (LAYER) C2 [ C or U ] a substance or layer that is left, usually after a liquid is removed: Decant the wine carefully, so that you leave the deposit in the bottom of the bottle. In hard-water areas, a chalky deposit often forms in pipes and kettles. The flood left a thick deposit of mud over the entire ground floor of the house. C2 [ C ] GEOLOGY specialized a layer that has formed under the ground, especially over a long period: mineral/oil/coal deposits deposit noun (MONEY) C1 [ C ] a payment, especially into a bank account: To open an account, you need to make a minimum deposit of $500. B1 [ C ] an amount of money that you pay as the first part of the total payment for something: The shop assistant says if I leave £10 as a deposit, they'll keep the dress for me. We paid/put a deposit of £5,000 on the house, and paid the balance four weeks later. They asked us to put down a deposit. C1 [ C ] an amount of money that you pay when you rent something, and is returned to you when you return the thing you have rented: It costs $2,000 a week to rent the yacht, with a $200 refundable/returnable deposit. You pay a 10p deposit/deposit of 10p on the bottle, which you get back when you return the empty bottle.

Prosecute

verb (LEGAL) C2 [ I or T ] to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a law court, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime: Shoplifters will be prosecuted. He was prosecuted for fraud. Any manufacturer who does not conform to the standards could be prosecuted under the Consumers Protection Act, 1987. verb (CONTINUE) [ T ] formal to continue to take part in a planned group of activities, especially a war: He seemed convinced that the US would prosecute the war to its end. (พรอส'ซิคิวทฺ) vt. ฟ้องร้อง,ดำเนินคดี,ปฏิบัติ,ดำเนินถึงที่สุด. vi. ฟ้องร้อง,ดำเนินคดี,ทำหน้าที่เป็นอัยการ., See also: prosecutability adj., Syn. pursue,sue

differentiate

verb (MAKE DIFFERENT) C2 [ T ] to make someone or something different: The slate roof differentiates this house from others in the area. [ T ] MARKETING to show how a product or company is different from other similar ones and what its advantages are, especially in order to attract a particular group of consumers: differentiate sth from sth The company wanted a website that would differentiate them from their competitors. In order to differentiate our service, it was decided that the brochure would depart from the traditional format. [ I or T ] to show or find a difference between people or things: A purchase tax can differentiate between luxuries and necessities. [ T ] to be the quality or feature that makes one thing different from another: differentiate sth from sth Customers may wonder what differentiates one type of beer from another. (ดิฟฟะเรน'ชิเอท) v. ทำให้แตกต่างกัน,เปลี่ยน,แยกจำแนก,แยก,แบ่งแยก., See also: differentiation n. ดูdifferentiate differentiator n. ดูdifferentiate, Syn. distinguish

warrant

verb (MAKE NECESSARY) [ T ] to make a particular action necessary or correct, or to be a reason to do something: Obviously what she did was wrong, but I don't think it warranted such a severe punishment. It's a relatively simple task that really doesn't warrant a great deal of time being spent on it. noun (DOCUMENT) [ C ] an official document, signed by a judge or other person in authority, that gives the police permission to search someone's home, arrest a person, or take some other action: (วอร์'เรินทฺ) n. เครื่องประกัน,หลักฐาน,การยืนยัน,การมอบอำนาจ,การรับรอง,การอนุญาต,ใบอนุญาต,หมาย,คำมอบหมาย,หนังสือรับรองการจ่ายหรือรับเงิน,หนังสือรับรองการซื้อหุ้น,เหตุผล vt. อนุญาต,อนุมัติ,ให้เหตุผล,มอบอำนาจ,รับประกัน,ยืนยัน,รับรอง,ออกหมาย คำศัพท์ย่อย:

ring

verb (MAKE SOUND) B1 [ I or T ] rang | rung to (cause to) make the sound of a bell: The doorbell/phone rang. Anne's alarm clock rang for half an hour before she woke. I rang the bell but nobody came to the door. My head is/My ears are still ringing (= are full of a ringing noise) from the sound of the military band. ring verb (CIRCLE) [ T ] ringed | ringed to surround something: Armed police ringed the hijacked plane. The harbour is dangerous - it's ringed by/with rocks and reefs. [ T ] UK ringed | ringed to draw a circle around something: Students should ring the correct answers in pencil. [ T ] ringed | ringed to put a ring on something, especially an animal: We ringed the birds (= put rings around their legs) so that we could identify them later.

float

verb (MOVE) B1 [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ] to (cause to) move easily through, or along the surface of a liquid, or to (cause to) move easily through air: We spent a lazy afternoon floating down/along the river. He tossed the bottle into the waves and watched it float out to sea. The children enjoy floating their boats on the pond in the park. verb (NOT SINK) B1 [ I ] to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink: An empty bottle will float. You can float very easily in/on the Dead Sea because it's so salty. verb (MOVE) B1 [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ] to (cause to) move easily through, or along the surface of a liquid, or to (cause to) move easily through air: We spent a lazy afternoon floating down/along the river. He tossed the bottle into the waves and watched it float out to sea. The children enjoy floating their boats on the pond in the park. Fluffy white clouds were floating across the sky. figurative The sound of piano-playing floated out through the open window. [ I usually + adv/prep ] literary to move smoothly and attractively: She sort of floats around, like a ballet dancer. [ I usually + adv/prep ] to move or act without purpose: Since he lost his job, he's just floated around/about doing nothing. verb (SUGGEST) [ T ] to suggest a plan or an idea to be considered: Laura has floated the idea that we should think about expanding into Europe next year. float verb (CHANGE VALUE) [ I or T ] FINANCE & ECONOMICS specialized to allow the value of a country's money to change according to the value of other countries' money: Argentina decided to let its currency float freely against the dollar. float verb (BUSINESS) [ T ] to start selling shares in a business or company for the first time noun (MONEY) [ S ] UK a small amount of money kept by someone who works in a bar, etc., used for giving customers their change float noun (VEHICLE) [ C ] a large vehicle with a flat surface that is decorated and used in festivals: carnival floats noun (NOT SINK) [ C ] a piece of wood or other light material that stays on the surface of water: Fishing nets are often held in position by floats. oun (DRINK) [ C ] a drink with ice cream on the top: I'll have a root beer float, please. (โฟลทฺ) vi.,vt.,n. (ทำใหั,การ) ลอย,ล่องลอย,ขึ้นลงอย่างอิสระ (อัตราการเปลี่ยนของเงิน) ,สิ่งที่ลอย, See also: floatable adj. floatability n.

sway

verb (MOVE) [ I ] to move slowly from side to side: The trees were swaying in the wind. The movement of the ship caused the mast to sway from side to side/back and forth. A drunk was standing in the middle of the street, swaying uncertainly and trying hard to stay upright. [ T ] to cause something to move or change: Recent developments have swayed the balance of power in the region. to persuade someone to believe or do one thing rather than another: Her speech failed to sway her colleagues into supporting the plan. (สเว) vi.,vt.,n. (การ) แกว่ง,ไกว,โยก,โอน,เอน,ไป ๆ มา ๆ ,ไหว,ขึ้น ๆ ลง ๆ ,ใช้อำนาจ,ปกครอง,ครอบงำ,ทำให้เปลี่ยนแปลง,ใช้อาวุธ,รำหรือตวัดดาบ,ปกครอง,อำนาจปกครอง,อิทธิพล,อำนาจครอบงำ

loosen

verb (NOT FIXED) C2 [ I or T ] to (cause to) become loose: The screws holding the bed together had loosened. verb (LESS TIGHT) [ T ] to make something such as your hair or a piece of clothing less tight: He loosened his tie. (ลู'เซิน) v. แก้,คลาย,ทำให้หลวม,ทำให้หย่อน,ปลดออก,คลายออก,ทำให้หายท้องผูก,ลดหย่อน. -Phr. (loosen up หลวม,จ่ายไม่อั้น,พูด)

induce

verb (PERSUADE) [ T + obj + to infinitive ] to persuade someone to do something: They induced her to take the job by promising editorial freedom. Nothing could induce me (= I definitely cannot be persuaded) to climb a mountain/ride a bike. verb (CAUSE) [ T ] to cause something to happen: Pills for seasickness often induce drowsiness. [ T ] to use a drug to make a pregnant woman start giving birth: In this hospital, twins are often induced. (อินดิวซฺ') vt. ชักจูง,ชักนำ,ชักชวน,เหนี่ยวนำ,มีอิทธิพลต่อ,ทำให้เกิดขึ้น,พิสูจน์,หาความจริงด้วยการสังเกตข้อเท็จจริง., See also: inducer n. inducible adj., Syn. instigate,persuade

enter

verb (PLACE) A2 [ I or T ] to come or go into a particular place: The police entered (the building) through/by the side door. You will begin to feel sleepy as the drug enters the bloodstream. Her eyes brightened when she saw him enter the room. Before you can enter the country, you have to clear customs. verb (COMPETITION) B1 [ I or T ] to be included in a competition, race, or exam, or to arrange for someone else to do this: Both men have been entered for/in the 100 metres in Paris next month. All three companies have entered the race to develop a new system. verb (INFORMATION) B1 [ T ] to put information into a computer, book, or document: You have to enter a password to access the database. [ T ] formal to make a particular type of statement officially: The prisoner entered a plea of not guilty. verb (ORGANIZATION) [ T ] to become a member of a particular organization, or to start working in a particular type of job: Ms Doughty entered politics/Parliament after a career in banking. verb (PERIOD) C1 [ T ] to begin a period of time: The project is entering its final stages. The violence is now entering its third week. noun [ S ] the key on a computer keyboard that is used to say that the words or numbers on the screen are correct, or to say that an instruction should be performed, or to move down a line on the screen: Move the cursor to where it says "New File" and press enter. (เอน'เทอะ) v. เข้า,เข้าไป,เข้ามา,เริ่ม.,แทง,สอด,ร่วม,เป็นสมาชิก,ลงทะเบียน,สมัครเข้าเป็น,ยื่น,เสนอ, -Phr. (enter into เริ่ม), See also: enterable adj. enterer n.

