Brain & Behavior

People with "deuteranopia" have what kind of issue with their cones?

"Green" cones are filled with "red" cone opsin

Serial/Parallel Pathways

"Line Labeling" Ex. Car lanes going into Memphis. High occupancy lane, truck only lanes etc. What happens if one lane goes out?

People with "protanopia" have what kind of issue with their cones?

"red" cones are filled with "green" cone opsin

Which of the following criteria are used to determine if a substance is a neurotransmitter? I. The chemical must be synthesized in the neuron. II. When the neuron is active, the chemical is released and produces a response. III. Injection of the chemical mimics the effects of neuronal stimulation. IV. Mechanisms exist for the removal of the chemical. A) II, III, IV B) II and IV only C) I, II, III D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following terms is not associated with metabotropic receptors? A) second messengers B) G proteins C) alpha subunits D) All of these terms are associated with metabotropic receptors.

D) All of these terms are associated with metabotropic receptors.

Neurons in which the ion channels from one cell connect directly with ion channels on another cell are called: A) gap junctions. B) electrical synapses. C) chemical synapses. D) Both gap junctions and electrical synapses are correct.

D) Both gap junctions and electrical synapses are correct.

______ plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, aggression, and arousal. A) Norepinephrine B) Dopamine C) Acetylcholine D) Serotonin

D) Serotonin

Which of the following activating system-cell body location pairs is not correct? A) Acetylcholine, basal forebrain B) Norepinephrine, locus coeruleus C) Dopamine, substantia nigra D) Serotonin, ventral tegmentum

D) Serotonin, ventral tegmentum

A synaptic cleft is the space between: A) a synaptic vesicle and an axon terminal. B) a dendrite and an ion channel. C) an ion channel and an axon terminal. D) an axon terminal and a dendrite.

D) an axon terminal and a dendrite.

Which of the following would not be found at the axon terminal? A) mitochondria B) cell membrane C) synaptic vesicles D) axon hillock

D) axon hillock

Ionotropic receptors consist of: A) a binding site. B) a pore. C) G proteins. D) both a binding site and a pore.

D) both a binding site and a pore.

Met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, and beta-endorphin are endogenous neuropeptides whose function is mimicked by: A) opium. B) dopamine. C) morphine. D) both opium and morphine.

D) both opium and morphine.

The number of quanta released from the presynaptic membrane is influenced by: A) the amount of Ca2+ that enters the presynaptic terminal. B) the number of vesicles docked at the presynaptic membrane. C) the number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. D) both the amount of Ca2+ that enters and the number of vesicles docked on the presynaptic side.

D) both the amount of Ca2+ that enters and the number of vesicles docked on the presynaptic side.

Ultimately Ca2+ serves to aid neural transmission by: A) causing an action potential. B) helping to make neurotransmitters. C) opening K+ channels on axon terminals. D) causing the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

D) causing the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitters are produced in the: A) cell body. B) presynaptic terminals. C) Golgi body. D) cell body and presynaptic terminals

D) cell body and presynaptic terminals

It has been found that in well-trained and habituated Aplysia, the number of sensory synapses: A) decreases but the size stays constant. B) stays constant but the size decreases. C) decreases and the size increases. D) decreases and the size decreases.

D) decreases and the size decreases.

Unlike small-molecule neurotransmitters, peptide transmitters: A) do not bind directly to ion channels. B) directly alter the voltage of the postsynaptic cell. C) indirectly influence cell structure and function. D) do not bind directly to ion channels, but they indirectly influence cell structure and function.

D) do not bind directly to ion channels, but they indirectly influence cell structure and function.

In fruit flies, which mutation(s) may lead to impairments in the acquisition of habituation? A) dunce B) rutabaga C) collin D) dunce and rutabaga

D) dunce and rutabaga

Acetylcholine helps ______ muscle contraction in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), whereas it acts to ______ muscle contraction in the central nervous system (CNS). A) excite; increase B) inhibit; slow down C) excite; inhibit D) inhibit; excite

D) inhibit; excite

The neural basis of sensitization: A) involves a decrease in calcium ion influx. B) involves an increase in calcium ion influx. C) takes place in potassium channels. D) involves an increase in calcium ion influx and takes place in potassium channels

D) involves an increase in calcium ion influx and takes place in potassium channels

A) regulating feeding and drinking behavior. B) hormonal functions. C) pain and pleasure regulation. D) regulating feeding and drinking behavior, hormonal functions, and pain and pleasure regulation.

D) regulating feeding and drinking behavior, hormonal functions, and pain and pleasure regulation.

Repeated stimulation may cause: A) sensitization. B) habituation. C) associative behaviors. D) sensitization, habitation, and associative behaviors.

D) sensitization, habitation, and associative behaviors.

Neurotransmitters are identified by which of the following criteria? A) synthesis B) release C) receptor activation D) synthesis, release, and receptor activation

D) synthesis, release, and receptor activation

Which is the correct sequence of amine neurotransmitters? A) tyrosine, dopamine, L-dopa, epinephrine, norepinephrine B) L-dopa, tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine C) tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine D) tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

D) tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Neglect syndrome

Damage to the right posterior parietal -Damage to the right leads inability to perceive left side and left visual field (only this pair, can't be damage to left)

A second-messenger system can: A) alter ion flow through the membrane channels. B) cause a series of reactions that result in the formation of new membrane ion channels. C) initiate the production of new proteins. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Gap junctions are: A) axoaxonic synapses. B) dendodendritic synapses. C) somasomatic synapses. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft? A) diffusion B) enzymatic degradation C) uptake by surrounding glial cells D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

The opening of an ionotropic receptor can directly influence the movement of ______ ions across the neuronal membrane. A) Ca2+ B) Na+ C) K+ D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

When a neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to a transmitter-activated receptor, which of the following may occur in the postsynaptic cell? A) membrane depolarization B) membrane hyperpolarization C) initiation of chemical reactions D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ____. A. 5 pages a day for over 50 years B. 2.2 pages a day for over 50 years C. 1.5 pages a day for approximately 25 years D. 4.7 pages a day for approximately 15 years E. just about 1 page a day for his working life

2.2 pages a day for over 50 years

How many years did Darwin wait to present his theory publicly? a. 2 b. 11 c. 17 d. 22 e. 34

22

Middle ear

3 ossicles: Malus, Inca, and Stapes

______ is a neurotransmitter that slows down heart rate, whereas ______ speeds it up. A) Acetylcholine; norepinephrine B) Epinephrine; norepinephrine C) Norepinephrine; acetylcholine D) Epinephrine; acetylcholine

A) Acetylcholine; norepinephrine

_____ synapses send signals from one axon to another axon. A) Axoaxonic B) Axodendritic C) Dendodendritic D) Axosynaptic

A) Axoaxonic

_____ synapses are terminals that have no specific target. A) Axoextracellular B) Axosomatic C) Axodendritic D) Axosynaptic

A) Axoextracellular

_____ is the process of neurotransmitter deactivation whereby the neurotransmitter simply leaves the synaptic cleft. A) Diffusion B) Enzymatic degradation C) Reuptake D) Glial uptake

A) Diffusion

______ contribute to chemical neurotransmission by supplying the building blocks for neurotransmitters or by cleaning up excess neurotransmitters. A) Glial cells B) Dendrites C) Receptors D) Neurons

A) Glial cells

_____ is linked with shaking in the limbs, loss of balance, and general loss of muscular control. A) Parkinson's disease B) Lou Gehrig's disease C) Huntington's disease D) All of the answers are correct

A) Parkinson's disease

____ are a class of neurotransmitters that can act as hormones for fertility, childbirth, and lactation. A) Peptides B) Amines C) Transmitter gases D) None of the answers is correct.

