Botany lab 3

2. hornworts = phylum _________: About 300 species. _________ is the most common genus. Hornworts and liverworts are dichotomously branched and thalloid. They often appear leafy. The chloroplasts of hornworts, along with those of algae, possess a _______, which is a distinct region of the chloroplast that is the center of starch biosynthesis. The chloroplasts of other bryophytes and tracheophytes lack this.

Anthocerotophyta, Anthocerus, pyrenoid.

3. mosses = phylum _________: Largest group, about 10,000+ species. In the gametophytes of some mosses, vascular or conducting tissue is present. Water conducting tissue is known as _______, and the conducting cells are known as ________. Some of these cells even have lignified walls. Carbohydrate conducting tissue is known as ______, and the conducting cells are known as _______. These conducting ells are similar, in some respects, to the conducting cells found in **Aglaophyton major**, classified as a _________; A. major may have been an intermediate between the bryophytes and the tracheophytes (vascular plants).

Bryophyta, hadrom, hydroids, leptom, leptoids, protracheophyte

2. Marattiopsida: ancient and tropical group of ferns; a few hundred species still extant. 3. Equisetopsida (horsetails, formerly Sphenophyta, Arthrophyta): ancient group of ferns, which include the calamites and horsetails—these have jointed stems that occur above and below ground, and scale-like, non-photosynthetic leaves. The sphenophytes first evolved during the Devonian period. During this time, most horsetails were represented by the calamites. These were large, arborescent forms that could reach a height of about 18 meters tall and had a trunk diameter of up to 45 centimeters.The only extant genus is Equisetum = horsetails. It is represented by about 15 species. ______ may be the oldest surviving genus of plants on earth.

Equisetum

Fruit categories and types. Simple fruits. A.__________ _______ _______. 1. ______: 1-3-seeded with the exocarp and mesocarp fleshy, but the endocarp modified into a hard, lignified layer enclosing the seed(s). Drupes are also known as _____ fruits. The stone or pit is the lignified ________. Examples, peach, cherry, plum, nectarine, apricot, almond (Prunus), hollies (Ilex), avocado (Persea), mango (Mangifera), walnuts (Juglans), pecans and hickories (Carya), coconut (Cocos), date palm (Phoenix), and hackberry (Celtis).

Indehiscent and fleshy, drupe,stone, endocarp

The tracheophytes may be subdivided into the ________ (eusporangiate, microphyll- bearing vascular plants (including the tree lycophytes), many of which are now _______) and the _________ (megaphyll-bearing plants with or without multi-flagellate sperm cells). These include: phylum Monilophyta, the calamites or giant horsetails (now extinct), and all seed plants. Sometimes phylum Progymnospermophyta (the progymnosperms) and the seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) are collectively referred to as _______, because they all possess taxa that produce secondary xylem or wood.

Lycophytes, extinct, Euphyllophytes, Lignophytes

Three phyla of bryophytes: 1. liverworts = phylum __________ (formerly Hepatophyta). About 5,200 species, mostly terrestrial in moist areas; a few species are aquatic. Most liverwort gametophytes develop directly from spores; a few species produce protonema-like threads from which the gametophyte develops. Two major types of liverworts: ________ thalloid liverworts _________). Examples, Riccia, Ricciocarpus, and Marchantia. Ricciocarpus is aquatic and bisexual. ______ liverworts and _____ thalloid liverworts (______).

Marchantiophyta, complex, (clade A), leafy, simple, clade B

Extant phyla of ferns and fern allies Recent phylogenetic evidence places all of the ferns and fern allies into two groups: 1. __________ (Pteridophyta; old phylum name) (true ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails and 2. ____________ (Lycophyta, Microphyllophyta; old phylum names—quillworts, resurrection plants, and club mosses).

Monilophyta, Lycopodiophyta

Four principal classes of Monilophyta: 1. Psilotopsida (whisk ferns, formerly Psilophyta, Psilotophyta): two orders — Ophioglossales: rattlesnake or grape ferns, adder's tongue ferns and Psilotales: whisk ferns. The Psilotales is represented by two extant genera, Psilotum = whisk fern, and Tmesipteris. Psilotum lacks roots and leaves, and the majority of its body is comprised of above and below ground stems. The rhizomes take the place of the root system. Mycorrhizal fungi probably assist with water and nutrient uptake. ,________ is possibly one of the most ancient tracheophyte plants known. Species of both genera are epiphytes. Psilotum also is occasionally terrestrial.