retreat

verb (POSITION) C2 [ I often + adv/prep ] to go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger: Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat (from the city). When she came towards me shouting, I retreated (behind my desk). C2 [ I ] to go to a quiet safe place in order to avoid a difficult situation: When he's done something wrong, he retreats to his bedroom. Fire fighters had to retreat from the fierce heat. On seeing us, the deer stood stock-still for a moment, then turned and retreated into the forest. verb (DECISION) [ I often + adv/prep ] to decide not to do something, or to stop believing something, because it causes too many problems: The government is retreating from its promises. verb (PRICE) [ I ] If a price retreats, it goes down after it has gone up: Wheat prices retreated after a two-day increase. oun (POSITION) C2 [ C usually singular, U ] a move back by soldiers or an army, either because they have been defeated or in order to avoid fighting: the retreat from Dunkirk Enemy soldiers are now in (full) retreat. C2 [ C ] a private and safe place: a country/mountain/lakeside retreat [ C or U ] a period of time used to pray and study quietly, or to think carefully, away from normal activities and duties: We went on (a) retreat at/to a monastery in Wales. noun (DECISION) [ C ] a change from previous beliefs or behaviour: The professor's speech marked/signalled a retreat from his usual extreme views. noun (PRICE) [ S or U ] a situation in which the price of something goes down: Over the past few weeks we have seen the currency's big retreat from its historic high. (รีทรีท') vi. ล่าถอย,ถอย,เพิกถอน,ยกเลิก,หลบตัว,หลบหนี,สละสิทธิ, (แก้มหน้าผาก) ตอบ,เอียงลาด n. การถอย,แตรเลิก,แตรเย็น,สัญญาณถอย,ธงสัญญาณการยอมแพ้,การปลดเกษียณ,ความสันโดษ,สถานที่ลี้ภัยหรือพักฟื้น,โรงพยาบาลคนบ้า, See also: retreatal adj. retreatingn

pack

verb (PUT INTO) A2 [ I or T ] to put something into a bag, box, etc.: We're leaving early tomorrow morning, so you'd better pack (= put clothes and other possessions into suitcases or bags) tonight. She packed a small suitcase for the weekend. He just packed his bags and walked out on his wife and children. [ T ] to put a material around something before putting it into a bag, box, etc. so that it will not break or be damaged: She packed the vase in tissue paper to protect it. verb (FILL) [ I usually + adv/prep, T ] to come or bring together in large numbers or to fill a space: Thousands of fans are packing into the stadium. Fans packed the stadium to watch the final game. verb (MASS) [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ] to (cause to) form into a solid mass: The wind has packed the snow against the garage door. The snow has packed down tightly, making the streets dangerous to walk on. verb (CARRY) [ T ] US slang to carry something, especially a gun: to pack a gun noun [C] (GROUP) B2 a group, set, or collection of something: The information pack consists of a brochure and a map. C2 a group of animals, such as dogs, that live and/or hunt together: a wolf pack a pack of wild dogs an organized group of children who are brownies or cubs: My uncle was the leader of my Cub pack. (US also deck) a set of playing cards: a pack of cards mainly disapproving a group of similar people, especially one that contains people whose activities you do not approve of: a pack of thieves A pack of journalists was waiting outside the White House. pack noun [C] (CONTAINER) mainly US a small paper or cardboard container in which a number of small objects are sold : a pack of cigarettes/gum Compare packetpackage pack noun [C] (BAG) (US also backpack) a type of bag that you usually carry on your back when you are travelling picture of pack jonpic/E+/GettyImages pack noun [C] (MASS) a thick mass of a substance, often like clay, that is used as a beauty treatment for the face Stephanie Rausser/DigitalVision/GettyImages a thick mass of cloth, etc. that can be put on an injury to stop any bleeding or swelling: Hold this ice pack to your head to stop the bruising. (แพค) n.,v. ห่อ,มัด,กลุ่มคน,ฝูง vt. คัด,เลือก,รวบรวม, See also: packer n.

borrow

verb (RECEIVE) A2 [ T ] to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a period of time: I had to borrow a pen from the invigilator to do the exam. UK non-standard Can I borrow £100 off you until next week? She used to borrow money and not bother to pay it back. He borrowed a novel from the library. C1 [ I or T ] to take money from a bank or other financial organization and pay it back over a period of time: Like so many companies at that time, we had to borrow heavily to survive. We could always borrow some money from the bank. [ T ] to take and use a word or idea from another language or piece of work: English has borrowed many words from French. Can I borrow a couple of bucks? Do you have a Birmingham to London train timetable that I could borrow? You have to sign books out when you borrow them from the library. v erb (MATHEMATICS) [ T ] to put a number into a different column when doing subtraction (บอ'โร) vt. ยืม,กู้,ขอยืม,ยืมใช้ vi. ยืมสิ่งของ,แล่นใกล้ฝั่ง,แล่นใกล้ลม, See also: borrower n. -Conf. lend

slumps

verb (REDUCE SUDDENLY) [ I ] (of prices, values, or sales) to fall suddenly: The value of property has slumped. Car sales have slumped dramatically over the past year. verb (SIT/FALL) [ I usually + adv/prep ] to sit or fall heavily and suddenly: She slumped into the chair, exhausted. noun (REDUCTION/WORSENING) [ C ] a fall in the price, value, sales, etc. of something: There's been a slump in the demand for new cars. [ C ] a period when an industry or the economy is in a bad state and there is a lot of unemployment: an economic slump The airline industry is currently in a slump. slump noun (FOOD) [ C or U ] US a dish consisting of cooked fruit with a thick bread-like mixture on top, cooked in a flat saucepan on top of the cooker : Slump is sweetened fruit topped with dollops of dough and cooked on the stovetop.

withdraw

verb (REMOVE) C1 [ I or T ] to take or move out or back, or to remove: This credit card allows you to withdraw up to £200 a day from ATMs. The UN has withdrawn its troops from the country. Eleven million bottles of water had to be withdrawn from sale due to a health scare. Once in court, he withdrew the statement he'd made to the police (= he claimed it was false). All charges against them were withdrawn after the prosecution's case collapsed. formal After lunch, we withdrew into her office to finish our discussion in private. verb (STOP CONTACT) [ I ] to stop talking to other people and start thinking thoughts that are not related to what is happening around you: As a child, she frequently withdrew into her own fantasy world. After the accident, he withdrew into himself and refused to talk to family or friends. (วิธ'ดรอ) vt.,vi. ถอน,ถอนคืน,เก็บคืน,ดึงกลับ,หด,เลิก, See also: withdrawable adj. withdrawer n., Syn. draw away,remove

commission

verb (REQUEST WORK) [ T ] to formally choose someone to do a special piece of work, or to formally ask for a special piece of work from someone: The newspaper commissioned a series of articles on the worst excesses of the fashion industry. She's commissioned an artist to paint her portrait. A set of stamps has been commissioned in commemoration of Independence Day. They commissioned me to write a series of articles on language. He commissioned a report into the disaster. verb (MAKE OFFICER) [ T usually passive ] MILITARY specialized to give someone the official authority to be an officer in the armed forces: Grandfather was commissioned as Group Captain in the RAF just before the war. noun (GROUP) [ C, + sing/pl verb ] a group of people who have been formally chosen to discover information about a problem or examine the reasons why the problem exists: a commission on alcohol abuse/racial tension The government has set up/established a commission to investigate the problem of inner city violence. noun (PAYMENT) [ C or U ] a payment to someone who sells goods that is directly related to the amount sold, or a system that uses such payments: Is she paid a regular wage or is it on/by commission only? She gets a 15 percent commission on every machine she sells. noun (WORK) [ C ] a request to do a special piece of work: [ + to infinitive ] She's just got a commission to paint Sir Ellis Pike's wife. Do you do/take commissions? noun (CRIME) [ U ] formal the act of committing a crime: the commission of the crime/offence/murder noun (MILITARY) [ C ] MILITARY specialized the official authority to be an officer in the armed forces

meander

verb (RIVER/ROAD) [ I ] If a river, stream, or road meanders, it follows a route that is not straight or direct. verb (WALK) [ I usually + adv/prep ] to walk slowly without any clear direction: We spent the afternoon meandering around the streets of the old town. verb (NO PURPOSE) [ I ] If a text, process, or activity meanders, it has no clear purpose or direction: The film meanders along with no particular story line. noun [C] (RIVER) a curve of a river or stream noun [C] (JOURNEY) a journey that has no particular direction: The TV series continues its haphazard meander around the globe - this week in Portugal. (มีแอน'เดอะ) vi. วกเวียน,ร่อนเร่,พูดวกเวียน. n. ทางวกเวียน,ทางเขาวงกต,การวกเวียน,การเคลื่อนที่วกเวียนไปมา., See also: meanderer n. meanderingly adv. meanderous adj., Syn. twist,turn

divided

verb (SEPARATE) B1 [ I or T ] to (cause to) separate into parts or groups: At the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to divide into small discussion groups. After the Second World War Germany was divided into two separate countries. C1 [ T ] to share: I think we should divide (up) the costs equally among/between us. B2 [ T ] If something divides two areas, it marks the edge or limit of them: There's a narrow alley that divides our house from the one next door. This path marks the dividing line between my land and my neighbour's. [ T ] to use different amounts of something for different purposes or activities: She divides her time between her apartment in New York and her house in the Berkshires. [ I ] UK If Members of Parliament divide, they vote by separating into two groups, one group who want the law that is being voted on to be accepted and one group who are against it: After a lengthy debate, MPs/the House of Commons divided. Knead the dough well, then divide it into four pieces. Texas is divided into 254 counties. The work has been divided into smaller, more manageable sections. Human prehistory is divided into three successive periods: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. verb (DISAGREE) B2 [ T often passive ] to cause a group of people to disagree about something: The party is divided on/over the issue of capital punishment. divide and rule a way of keeping yourself in a position of power by causing disagreements among other people so that they are unable to oppose you divide verb (CALCULATE) divide sth by sth to calculate the number of times that one number fits (exactly) into another: 10 divided by 5 is/equals 2. multiplysubtract divide (sth) into sth C1 If a number divides into another number, it fits (exactly) into it when multiplied a particular number of times: What do you get if you divide 6 into 18? 2 divides into 10 five times. divide noun [ C ] C1 a difference or separation: The divide between the rich and the poor in this country is continuing to grow.

demonstrate

verb (SHOW) B2 [ T ] to show or make something clear: These numbers clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country. [ + that ] Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize their mother's voice very soon after birth. These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning. C1 [ T ] to show something and explain how it works: He got a job demonstrating kitchen equipment in a department store. [ + question word ] The teacher demonstrated how to use the equipment. verb (EXPRESS) C2 [ T ] to express or show that you have a particular feeling, quality, or ability: He has demonstrated a genuine interest in the project. His answer demonstrated a complete lack of understanding of the question. verb (PROTEST) B2 [ I ] to make a public expression that you are not satisfied about something, especially by marching or having a meeting: Thousands of people gathered to demonstrate against the new proposals. (เดม'เมินสเทรท) vt. แสดง,สาธิต,เดินขบวน,พิสูจน์,แสดงความรู้สึก,ทดลองให้เห็นจริง, See also: demonstration n. ดูdemonstrate demonstrative adj. ดูdemonstrate demonstrator n. ดูdemonstrate

suspend

verb (STOP) C1 [ T ] to stop something from being active, either temporarily or permanently: The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather. The country's president has suspended the constitution and assumed total power. When you go to the theatre, you have to be willing to suspend disbelief (= to act as if you believe that what you are seeing is real or true, although you know that it is not). I'm suspending judgment (= not forming an opinion) on the book I'm reading until I've finished it. Mr Young was given a six-month jail sentence, suspended for two years (= if he commits another crime within two years, he will have to go to prison for six months for his original crime). B2 [ T ] If someone is suspended from work, school, etc., they are temporarily not allowed to work, go to school, or take part in an activity because of having done something wrong: She was suspended from school for fighting. He was suspended for four games after arguing with the referee. verb (HANG) [ T usually + adv/prep ] to hang: The builders worked on wooden platforms, suspended by ropes from the roof of the building. It was very uncomfortable lying on the hospital bed with my legs suspended in the air. [ T usually + adv/prep ] If small pieces of solid material are suspended in a gas or a liquid, they hang or float in the gas or liquid: The drug is suspended in a saline solution. A cloud of smoke was suspended in the air. (ซัสเพนดฺ') vt. แขวน,ลอยตัว,เลื่อน,หยุด,งด,ยกเลิกชั่วคราว,ให้พักงาน,ทำให้กังวลใจ. vi. หยุดชั่วคราว,หยุดชำระหนี้,ลอยตัว,แขวนอยู่., See also: suspendibility n. suspendible adj., Syn. hang,banish,defer,swing ###A. reinstate

