Botany

Trichomes

Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection

serrate leaf margin

toothed, teeth pointed upward

Name 3 groups of organisms that botanists traditionally study?

Algae, fungi, bacteria

parallel venation

a parallel arrangement of veins; typical of the leaves of monocots

compound leaf

A leaf in which the blade is divided into two or more smaller leaflets

Vessel elements

A short, wide, water conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants. Dead at maturity, vessel elements are aligned end to form micropipes called vessels.

Some plants have an overwintering underground structure that is composed mostly of large storage leaves, with a small stem at the bottom. This underground structure is called a(n) ____

Bulb

Why can vascular plants grow much larger than non-vascular plants can grow?

Have a network of veins and arteries than can distribute nutrients throughout the plant

Plants have two distinct vascular sysyems:

Phloem and Xylem

Many stems have a region of large open parenchyma cells in the center. This region of the stem is called the ___

Pith

Sclerenchyma

Primary walls, plus secondary walls, many dead at maturity. Provide elastic support

In basal angiosperms and eudicots, the veins appear in a netted pattern known as ___ venation

Reticulate

What 3 vegetative organs do plants have?

Stems, leaves, and roots

If a plant produces leaves that are oriented horizontally, which of the following might you expect to find in greater abundance on the lower side relative to the upper side?

Stomata

Mesophyll

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

alternate phyllotaxy

When only one leaf is found at each node (on alternating sides of the stem)

bipinnately compound

a compound leaf divided twice with leaflets attached to secondary rachises

Tuberous root

a lateral root specialized to store carbohydrates, EX sweet potato

simple leaf

a leaf that has an undivided blade

stipule

a small leafy outgrowth at the base of a leaf or its stalk

Vascular bundles

a strand of conducting vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant, typically with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside.

Tuber

a swollen underground stem

Trachieds

an elongated thick walled conducting and supporting cell of xylem. Has tapering ends and pitted walls without perforations, in contrast to a vessel element. Found in nearly all vascular plants.

Mature tracheary elements are unique in a plant because they...

are dead and transport mainly water and minerals

Phloem

carries sugars and various organic compounds as well as minerals and water throughout the plant

Other plants have an overwintering underground structure that is composed mostly of stem tissue, often with thin, papery leaves on the outside. This underground storage structure is called a(n) ___

corm

Cortex:

ground tissue in roots

The pith and cortex:

ground tissue in stems

Chloroenchyma

have a lot of chloroplasts in them

opposite phyllotaxy

leaf arrangement in which there is a pair of leaves at each node, and the leaves are arranged in opposite directions.

Myriophyllum

leaf has economic function and root function

palmately compound leaf

leaf type with leaflets that emerge from a point, resembling the palm of a hand

Besides cut flowers and foods, list/describe 4 different economic uses of plants.

medicine, spices, alcoholic beverages, paper products, and clothes

Bud scales

modified leaves

___ typically have leaves with sheathing bases.

monocots

If each stem node has two leaves and each leaf pair is at a right angle to the pair below it, the phyllotaxy is said to be...

opposite and decussate

Stolon

or runner is a modified stem

In a foliage leaf, the majority of photosynthesis occurs in the

palisade parenchyma

A peach pit consists of the inner layer of fruit surrounding a seed, giving the seed protection. The fruit inner layer is most likely composed of...

sclereids

Leaves can be either

simple or compound

entire leaf margin

smooth edge, no indentations (notches)

adventitious (root, stem, bud, etc)

something growing where its not supposed to grow

phyllotaxy

the arrangement of leaves on a stem, is specific to each species

Parenchyma

the primary walls, typically alive at maturity. Many functions

Dentate leaf margin

toothed, teeth pointed outward

Xylem

transports water and minerals upward from roots to all aerial parts

Which of the following is wrong about stem vascular bundles?

typically phloem is on the inner side and xylem is on the outer side of the bundle

Rhizomes

underground horizontal stems; have circular pattern that is reoccuring

Collenchyma

unevenly thickened, primary walls, typically alive at maturity. Provide plastic support; opporate in support and tend to be toward perifery of cells