Psilotum,

Extinct fern-type vascular plants Three phyla of early vascular plants were the __________, ____________, and _____________. These were small vascular plants that were simple in structure. They produced spores only (were not seed plants). The Progymnospermophyta were ferns that underwent secondary growth. Modern ferns only undergo ,___________ _______.

Rhyniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta,Trimerophytophyta , primary growth

Fleshy, indehiscent fruits are the most _________ types of fruits. Fleshy fruits are generally dispersed by vertebrate dispersal agents. When the seeds are fully developed and (the embryos are mature), the tissues of the fruit undergo a series of changes, which are governed by the hormone _________. These include: 1. changes in color (from green or yellow to bright yellow, orange, red, or blue); 2. a rise in sugar content; and 3. a softening because of the breakdown of pectic substances. The seeds of some plants have a fleshy appendage or covering known as an _____ or _______ (these are not exactly synonymous). Arils and sarcotestas are often brightly colored and used to attract dispersal agents.

advanced, ethylene, aril, sarcotesta

_________ roots: roots originating from areas on the plant (for example, stems and leaves) other than root tissue. ________ ______: adventitious roots that are used for support, attachment, or increased nutrient and water uptake. These roots do not originate below ground, but can, and often do, grow into the ground or other substrates. The prop roots of corn (Zea mays) are an example of aerial roots.

adventitious, aerial roots

2. ________ fruits: gynoecium of numerous unfused or separate carpels. Examples, strawberry (Fragaria), buttercups (Ranunculus), Magnolia. 3. _______, fruits: consists of an entire inflorescence of separate flowers and ovaries. The ovaries grow together and fuse at maturity forming the fruit. Examples, pineapple (Ananas), mulberry (Morus), Osage orange or horse apple (Maclura), fig (Ficus).

aggregate, multiple,

The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular embryo. This embryo grows until it becomes the mature sporophyte. Nutrition and water transport to the sporophyte is via an _______ pathway. There is no symplastic connection between the two generations. Nutrition transport directly to the sporophyte is via a ______.

apoplastic, placenta

Reproduction in seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) is overall very similar with a few notable exceptions (see below). See associated figures for reproduction pathways/cycles (Figs): 1. the megagametophytes of some gymnosperms have _________, whereas the megagametophytes of angiosperms, along with some gnetophyte gymnosperms, lack this; 2. the microsporophylls and megasporophylls of angiosperms are modified/specialized to form _______ and _______, respectively;

archegonia, stamens, carpels

_______ or _______: one or more small bulbs attached to a larger bulb. These small bulbs are produced from the larger one. Example, birds-milk lily (Ornithogallum umbellatum), daffodil (Narcissus spp.), Turk's-cap lily (Lilium superbum), and the cloves of garlic (Allium sativum). _______: bulb-like asexual reproductive structure born on the aerial stems of some plants. Example, tiger lily (Lilium chinense).

bulbel, bulblet, bulbil

B. Dry dehiscent fruits. 1. ______: originating from two or more carpels. There are multiple types with numerous methods of dehiscence. Most capsules split along sutures or in the center of the carpels. Examples, cotton (Gossypium), jimsonweed (Datura), kenaf (Hibiscus), and okra (Abelmoschus). Modified capsules: a. ________: develops from a single pistil and dehisces along one suture. Examples, mostly the Apocynaceae family; milkweeds (Asclepias), periwinkles or vinca (Vinca), and oleander (Nerium).

capsule, follicle,

The _______ is the sporangium and the _______ (the enlarged basal portion of the archegonium, which contains the egg) enlarges and becomes a ________ (the hood or cap that partially covers the capsule in some species of mosses; it is derived from the expanded _________ wall). All the cells of the sporophyte are genetically identical to the fertilized egg.

capsule, venter, calyptra, archegonial

2. ________: single-seeded fruit where the pericarp is fused to the seed integuments. Examples, Poaceae (grass family), here the caryopsis is often called a ______. Examples of grasses, corn (Zea), wheat (Triticum), oats (Avena), rice (Oryza), rye (Secale), barley (Hordeum) sugarcane (Saccharum), and milo (Sorghum).

caryopsis, grain

_______: woody stem of certain monocots. Example, palms (Arecaceae): coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). ________ or _______: modified stem which takes the place of a leaf for photosynthetic function. Example, asparagus (Asparagus officinale). _______: short erect underground stem, usually partially or wholly enclosed by scale leaves. Example, spring beauty (Claytonia virginica), wood sorrel (Oxalis spp.).