foster family

verb (TAKE CARE OF) [ I or T ] to take care of a child, usually for a limited time, without being the child's legal parent: Would you consider fostering (a child)? verb (ENCOURAGE) [ T ] to encourage the development or growth of ideas or feelings: I'm trying to foster an interest in classical music in my children. They were discussing the best way to foster democracy and prosperity in the former communist countries. adjective [ before noun ] used to refer to someone or something connected with the care of children, usually for a limited time, by someone who is not the child's legal parent: a foster care/home/child/mother The neglected child was removed from her home and placed with a foster family. As a child, he had lived with a series of foster parents. her foster father/mother

scrap

verb (THROW AWAY) C2 [ T ] to not continue with a system or plan: They're considering scrapping the tax and raising the money in other ways. We scrapped our plans for a trip to France. C2 [ T ] to get rid of something that is no longer useful or wanted, often using its parts in new ways: Hundreds of nuclear weapons have been scrapped. verb (ARGUMENT) [ I ] to have a fight or an argument noun (METAL) C2 [ U ] old cars and machines or pieces of metal, etc. that are not now needed but have parts that can be used to make other things: scrap iron/metal We sold our old car for scrap. noun (SMALL PIECE) C2 [ C ] a small piece of something or a small amount of information: Do you have a scrap of paper I could write on? I've read every scrap of information I can find on the subject. There's not a scrap of (= no) evidence to suggest that he committed the crime. (สแครพ) n. ชิ้น,เศษ,จำนวนเล็กน้อย adj. เป็นเศษ,เล็กน้อย,ของเหลือ,ทิ้งแล้ว,ใช้แล้ว vt. ทำให้เป็นเศษ,ทำให้แตกแยกออก,ทิ้ง,เลิก., See also: scraps n.,pl. เศษอาหาร,กากน้ำมัน,เศษอาหารเหลือ scrapingly adv., Syn. fragment

discriminate

verb (TREAT DIFFERENTLY) C1 [ I ] to treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, sex, sexuality, etc.: She felt she had been discriminated against because of her age. In order to increase the number of female representatives, the selection committee decided to discriminate in favour of women for three years. verb (SEE A DIFFERENCE) C2 [ I + adv/prep ] formal to be able to see the difference between two things or people: Police dogs can discriminate between the different smells. to treat particular people, companies, or products differently from others, especially in an unfair way: Under the law, the state must administer its programs in ways that do not discriminate against anyone based on race. discriminate on the basis of/on the grounds of sth The board ruled that the company had committed "unfair labor practices" by discriminating on the basis of union membership. discriminate between sb/sth (and sb/sth) The government was accused of putting up tariffs and discriminating between domestic and foreign firms. to be able to recognize the difference between people or things: discriminate between sb/sth (and sb/sth) Conventional credit scoring systems do not reliably discriminate between good and bad payers among people in the 18 to 25 age group. (ดิสคริม'มะเนท) vi. แยกแยะ,แบ่งแยก,เลือกที่รักมักที่ชัง,วินิจฉัย., Syn. distinguish

discriminate

verb (TREAT DIFFERENTLY) C1 [ I ] to treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, sex, sexuality, etc.: She felt she had been discriminated against because of her age. In order to increase the number of female representatives, the selection committee decided to discriminate in favour of women for three years. verb (SEE A DIFFERENCE) C2 [ I + adv/prep ] formal to be able to see the difference between two things or people: Police dogs can discriminate between the different smells.

push

verb (USE PRESSURE) A2 [ I or T ] to use physical pressure or force, especially with your hands, in order to move something into a different position, usually one that is further away from you: Can you help me move this table? You push and I'll pull. The window sticks - you have to push hard to open it. He helped me push my car off the road. verb (MOVE WITH FORCE) B1 [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ] to move forcefully, especially in order to cause someone or something that is in your way to move, so that you can go through or past them: Stop pushing - wait your turn. She pushed through the crowd. verb (ADVERTISE) [ T ] informal to advertise something repeatedly in order to increase its sales: (พุช) vt.,vi.,n. (การ) ผลัก,ดัน,ยัน,ไส,แทง (บิลเลียด) ,รุกไปข้างหน้า,ทำให้ยื่นออก,สนับสนุน,ส่งเสริม,รุก,เร้า,ขายยาเสพติด,เผยแพร่,รีบเดินทาง,ยื่นหรือขยายออก -Phr. (push off จากไป ออกเดินทาง)

accelerate

verb C2 [ I ] When a vehicle or its driver accelerates, the speed of the vehicle increases: I accelerated to overtake the bus. Opposite decelerate C2 [ I ] If a person or object accelerates, he, she, or it goes faster. C1 [ I or T ] to happen or make something happen sooner or faster: Inflation is likely to accelerate this year, adding further upward pressure on interest rates. They use special chemicals to accelerate the growth of crops. More examples The driver accelerated on the bend and appeared to lose control of the vehicle. We watched as the motorbike accelerated away into the distance. (แอคเซล' เลอเรท) vt. เร่ง, ก่อให้เกิด, เร่งให้เกิดขึ้น, เพิ่มขึ้น. -acceleration n. -accelerator n., Syn. hasten, spur)

undulate

verb I to have a continuous up and down shape or movement, like waves on the sea: The road undulates for five miles before a steep climb. the undulating countryside undulating สภาพพื้นที่ลูกคลื่นลอนลาด [สิ่งแวดล้อม]

forbid

verb T to refuse to allow something, especially officially, or to prevent a particular plan of action by making it impossible: The law forbids the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16. [ + to infinitive ] He's obviously really embarrassed about it because he forbade me to tell anyone. He is forbidden from leaving the country. I forbid you to marry him! Diplomatic etiquette forbids calling for the death of a national leader. (ฟอร์บิด') vt. ห้าม,ยับยั้ง,ไม่อนุญาต,ป้องกัน,ขัดขวาง,ทำให้เป็นไปไม่ได้., See also: forbiddance n. -forbidder n.

differ

verb [ I ] B2 to be not like something or someone else, either physically or in another way: The twins look alike, but they differ in temperament. His views differ considerably from those of his parents. The findings of the various studies differ significantly/markedly/radically. The incidence of the illness differs greatly between men and women. formal to disagree: Economists differ on the cause of inflation. I beg to differ with you on that point. More examples Eye-witness accounts of the fighting differ markedly from police reports of what happened. The three birds differ in small features (see Plate 4). It's essentially a dictionary but it differs in one or two respects. (ดิฟ'เฟอะ) {differed,differing,differs} vi. แตกต่างจาก,ผิดกัน., Syn. contrast

disapprove

verb [ I ] B2 to feel that something or someone is bad, wrong, etc.: The survey showed that 32 percent of respondents approve, 54 percent disapprove, and the rest are undecided. I strongly disapprove of underage drinking. Opposite approve (HAVE A GOOD OPINION) I disapprove of all the violence that is shown on television. He claims he was forced to leave his job by a group of students who disapproved of his views.

cheer

verb [ I ] B2 to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement: Everyone cheered as the winners received their medals. He was cheering for the other side. Synonym hearten The audience clapped and cheered when she stood up to speak. The crowd cheered as the goalkeeper deflected the shot. The crowd cheered in appreciation. noun (SHOUT) C2 [ C ] a loud shout of approval or encouragement: Her speech was received with cheers and a standing ovation. His victory in the 400 metres earned him the biggest cheer of the afternoon. Three cheers for the winning team! noun (HAPPINESS) [ U ] formal or old-fashioned a feeling of happiness: The victory in the by-election has brought great cheer to the Liberal Democrats.

forage

verb [ I ] to go from place to place searching for things that you can eat or use: The children had been living on the streets, foraging for scraps. The pigs foraged in the woods for acorns. The chef offers special dishes of wild and foraged foods, including wood pigeon and snails noun [ U or C ] food grown for horses and farm animals: winter forage forage crops We'll have to maximize home-grown forages so we can cut back on grain. (ฟอ'ริจฺ) n. อาหารปศุสัตว์,การหามาซึ่งอาหารปศุสัตว์,การออกหาเสบียงอาหาร,การตรวจค้น. vi. หาอาหาร,ตรวจค้น,ค้นหา,จู่โจม. vt. ค้นหา,หาอาหาร,จู่โจม,ปล้นสะดม

economize

verb [ I ] (UK also economise) UK /ɪˈkɒnəmaɪz/ US to make an effort to save money, time, resources, etc.: Shoppers are going for less expensive food in an effort to economize. Outsourcing is mostly used as an economizing strategy. The different stages of production are placed in close proximity, thereby economizing on transport costs. (อีคอน'นะไมซ) vt.,vi. ประหยัด,ไม่ใช้จ่ายอย่างสุรุ่ยสุร่าย., See also: economizer,economiser n.

disembark

verb [ I ] formal to leave a ship, aircraft, etc. after a journey

ensued

verb [ I ] formal to happen after something else, especially as a result of it: The police officer said that he had placed the man under arrest and that a scuffle had ensued. (เอนซิว') vi. ตามมา,เป็นผลตามมา, See also: ensuingly adv. ดูensue

remain

verb [ I or L ] formal to stay in the same place or in the same condition: The doctor ordered him to remain in bed for a few days. Most commentators expect the basic rate of tax to remain at 25 percent. [ + to infinitive ] A great many things remain to be done (= have not yet been done). [I] to continue to exist when other parts or other things no longer exist: After the flood, nothing remained of the village. Only a few hundred of these animals remain today.

expand

verb [ I or T B2 to increase in size, number, or importance, or to make something increase in this way: The air in the balloon expands when heated. They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s. to increase in size, number, or importance, or to make something increase in this way: expand into sth These companies need to expand into new markets because they have reached market saturation at home. expand rapidly/greatly/significantly expand the range/scope/capacity Supermarkets continue to expand the range of products and services offered in their outlets. expand a business/company/programme Production capacity could expand by up to 30%, thus bringing down prices. (อิคซฺแพนดฺ') v. ขยาย,แผ่,ทำให้กว้างออก,เพิ่ม,คลี่ออก,ยืดออก,บาน, See also: expandable,expandible adj. expander, Syn. widen

refused

verb [ I or T ] B1 to say that you will not do or accept something: He asked me to give him another loan, but I refused. He's in trouble but he's refused all (my offers of) help. [ + to infinitive ] On cold mornings the car always refuses to start. [ + two objects ] The local council refused him planning permission to build an extra bedroom. They invited me to dinner and I thought it would be churlish to refuse. The management reserve the right to refuse entrance. She's a strict vegetarian and refuses to eat any poultry or fish. noun [ U ] formal unwanted waste material, especially material that is regularly thrown away from a house, factory, etc.: garden/kitchen refuse (รีฟิวซ') vt.,vi. ปฏิเสธ,ไม่ยอม,ไม่ยอมให้,ไม่ยอมรับสิทธิ n. (เรฟ'ฟิวซ) ขยะ,กาก,สิ่งของที่ทิ้งแล้ว,เศษที่ใช้แล้ว adj. ถูกทิ้ง,ทิ้งแล้ว,ไร้ค่า, See also: refusable adj., Syn. decline ###A. accept

resign

verb [ I or T ] B2 to give up a job or position by telling your employer that you are leaving: He resigned from the company in order to take a more challenging job. She resigned as director. She resigned the directorship. In the game of chess, you resign when you cannot see any way to avoid being beaten: Timman resigned a hopeless position. After she had taken my rook, there was nothing I could really do except resign. It's only a matter of time before he's forced to resign. As the company's financial problems worsened, several directors resigned. He resigned from a high-profile job as economic adviser to the prime minister.