A) Peptides

______ store several vesicles containing neurotransmitters. A) Storage granules B) Synaptic vesicles C) Transporter proteins D) Golgi bodies

A) Storage granules

______ contain the neurotransmitters. A) Synaptic vesicles B) Ribosomes C) Axons D) Dendrites

A) Synaptic vesicles

Which of the following best characterizes Type I and/or Type II synapses? A) Type I synapses are excitatory and have round synaptic vesicles. B) Type II synapses are inhibitory and have a greater postsynaptic density than Type I synapses. C) Type I synapses are inhibitory and have larger active zones than Type II synapses. D) Type II synapses are excitatory and have flattened synaptic vesicles.

A) Type I synapses are excitatory and have round synaptic vesicles.

Which of the following statements regarding Type I and/or Type II synapses is not correct? A) Type II synapses have a larger active zones than Type I synapses. B) Type I synapses are located on dendritic spines. C) Type I synapses have round synaptic vesicles. D) Type II synapses have a narrower synaptic cleft.

A) Type II synapses have a larger active zones than Type I synapses.

All neurons leaving the spinal cord have: A) acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. B) dopamine as a neurotransmitter. C) GABA as a neurotransmitter. D) both dopamine and GABA as neurotransmitters.

A) acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter for: A) all skeletal motor synapses. B) 95 percent of skeletal motor synapses. C) half of skeletal motor synapses. D) no skeletal motor synapses.

A) all skeletal motor synapses.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked with: A) an increased response to stimuli. B) a decreased response to stimuli. C) a decrease in acetylcholine. D) a decreased response to stimuli and a decrease in acetylcholine.

A) an increased response to stimuli.

A Renshaw loop consists of: A) an interneuron that inhibits the activity of a motor neuron. B) a sensory neuron that increases the activity of a motor neuron. C) an interneuron that increases the activity of a motor neuron. D) a sensory neuron that increases the activity of an interneuron.

A) an interneuron that inhibits the activity of a motor neuron.

Receptors on the presynaptic side that may be influenced by neurotransmitters are called: A) autoreceptors. B) presynaptic receptors. C) presynaptic terminals. D) All of the answers are correct

A) autoreceptors.

Ionotropic receptors: A) change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them. B) have no openings for ion diffusion. C) activate second messenger systems. D) are more metabolically expensive than metabotropic receptors.

A) change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them.

Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetate and choline by: A) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). B) choline acetylbinderase (ChAB). C) tyrosine hydroxylase. D) histamine.

A) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).

Serotonin has been related to: A) depression. B) schizophrenia. C) Alzheimer's disease. D) mania.

A) depression.

Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter? A) dopamine B) glutamate C) histamine D) GABA

A) dopamine

The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n): A) electron microscope. B) light microscope. C) confocal microscope. D) Nissl-stained microscopic procedure.

A) electron microscope.

Which of the following is not one of the activating systems in the CNS? A) glutamate B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine

A) glutamate

The neural basis of habituation: A) involves calcium ion influx decrease. B) involves calcium ion influx increase. C) occurs postsynaptically. D) involves calcium ion influx increase and occurs postsynaptically

A) involves calcium ion influx decrease.

The contents of a synaptic vesicle include: A) neurotransmitters. B) structural proteins. C) DNA. D) neurotransmitters, structural proteins, and DNA.

A) neurotransmitters.

Electron microscopy is a useful tool in the study of synaptic morphology. The resolution of an electron microscope is much greater than that of a light microscope because: A) smaller electron waves scatter less than light waves. B) light waves scatter less than electron waves. C) larger electron waves scatter more than light waves. D) larger light waves scatter in patterns similar to those of electron waves.

A) smaller electron waves scatter less than light waves.

Type I synapses are found on the ______, while Type II synapses are found on the ______. A) spines or dendritic shafts of the neuron; neuron cell body B) neuron cell body; spines and dendritic shafts of the neuron C) axons and axon terminals; neuron cell body D) neuron cell body; axons and axon terminals

A) spines or dendritic shafts of the neuron; neuron cell body

Compared with chemical synapses, electrical synapses: A) transmit messages faster. B) transmit messages more slowly. C) require more metabolic energy. D) do not require presynaptic activation.

A) transmit messages faster.

Reuptake is accomplished by: A) transporter proteins. B) glial cells. C) enzymes. D) both transporter proteins and glial cells.

A) transporter proteins.

Afferents:

A-delta fibers and C-fibers

Visual control of grasping is controlled by the:

AIP

Pure Word Blindness:

AKA: Alexia without agraphia inability to read without inability to write

Lipid NT class

Anandamide

Round window

Another thin membrane that moves with the pressure created by the moving fluid (made to move by vibrations)

Rods

Are achromatic (black and white) -Allows us to see shading -Very saturable: does not take much light to activate/inactivate -Because they're saturable, they are primarily used at night -Located in the periphery (sides) of retina

Cones

Are chromatic and code for color -They are non-saturable: can take in as much light as there is -Very active in day vision (high levels of light) -Located primarily in the fovea

____ synapses send signals from an axon to a dendrite. A) Axosomatic B) Axodendritic C) Dendodendritic D) Axosynaptic

B) Axodendritic

______ synapses send signals from an axon to a cell body. A) Axoextracellular B) Axosomatic C) Axodendritic D) Axosynaptic

B) Axosomatic

In order for neurotransmitters to be released, ______ must enter the terminal button. A) Na+ B) Ca2+ C) K+ D) Cl-

B) Ca2+

______ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by enzymes. A) Reuptake B) Degradation C) Breakdown D) Decay

B) Degradation

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Dendritic spines contain a variety of protein molecules. B) Dendritic spines are designed to act only in unison. C) Dendritic spines may appear or disappear on a dendrite in a matter of seconds. D) Dendritic spines, when forming a synapse, can change in size and shape and can even divide.

B) Dendritic spines are designed to act only in unison.

In the mammalian brain ______ is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, and ______ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter. A) GABA; glycine B) GABA; glutamate C) glutamate; GABA D) glycine; glutamate

B) GABA; glutamate

The rate-limiting factor of dopamine synthesis can be bypassed through the administration of: A) acetylcholine. B) L-dopa. C) tryptophan. D) norepinephrine.