caude, corms, cladophyll, cladode

Bryophytes are important as primary colonizers of rock and post volcanic activity. They are also important for colonizing bare soil. Bryophytes and all other land plants have several distinguishing characters from the ________—the green algae which are believed to be the most closely related taxonomic group to the land plants. Characters unique to the land plants: 1. the presence of multicellular, male and female gametangia: a. _________ (si. antheridium): male reproductive structures (absent in the gametophytes of seed plants). b. archegonia (si. archegonium): female reproductive structures (the gametophytes of some gymnosperms and those of all angiosperms lack an archegonium).

charophytes, antheridia,

Lycopodiophyta: This phylum includes the _________, ________, and resurrection plants, which constitute three extant families, 10 to 15 extant genera, and about 1,000 species. The lycophytes probably first evolved during the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era. Some ancient lycophytes were __________ (tree-like). Arborescent lycophytes were some of the dominant plants during the Carboniferous period.

club mosses, quillworts, arborescent

2. aggregate fruit: derived from a __________ ovary with numerous pistils. Produced from a single flower. Aggregate fruits can be fleshy or dry. Fleshy aggregate fruits often have accessory tissue developed from the _________. Examples, strawberry (Fragaria), Indian mock strawberry (Duchesnea), and blackberry and raspberry (Rubus) are all fleshy, whereas magnolia (Magnolia) and buttercup (Ranunculus) are dry at maturity

compound, receptacle,

7. multicellular embryo in the life cycle. Characteristics 1-6 are adaptations to existence on land, where water is limited. The gametophytes of most bryophytes lack ________ tissue. In those that do possess conducting tissue in their gametophytes, the conductive tissue is not homologous to that of tracheophytes: ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

conductive,

________roots: roots produced by many species of plants, especially bulb, corm, or rhizome producing species, that through shortening and contracting of the root cortical cells, the roots pull the plant into the substrate or keep it at the proper depth and position. ___________: plant having typical and obvious aerial stems; ___________: plant without stems or with stems shortened and reduced and appearing absent. Example, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

contractile, caulescent, acaulescent

_______: stem of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae), and other herbaceous monocots. __________: modified stem of certain Orchidaceae, which can allow asexual production. ________: usually an elongate underground stem, often fleshy with scale leaves and numerous nodes. Examples, flag or iris (Iris spp.), johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), spearmint (Mentha spicata), peppermint (Mentha Xpiperita), obedience plant(Physostegia virginiana), American sweet flag (Acorus americana), tanya (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), and ginger (Zingiber officinale).

culm, pseudobulb, rhizome

Terminology: the following terms apply to the fruit in the mature condition. 1. _______:: fruit wall ruptures to release the seeds at maturity. Also known as shattering. 2. _______:: fruit wall remaining continual (maintaining its integrity) or closed at maturity. Must be opened mechanically or by rotting to expose the seeds. 3. ______: fruit is dry at maturity; has a low water content. 4. _______: fruit is soft and fleshy at maturity; has a high water content.

dehiscent, indehiscent, dry, fleshy

Heterosporous gametophytes, for the most part, are ________ (parasitic) on the sporophyte for survival and development

dependent

In bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant generation. In all other land plants, the sporophyte is __________, and only a reduced gametophyte is produced. In bryophytes, the sporophyte is small, permanently attached to, and nutritionally dependent on the maternal gametophyte for survival (see matrotrophy below). In true vascular plants (tracheophytes), the sporophyte is dominant and the gametophyte is much reduced and free-living, or even more reduced and completely parasitic on the sporophyte (seed plants).

dominant

In ferns, the sporophyte phase of the life cycle is _______ and has vascular tissues of xylem and phloem. Ferns, along with gymnosperms and angiosperms, have vascular tissues in the sporophyte phase of their life cycles and because of this are often referred to as tracheophytes.

dominant,

The land plants: bryophytes, ferns and fern allies, progymnosperms, gymnosperms, and angiosperms are referred to as ________ because they all produce a multicellular embryo as part of the life cycle.

embryophytes

3. the ovules of gymnosperms are not ________ by the megasporophyll, whereas the ovules of angiosperms are enclosed within the modified megasporophyll _______ ______; 4. the nutritive tissue in the seeds of gymnosperms is comprised of a portion of the _____________, whereas the principal nutritive tissue in angiosperm seeds is a specialized tissue known as _________ that is produced by fertilization of the binucleate central cell with a sperm cell and subsequent mitosis (perisperm also may be present as a nutritive tissue in the seeds of some angiosperms); and 5. the microgametophytes and megagametophytes of angiosperms are even more reduced and specialized than those of gymnosperms.