amalgamate

verb [ I or T ] to join or unite to form a larger organization or group, or to make separate organizations do this: The electricians' union is planning to amalgamate with the technicians' union. The different offices will be amalgamated as/into employment advice centres. (อะแมล' กะเมท) vt. ทำให้รวมกัน,ผสม,ผสมกับปรอท.

tighten

verb [ I or T ] B2 to become tighter or to make something become tighter, firmer, or less easy to move: Tighten the straps so they don't rub. As he struggled, the ropes tightened even more. Carefully tighten the clamp until it firmly supports the pipette in a vertical position. I tightened the knots and prepared to descend. (ไท'เทิน) vt.,vi. ทำให้แน่นหนา,ทำให้รัดกุม,กลายเป็นแน่นหนา,กลายเป็นรัดกุม,กวดขัน., See also: tightener n., Syn. tauten,stretch

improve

verb [ I or T ] A2 to (cause something to) get better: He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers. I thought the best way to improve my French was to live in France. Her health has improved dramatically since she started on this new diet. to get better, or to make something better: [ I ] Her grades have improved greatly this semester. [ T ] He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers. If you improve on something, you succeed in doing or making it better: [ I ] The company is hoping to improve on last year's sales figures. (อิมพรูฟช') vt. ทำให้ดีขึ้น, ปรับปรุง, แก้ไข. -vi. ดีขึ้น, มีค่ามากขึ้น., See also: improve on (upon) ปรับปรุง, แก้ไข. improvable adj. improvability, improvableness n. improver n., Syn. incautious

download

verb [ I or T ] A2 to copy or move programs or information into a computer's memory, especially from the internet or a larger computer nounB1 [ C ] a computer program or information that has been or can be copied into a computer's memory: a free download [ U ] the act or process of copying programs or information into a computer's memory: All of our products are available for download on our website. (ดาวน์' โลด) n. การส่งข้อมูลหรือโปรแกรมจากระบบที่ใหญ่กว่าไปสู่ระบบที่เล็กกว่า, การถ่ายหรือบรรจุข้อมูลที่เก็บไว้ในหน่วยเก็บของคอมพิวเตอร์เครื่องใหญ่ ลงไปในหน่วยเก็บของไมโครคอมพิวเตอร์ (คอมพิวเตอร์ที่เล็กกว่า) หรือในบางกรณี อาจหมายถึงบรรจุคำสั่งลงไปในเครื่อ

navigate

verb [ I or T ] TRANSPORT to direct the way that a ship, aircraft, etc. will travel, or to find a direction across, along, or over an area of water or land, often by using a map: Sailors have special equipment to help them navigate. Even ancient ships were able to navigate large stretches of open water. Some migrating birds can navigate by the moon (= using the moon as a guide). There weren't any road signs to help us navigate through the maze of one-way streets. We had to navigate several flights of stairs to find his office. INTERNET & TELECOMS to move around a website or computer screen, or between websites or screens: Their website is fairly plain, but very easy to navigate. (แนฟ'วิเกท) vt. เดินเรือ,ขับเครื่องบิน,นำทาง,นำวิถี, Syn. sail,guide

reduce

verb [ I or T ] UK /rɪˈdʒuːs/ US /rɪˈduːs/ B1 to become or to make something become smaller in size, amount, degree, importance, etc.: Do nuclear weapons really reduce the risk of war? The plane reduced speed as it approached the airport. My weight reduces when I stop eating sugar. We bought a TV that was reduced from £500 to £350 in the sales. I reduced the problem to a few simple questions. to make something less in price, size, amount, etc.: reduce costs/prices The retailer moved its supply base overseas to reduce costs. reduce risk/debt/losses Diversification is a good way of reducing risk. reduce emissions/waste/pollution He decided to reduce his hours to give him more time with his family. reduce sth by sth The bank planned to reduce its staff levels by around 20% by 2012. reduce sth from sth to sth The reorganization will reduce the number of managers from 15 to no more than 8. Mercury is reducing its stake in the company to 10 percent. (รีดิวซฺ') vt. ทำให้น้อยลง,ลด,ย่อ,ทำให้หมด,ทด,ปรับปรุง,ทอน,ทำให้เบาบาง,ทำให้เจือจาง,แยกสลาย,รวบรวม,รวบยอด vi. กลายเป็นลดลง,เกิดขบวน (ดู)

invest

verb [ I or T ] UK /ɪnˈvest/ US FINANCE to buy something that you think will go up in value, for example shares or property, in order to make a profit: It's a good time to invest. invest in sth He's not certain whether to invest in the property market. invest sth in sth The fund has invested 65% of its assets in shares. We advise our clients on how to invest wisely. FINANCE, BANKING to put money into a bank account, buy insurance, etc. so that you can receive interest or other payments: invest (sth) in sth You can invest up to £5,200 a year in a high-interest savings account. to put money, effort, time, etc. into something in order to improve it or get an advantage: invest sth in sth The company plans to invest $325 million in its new plant. fully/heavily invested in sth Generations ago, the government was more heavily invested in higher education. invest time and effort/energy/money in sth (อินเวสทฺ') vt. ลงทุน,ใช้จ่าย,สวม,ปกคลุม,ให้,มอบ,พระราชทาน,ทำให้มี., See also: investable,investible adj. investor n., Syn. spend,empower

safeguard

verb [ I or T ] UK /ˈseɪfɡɑːd/ US to protect someone or something so that they are not harmed, damaged, or lost: New steps are being taken to safeguard medical workers in the war zone. safeguard (sb/sth) against sth The agency did not consistently install protections to safeguard against unauthorized computer access. safeguard noun [ C ] something that you do or provide in order to protect someone or something from harm, damage, or loss: safeguard for sth/sb The new laws contain important safeguards for credit card customers. safeguard against sth Keeping a large cash reserve is, for some airlines, the best safeguard against another bankruptcy.

booing

verb [ I or T ] present participle booing | past tense and past participle booed to make an expression of strong disapproval or disagreement: People at the back started booing loudly. Her singing was so bad that she was booed off the stage. exclamation UK /buː/ US /buː/ an expression, usually shouted, used to surprise and frighten someone who does not know you are near them : She jumped out of the cupboard and shouted "Boo!" noun [C] (PERSON) US informal someone you care about, especially a boyfriend, girlfriend, or other close friend: You will always be my boo. Come on, boo. Let's go. noun [C] (DISAPPROVAL) the act of booing

fade

verb [ I or T ] to (cause to) lose colour, brightness, or strength gradually: If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade. My suntan is already fading. They arrived home just as the light was fading (= as it was getting dark). The sun had faded the blue walls. to lose color, brightness, or strength gradually: If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade. If something fades away/out, it becomes less clear and then disappears: The voice on the radio faded out. (เฟด) {faded,fading,fades} vi.,vt. (ทำให้) (สี) เลือน, (สี) ตก,จางลง,อ่อนลง,หายไป,ค่อย ๆ ตาย, (ภาพ) ค่อย ๆ ปรากฎขึ้นหรือหายไป

increase

verb [ I or T ] to (make something) become larger in amount or size: Incidents of armed robbery have increased over the last few years. The cost of the project has increased dramatically/significantly since it began. a rise in the amount or size of something: price/tax increases There were 39,000 new cases last year - an increase of six percent.

decrease

verb [ I or T ] to become less, or to make something become less: Our share of the market has decreased sharply this year. We have decreased our involvement in children's books. noun [ C or U ] a reduction: There has been a steady decrease in the number of visitors. I haven't noticed much decrease in interest.

spill

verb [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ] UK /spɪl/ US /spɪl/ B1 to (cause to) flow, move, fall, or spread over the edge or outside the limits of something: I spilled coffee on my silk shirt. You've spilled something down your tie. Let's see if I can pour the juice into the glass without spilling it. He dropped a bag of sugar and it spilled all over the floor. Crowds of fans spilled onto the field at the end of the game. noun [C] (LIQUID) an amount of something that has come out of a container: a fuel spill on the road Could you wipe up that spill, please? In 1989, there was a massive oil spill in Alaska. noun [C] (POLITICS) an occasion when someone is removed from a position of power in a party or government and replaced: The Premier will keep his job despite backbencher attempts to initiate a spill.

huddle

verb [ I usually + adv/prep ] to come close together in a group, or to hold your arms and legs close to your body, especially because of cold or fear: Everyone huddled round the fire to keep warm. It was so cold that we huddled together for warmth. noun [C] (SMALL GROUP) a small group of people or things that are close together: A small group of people stood in a huddle at the bus stop. go into a huddle to get into a group in order to talk secretly: The judges went into a huddle to decide the winner. huddle noun [C] (AMERICAN FOOTBALL) US a group formed by the members of a team in American football before they separate and continue to play (ฮัด'เดิล) {huddled,huddling.huddles} v. จับกลุ่ม,รวมกลุ่ม,เบียดเสียด,ทำอย่างรีบเร่ง,ใส่เสื้อผ้าอย่างเร่งรีบ,ประชุม,หดม้วน,กอดกันกลม. -n. กลุ่ม,ก้อน,กอง,ความวุ่นวาย,ความสับสน,การประชุม,การปรึกษาหารือ,การจับกลุ่มกัน., See also: huddler n. huddli

implement

verb [ T B2 to start using a plan or system: The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year. More examples The determination of policy is not your business - your job is to implement it. Local councils will be given some leeway as to how they implement the legislation. He has been vested with the power/authority to implement whatever changes he sees fit. noun [ C ] a tool that works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface: garden/household/agricultural implements Shopkeepers are not supposed to sell knives and other sharp implements to children. (อิมพลี' เมินทฺ) n. เครื่องมือ, อุปกรณ์เครื่องใช้ไม้สอย, เสื้อผ้าอาภรณ์, วิธีการ. -vt. (อิม' พละมันทฺ) ทำให้เป็นผล, ทำให้สำเร็จ, จัดเครื่องมือให้, See also: implemental adj. implementation n. implementer, implementor n. คำที่มีความหมายเห

justify

verb [ T ] B2 to give or to be a good reason for: [ + -ing verb ] I can't really justify taking another day off work. Are you sure that these measures are justified? justify yourself B2 If you justify yourself, you give a good reason for what you have done: It was the only thing that I could do - I don't have to justify myself to anyone. How can you justify the employment of capital punishment? New evidence from a self-confessed liar was not enough to justify a retrial. Manufacturers need large sales to justify offering a big variety in export markets. (จัส'ทิไฟ) {justified,justifying,justifies} vt.,vi. แสดงความบริสุทธิ์,พิสูจน์ว่าถูกต้อง,สนับสนุนความบริสุทธิ์,หรือความถูกต้อง., Syn. legitimize

evaluate

verb [ T ] C1 to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something: It's impossible to evaluate these results without knowing more about the research methods employed. [ + question word ] We shall need to evaluate how the new material stands up to wear and tear. More examples The effects of the drug on patients' behaviour is extremely difficult to evaluate. Her new book looks at how we can evaluate animal intelligence.