B) L-dopa.

______ activates the sympathetic nervous system, whereas ______ activates the parasympathetic nervous system. A) Norepinephrine; epinephrine B) Norepinephrine; acetylcholine C) Acetylcholine; norepinephrine D) Epinephrine; norepinephrine

B) Norepinephrine; acetylcholine

Metabotropic receptors consist of: A) complex units of membrane-spanning proteins. B) a single membrane-spanning protein. C) a single non-membrane-spanning protein. D) complex units of non-membrane-spanning proteins.

B) a single membrane-spanning protein.

Acetylcholine has been related to: A) depression. B) schizophrenia. C) Alzheimer's disease. D) mania.

C) Alzheimer's disease

______ synapses send signals from one dendrite to another dendrite. A) Axosomatic B) Axodendritic C) Dendodendritic D) Axosynaptic

C) Dendodendritic

______ can also act as neurotransmitters. A) Synapses B) Mitochondria C) Hormones D) None of the answers is correct.

C) Hormones

In the popular movie Awakenings, ______ was used to treat patients with a rare movement disorder that followed a severe influenza outbreak in the 1920s. A) acetylcholine B) norepinehphrine C) L-dopa D) dopamine

C) L-dopa

_____ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter by transporter proteins that bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic side for reuse. A) Diffusion B) Enzymatic degradation C) Reuptake D) Neurochemical recycling

C) Reuptake

When an axon terminal synapses on another axon terminal, it is called: A) an axosomatic synapse. B) an axoaxonic synapse. C) an axosynaptic synapse. D) an axodendritic synapse.

C) an axosynaptic synapse.

Transmitters are usually released in the blood via: A) axodendritic synapses. B) axosomatic synapses. C) axosecretory synapses. D) axoaxonic synapses.

C) axosecretory synapses.

Increasing the number of synapses to account for learning involves _____, leading to the activation of _____, a second messenger. A) calcium; cGMP B) potassium; cAMP C) calcium; cAMP D) sodium; cGMP

C) calcium; cAMP

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas neurotransmitter that: A) is stored in synaptic vesicles. B) is synthesized in the soma. C) dilates blood vessels in active areas. D) is degraded by digestive enzymes.

C) dilates blood vessels in active areas.

Acetylcholine is deactivated through: A) reuptake. B) diffusion. C) enzymatic degradation. D) glial reuptake.

C) enzymatic degradation.

Habituation is the result of: A) sensory neurons not being able to produce action potentials. B) motor neurons not being able to produce action potentials. C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials being smaller. D) both sensory and motor neurons not being able to produce action potentials.

C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials being smaller.

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters via: A) endocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) phagocytosis.

C) exocytosis.

What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord? A) GABA B) glutamate C) glycine D) histamine

C) glycine

What chemicals are the first messenger? A) G proteins B) alpha subunits C) neurotransmitters D) sodium ions

C) neurotransmitters

Chemicals released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect are called: A) messengers. B) action potentials. C) neurotransmitters. D) second messengers

C) neurotransmitters.

Mania has been related to: A) acetylcholine. B) dopamine. C) norepinephrine. D) serotonin.

C) norepinephrine.

Axon terminals are found on the ______ whereas dendritic spines are found on the ______. A) postsynaptic membrane; presynaptic membrane B) soma; neuron C) presynaptic membrane; postsynaptic membrane D) neuron; synapse

C) presynaptic membrane; postsynaptic membrane

A chemical that has not yet met all the conditions that constitute a neurotransmitter is referred to as a(n): A) chemical signaler. B) secondary messenger. C) putative neurotransmitter. D) unclassified neurotransmitter.

C) putative neurotransmitter.

Protein molecules that pump substances across a membrane are called: A) microfilaments. B) microtubules. C) transporters. D) microvehicles

C) transporters.

The rate by which dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine can be synthesized is controlled by a rate-limiting factor that is linked to the availability of: A) tryptophan. B) ChAT. C) tyrosine hydroxylase. D) histamine.

C) tyrosine hydroxylase.

One of the early sources of modern child psychology was an article in 1877 by ____. a. J. M. Cattell b. K. Pearson c. C. Darwin d. F. Galton e. E. Darwin

C. Darwin

Perception of depth from stereopsis is controlled by the:

CIP

Receptor agonist

Can be a NT, a drug (toxin), that acts on ionotropic receptors to open channel

Left eye

Can pick up images from right field of vision to send signals ipsilaterally (to the left side of the brain) -Picks up images from left field of vision --> sends signals contralaterally

When the filaments/cilia move to the left

Causes hyperpolarization (no action potential) -direction of hair cell movement determines whether or not there will be an action potential

Fovea

Centrally located in the back of the eye --> contains only cones [in the retina]

Spinal Cord: 8 12 5 5 1

Cerebral Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal

What was "meaningless" for Ebbinghaus? a. The use of introspection b. Each series of syllables created for his research c. Each syllable created for his research d. A mathematical approach to psychological phenomena e. Having a specific criterion to identify when learning had occurred

Each series of syllables created for his research

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong? A. Titchener B. Ebbinghaus C. Külpe D. Brentano E. Galton

Ebbinghaus

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong? a. Ebbinghaus b. Külpe c. Brentano d. Titchener e. Galton

Ebbinghaus

____ work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology. a. Wundt's; sensation b. Ebbinghaus'; learning c. Fechner's; psychophysics d. Brentano's; mental activity e. none of the other choices

Ebbinghaus learning

Given that many of his research findings remain valid today, ____ can be seen as more influential than ____. A. Ebbinghaus; Wundt B. Wundt; Ebbinghaus C. König; Brentano D. Wundt; Brentano E. Brentano; König

Ebbinghaus Wundt

Given that many of his research findings remain valid today, ____ can be seen as more influential than ____. a. Ebbinghaus; Wundt b. Wundt; Ebbinghaus c. Wundt; Brentano d. König; Brentano e. Brentano; König

Ebbinghaus Wundt

____ work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology. A. Wundt's; sensation B. Ebbinghaus'; learning C. Fechner's; psychophysics D. Brentano's; mental activity E. none of the other choices

Ebbinghaus' learning

What may be "the most brilliant single investigation in the history of experimental psychology"? A. Ebbinghaus's On Memory B. Titchener's On Memory C. Wundt's On Forgetting D. Ebbinghaus's On Forgetting E. Titchener's A Summary of Psychology

Ebbinghaus's On Memory

What may be "the most brilliant single investigation in the history of experimental psychology"? a. Ebbinghaus's On Forgetting b. Ebbinghaus's On Memory c. Wundt's On Forgetting d. Titchener's A Summary of Psychology e. Titchener's On Memory