enclosed, (the carpel), megagametophyte, endosperm,

Once released from the antheridium, the sperm must swim through water to reach the egg in the archegonium; therefore, water is required for fertilization and reproduction in bryophytes and ferns. The sperm cells of bryophytes and ferns are __________, but the flagellum extend from the side of the cell rather than the end. Structure of archegonium (Fig). After fertilization, the zygote remains in the archegonium. The sporophyte zygote is nourished form sugars and amino acids that are provided by the maternal gametophyte. This is known as __________.

flagellated, matrotrophy

2. berry: numerous types. In general, the pericarp is ______ and the fruit is __________. Examples of typical berries, tomato (Lycopersicum/Solanum), eggplant (Solanum) tomatillo (Physalis), pepper (Capsicum), tree tomato (Cyphomandra), kiwi (Actinidia), starfruit (Averrhoa), persimmon (Diospyros), grape (Vitis), blueberry and cranberry (Vaccinium), papaya (Carica), guava (Psidium) pineapple guava (Feijoa), pawpaw (Asimina), elderberry (Sambucus) passion fruit (Passiflora), bananas and plantains (Musa), and pomegranate (Punica).

fleshy, multiseeded

Bryophytes can reproduce asexually by __________ or through the production of _______, which are multicellular bodies that give rise to new gametophytes. Sexual reproduction in bryophytes involves antheridia and archegonia. These are often produced on separate male and female gametophytes.

fragmentation, gemmae

Traditional view: ripened or mature ovary. Modern view: _____ wall, accessory tissues (if present), and any seeds. In the case of parthenocarpy, the ____ only. Fruits are classified based on the characteristics of the gynoecium and relationships of the carpels to one another, and their relationships to other floral parts.

fruit, fruit,

Their vascular tissue is not homologous with that of tracheophytes because in bryophytes, it is the __________ stage of the life cycle that has vascular tissue. In all other higher plants, the vascular tissue is produced only in the sporophyte stage — the sporophytes of bryophytes lack vascular tissue. Bryophytes, along with all other land plants, exhibit heteromorphic alternation of generations, where gametophyte forms alternate with sporophyte forms, and the two forms are different in appearance.

gametophyte

Gametophytes of some species of ferns can also reproduce vegetatively. Many gametophytes if old or under poor conditions will produce multicellular _________ from their margins. These gemmae will develop into new gametophytes after they are detached from the parent gametophyte. In some fern species, the gametophytes can form extensive vegetative colonies, and in some species, only the gametophyte phase of the life cycle is known.

gemmae

Three-fourths of the species are found in the tropics, about one-third of these are epiphytic. There about 380 species in North America, north of Mexico. Ferns are epiphytic, aquatic, or terrestrial in life habit. Most are _________, but some are vining or arborescent in habit. All species of ferns, regardless of form, only undergo primary growth. Some of the large tree ferns reach heights of up to 24 meters, with trunks up to 30 cm in diameter. Most of this thickness is comprised of a fibrous mantle of roots.

herbaceous

b. ___________: multisegmented berry with a tough leathery rind that is impregnated with oil glands, and with the endocarp tissue modified into numerous juice sacs. Examples, the genus Citrus and its relatives: orange , lemon, key lime, tangerine, sour orange, lemon tangelo, temple orange or tangor, citron, pomelo or pummelo, and cumquat (Fortunella). c. calabash: similar to the pepo but derived from a superior ovary. Examples, many species in the Bignoniaceae family, also cocoa (Theobroma).

hesperidium

Some plants produce two or more different types of fruits. This is known as _________. Examples, producing dehiscent and indehiscent fruits, or producing fruits that are dispersed by different dispersal agents. A few plants produce fruit both above and below ground. This condition is termed __________. In the hog peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata) (Fabaceae), three distinct types of flowers and fruits are produced. The aerial stems produce flowers that are either cleistogamous or chasmogamous, and each produces a distinct type of legume. The subterranean flowers are cleistogamous and produce a papery fruit with a single, large, fleshy seed.