exemplify

verb [ T ] C2 to be or give a typical example of something: This painting perfectly exemplifies the naturalistic style which was so popular at the time. (เอคเซม'พละไฟ) {exemplified,exemplifying,exemplifies} vt. เป็นตัวอย่างอธิบาย,ทำสำเนา (ที่ได้รับการรับรองถูกต้องเป็นทางการ), See also: exemplifiable adj. exemplifier n., Syn. typify,depict

precede

verb [ T ] C2 to be or go before something or someone in time or space: Kofi Annan preceded Ban Ki-moon as the Secretary-General of the UN. It would be helpful if you were to precede the report with an introduction. (พรีซีด') v. นำก่อน,มาก่อน,นำหน้า,เสริมหน้า, See also: precedable adj., Syn. go before,preface

plague

verb [ T ] C2 to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time: Financial problems have been plaguing their new business partners. My shoulder's been plaguing me all week. to annoy someone, especially by asking repeated questions: The children plagued him with questions all through lunch. He's been plaguing me for a loan of the book. noun [ C or U ] C2 (also the plague, the Plague) bubonic plague , or any serious disease that kills many people: Millions died of (the) plague. a plague of sth a large number of things that are unpleasant or likely to cause damage: a plague of insects humorous A plague of journalists descended on the town. (เพลก) n.,vt. (ทำให้เกิด) โรคระบาดที่ทำให้เกิดการตายมาก,กาฬโรค,โรคห่า,ภัยพิบัติ,สิ่งที่น่ารำคาญ, See also: plaguer n.

curb

verb [ T ] C2 to control or limit something that is not wanted: The government should act to curb tax evasion. noun [C] (CONTROL) a limit on something that is not wanted: You must try to put a curb on your bad temper/spending habits. (เคิร์บ) n. ขอบ,ขอบถนน,ขอบบ่อ,ริม,เครื่องเหนี่ยวรั้ง,สิ่งควบคุม vt. รั้งม้า,เหนี่ยวรั้ง,ควบคุม,ระงับ,กั้นขอบ,สร้างคันดิน., Syn. check

repeal

verb [ T ] If a government repeals a law, it causes that law no longer to have any legal force. noun [ S or U ] the act of removing the legal force of a law: We're campaigning for a/the repeal of the abortion laws. Twenty nine senators said they opposed repeal of the death penalty. (รีพีล') vt. ถอน,ยกเลิก,ลบล้าง,ละทิ้ง,เลิกล้ม n. การถอน,การยกเลิก,การลบล้าง,การละทิ้ง,การเลิกล้ม, See also: repealability adj. repealable adj. repealer n., Syn. rescind,revoke

outdistance

verb [ T ] to be faster in a race than other competitors, or (more generally) to be much better than someone: The company outdistance their nearest business competitors by a long way. He easily outdistanced the other runners.

deported

verb [ T ] to force someone to leave a country, especially someone who has no legal right to be there or who has broken the law: Thousands of illegal immigrants are caught and deported every year. The refugees were deported back to their country of origin.

validate

verb [ T ] to make something officially acceptable or approved, especially after examining it: The data is validated automatically by the computer after it has been entered. UK It is a one-year course validated by London's City University. to prove that something is correct: He feels that today's economic problems validate his opposition to the policy. (แวล'ลิเดท)(vt) ทำให้ถูกต้อง,ทำให้มีเหตุผล,ทำให้มีผล,ทำให้สมบูรณ์

rehabilitate

verb [ T ] to return someone to a good, healthy, or normal life or condition after they have been in prison, been very ill, etc.: The prison service should try to rehabilitate prisoners so that they can lead normal lives when they leave prison. Physiotherapy is part of rehabilitating accident victims. After 20 years in official disgrace, she's been rehabilitated (= given a positive public image again). to return something to a good condition: We need to replace or rehabilitate the bridge. (ริฮะบิล'ลิเทท) vt. พักฟื้น,ทำให้สุขภาพกลับคืนสู่ปกติ,กู้ชื่อเสียง,กู้ฐานะ, See also: rehabilitation n. rehabilitative adj.

insert

verb [ T ] C1 to put something inside something else: Insert the key in/into the lock. C1 to add writing to a text, form, etc.: I've filled in the form, but you still need to insert (= add) your bank details and date of birth. (อินเซิร์ท') vt. ใส่เข้า,สอด,แทรก,บรรจุ,ปลูก. n. สิ่งแทรก,ใบแทรก., See also: insertable adj. inserter n., Syn. inject

accentuate

verb [ T ] to emphasize a particular feature of something or to make something more noticeable: Her dress was tightly belted, accentuating the slimness of her waist. The new policy only serves to accentuate the inadequacy of help for the homeless. (แอคเซน' ชูเอท) vt. อ่านเน้น, ทำให้เด่น,อ่านซ้ำ,ใส่เครื่องหมายเสียงเน้นหนัก, เน้น,ย้ำ-accentuation n., Syn. emphasize)

tempted by

verb [ T ] to make someone want to have or do something, especially something that is unnecessary or wrong: The offer of free credit tempted her into buying a new car. [ + to infinitive ] They tempted him to join the company by offering him a huge salary and a company car. be tempted B2 to want something or to want to do something: "Did you apply for that job?" "Well, I was very tempted, but I decided not to." I was sorely (= very) tempted to resign after my boss screamed at me for the second time. Perhaps some caviar can tempt your jaded palate. I was really tempted to take the money. They put out food to tempt the foxes into the traps. (เทมพฺทฺ) n. ล่อ,ยั่วใจ,ล่อใจ,ยั่วยวน,หยั่งเชิง,ทดสอบ,ล่อให้ทำชั่ว., See also: temptable adj.

transform

verb [ T ] B2 to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that that thing or person is improved: The reorganization will transform the entertainment industry. the power of art to transform experience Whenever a camera was pointed at her, Marilyn would instantly transform herself into a radiant star. More examples The scheme would transform the park into a tourist mecca. The new haircut completely transformed her. The discovery of anaesthesia transformed medical surgery. Since getting that job, he has been a transformed character. (แทรนซฺฟอร์ม') vt.,vi. เปลี่ยนรูป,แปรรูป,ปฎิรูป,เปลี่ยนสภาพ,เปลี่ยนแปลง, See also: transformable adj.

fine

verb [ T ] B2 to charge someone an amount of money as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law: Drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily. [ + two objects ] They fined him £100 for using threatening behaviour. (ไฟนฺ) {fined.fining,fines} adj. ดีเลิศ,เยี่ยม,ล้ำเลิศ,วิเศษ,ชั้นสูง,งดงาม,วิจิตร,หรูหรา,ประณีตไพเราะ,น่าชม,น่าฟัง,น่าดู,ละเอียดอ่อน,บอบบาง, (มีด) คม,ชำนาญ,บริสุทธิ์ adv. ดีเลิศ,เยี่ยม,ประณีต,ละมุนละไม,ละเอียดอ่อน. vi. บริสุทธิ์ขึ้น,ลดขนาดลง n. เงินค่าปรับ,

acquired

verb [ T ] B2 to get or buy something: He acquired the firm in 2008. I was wearing a newly/recently acquired jacket. I seem to have acquired (= have got although I don't know how) two copies of this book. He has acquired a reputation for being difficult to work with.

supply of

verb [ T ] B2 to provide something that is wanted or needed, often in large quantities and over a long period of time: Electrical power is supplied by underground cables. Three people have been arrested for supplying arms to the terrorists. The company has supplied the royal family (= provided them with something they need) for years. noun [ C or U ] an amount of something that is available for use: Whenever she goes out with her baby, she always takes a large supply of baby food with her. In the capital, demand for cheap housing far outstrips supply (= what is provided). supplies B2 [ plural ] food or other things necessary for living: The refugees are urgently in need of food and medical supplies. B2 an amount of something available: Extensive mining has reduced the supplies of coal in the area. the gas, electricity, etc. supply the system used for supplying gas, electricity, etc. to people: Someone has turned off the electricity supply. in short supply If something is in short supply, there is little of it available: Strawberries are in short supply this summer.

rejected

verb [ T ] B2 to refuse to accept, use, or believe something or someone: The appeal was rejected by the court. Coin-operated machines in England reject euros. The prime minister rejected the suggestion that it was time for him to resign. I applied for a job as a mechanic in a local garage, but I was rejected (= I was not offered the job). The coach rejected him for the first team (= he was not offered a place). B2 to not give someone the love and attention they want and are expecting from you: When she was sent to boarding school, she felt as though her parents had rejected her. MEDICAL specialized If your body rejects an organ that has been put in during a medical operation, it fails to accept it and tries to attack and destroy it. noun a product that is damaged or not perfectly made a person who has not been accepted by an organization or by society: He considered himself to be one of life's rejects. (รีเจคทฺ') vt. ปฏิเสธ,ทิ้ง,ไม่ยอมรับ,บอกปัด,อาเจียน,ละทิ้ง,n. สิ่งที่ถูกปฏิเสธหรือบอกปัด, See also: rejectable adj. rejecter n. rejective adj., Syn. rebuff,throw away

acknowledge

verb [ T ] C1 to accept, admit, or recognize something, or the truth or existence of something: [ + -ing verb ] She acknowledged having been at fault. [ + that ] She acknowledged that she had been at fault. You must acknowledge the truth of her argument. Historians generally acknowledge her as a genius in her field. [ + obj + to infinitive ] She is usually acknowledged to be one of our best artists to tell someone, usually in a letter or email, that you have received something they sent you: Please acknowledge receipt of this letter. Always acknowledge your sources at the end of an essay. The government has acknowledged that homelessness is a problem but it has failed to grasp the scale of the problem. (แอคนอล' เลจฺ) vt. ยอมรับ (เป็นความจริง) , รับรอง, แจ้งว่าได้รับ,เห็นคุณค่า. -acknowledgeable adj., -acknowledgment, -acknowledgement n.

allocate

verb [ T ] C1 to give something to someone as their share of a total amount, to use in a particular way: The government is allocating £10 million for health education. [ + two objects ] As project leader, you will have to allocate people jobs/allocate jobs to people. It is not the job of the investigating committee to allocate blame for the disaster/to allocate blame to individuals. (แอล' โลเคท) vt. จัดสรร, แบ่งสรร, หาตำแหน่ง, กำหนด, บรรจุ, ลงบัญชี.

fascinate

verb [ T ] C1 to interest someone a lot: Science has always fascinated me. Anything to do with planes and flying fascinates him. verb [ T ] to have someone's complete interest and attention: Anything to do with airplanes and flying fascinates him. The children were fascinated by the story. fascinating adjective The movie has a fascinating plot. fascination noun [ U ] Her fascination with modern art began when she saw the Picasso show. (แฟส'ซะเนท) vt. ชวนเสน่ห์,ตรึงใจ vi. จับใจ,ตรึงใจ., See also: fascinative adj., Syn. attract

simplify

verb [ T ] C1 to make something less complicated and therefore easier to do or understand: the new simplified tax system He tried to simplify the story for the younger audience. (ซิม'พละไฟ) vt. ทำให้ไม่ยุ่งเหยิง,ทำให้ง่ายขึ้น,ทำให้เข้าใจง่าย,ทำให้ชัดเจน., See also: simplification n. simplificative adj. simplifier,simplificator n.

loathe

verb [ T ] C2 to hate someone or something: From an early age the brothers have loathed each other. "Do you like fish?" "No, I loathe it." [ + -ing verb ] I loathe doing housework. (โลธ) vt. รังเกียจ,เกลียดชัง,เกลียด,ไม่ชอบ, Syn. detest

retain

verb [ T ] C2 formal to keep or continue to have something: She has lost her battle to retain control of the company. He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance. She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race. I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily. formal If a substance retains something, such as heat or water, it continues to hold or contain it: The sea retains the sun's warmth longer than the land. LAW specialized to get the services of a lawyer by paying them before you need them He will retain the honorary title of non-executive chairman. These plants need a rich soil which retains moisture. When they divorced she retained a legal interest in the property. (รีเทน') vt. สงวนไว้,รักษาไว้,เอาไว้,ผูกขาด,จดจำ, See also: retainability n. retainableness n. retainable adj. retainment n., Syn. keep,maintain

defeat

verb [ T ] UK /dɪˈfiːt/ US /dɪˈfiːt/ B1 to win against someone in a fight, war, or competition: Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo. They defeated the Italian team and reached the final. See also self-defeating B2 to cause someone or something to fail: The proposal to change the rules was narrowly defeated (= by a very small number) by 201 votes to 196. Our ambitions for this tournament have been defeated by the weather. I'm afraid anything that involves language learning has always defeated me (= I have been unable to do it). More examples The French were defeated at Waterloo in 1815. The team were overwhelmingly defeated in yesterday's game. The North defeated the South in the American Civil War. noun [ C or U ] B1 the fact of losing against someone in a fight or competition, or when someone or something is made to fail: In the last election, they suffered a crushing/humiliating defeat. After their defeat in battle, the soldiers surrendered. She admitted/conceded defeat well before all the votes had been counted. admit defeat to accept that you cannot do something: I thought I could fix the radio myself, but I had to admit defeat.