Ebbinghaus's On Memory

This popular lecturer at the University of Vienna influenced many students including von Ehrenfels and Freud and was the intellectual antecedent of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology. A. Edward Titchener B. Hermann Ebbinghaus C. Franz Brentano D. Oswald Külpe E. Carl Stumpf

Franz Brentano

This popular lecturer at the University of Vienna influenced many students including von Ehrenfels and Freud and was the intellectual antecedent of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology. a. Oswald Külpe b. Hermann Ebbinghaus c. Carl Stumpf d. Franz Brentano e. Edward Titchener

Franz Brentano

Bipolar cells

Function in coding: serial projections (rods)- continuing the line of communication

Horizontal cells

Function in lateral inhibition: fine tuning of sensory code; shape edge detection

Amacrine cells

Function in movement: more fine tuning

Ganglion cells

Function in transduction: axons form the optic nerve --> receive all the refined info and send it on

Today, scientists are sometimes portrayed as offering science as a new religion or as being enemies of religion. This stance could be traced to ____. a. Wilberforce b. Darwin c. Huxley d. Hooker e. Lyell

Huxley

On Center/Off Surround Coding

If light is shown on the center then action potentials are created in the ganglion cell because that is "on". If light is shown on the surrounding area, then no action potentials are created in the ganglion cell because that is "off"

Off Center/On Surround

If light is shown on the center then action potentials are not created in the ganglion cell because that is "off". If light is shown on the surrounding area, then action potentials are created in the ganglion cell because that is "on"

Coding for movement: GABA shunting

If the threshold of excitation isn't met because of GABA inhibition, the ganglion cell doesn't send the signal on

On center/off surround

In ganglion cells -Yellow cone perceives yellow --> activates ganglion cell with its on center; but the yellow cone will not active the blue center -Yellow on blue off: blue on yellow off: green on red off: red on green off

Primary auditory cortex

Is a tonotopic map -Located in the temporal lobe -Tonotopic: there's a map that specific neurons activate with specific sounds -Tonotopic map has columnar location

Sarin gas and acetylcholine

Is an indirect agonist -destroys acetylcholine esterase (prevents acetylcholine from being broken down in the synapse) --> thus increases the amount of acetylcholine in the synapse -Is a hyperactive paralytic --> causes death within 10 seconds

Black widow spider venom and acetylcholine

Is an indirect agonist -Increases the amount of acetylcholine being released -Causes local paralysis, not enough of a change to cause death usually

Acetylcholine

Isn't apart of a neurotransmitter class- stands alone -Function: Attention/automatic nervous system (automatic processes) -Clinical disorder: Alzheimer's

Wundt's influence was so widely felt that, as a tribute, his lab was later replicated in ____. A. the United States and Sweden B. Italy and Japan C. Russia and the United States D. Sweden and Italy E. Japan and Russia

Japan and Russia

Wundt's influence was so widely felt that, as a tribute, his lab was later replicated in ____. a. Sweden and Italy b. the United States and Sweden c. Italy and Japan d. Russia and the United States e. Japan and Russia

Japan and Russia

____ was an early evolutionary theorist who argued that acquired characteristics could be inherited. a. Charles Darwin b. Charles Lyell c. Bain d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck e. Erasmus Darwin

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A century before Titchener's work the philosopher ____ wrote that the act of introspection itself altered the conscious experience being studied. a. Kant b. Descartes c. Hume d. Mill e. Locke

Kant

Control of saccadic eye movements is controlled by the:

LIP and VIP

Horizontal-?

Lateral Inhibition:lateral inhibition: phenomenon that is designed to advance signal down a single neuron. Keeps signal from escaping. Between photoreceptors (rods and cones) and bipolar cells.

Parallel Pain Pathways: S1

Lateral pain system: sensory processing of location, type and intensity

Optic nerve

Leaving the back of the eye is a group of axons that project backwards into the brain (cluster of axons) that carries the biological signals to the brain (back of the brain)

_____ allows us to see relative size and relative motion.

Monocular vision

Cone Characteristics:

Most concentrated in fovea

Wernicke's area

Part of the brain responsible for language comprehension, the understanding of language -With Wernicke's aphasia, speech production is just fine, but language comprehension not so much -We have fluent and rhythmic speech but it is meaningless

Broca's area

Part of the brain responsible for speech production -Damage to this area leads to Broca's aphasia (only on left side of the brain)

Center-Surround Ganglion Cells

Photoreceptors-have reception potentials Bipolar Cells- have receptor potentials Ganglion Cells- where action potentials occurs

Outer ear

Pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane

Hearing Psychophysical Relations: Wavelength

Pitch

Dedicated cortical regions for initial (?) and higher level (?) perceptual processing

Primary sensory, sensory associated

Stria information sent ventrally

Project to temporal lobe -Help us to determine what something is -Object identification; gets info primarily from cones

Stria information sent dorsally

Project to the parietal lobe -Help us to determine where something is (location and movement) -Info is primarily rods

Retinal Layer: Cell Type-Functioning: Bipolar/Ganglion-?

Signaling. Where ganglion cells meet is the optic nerve, also known as the optic disk: a blind spot

How does yellow fit in to ganglion cell coding?

Since yellow is not a color cones code for, red and green cones are mixed in the area where yellow is.

Pupil

Small opening inside iris (black opening) --> light travels through here into back of the eye. -Iris opening/closing controls pupil dilation

Amacrine cells coding for movement

Temporal summation -Multiple amacrine cells send signal to one ganglion cell -Signals can be excitatory or inhibitory (depending on NT type) -Ganglion cell employs temporal summation (order/timing to which the signals are received) -The signal could have already been sent by the time GABA is released, ***TIMING MATTERS HERE*** whether or not threshold of excitation (-70 mV) is met

Auditory projections- common pathway

The axons coming from the hair cell project onto the cranial nerve which projects to the cochlear nucleus. The cochlear nucleus can go in two directions. The common pathways is contralaterally to the thalamus where the medial geniculate nucleus is. This receives the signal and sends it on to A1, A2 temporal cortex which is where major processing of sound takes place

Iris

The colored part of the eye --> essentially just a muscle. Can expand or contract to allow more or less light in

In his book ____, Darwin emphasized the similarity between human and animal mental processes. a. The Descent of Man b. On the Origin of Species c. The Phylogeny of Thought d. The Ascent of Man e. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

The descent of Man

Enzyme degradation of norepinephrine

The enzyme responsible for degradation of norepinephrine in the synapse is monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Enzyme degradation of serotonin

The enzyme responsible for serotonin degradation in the synapse is catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

Glutamate reuptake transporters

The glutamate transporters are located on astrocytes. They take it up and use its parts --> build/make glutamate, and deliver it to the neuron

Accommodation

The process of bending/flexing of lens to focus light

Lateral inhibition

The process of horizontal cells determining which signals are passed on (the center and not the sides) -inhibition occurs via GABA and inhibits any surrounding signals -Allows us to define the edges of shapes in our environment