heterocarpy, amphicarpy

In _________ plants, the gametophytes develop within the spore wall. This condition is known as _________ ________. In _________ plants, the gametophytes develop outside the spore wall. This condition is known as _______ _______ The gametophytes of homosporous plants are _________ of the sporophyte for survival. Some are autotrophic and photosynthetic (sphenophytes and pteridophytes), whereas others are heterotrophic and saprophytic, or dependent on endomycorrhizal fungal symbionts for nutrient and water uptake.

heterosporic, endosporic development, homosporous,exosporic development. independent,

Major families of Lycopodiophyta: Members of the Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae are ___________. A. Lycopodiaceae = club moss family; includes seven extant genera and about 400 species. B. Selaginellaceae = resurrection plant family or selaginella family; one extant genus = Selaginella, with about 700 species. C. Isoetaceae = quillwort family; one extant genus, Isoetes, with about 150 species. Isoetes is possibly the closest living relative to the tree lycophytes of the Carboniferous period.

heterosporous,

The orders Marsileales and Salviniales are _________, sporocarp producing ferns. Three main families: 1. Marsileaceae = water clover family 2. Salviniaceae = water sprangle family or floating fern family 3. Azollaceae = mosquito fern family All species in these families are heterosporous and produce structures known as sporocarps. __________ are drought resistant, bean-shaped structures used for reproduction. They can remain viable outside of water for over 100 years. When hydrated, they produce chains of sori, each bearing microsporangia and megasporangia.

heterosporous, Sporocarps

The gametophytes of diploid species of homosporous ferns are functionally unisexual (_______). The sporophytes of most ferns are _________, which demonstrates

heterothallic, heterozygous

4. Polypodiopsida (true ferns, formerly Pterophyta, Pteridophyta): leptosporangiate, mostly ________ ferns; most fern species, about 10,500+, belong to this group. These are the true ferns. Ferns first came to prominence during the Carboniferous period and are the _______ largest group of vascular plants in number of species; second only to the flowering plants (angiosperms), phylum Anthophyta. The pterophyte ferns occur in virtually all environments around the world. There are over 12,000 species of seedless vascular plants in total.

homosporous, second

Heterospory is the production of two different types of spores in two different types of sporangia. Some lycophytes, some pteridophytes (true ferns), and all seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) are heterosporous. Heterospory has developed _________ in many groups of unrelated plants. The earliest known record of heterospory is about 370 million years ago during the Devonian period.

independently

b. ________: formed from a unicarpellate ovary. Has only one locule and dehisces along two sutures. Examples, bean (Phaseolus), pea (Pisum), sweet pea (Lathyrus), kudzu (Pueraria), clover (Trifolium), and mimosa or silk tree (Albizzia).

legume

One disadvantage to being a land plant is the ________ of available water, which in addition to necessitating the development of structures adapted for the uptake and conservation of water, would also potentially have reduced fertilization rates in early land plants. In land plants there is an evolutionary trend toward production of a _______ and more _______ sporophyte in relation to the gametophyte. One advantage of matrotrophy and the plant placenta is that they allow for the development of a multicellular and complex sporophyte phase, which itself can produce large numbers of spores (more spores from a single fertilization event—remember that the sporophyte develops from a zygote), which may have helped compensate for lower rates of fertilization that occurred on land. The larger the sporophyte, the more spores that can be produced.

limitation, larger, complex,

There are modified indehiscent derivations of the legume. 1. ______: constricted between seeds into individual segments, which break apart into one-seeded segments at fruit maturity. Examples, beggar-ticks (Desmodium), Jerusalem thorn (Parkinsonia), and joint vetch (Aeschynomene). 2. ________ _______: modified legume that has become indehiscent. Example, tamarind (Tamarindus). In Tamarindus, the fruit is fleshy. Loments and berrylike legumes are actually indehiscent fruit types. c. ________: derived from a two-carpellate ovary with a central partition separating the ovary into two locules, otherwise similar to legume. The silique is several times longer than wide. d. _______, identical to the silique, with the exception that the silicle is about as long as it is wide. Both silicles and siliques are found in members of the Brassicaceae (mustard family) and the Capparaceae (caper family).

loment, berrylike legume, silique, silicle

Phylogenetically, leaves can be classified into two main categories. Each one is evolutionarily distinct and unrelated. 1. _________: typical leaves and their modifications. These are more derived (advanced) evolutionarily than microphylls. Megaphylls originated as an entire _______ system. Found in most ferns and all seed plants—Euphyllophytes (Monilophyta and all seed plants). 2. ________: more ancient than megaphylls. Microphylls probably originated as small outgrowths of the stem known as _______. Only a few groups probably possess them, such as the Lycopodiales.