hire

verb [ T ] UK /haɪər/ US /haɪr/ B1 UK (US rent) to pay to use something for a short period: How much would it cost to hire a car for the weekend? You could always hire a dress for the ball if you can't afford to buy one. B2 to employ someone or pay someone to do a particular job: I was hired by the first company I applied to. [ + to infinitive ] We ought to hire a public relations consultant to help improve our image. Poor families don't have enough money to hire good lawyers. I thought we might hire a motorboat and take a trip round the bay. noun (THING) [ U ] UK an arrangement to use something by paying for it: The price includes flights and car hire. a hire car There's a camping shop in town that has tents for hire (= available to be hired) at £30 a week. noun (PERSON) [ C ] mainly US a person to whom a company has recently given a job: She's our latest hire. (ไฮ'เออะ) vt.,n. (การ) เช่า,จ้าง,ว่าจ้าง,ให้เช่า,ออกเที่ยวรับจ้าง,จ่ายเงินค่าจ้าง. -Phr. (for hire ให้เช่า), See also: hirable,hireable adj. hirer n.

compress

verb [ T ] UK /kəmˈpres/ US /kəmˈpres/ to press something into a smaller space: Firmly compress the soil in the pot so that the plant is secure. compressed air to make information, a piece of writing, etc. shorter: The course compresses two year's training into six intensive months. I managed to compress ten pages of notes into four paragraphs. to make a computer file use less space when it is stored in the memory of a computer or on a disk, by using a special program: noun [ C ] a thick, soft piece of cloth that is pressed to a part of a person's body to stop bleeding or to reduce pain or swelling: a cold/hot compress (คัมเพรส') {compressed,compressing,compresses} vt. บีบ,อัด,กด,ทำให้แข็ง. vi. ได้รับการบีบ,ได้รับการอัด. n. (คอม'เพรส) ผ้าอัด,ลูกประคบ,ผ้าอัดยา,เครื่องบิน,เครื่องกด., See also: compressibility n. ดูcompress compressible adj. ดูcompress compres

confuse

verb [ T ] UK /kənˈfjuːz/ US /kənˈfjuːz/ B2 to mix up someone's mind or ideas, or to make something difficult to understand: You're confusing him! Tell him slowly and one thing at a time. Stop confusing the issue (= making the problem unnecessarily difficult)! B2 to mix up two separate things or people in your mind, imagining that they are one: You're confusing me with my sister - she's the singer. It's easy to confuse his films, because he tends to use the same actors. I think you're confusing him with someone else. If you give them too much detail, you'll just confuse them. We were confused by the fact that the signs pointed in opposite directions. confusable adjective, noun [ C ] confused adjective Her confused reaction is understandable. confusing adjective The directions were confusing, and I got lost. คันฟิวซ') confused,confusing,confuses} vt. ทำให้ไม่ชัด,ทำให้ยุ่ง,ทำให้สับสน,ทำให้งง,ทำให้ขวยเขิน., See also: confusable adj. ดูconfuse confusably adv. ดูconfuse confusedly adv. ดูconfuse confusedness n. ดูconfuse คำที่มีความหมายเหมือ

renovate

verb [ T ] UK /ˈren.ə.veɪt/ US /ˈren.ə.veɪt/ C1 to repair and improve something, especially a building: He renovates old houses and sells them at a profit. to repair and improve a building so that it is in good condition again: You may need to renovate in stages, doing the most essential work first. Private companies don't want to renovate existing buildings, as the potential profits are too small. (เรน'นะเวท) vt. ทำใหม่,ปรับปรุงใหม่,ซ่อมแซม,ทำให้มีพลังใหม่,ทำให้มีชีวิตชีวาใหม่,ทำให้กลับสู่สภาพเดิม adj. ทำใหม่,ปรับปรุงใหม่, See also: renovation n. renovative adj. renovator n

assume

verb [ T ] assume verb [T] (ACCEPT) B2 to accept something to be true without question or proof: [ + (that) ] I assumed (that) you knew each other because you went to the same school. Let's assume (that) they're coming and make plans on that basis. [ + to infinitive ] We can't assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they've decided to remain silent. We mustn't assume the suspects' guilt. verb [T] (PRETEND TO HAVE) to pretend to have a different name or be someone you are not, or to express a feeling falsely: Moving to a different town, he assumed a false name. During the investigation, two detectives assumed the identities of antiques dealers. He assumed a look of indifference but I knew how he felt. assume verb [T] (TAKE CONTROL) C2 to take or begin to have responsibility or control, sometimes without the right to do so, or to begin to have a characteristic: The new president assumes office at midnight tonight. The terrorists assumed control of the plane and forced it to land in the desert. The issue has assumed considerable political proportions (= has become a big political problem). (อะซูม') vt.,vi. สันนิษฐาน,นึกเอา,สมมุติ, รับ,ครอง,ยึดเอาดื้อ ๆ ,ประจำ, เข้ารับตำแหน่ง,แสดง,ปรากฎ,เสแสร้ง, Syn. embrace, adapt, don ###A. renounce,abjure) assumed (อะซูมดฺ') adj. เสแสร้ง,ซึ่งสันนิษฐาน, Syn. fictitious,pretended,false)

subsidize

verb [ T ] (UK also subsidise) UK /ˈsʌbsɪdaɪz/ US to give money to a person or an organization in order to pay part of the cost of something that they do or make: be subsidized by sb/sth The uninsured often seek emergency care at hospitals, which is eventually subsidized by taxpayers. The supported employment programme subsidises employers so they can pay staff the going rate for the job. subsidization noun [ U ] (UK also subsidisation) /ˌsʌbsɪdɪˈzeɪʃən/ Government subsidization of the industry has been heavily criticized. subsidizer noun [ C ] (UK also subsidiser) UK/ˈsʌbsɪdaɪzər/ US/-zɚ/ Japan is a heavy subsidiser of its fishing industry. (v) อุดหนุน,สนับสนุน

destabilise

verb [ T ] (UK usually destabilise) to make a government, area, or political group lose power or control, or to make a political or economic situation less strong or safe, by causing changes and problems: They uncovered a plot to destabilize the government. The conflict destabilized the whole region. Further increases in imports could destabilize the economy.

standardised

verb [ T ] (UK usually standardise) to make things of the same type all have the same basic features: We standardize parts such as rear-view mirrors, so that one type will fit any model of car we make. The profile summarizes key information about a product in a standardized format designed to make it easier to compare products.

dreads

verb [ T ]C2 to feel extremely worried or frightened about something that is going to happen or that might happen: He's dreading the exam - he's sure he's going to fail. [ + -ing verb ] I'm dreading having to meet his parents. dread to think C2 used to say that you do not want to think about something because it is too worrying: I dread to think what would happen if he was left to cope on his own. We are dreading the idea of having my son's friends to stay. I dread to think what they say about me behind my back. noun [ U ] a strong feeling of fear or worry: The prospect of working full-time fills me with dread. I live in dread of bumping into her in the street. adjective [ before noun ] formal causing fear or worry: The dread spectre of civil war looms over the country. Every business person fears the dread moment when the laptop fails as they stand up to give a presentation. humorous used to refer to something that you do not like or want: Conversation returned to that dread word, fashion. (เดรด) {dreaded,dreading,dreads} vt.,vi.,n. (ความ) กลัวมาก,หวาดกลัว,ลังเลที่จะทำ -adj. น่ากลัวมาก,น่าหวาดกลัว,ร้ายกาจ, Syn. fear,alarm,worry,fright,terror

incorporate

verb [ T ]C2 to include something as part of something larger: Suggestions from the survey have been incorporated into/in the final design. This aircraft incorporates several new safety features. He has become more venturesome this season with dress designs that incorporate a variety of ethnic influences. The film incorporates elements of fantasy and science fiction. (อินคอร์' เพอเรท) vt. รวมเข้าด้วยกัน, รวมเข้าเป็นรูปบริษัท, ทำให้รวมกัน. -vi. รวมเข้าด้วยกัน. -adj. ซึ่งรวมเข้าด้วยกัน., See also: incorporative adj., Syn. take in, include (อินคอร์' เพอเรท) adj. ไม่ใช่วัตถุหรือสสาน, ไม่เป็นตัวตน, Syn. incorporeal) (อินคอร์' พะเรททิด) adj.เป็นรูปบริษัท, ซึ่งรวมตัวกัน., See also: incorporatedness n., Syn. include, involve

detest

verb [ T not continuous ] to hate someone or something very much: I detest any kind of cruelty. [ + -ing verb ] I detest having to get up when it's dark outside. her detested older brother (ดิเทสทฺ') vi. เกลียด,ไม่ชอบมาก, See also: detester n., Syn. hate

vary

verb [I or T] (BE DIFFERENT) B2 If things of the same type vary, they are different from each other, and if you vary them, you cause them to be different from each other: Salary scales vary between states/from state to state/according to state/with each state. The samples varied in quality but were generally acceptable. We have tried several different approaches, with varying degrees of success. [ I or T ] to change in amount or level or make a change in amount or level: vary considerably/greatly/widely The incomes of self-employed professionals can vary widely from one month to the next. Employees can vary their work time up to two hours before or after normal working hours. vary between sth and sth Prices vary between $65 and $160. [ I ] to change in different situations: Interest rates vary from around 4% up to more than 7%. vary in sth They vary in the methods they use. vary according to sth The formula for maximum cash withdrawal can vary according to policy types. to change or cause something to change in amount or level, especially from one occasion to another: My taste in classical music varies greatly/widely, but I usually prefer Mozart or Brahms. Some people give a regular monthly donation while others vary the amount they give. (แว'รี) vt.,vi. เปลี่ยนแปลง,แปรปรวน,ผันแปร,ผันผวน,ขึ้น ๆ ลง ๆ, See also: varier n. varingly adv., Syn. modify,change,alter

flattened

verb [I or T] (BECOME LEVEL) C2 to become level or cause something to become level: Several trees were flattened (= knocked down) by the storm. The path flattens (out) (= does not go up so much) as it reaches the top of the hill. He was immediately flattened by a single punch to the head. The whole area was flattened in the bombing raid - not a building was left standing. After a few hundred yards, you come to an area where the ground flattens out. That tent is not secure, you know. The first gust of wind will flatten it. verb [I or T] (MAKE THINNER) C2 to become level and thinner or to cause something to become level and thinner: Flatten the pastry into a thin disc with your hands. The biscuits will flatten out as they cook. (แฟลท'เทิน) vt. ทำให้แบนหรือเรียบ,vi. กลายเป็นแบน,กลายเป็นเรียบ., See also: flattener n.