Tri-chromatic theory

Three types of cones (red, green, and blue) that activate and co-activate other couples. -This fails to explain yellow

The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following? a. Wundt b. Külpe c. Titchener d. both Wundt and Külpe e. both Wundt and Titchener

Titchener

Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it? a. Titchener b. Washburn c. Külpe d. Comte e. Wundt

Titchener

Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it? a. Wundt b. Titchener c. Washburn d. Külpe e. Comte

Titchener

Who said psychology was NOT in the business of curing sick minds? a. Comte b. Wundt c. James d. Titchener e. Külpe

Titchener

Researchers created a mouse that is missing both copies of the Ob gene. This animal would be an example of ______

a knock out

_____ of the striate cortex is devoted to the analysis of information from the fovea.

a quarter

While conducting his research, Ebbinghaus used ____. a. a laboratory to systematically test 20 subjects at a time b. over 1,000 subjects c. a method to "erase" memories d. fewer than 10 subjects at a time e. a single subject

a single subject

Galton's Hereditary Genius was mainly concerned with ____. a. None of the above. b. isolating the gene responsible for making geniuses c. exploring his lineage and the eminent men in his family d. All of the above. e. a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring

a statistical analysis of the concept of eminent men producing eminent offspring

Mom contributes a blue eye gene whereas dad contributes a brown eye gene. The pair is called:

an allele

A drug blocks vesicle transporters. This drug would be considered a/an:

antagonist

Hemicholnium-3 blocks the choline transporter, preventing recycling of choline. This drug is a/an:

antagonist

Fusiform Face Area (FFA):

any face you recognize can cause the FFA to fire.

The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____. A. sensations B. feelings C. emotions D. the tridimensional theory of feelings E. apperception

apperception

The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____. a. emotions b. feelings c. apperception d. sensations e. the tridimensional theory of feelings

apperception

Titchener discarded aspects of Wundt's system, including ____. a. his focus on consciousness b. introspection c. apperception d. elements of consciousness e. none of the choices are correct; Titchener retained virtually all of Wundt's system

apperception

Ebbinghaus and König argued that psychology and physiology ____. a. are inseparable halves of a new great double science b. must unite to remove introspection and replace it with experimentation in the new science c. must each address classic problems from philosophy d. must remain parallel and together but not intersect while studying the mind-body problem e. must be separated if the new science was to flourish

are inseparable halves of a new great double science

Antisense oligonucleotides

are used to block production of proteins

MGN (medial geniculate neuron)

audition

The experimenter injects 2-DG into an animal and then exposes it to a new food. After the animal has been sacrificed, the brain is sliced and prepared for _____ to determine what areas of the brain were activated.

autoradiography

For Wundt, feelings are ____. a. based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure b. a complex idea c. derived directly from a sense organ d. the same as sensations e. complex compounds of elementary emotions

based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure

For Wundt, feelings are ____. A. the same as sensations B. based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure C. derived directly from a sense organ D. complex compounds of elementary emotions E. a complex idea

based on three dimensions, including pleasure/displeasure

If a blue-yellow ganglion cell is exposed to the color blue, it will fire in response to blue. If it is exposed to yellow, it will _____

be inhibited

If a child has a characteristic that is largely determined by genetics, he/she would be most similar to _____

biological parents

Dopamine and cocaine

blocks transporters in dopamine from reuptake, leaving more dopamine in the synapse

Emma has tritanopia. When she looks around at the world, she sees shades of red and green. Her defect is caused by a lack of _____

blue cones

There are three different cones that process different wavelengths of light. These wavelengths correspond to the colors ______

blue, red, and green

Occipital Lobe:

bottom backside, vision

Which of the following statements is true of Wundt's cultural psychology? a. It became the discipline known as anthropology. b. It was the same thing as folk psychology. c. It dealt with various stages of human mental development. d. It was never published, although some lectures and articles remain. e. It was the study of socioeconomic strata in society.

c. it dealt with various stages of human mental development

Dopamine belongs to the _____ class of monoamines.

catecholamines

The term mental tests was coined by ____, but ____ originated this concept. a. Galton; Cattell b. Galton; Quetelet c. Huarte; Quetelet d. Cattell; Galton e. Quetelet; Galton

cattell galton

If you described the test you are now taking as being on paper, you would not be giving a true introspective report of your conscious experience according to Titchener. In introspection, to use everyday words such as "paper" is to ____. a. use abbreviated syntax b. be a rational human being c. reason illogically d. commit the stimulus error e. deny reality

commit the stimulus error

A drug blocks the receptor, preventing action by the usual neurotransmitter that activates that receptor. This drug would be considered a/an:

competitive antagonist

Does the ventral stream use rods or cones?

cones

Cone Characteristics: Non-Saturable:

cones do not work at night

Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is ____. a. conscious experience b. anything that could be observed scientifically c. both conscious and unconscious experiences d. behavioral events e. mental and behavioral events

conscious experience

The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ____. a. perception b. consciousness c. mind d. conscious experience e. apperception

consciousness

Külpe's identification of nonsensory aspects or contents of consciousness refuted Wundt's ____. A. contention that the sole mental elements were sensations or images B. contention that emotions are composed of simple feelings and can be reduced to them C. contention that feelings are the subjective complements of sensations D. research on sensations E. findings on voluntarism

contention that the sole mental elements were sensations or images

Pain is ispslateral or contralteral in spinal cord? Touch is ispslateral or contralateral in spinal cord?

contralateral, ispslateral

The fundamental purpose of creating nonsense syllables is to ____. a. assess word associations that are not influenced by unconscious material b. offset the influence of past reinforcements and punishments that one may associate with certain words c. control for apperception d. control for previous learning e. be able to replicate the research in all languages that use the same alphabet

control for previous learning

Transduction-- how Rods & Cones function

conversion of physical energy into a neural code that the brain can interpret

Types of Eyeball movement: Vergence

cooperative movement of the eyes to focus on one thing

Types of Eyeball movement: Pursuit

cooperative movement of the eyes to follow a moving object

Direction-spatial--perceptual/coding

corresponds to location, which is coded by timing/intensity differences

Amplitude--perceptual/coding

corresponds to loudness, which is coded by rate

Wavelength--perceptual/coding

corresponds to pitch, which is coded by place and rate

Complexity--perceptual/coding

corresponds to timbre, which is coded by fundamental frequency + tones

Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ____. a. using an a priori method b. counting associations that had already been formed c. looking at the relationship between a behavior and its consequence d. making it more objective e. counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material

counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material

Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ____. a. just about 1 page a day for his working life b. 4.7 pages a day for approximately 15 years c. 5 pages a day for over 50 years d. 2.2 pages a day for over 50 years e. 1.5 pages a day for approximately 25 years

d. 2.2 pages a day over 50 years

What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology? a. Müller's Handbook of Physiology of Mankind (1833-1840) b. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) c. Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) d. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) e. Helmholtz's Handbook of Physiological Optics (1856-1866)

d. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)

Wundt's system is most accurately called ____. a. physiological psychology b. psychophysics c. structural psychology d. experimental psychology e. reductionism

d. experimental psychology

Sensorineural Deafness:

damage to haircells or beyond

Conduction Deafness:

damage to middle ear

Dose response curves:

demonstrate the effect of a particular dose until the maximum effect is reached.