megaphylls, branch, microphylls,enations

Some plants flower and fruit only once in their lifetime and then die. This particular reproductive strategy is referred to as _________.

monocarpic

Bryophytes consist of three phyla: the ________,_______,______. Bryophytes are small plants with a leafy or flattened, thalloid-type body. They are widespread in both temperate and tropical regions. Bryophytes are often the most _______ plant type in the flora north of the Arctic Circle in the tundra, and above the timber line in mountainous regions. They are even found in northern Antarctica.

mosses, the liverworts, and the hornworts. abundant

2. accessory tissue or ________ tissue, this tissue may or may not be present, depends on fruit type. Example, apple (Malus) (Fig). Fruits with non-ovarian or accessory tissue are known as ________ ______. Sometimes these non-ovarian tissues are known as a _____ fruit.

non-ovarian, accessory fruits, false

3. ____,,: developed from a usually single-seeded, compound pistil. It has a woody pericarp. Example, oaks (Quercus), chestnuts (Castanea), and hazel nuts or filberts (Corylus). In Castanea the nuts are enclosed in a spiny, capsule-like _______ (set of bracts). In the walnuts (Juglans) and the pecans and hickories (Carya), the fruit that is produced could be classified as a nut or as a dry drupe, where the outer covering consists of a series of separate or united bracts and possibly some ovarian tissue. Some botanists refer to the fruits produced by these genera as drupaceous nuts. Peanuts, cashews, macadamia nuts, Brazil nuts, filberts or hazel nuts, almonds, and pine nuts are not nuts, but are actually seeds.

nut, involucre

C. Indehiscent dry fruits. These are usually __________. 1. ________: single-seeded fruit where the pericarp is easily separable (separate) from the seed integuments. Examples, Asteraceae (daisy or sunflower family) and Cyperaceae (sedge family). In at least some of the Asteraceae, the achene is modified by having additional non-ovarian tissues and is known as a ________ [example, Taraxacum (dandelion)].

one-seeded, achene, cypsella

2. leptosporangium: arises from a single superficial (surface) initial cell. After the first cell division of the initial, the outer of the two cells usually exclusively contributes to formation of the sporangium, which is stalked. The inner of the two cells contributes cells to the stalk of the sporangium or plays no role in sporangium formation. Leptosporangia have only a single _____ layer of cells, but have a two-layered _____. Spore mother cells are produced from the sporogenous cells inside the tapetum and each spore mother cell only produces four spores. Leptosporangia produce _____ spores as compared to eusporangia and are restricted to the Polypodiopsida

outer, tapetum, few

Specific types of berries: a. ______: has a hard tough rind and is derived from an inferior ovary. Examples, plants in the Cucurbitaceae family: watermelon (Citrullus), pumpkin, butternut squash, acorn squash, ornamental gourds, buffalo gourds, squashes (Cucurbita), cantaloupe, honeydew, cucumber (Cucumis), loofa (Luffa), and dipper gourd, bottle gourd (Lygonaria).

pepo,

The fruit consists of several parts: 1. the fruit wall or _______ This has three layers (Fig). A. exocarp or epicarp: .outer layer. B. mesocarp: middle layer. C. endocarp: inner layer.

pericarp,

__________(s): negatively gravitropic roots used for support and stabilization, and possibly aeration in some woody aquatic species. Examples, bald cypress Taxodium distichum), red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). _______: a vertical underground stem comprised of numerous fleshy storage leaves. The entire stem is usually enclosed in dry, scalelike leaves. This covering of dry leaves is known as a tunic. Examples, onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativa), and jonquil or daffodil (Narcissus spp.).

pneumatophore, bulb

3. _______: seeds are enclosed within the cartilaginous or papery ovary, whereas the majority of the fleshy portion of the fruit is derived from non-ovarian tissue.; in this case, from a hypanthium or floral tube. Pomes are derived from inferior or partially inferior (perigynous) ovaries. Examples, apple and crabapple (Malus), pear (Pyrus), quince (Chanomeles), and loquat (Eriobotrya). 4. _____: an aggregation of achenes surrounded by a fleshy cuplike receptacle or hypanthium. Example, rose (Rosa).

pome, hip

Some bryophytes (liverworts) have ______ in their cuticle for gas exchange. Others have _______ in the outer layer of cells that are similar to those of higher plants. The guard cells of these stomata only function for a _______ period of time to open and close the pore, so stomatal function in long-term gas exchange in uncertain.