assimilated

verb [I or T] (JOIN) to become part of a group, country, society, etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group, country, society, etc.: The European Union should remain flexible enough to assimilate more countries quickly. You shouldn't expect immigrants to assimilate into an alien culture immediately. verb [I or T] (LEARN) to understand and remember new information and make it part of your basic knowledge so that you can use it as your own: It's hard to assimilate so much information. assimilate verb [I or T] (ABSORB) to absorb food or a substance into the tissue of a living organism: In this form vitamins can be easily assimilated by the body. (อะซิม'มิเลท) vt.,vi. นำเข้าดูดซึม,เปลี่ยนอาหารให้เป็นสารที่ดูดซึมได้,เอาอย่าง,ย่อย,ทำให้เหมือน,ทำให้คล้ายกัน,กลายเป็นเหมือน -assimilator n. -assimilation n., Syn. incorporate, integrate,-A. reject)

smoulder

verb [I] (BURN) to burn slowly with smoke but without flames: a smouldering fire smouldering embers The fire was started by a smouldering cigarette. verb [I] (PROBLEM) If a problem or unpleasant situation smoulders, it continues to exist and may become worse at any time: The dispute is still smouldering, five years after the negotiations began. smoulder verb [I] (EMOTION) If a strong emotion smoulders, it exists, but is prevented from being expressed: She was smouldering with rage as she explained how her son had been killed. smoulder verb [I] (ROMANTIC FEELINGS) A person who smoulders has strong sexual or romantic feelings but does not express them: He gazed at her with smouldering eyes, wishing she wasn't married.

misfired

verb [I] (GUN) If a gun misfires, the bullet fails to come out. verb [I] (ENGINE) When an engine misfires, the fuel inside it starts to burn at the wrong moment: There was a loud bang, like the sound of an engine misfiring (มิสไฟ'เออะ) vi.,n. (การ) ไม่ติดไฟ, (เครื่อง) ไม่ติด,ไม่เกิดผล,ไม่ระเบิด, Syn. miscarry,fail

subside

verb [I] (LESS STRONG) If a condition subsides, it becomes less strong or extreme: The police are hoping that the violence will soon subside. As the pain in my foot subsided, I was able to walk the short distance to the car. verb [I] (LOWER LEVEL) If a building, land, or water subsides, it goes down to a lower level: There is a danger that many homes will subside because of the drought. Eventually the flood waters began to subside.

trickle

verb [I] (LIQUID) trickle down, from, out of, etc. sth If liquid trickles somewhere, it flows slowly and without force in a thin line: Blood trickled out of the corner of his mouth. Oil was trickling from a tiny hole in the tank. trickle verb [I] (SMALL NUMBER) trickle in, out, back, etc. to arrive or move somewhere slowly and gradually, in small numbers: Gradually people trickled back into the theatre for the second half. noun (SMALL NUMBER) [ S ] a very small number of people or things arriving or leaving somewhere: We usually only get a trickle of customers in the mornings. trickle noun (LIQUID) [ C ] a small amount of liquid that is flowing slowly in a thin line: A trickle of melted butter made its way down his chin.

flow

verb [I] (MOVE) B1 (especially of liquids, gases, or electricity) to move in one direction, especially continuously and easily: Lava from the volcano was flowing down the hillside. Many short rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean. verb [I] (CONTINUE) to continue to arrive or be produced: Please keep the money flowing in! verb [I] (HANG DOWN) to hang down loosely and often attractively: Her long red hair flowed down over her shoulders. noun (MOVEMENT) B2 [ C usually singular ] the movement of something in one direction: the flow of a river the flow of traffic the flow of blood flow noun (CONTINUOUS NUMBER) [ C usually singular ] a regular and quite large number of something: There's been a steady flow of visitors. [ S ] a situation in which something is produced or moved continuously: the flow of ideas/information (โฟล) vi. ไหล,ไหลเวียน,ออกจาก,หลั่ง,มีประจำเดือน,ดำเนินไปอย่างราบรื่นและติดต่อกัน,เต็มไปด้วย,ขึ้น,ปลิว,ปลิวสะบัด,โบกสะบัด vt. ทำให้ไหล,ท่วม,ไหลบ่า. n. การไหล,การไหลเวียน,สิ่งที่ไหล,กระแสน้ำ,การไหลบ่า,การหลั่ง,การมีประจำเดือน,การเคลื่อนตัวของพลังงาน,ลูกศรช

faltered

verb [I] (STOP) to lose strength or purpose and stop, or almost stop: The dinner party conversation faltered for a moment. Her friends never faltered in their belief in her. Nickie's voice faltered and he stopped speaking. verb [I] (ALMOST FALL) to move awkwardly as if you might fall: The nurse saw him falter and made him lean on her. (ฟอล'เทอะ) {faltered,faltering,falters} v.,n. (การ) เดินสะดุด,เดินโซเซ,เดินตัวสั่น,พูดตะกุกตะกัก,ลังเล,รีรอ,วอกแวก,แกว่งไปแกว่งมา,อ้ำ ๆ อึ้ง ๆ, See also: falterer n. faltering adj. falteringly adv., Syn. doubt,hesitate

erupt

verb [I] (VOLCANO) C2 When a volcano erupts, it explodes and flames and rocks come out of it: Since the volcano last erupted, many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes. Inner-city riots erupted when a local man was shot by police. Violence erupted in the city on Friday night. A big diplomatic row erupted as a result. verb [I] (START SUDDENLY) to start suddenly and violently: At the end of a hot summer, violence erupted in the inner cities. to suddenly express your feelings in a noisy way: The crowd erupted in applause and cheering. If spots erupt on your skin, they suddenly appear: Two days after he'd been exposed to the substance, a painful rash erupted on his neck. (อีรัพทฺ') vi.,vt. (ทำให้) ระเบิด,แตกออก,ปะทุ, See also: eruptible adj. ดูerudition

arrest

verb [T] (CATCH) B1 If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed: He was arrested when customs officers found drugs in his bag. The police arrested her for drinking and driving. He put up a fight when the police tried to arrest him. 23 people were arrested and large quantities of heroin were seized in a dawn raid. Police arrested several of the demonstrators. verb [T] (STOP) formal to stop or interrupt the development of something: The treatment has so far done little to arrest the spread of the cancer. (อะเรสทฺ') vt. จับ,จับกุม,ดึงดูด,ทำให้หยุด,กั้น, ยับยั้ง,เกาะตัว. -n. การจับกุม,ภาวะที่ถูกจับกุม,การหยุดยั้ง,ภาวะที่ถูกหยุดยั้ง. -arrester n. -arrestment n., Syn. stop,halt)

demolish

verb [T] (DESTROY) B2 to completely destroy a building, especially in order to use the land for something else: A number of houses were demolished so that the supermarket could be built. C2 to prove that an argument or theory is wrong: He completely demolished all her arguments. More examples The building had to be demolished because of subsidence. One by one the old buildings in the city have been demolished and replaced with modern tower blocks. verb [T] (DEFEAT) to easily defeat someone: In a surprising win, the Jaguars demolished the Broncos 42-7. verb [T] (EAT) to quickly eat all the food you have been given: Joe demolished an enormous plateful of chicken and fries. (ดิมอล'ลิช) vt. รื้อ (สิ่งก่อสร้าง) ,ทำลาย,โค่น, See also: demolisher n. demolishment n., Syn. destroy,

illustrate

verb [T] (DRAW PICTURES) B2 to draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc.: a beautifully illustrated book/old manuscript verb [T] (EXPLAIN) C1 to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving examples: The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard. This latest conflict further illustrates the weakness of the UN. (อิ'ลัสเทรท) v. แสดงให้เห็น (ด้วยภาพ,ตัวอย่างหรืออื่น ๆ) ,อธิบาย,ยกตัวอย่าง,ทำให้เข้าใจ, See also: illustrable adj., Syn. depict,picture

suppress

verb [T] (END BY FORCE) C2 to end something by force: The Hungarian uprising in 1956 was suppressed by the Soviet Union. verb [T] (PREVENT) C2 to prevent something from being seen or expressed or from operating: She couldn't suppress her anger/annoyance/delight. His feelings of resentment have been suppressed for years. The British government tried to suppress the book because of the information it contained about the security services. The virus suppresses the body's immune system. (ซะเพรส') vt. ปราบ,ปราบปราม,ระงับ,เลิก,ยกเลิก,หยุดยั้ง,กลั้น,กด,บีบ,ห้าม,ขยี้,ทำลาย,ขจัด,อำพราง,ปิดบัง, See also: suppressedly adv. suppressible adj. suppressive adj. suppressly adv. suppressor n. suppresser n. คำที่มีความหมายเห

define

verb [T] (EXPLAIN) B2 to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is: In the dictionary, "reality" is defined as "the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be". Before I answer your question, could you define your terms a little more (= explain what you mean by the words you have used)? See also well defined B2 to explain and describe the meaning and exact limits of something: Your rights and responsibilities are defined in the citizens' charter. Your role in the project will be strictly defined (= limited to particular areas). I'd hate to feel that I was defined by (= that my life got its meaning and importance only from) my job. verb [T] (CLEARLY SHOW) to show clearly the edge of something: The outline of the castle on the hill was clearly defined against the evening sky. (ดิไฟน์') vt. ให้คำจำกัดความ,อธิบาย,บัญญัติศัพท์,ทำให้ชัดเจน,กำหนด,จำกัดวง, See also: definability n. ดูdefine definer n. ดูdefine

trace

verb [T] (FIND) C1 to find someone or something that was lost: The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside a hospital. Attempts to trace the whereabouts of a man seen leaving the scene of the crime have so far been unsuccessful. Their missing daughter was finally traced to (= found in) Manchester. C1 to find the origin of something: The phone company was unable to trace the call. No one has yet been able to trace the source of the rumour. to discover the causes or origins of something by examining the way in which it has developed: The outbreak of food poisoning was traced to some contaminated shellfish. She has traced her family history back to the seventeenth century. The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to (= first happened in) festivals in ancient China. to describe the way in which something has developed: The film traces the events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917. verb [T] (DRAW) to copy a drawing or pattern, etc. by drawing over its lines through a thin piece of transparent paper: Did you draw this picture yourself, or did you trace it? She learned to write her name by tracing out the letters. to draw a shape by showing the main or outer lines: The child was tracing patterns in/on the sand with a stick. noun (SIGN/RECORD) B2 [ C or U ] a sign that something has happened or existed: He attempted to cover up all the traces of his crime. When she moved out, she left no trace of having been there. My wallet has been missing for several days and I can't find any trace of it. He seems to have vanished without (a) trace (= no one knows where he is). [ C ] an act of finding information about something electronically, or the record of the information found in this way: The phone company put a trace on the call. noun (SLIGHT AMOUNT) [ C ] a very slight amount: Traces of drugs were found in his blood. There is just a trace of grey in his hair. She speaks English without any trace of an accent. (เทรส) n. สายบังเหียน,สายดึง,สายโยงม้ากับบังเหียน,รอย,ร่องรอย,รอยเท้า,รอยทาง,ทางเล็ก,รอยความทรงจำในสมอง (หรือengram) การลากเส้น,การวาดเล่น,ปริมาณเล็กน้อยมาก,รอยภาพโทรทัศน์,รอยบันทึก,จุดหรือเส้นที่ตัดกัน vt. ตามรอย,ติดตาม,สืบเสาะ,สืบสวน,สอบสวน,ลากเส้น,วางแผน