In his treatment of women, Titchener ____. a. showed unflagging protest to women in academic appointments b. wanted nothing more than a male dominated profession c. gave no notable contribution d. provided unwavering support of the advancement of women e. demonstrated both support of and obstruction of women in psychology

demonstrated both support and obstruction of women in psyc

According to ____, animals have no soul and thus are automata. a. Darwin b. Romanes c. Morgan d. Galton e. Descartes

descartes

The early 20th-century American government policy of sterilizing mentally retarded females is an example of ____. a. Darwin's theory of evolution b. natural selection c. product-moment correlations d. artificial selection e. eugenics

eugenics

The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____. A. studies of children and their thinking B. examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals C. philosophy D. experimentation E. a content analysis of contemporary newspapers

examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals

Killing neurons by overstimulating them is caused by:

excitatory amino acids

By the 1920s the term used by Titchener for his system of psychology was ____. a. introspection b. behaviorism c. functionalism d. existential e. voluntarism

existential

Wundt's system is most accurately called ____. A. structural psychology B. experimental psychology C. physiological psychology D. psychophysics E. reductionism

experimental psychology

The _____ region is specifically activated by photogrpahs, silhouettees, or stick drawings of human bodies or body parts.

extrastriate body area

Rod Characteristics: Saturable:

extremely sensitive to light energy Provides distinction between seeing at night and seeing during the day. Shut off during the day because they are over-saturable.

The ventral stream of the extrastriate cortex is responsible for:

face and body recognition as well as a variety of other objects and shapes.

Epi-retinal implants:

face light source. Use photovocaic chip to convert electromagnetic energy into neural code to stimulate neurons **acts on Ganglion cells**

The most fundamental point of Darwin's theses was the ____. a. normal distribution of traits in a population b. heritability of variations c. process of natural selection d. fact of variation among members of the species e. tenet of survival of the fittest

fact of variation among members of the species

Prosopagnosia:

failure to recognize people by faces -caused by bilateral damage to the FFA region

In the Original Source Material, Wundt states that ,"the law of psychical resultants expresses a principle that is the opposite of the principle of creative synthesis". True False

false

The book "Principles of Physiological Psychology" was published in 1973. True False

false, 1873

Kulpe had his research subjects report their mental experiences before they occurred. True False

false, Oswald Kulpe had his subjects report their mental experiences retroactively, from memory

Like Wundt, Brentano advocated study of the content of consciousness. True False

false, Rather than study the "content" of memory, Brentano proposed studying the "activity" involved in "getting things into consciousness"

Descartes and Darwin were in complete agreement about the similarity between animals and humans. True False

false, Rene Descartes stated that animals had no similarity with humans, while Darwin proposed that there was no fundamental difference between humans and the mental facilities of higher mammals

Wundt believed that the content of consciousness passively self-organized. True False

false, Wundt focused on the conscious mind's "active" self-organizing ability

A mediate experience precedes immediate experience. True False

false, a mediate experience follows or builds up from an "immediate" experience

Titchner wanted to discover the "adams" of the mind. True False

false, atoms

The "stimulus error" was mistakenly eating the stimulus. True False

false, confusing the mental experience of consciousness with the "object" of consciousness

Titchner embraced Wundt's "apperception." True False

false, discarded Wundt's "apperception"

Margaret Washburn was Titchner's landlady. True False

false, first female psychology PhD student

Titchner was in favor of child development psychology. True False

false, opposed child development psyc

C. Lloyd Morgan proposed the "law of parsley." True False

false, parsimony

"r" the symbol for correlation coefficient, is based on the "r" at the beginning of the word "recess." True False

false, regression

Galton's Anthropometric Laboratory was free to the public. True False

false, small fee

Functionalism was replaced by Structuralism. True False

false, structuralism was replaced by functionalism

Touch Receptors: Pacinian Corpuscles

fast adaptation rate, large receptive field, diffuse edges

Touch Receptors: Meissner's Corpuscles

fast adaptation rate, small receptive field size, sharp edges

A consequence of Darwin's work for psychology was ____. a. statistical analyses b. a focus on individual differences c. the legitimization of the collective unconscious d. work in comparative physiology e. the theory of eugenics

focus on individual differences

Titchener's manner with his students during lectures was one of ____. a. formality b. concern c. humility d. good humor e. All of the choices are correct

formality

Wilhelm Wundt is the ____ of psychology as a discipline. a. founder b. originator and founder c. originator d. forerunner e. antecedent

founder

The first experimental attempt to study word associations was by ____. a. Ebbinghaus b. Jung c. Wundt d. Galton e. Freud

galton

In terms of describing the method of introspection, Titchener ____. a. relied on Wundt's definition b. used inspection and retrospection c. used Comte's operational definition d. had difficulty defining exactly what he meant e. defined it with the precision of an Oxford scholar

had difficulty defining exactly what he meant

Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. What was new about Darwin's work was his ____. a. hard data to support such a theory b. focus on lower animals c. idea of survival of the fittest d. idea of natural selection e. work on emotions

hard data to support such a theory

Cone Characteristics: Chromatic:

has to do with color vision. Cones pick up color. All 3 types of cones are wavelength sensitive.

An effective drug would have:

high affinity and acts at sites of action that produce therapeutic effects

When _____ is removed from a visual scene, the image look fuzzy and out of focus.

high spatial frequency information

Touch crosses ____ on the spinal cord and pain crosses _____.

high, low

Wundt's theory of feelings was based on ____. a. Fechner's discovery of the pleasure principle b. Weber's earlier work on emotions c. his own introspections d. retrospective reports of trained observers e. Fechner's Law (S = k log R)

his own introspections

Which of the following did Galton not endorse in the material from Hereditary Genius? a. the idea of natural equality b. definite limits to muscular and intellectual powers c. limiting one's undertakings to matters within one's reach d. babies are born alike e. None of the choices was endorsed by Galton.

idea of natural equality

Neuron A responds to a horizontal line, this means that:

if will fire action potentials in response to a horizontal line

Titchener's research identified three elements of consciousness: sensations, affective states, and ____. a. elements of emotion b. subliminal perception c. perception d. behavioral intention e. images

images

Galton studied paranoid disorders by ____. a. visiting insane asylums b. reading every book and article about it on which he could get his hands c. imaging that every person or thing he saw was spying on him d. inviting people suffering from paranoid disorders to the Anthropometric Laboratory e. All of the choices are correct.