pores, stomata, short

Most bryophyte spores germinate to form a juvenile development stage known as a __________ ______ = first, _____ = thread. Upon contact with a suitable substrate for growth and development, the protonema develops gametophytes and gametangia. they are found in mosses and some liverworts, but not in hornworts. The plant body of bryophytes is thin which aids in the uptake of CO2. The leaf and stem- like structures on the gametophyte are not _________ to those of higher plants, because as mentioned earlier, they are produced in the gametophyte stage, rather than the sporophyte as are true leaves and stems.

protonema, proto, nema, homologous

Evolutionary trends in gametophytes There is a general trend toward _______ in the size and complexity of the gametophyte in advanced groups of plants, where the smallest and least complex gametophytes are found in the highly advanced angiosperms, phylum _________. There also is an _______in specialization of the gametophytes in the land plants, where the most specialized and reduced gametophytes occur in the seed plants, particularly phylum Anthophyta. The gametophytes of seed plants are contained within and parasitic on the sporophyte phase. Their only role is to produce gametes, and in the case of the female gametophyte, also the nutritive tissue for the seed.

reduction, Anthophyta, increase ,

The gametophyte is attached to the soil or substrate by root-like structures known as ________. In mosses, these are ________, linear structures. In liverworts and hornworts, the rhizoids are ________. Rhizoids are primarily used in ________ the plant to the substrate; they probably have very little absorptive capability. Bryophyte gametophytes have numerous specialized _______ and structural adaptations used for water and nutrient absorption.

rhizoids, multicellular, unicellular, anchoring, trichomes

Vegetative reproduction of sporophytes and gametophytes: Sporophytes and gametophytes of many species can reproduce vegetatively. Sporophytes can reproduce vegetatively through _______________ (new rhizome segments can produce new plants), stem segments and fragments (horsetails; water sprangles), or bulblets and tubers (some species of Nephrolepis). Vegetative reproduction in sporophytes is especially important for sterile hybrid ferns that cannot reproduce sexually

rhizome production

D. Compound or complex fruits. 1. _______: a single compound ovary that splits into two or more single-seeded fruitlets or segments at maturity. These segments are referred to as nutlets, pyrenes, cocci, or mericarps. Examples, maple (Acer), mint (Mentha), fruit splits apart into two samaras, members of the Apiaceae or parsley or carrot family, and the Lamiaceae (mint family)

schizocarp,

that they did not arise from ______-_________—that is, they did not arise from sperm and egg from a single gametophyte. Instead, sperm and egg from two separate gametophytes (genetically distinct gametophytes) are required for fertility. Usually, on any given gametophyte, antheridia and archegonia do not mature at the same time.

self-fertilization

Three major categories of fruits: 1. ______ fruits: derived from a single ovary. Examples, peach (Prunus), apple (Malus), pear (Pyrus), cotton (Gossypium). Two types: A. __________ ovary. Ovary consists of one carpel. Examples, peas (Pisum), beans (Phaseolus). B. _______ or multicarpellate ovary. Ovary consists of two or more carpels, where the individual carpels are fused.

simple, simple unicarpellate, compound,

3. multiple fruit: derived from numerous ovaries of a ______ inflorescence. These ovaries fuse with one another during development to form the fruit. Examples, pineapple (Ananas), mostly represented by members of the Moraceae or mulberry family, mulberry (Morus), Osage orange (Maclura), paper mulberry (Broussonetia), and jackfruit (Artocarpus). A specialized type of multiple fruit is the ________. It is a collection of achenes on the inside of a surrounding hollowed-out receptacle and or peduncle. Example, figs (Ficus) (also Moraceae).

single, syconium

In ferns and their relatives, the spores develop in sporangia (si. sporangium). The _______ are spore-bearing sacs that are aggregated into clusters known as _____ (si. sorus). Sori usually occur on the undersurface of the _______ (leaves of ferns). _______ plants produce only one kind of spore. Early vascular plants produced only one type of spore from meiosis

sporangia, sori, fronds, Homosporous

5. spores with walls containing ________—a complex polymer of carotenoids and cyclic alcohols that resists decay and drying. It is the most highly chemical resistant biological polymer known. The wall of the spore is impregnated with or almost entirely composed of sporopollenin. 6. tissues produced by an apical meristem.