repels

verb [T] (FORCE AWAY) to force someone or something to stop moving towards you or attacking you: It is not true that eating garlic repels mosquitoes. The defenders repelled the attack without losing any men. (of a material) to not allow a substance to be absorbed into it: This coat has a special surface that repels moisture. The sprays contain a water repelling ingredient known as a fluoropolymer. PHYSICS specialized to have a magnetic field that pushes away something with a similar magnetic field: Similar poles of magnets repel each other, and opposite poles attract. verb [T] (CAUSE STRONG DISLIKE) People or things that repel you make you feel strongly that you do not want to be near, see, or think about them: She was repelled by his ugliness. Her arrogance repels many people. (รีเพล') vt. ขับไล่,ผลักออก,ตีกลับ,ต้านทาน,โต้กลับ,ด้านการซึมผ่าน,ยับยั้ง,ปฏิเสธ,ขจัด,ทำให้รังเกียจ vi. ขับไล่,ผลักออก,ทำให้รังเกียจ, See also: repellence,repelency n. repeller n., Syn. reject,refuse ###A. accept,attract

abandon

verb [T] (LEAVE) B2 to leave a place, thing, or person, usually for ever: We had to abandon the car. By the time the rebel troops arrived, the village had already been abandoned. As a baby he was abandoned by his mother. verb [T] (STOP) C1 to stop doing an activity before you have finished it: The game was abandoned at half-time because of the poor weather conditions. They had to abandon their attempt to climb the mountain. The party has now abandoned its policy of unilateral disarmament. abandon yourself to sth to allow yourself to be controlled completely by a feeling or way of living: He abandoned himself to his emotions. noun with (gay/wild) abandon in a completely uncontrolled way: We danced with wild abandon. (อะแบน' เดิน) vt.,n. ละทิ้ง, ปล่อย, พลัดพรากจาก, ไม่เกรงครหา, ปล่อยตามอารมณ์ -abandoner , -abandonment ตัวอย่าง: *Somchai abandones himself to despair. สมชัยปล่อยตัวอยู่แต่ในความสิ้นหวัง* n.

examine

verb [T] (LOOK AT CAREFULLY) B2 to look at or consider a person or thing carefully and in detail in order to discover something about them: Forensic scientists are examining the wreckage for clues about the cause of the explosion. The council is to examine ways of reducing traffic in the city centre. The research examined the effects of alcohol on long-term memory. [ + question word ] We need to examine how an accident like this can be avoided in the future. A psychiatrist was examined (= asked questions) on the mental state of the defendant verb [T] (TEST) C2 to test someone's knowledge or skill in a particular subject: We were examined on European history. UK You'll be examined in three main areas; speaking, listening, and reading comprehension. (อิกแซม'มิน) {examined,examining,examines} vt. สอบ,ทดสอบ,ตรวจสอบ, See also: examinable adj. ดูexamine examiner n. ดู examine examingly adv ดูexamine, Syn. scrutinize

release

verb [T] (MAKE FREE) B2 to give freedom or free movement to someone or something: He was released from prison after serving two years of a five-year sentence. She was arrested for shoplifting but was released on bail (= after paying a sum of money to the court). figurative The surgery released him from years of pain. to move a device from a fixed position to allow it to move freely: He released the handbrake and the car jumped forwards. to fire a bomb or a missile (= flying weapon), or to allow it to fall: The plane released its bombs at 10,000 feet. to allow a substance to flow out from somewhere: Coal power stations release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. Hormones are released from glands into the bloodstream. to express a feeling that you have been trying not to show: He punched the pillow in an effort to release his anger. verb [T] (MAKE PUBLIC) C1 to allow something to be shown in public or to be available for use: Police have released a picture of the man they want to question. The mayor has released a statement explaining the reasons for his resignation. B2 If a company releases a film or musical recording, it allows the film to be shown in cinemas, or makes the musical recording available for the public to buy: The band's latest album will be released next week. Indian English to make a product, for example a book, available for the public to buy, often with a celebration; launch: The new edition of the dictionary will be released by the education minister later this month. (n) การหลุดพ้น,การปล่อย,การปลด,การสละสิทธิ์,การยกเว้น (vt) หลุดพ้น,ปล่อย,ปลด,แก้,โอนสิทธิ์

released

verb [T] (MAKE FREE) B2 to give freedom or free movement to someone or something: He was released from prison after serving two years of a five-year sentence. She was arrested for shoplifting but was released on bail (= after paying a sum of money to the court). figurative The surgery released him from years of pain. to move a device from a fixed position to allow it to move freely: He released the handbrake and the car jumped forwards. to fire a bomb or a missile (= flying weapon), or to allow it to fall: The plane released its bombs at 10,000 feet. C1 to allow a substance to flow out from somewhere: Coal power stations release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. Hormones are released from glands into the bloodstream. to express a feeling that you have been trying not to show: He punched the pillow in an effort to release his anger. Their appeals to release the hostages fell on deaf ears. Note how easy it is to release the catch quickly. verb [T] (MAKE PUBLIC) C1 to allow something to be shown in public or to be available for use: Police have released a picture of the man they want to question. The mayor has released a statement explaining the reasons for his resignation. B2 If a company releases a film or musical recording, it allows the film to be shown in cinemas, or makes the musical recording available for the public to buy: The band's latest album will be released next week. noun (MAKING FREE) C1 [ S or U ] an occasion when someone is allowed to leave prison, etc.: Her early release from prison led to a demonstration. C1 [ U ] the act of flowing out from somewhere: The accident caused the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. [ S or U ] a feeling that you are free from something unpleasant: I noticed a release of tension when he left the room. After years of suffering, his death came as a merciful release. noun (MAKING FREE) C1 [ S or U ] an occasion when someone is allowed to leave prison, etc.: Her early release from prison led to a demonstration. C1 [ U ] the act of flowing out from somewhere: The accident caused the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. [ S or U ] a feeling that you are free from something unpleasant: I noticed a release of tension when he left the room. After years of suffering, his death came as a merciful release. (n) การหลุดพ้น,การปล่อย,การปลด,การสละสิทธิ์,การยกเว้น (vt) หลุดพ้น,ปล่อย,ปลด,แก้,โอนสิทธิ์

invented

verb [T] (NEW DESIGN) B1 to design and/or create something that has never been made before: The first safety razor was invented by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903. I wish someone would invent an everlasting light bulb. Pneumatic tyres were invented in 1888 by John Dunlop. Gas lamps became obsolete when electric lighting was invented. He has invented a wholly factitious story about his past. She tried to save face by inventing a story about being overseas at the time. invent verb [T] (NOT TRUE) B2 to create a reason, excuse, story, etc. that is not true, usually to deceive someone: But I didn't invent the story - everything I told you is true.

attracted to

verbB1 [ T ] (of people, things, places, etc.) to pull or draw someone or something towards them, by the qualities they have, especially good ones: These flowers are brightly coloured in order to attract butterflies. The circus is attracting huge crowds/audiences. The government is trying to attract industry to the area (= to persuade people to place their industry there). Her ideas have attracted a lot of attention/criticism in the scientific community. B2 [ T usually passive ] If you are attracted by or to someone, you like them, often finding them sexually interesting: He tends to be attracted to strong women. I like him, but I'm not physically/sexually attracted to him. [ T usually passive ] If something attracts you, or you are attracted by it, you like it and find it interesting: The idea of becoming a journalist attracted her. My parents were attracted by the school's curriculum, which puts equal emphasis on artistic, practical, and intellectual subjects. What attracted you to this role? PHYSICS specialized When something such as a magnet attracts something else, it pulls it towards it: Magnets attract iron filings. Since light has no mass, Newton's equation predicts that it will not be attracted by gravity towards anything. The mud flats attract large numbers of birds. The hotel is making a major push to attract customers. This film is unlikely to attract large audiences. to make people want to visit a place or find out more about something: attract visitors/audiences/fans The exhibition attracted over 10,000 visitors. attract interest/attention Fuel-cell technology has been around for 150 years, so why is it attracting attention now? attract sth from sb It was the biggest AIDS meeting ever, attracting 17,000 people from around the world. attract sb to sth They are trying to attract more holiday-makers to the area. to make someone want to buy or invest in something: attract business/investment/funding They're trying to attract foreign investment in the region. attract sb to sth The high yen attracted investors to South Korean manufacturing shares. to interest someone and make them want to do something such as join a company: I was attracted by the opportunity to work abroad. attract sb to sth What attracted you to this job? FINANCE if a product or investment attracts a particular charge, you have to pay that charge if you have the product or investment: Payments by credit card attract a 2% handling charge. The loan attracts a low rate of interest. (อะแทรคทฺ') vt.,vi. ดึงดูด,จูงใจ,กระ-ตุ้นความสนใจ,มีเสน่ห์,ล่อใจ. -attractable adj.

drop

verb[ I or T ] to fall or to allow something to fall: She dropped her keys. I'm always dropping things. Amanda dropped her sunglasses in/into the fountain. verb[ I or T ] to move to a lower level, or cause something to move to a lower level: The water level in the flooded region has finally begun to drop. The land drops (away) (= slopes down) sharply behind the barrier. verb[ T ] to stop doing or planning something, especially an activity: I'm going to drop yoga and do aerobics instead. Can you drop what you're doing and help me with this report? [ T ] to stop including someone in a group or team: He's been dropped from the team because of injury. [ T + adv/prep ] to take someone to a particular place, usually in a car, and leave them there: They dropped me off at the main entrance. [ I or T ] informal to become available for people to buy, listen to, or watch, especially using the internet; to make something available like this: It's an exciting time for her, with the tour starting and the record about to drop. We heard that rapper Dave was about to drop a new album.

gargantuan

very large: a problem of gargantuan proportions a gargantuan appetite (การ์แกน'ชวน) adj. ใหญ่มาก,มหึมา,มากมาย,มหันต์, Syn. big,huge

switch

สวิทชฺ) n. ที่เปิดปิด,หัวเปิดปิด,การเปิดปิด,การเปลี่ยน,เครื่องเปลี่ยน,สะพานไฟ,ไม้เฆี่ยน,ไม้เท้า,การหวด,การเฆี่ยน vt.,vi. เปลี่ยน,สับเปลี่ยน,สับเปลี่ยนกระแสไฟ,ฉก,ฉวย,เฆี่ยนหรือหวดด้วยไม้เรียว,หัน,หันเห,แกว่ง,กระดิกหาง. [ C ] a sudden or complete change, especially of one person or thing for another: When did the writer make the switch from fiction to non-fiction? The switch to new accounting software greatly improved the organization's bookkeeping. verb [ T, I usually + adv/prep ] B1 to use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another: switch the TV off/on to change suddenly or completely, especially from one thing to another, or to exchange by replacing one person or thing with another: She started studying English, but switched to History in her second year. In 1971, Britain switched over (= changed completely) to a decimal currency. After the bank robbery, the gang switched cars (= left one car and got into another).

log on

— phrasal verb with log verb [ T ] (also log on) [ I or T ] IT, INTERNET to connect to a computer system by putting in a particular set of letters or numbers: What is the user name and password that you use to log on? If you are already a registered user, please log in. log in/on to sth Find out more about our products by logging on to our website. log in/on to do sth It has 1.7 million registered customers who log in to play games and socialize. log sb in/on Your network administrator will log you in the first time you use the system. noun [ C ] IT, INTERNET (also log-on); (login); (logon) UK US the set of letters and numbers that you write on a computer screen in order to connect to a computer system: If you're worried about other people accessing your information, you can make it a private log-in. The site helps users keep track of their various logons. login data/information Do not share your log-in information with anyone. the process of using a log-in to connect to a computer system: To help speed up log-in have your username and password ready.