imaging that every person or thing he saw was spying on him

According to Wundt, psychology should be concerned with the study of ____. a. the different stages of childhood development b. the time required for sensory organs to transmit impulses to consciousness c. mediate experience d. conscious experience e. immediate experience

immediate experience

In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess ____. a. sensations b. immediate experience c. feelings d. mediate experience e. stimulus intensities

immediate experience

In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess ____. A. immediate experience B. mediate experience C. sensations D. feelings E. stimulus intensities

immediate experience

If researchers expose slices of brain tissue to the appropriate antibody (labeled with a fluorescent dye) and look at the slices with a microscope under light of a particular wavelength, they are using _____

immunocytochemistry

Aphasic Disorders:

impairment in language comprehension or production via CNS damage

In an ON cell with a receptive field that contains a center and surround, light would cause excitation if light were shone____

in the center

In an OFF cell with a receptive field that contains a center and surround, light would cause excitation if light were shone _______/

in the surround

Visual neglect:

inability to perceive 1/2 of the visual field

Akinetopsia:

inability to perceive movement -caused by V5 damage

Akinotopsia

inability to perceive movement -damage to V5 area

Brain Lesions

include wounds like those suffered in concussions and strokes and they can be experimentally created.

Galton found that a substantial proportion of word associations were evidence of ____. a. Ebbinghaus's decay theory of memory b. empiricism as purported by Locke and Mill c. rationalism as purported by Berkeley, Kant, and Descartes d. Müller's interference theory of memory e. the effects of childhood experiences on the adult

the effects of childhood experiences on the adult

According to Darwin, human emotional expressions reflect ____. a. evidence of instincts in humans b. a correspondence of the "fight or flight" responses in humans and animals c. evidence of animal intelligence d. a similarity of nervous systems between people and animals e. the inheritance of animal responses that may not be adaptive for humans

the inheritance of animal responses that may not be adaptive for humans

Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ____. a. the breaking down of mental elements b. perception c. the process of training introspective observers over 10,000 observations d. the process of organizing mental elements into a whole e. None of the choices are correct

the process of organizing mental elements into a whole

The visual pathway goes from:

the retina, to the LGN, to the striate cortex

Young-Helmholtz: Trichromatic Theory

there must be three cone types to accept all forms of color since all colors can be created from red-green-and blue.

Nociceptors

thermal-hot pain mechanical-crushing pain (finger in door) chemo-chemical agents (burning sensation in a cut) polymodal-two stimuli (thermal or mechanical)

Neurons in the interblob areas project to ____ stripes and send information about ______.

thick and pale stripes; orientation and spatial orientation

Neurons in CO blobs project to ______ and send information about _____.

thin stripes; color

Hearing Psychophysical Relations: Complexity

timbre

Which of the following is NOT one of the three essential problems for psychology, according to Titchener? a. to reduce conscious processes to their simplest components b. to study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes c. to determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated d. to connect these elements with their physiological correlates e. None of the answers is correct.

to study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes

After two years, Sam needs to smoke more cigarettes to achieve the same feelings as he had when he first started smoking. This need to increase dosage is due to:

tolerance

Titchener's view of the field of psychology was ____. a. breathtakingly broad b. more encompassing than most critics then and now realized c. too limited to embrace new work and dimensions d. not shared by others but widely respected nonetheless e. one of his most lasting contributions

too limited to embrace new work and dimensions

DTI findings concerning dyslexic kids:

too little in the Left Hemisphere Too much corpus collusum

Parietal

top, senses

VPN (ventral posterior nucleus)

touch pathways

Transduction:

transfer of physical energy into a neural code (EPSP and IPSP)

Transduction

transforming physical energy into a neural code

One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener ____. a. did not, himself, have any creative ideas b. did not depart from Wundtian ideas in any significant manner c. took great care to scrupulously present all of Wundt's ideas, whether he agreed with them or not d. was Wundt's cousin e. translated Wundt's books from German into English

translated Wundt's books from German into English

Glutamate and GABA are removed from the cleft via:

transporters.

Photons

travel in waves- wavelength and amplitude are important characteristics

"Association" was the mechanism of Titchner's Structuralism. True False

true

"Images" are mental experiences that arise from our memories. True False

true

A suggestion of Galton's "mental inheritance" was that "brilliant men produce brilliant sons." True False

true

According to Wundt, the 2 types of conscious experience are "mediate" and immediate." True False

true

Animal psychology got a big boost from Darwin's theory of evolution. True False

true

As a variable for men and women, height follows a normal curve distribution. True False

true

Darwin's theory of evolution bridged the mental functioning between animals and humans. True False

true

Ebbinghaus demonstrated a method to study learning and memory. True False

true

For Wundt, the subject matter of experimental psychology was consciousness. True False

true

Functionalism was the end of searching for the "elements" of consciousness. True False

true

Functionalists ask questions like "What is the function of consciousness?" True False

true

Galton's "association of ideas" refers to the thoughts and memories elicited by things we notice in the environment. True False

true

Kulpe focused his research on mental processes. True False

true

Romanes wrote the book on animal intelligence. True False

true

Structuralism died along with Titchner. True False

true

Stumph's phenomenology was similar to Wundt's introspection. True False

true

The subject matter of Wundt's psychology was consciousness. True False

true

The word "voluntarism" is derived from the word volition. True False

true

Titchner defined "mind" as the "sum of a person's experiences accumulated over a lifetime." True False

true

Titchner eventually dropped the concept of mental elements. True False

true

When Titchener died, the era of structuralism collapsed. True False

true

Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the founder of Psychology. True False

true

Wundt and Titchner both considered individual difference research to be inappropriate for psychology. True False

true

Wundt believed the mind actively organizes the content of consciousness. True False

true

Wundt trained his subjects how to introspect properly. True False

true

Wundt used the term "elements" to suggest psychology was like the natural sciences. True False

true

Microdialysis includes (in order):

tubing is placed in the brain, pump solution in, solution passes through second tube, molecules from extracellular fluid are collected, analyze the fluid.