sporopollenin,

Both antheridia and archegonia have an external, protective layer of cells known as a _______ _______ ______. 2. retention of the zygote and subsequent developing embryo (young sporophyte) within the archegonium or embryo sac (female gametophyte). 3. presence of a multicellular, diploid or polyploid sporophyte. 4. multicellular sporangia consisting of a sterile jacket layer and internal spore producing tissue or sporogenous tissue.

sterile jacket layer,

_______ or _______: usually an above ground stem, which when in contact with suitable medium, roots at the nodes. Examples, American strawberry (Fragaria virginica), spearmint (Mentha spicata), peppermint (Mentha Xpiperita), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), burhead (Echinodorus cordifolius), and aquatic taro (Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis).

stolon, runner

1. eusporangium: the parent cells (initials) are located at the ________of the tissue from which the sporangium is produced. The wall of the sporangium consists of several cell layers that are derived from the outer layer of the first two wall layers produced from the initials during early development. The inner layer gives rise to _______ cells that ultimately produce the spore mother cells. The innermost wall layer of the sporangium is referred to as the ______, which probably provides nourishment to the developing spores. Eusporangia produce large numbers of spores and are characteristic of _____ vascular plants, with the exception of the leptosporangiate ferns.

surface, sporogenous, tapetum, all

The placenta is formed by numerous ______ ______ which are specialized parenchyma cells with invaginated and highly branched cell wall ingrowths. These ingrowths increase the surface area of the plasmalemma, allowing for more enzymes and proteins that are involved with the transport of substances. The proteins and enzymes are required because the transport of many substances is accomplished through energy (ATP) dependent _________ _______. Similar transfer cells occur in the gametophyte/sporophyte interface of higher plants.

transfer cells, active transport

_______: thickened, usually underground stem with numerous nodes; used for storing reserve carbohydrates and other nutrients, possibly also water. Examples, potato (Solanum tuberosum), taro or elephant's ear (Colocasia esculenta), Florida betony (Stachys floridana), tuberous sword fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia), and air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera). These different types of specialized stems are important for one or more of the following: ________, ________ reproduction, and ______ of various materials.

tuber, perennation, asexual, storage

Two types of spores are produced in heterosporous plants: 1. microspores: produced in microsporangia; microspores give rise to male gametophytes or the microgametophyte. 2. megaspores: produced in megasporangia; megaspores give rise to female gametophytes or the megagametophyte. These two types of spores are separated by function and sometimes by size. Both types of gametophytes are ______ and much smaller and more specialized than those of homosporous plants.

unisexual

Additionally, 2n spore mother cells can also fail to undergo meiosis; instead undergoing only a single mitotic division, which produces __________. These can then also develop into 2n gametophytes. These processes result in an agamosporous life cycle and apomictic alternation of generations. This allows plants such as sterile polyploids to be able to reproduce via spores, in addition to typical vegetative asexual reproduction.

unreduced 2n meiospores.

4. _____: single-seeded fruit with a thin, bladdery, inflated pericarp that surrounds the seed. Examples, pigweeds (Amaranthus) and duckweed (Lemna). 5. _______: winged achene, where part of the pericarp is modified to form an elongate membranous wing. Examples, ashes (Fraxinus) elms (Ulmus), tree of heaven (Ailanthus), maple (Acer), and wafer ash (Ptelea). 6. _______: small, single-seeded fruit that is enclosed by the perianth or receptacle; found in at least some members of the Nyctaginaceae (four-o'-clock family).

utricle, samara, anthocarp,

Some species of ferns can reproduce via agamospermy. Agamospermy in ferns results in the production of sporophytes from gametophytes without egg formation or fertilization. Sporophytes are produced from _______ cells, not gametes. Two types of agamospermy occur in ferns: 1. Apogamy in ferns is the production of a sporophyte from a gametophyte without egg formation or fertilization. Sporophytes are simply produced from vegetative cells of the gametophyte. 2. Apospory in ferns is the production of a gametophyte from a sporophyte without ______ or spore formation. Aposporic gametophytes produce sporophytes directly from _________ _______

vegetative, meiosis, unfertilized eggs

Homospory occurs in the psilophytes (_______), sphenophytes (______), the lycophytes, in part (________), and nearly all pteridophytes (_______). Homosporous spores have the potential upon germination to produce _______ gametophytes. These are gametophytes which produce both antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte or plant body. Gametophytes are sometimes also known as _______

whisk ferns, horse tails, club mosses, true ferns, bisexual, prothalli (si. prothallus)