Norepinephrine post-synaptic receptors

two receptors, alpha and beta

Wundt's modification of introspection was the ____. a. comparison of normal subjects' reports of elements of consciousness with reports. of hallucinations by psychiatric patients and by those using drugs such as cocaine b. use of children as observers (subjects) c. use of experimental controls d. analysis of mediate experience into immediate experience and its confounds e. quantification of the sensations in accord with Fechner's Law

use of experimental controls

Wundt's modification of introspection was the ____. A. use of experimental controls B. quantification of the sensations in accord with Fechner's Law C. analysis of mediate experience into immediate experience and its confounds D. use of children as observers (subjects) E. comparison of normal subjects' reports of elements of consciousness with reports. of hallucinations by psychiatric patients and by those using drugs such as cocaine

use of experimental controls

The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his ____. a. atomism b. use of the dehumanizing term subjects rather than observers c. elementism d. determinism e. use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers

use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers

Rama's mirror box

using a mirror to create an image of the phantom limb to alleviate pain

Area ____ of the extrastriate cortex responds to movement.

v5

Disparity-sensitive neurons in the ______ stream respond to contours of three dimensional objects.

ventral

In the extrastriate cortex, the _____ steam is responsible for identifying an object.

ventral

Visual agnosia, the inability to visually recognize objects, is caused by damage to the _____ of the extrastriate cortex.

ventral stream

LGN (lateral geniculate neuron)

vision

The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____. A. cultural psychology by Wundt B. voluntarism by Wundt C. structuralism by Wundt's student, Titchener D. structuralism in Germany and functionalism in the United States E. volkerpsychologie by Wundt

voluntarism by Wundt

The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____. a. voluntarism by Wundt b. cultural psychology by Wundt c. volkerpsychologie by Wundt d. structuralism in Germany and functionalism in the United States e. structuralism by Wundt's student, Titchener

voluntarism by Wundt

The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____. a. was destroyed by allied bombing raids in World War II b. was destroyed in World War II but rebuilt as a historical museum c. is still a productive research facility d. was destroyed by the Gestapo in World War II e. is still in existence but serves solely as a historical attraction

was destroyed by Allied bombing raids in WWII

Who was Titchener's first doctoral student? a. Comte b. Ladd-Franklin c. Friedline d. Dallenbach e. Washburn

washburn

Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women: a. were believed unable to grasp the pure research methods of experimentation. b. were too pure to smoke. c. could not be admitted without their husbands, and none had married experimental psychologists. d. were not admitted to graduate programs in psychology. e. psychologists were almost exclusively engaged in applied research.

were too pure to smoke

Optic chiasm

where pathways cross into opposite sides of the brain

Optic tract

where pathways enter occipital lobe in back of brain

With repeated drug administration, the body begins to compensate for drug use by causing symptoms opposite of what the drug causes. This phenomenon is called:

withdrawal

Research suggests that many psychology historians consider ____ to be the most important psychologist of all time. a. Freud b. Wundt c. Fechner d. Ebbinghaus e. Titchener

wundt

Ebbinghaus's focus of study was on the ____. a. evolutionary theory as it applied to the mind b. nature of the mind/body problem c. examination of associations that were already formed d. initial formation of associations e. work of Helmholtz

initial formation of associations

Wundt classified sensations according to which characteristics? a. sense modality, clearness, and quality b. intensity and extensity c. intensity, duration, and sense modality d. clearness, quality, and duration e. reaction time and intensity

intensity, duration, and sense modality

Introspection as used by Wundt is also called ____. a. retrospection b. internal perception c. the method of limits d. internal observation e. the method of constant stimuli

internal perception

The ____ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier

intracerebroventricular

Kathy receives a Depo Provera shot in her buttocks every 3 months to prevent pregnancy. This injection would be a/an:

intramuscular injection

Optogenetic methods involve:

introducing photosensitive proteins via viruses to stimulate or inhibit brain regions

Whenever we think we "know what's on someone's mind," we are using which technique? a. projection b. introspection c. identification d. introspection by analogy e. the anecdotal method

introspection by analogy

Stumpf and Wundt engaged in a bitter fight over the topic of ____. A. phenomenology B. the introspection of tones C. music as mediate experience D. imageless thought E. classical music

introspection of tones

Muscle contractions often need to happen quickly so they are controlled via ______ receptors.

ionotropic

If a researcher lesions a section of the brain and a behavior disappears, the researcher knows that brain area:

is part of the circuit that results in that behavior

Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because ____. a. experimentation was not valued b. Germans were resistant to introspection c. there were not enough journals and textbooks d. it was not seen as having practical value e. Wundt could not adequately distinguish between feelings and sensations

it was not seen as having a practical value

If a blue-yellow ganglion cell is exposed to the color blue, it will fire in response to blue. If it is exposed to yellow:

it will become inhibited and, upon release of exposure to yellow, cause an after-image of blue.

Types of Eyeball movement: Saccadic

jerky movement of the eyes when scanning the visual field

Wundt's observers used introspection to report ____. a. judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli b. their reaction times c. the processes of sensing and perceiving d. retrospective accounts of their experiences e. All of the above choices are correct

judgements about the size and intensity of physical stimuli

Wundt's observers used introspection to report ____. A. judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli B. their reaction times C. the processes of sensing and perceiving D. retrospective accounts of their experiences E. All of the above choices are correct

judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli

As we move around the world, our eyes are constantly moving. Our brains, however, compensate for this movement. If the _____ of the extrastriate cortex is damaged, individuals lose this compensation.

junction between the temporal and parietal lobes.

A-Delta Fibers:

large and mylenated fast, sharp, highly localized pain

If one twin has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, the other has a greater likelihood of having schizophrenia if the twins are:

monozygotic

Effects of chemical stimulation are _____ than electrical stimulation

more localized

An owl, a nocturnal creature, likely has:

more rods than cones

The first person(s) to engage in large studies of experimental comparative psychology was/were ____. a. the behaviorists b. the functionalists c. Conway d. Morgan e. Romanes

morgan

With Titchener's structuralism as an idea to oppose, psychology ____. a. moved far beyond his initial boundaries b. made few advances in the United States c. became even more mysterious d. went from an emphasis on applied research to an emphasis on basic research e. None of the choices are correct

moved far beyond his initial boundaries

For many of his early years at Cornell, Titchener was known as "the professor in charge of ____ ." a. coin collecting b. correspondence c. everything d. philosophy e. music

music

Subretinal implants:

need a power source and a transmitting device

The idea of developing an introspective language was ____. a. never realized b. not of interest to Titchener c. an idea whose time had come d. really a form of inspection e. carefully controlled

never realized

if one twin has Syndrome B and the other is no more likely to have it than the average non-related individual, then Syndrome B is....

non-concordant

For Wundt, the difference between sensations and images was ____. a. that images are weaker than sensations b. that sensations last for microseconds, whereas images can be retained in memory for indeterminate periods of time c. nonexistent d. that images are what today we call perceptions e. that images have a longer duration than sensations

nonexistent

For Wundt, the difference between sensations and images was ____. A. nonexistent B. that images are weaker than sensations C. that images have a longer duration than sensations D. that images are what today we call perceptions E. that sensations last for microseconds, whereas images can be retained in memory for indeterminate periods of time

nonexistent

Microdialysis indicates that the neurotransmitter ______ is present after female rat sexual behavior.

norepinephrine

In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____. A. pay attention to two things at once B. not pay attention to two things at once C. pay attention to two things at once, but not three D. pay attention to three things at once, but not four E. sustain his attention on one thing for a little less than 12 minutes at a time

not not pay attention to two things at once

While Wundt emphasized ____ and ____ reports during introspection, Titchener used ____ and ____ introspective reports. a. objective, qualitative; subjective, quantitative b. objective, quantitative; subjective, qualitative c. subjective, quantitative; objective; qualitative d. subjective, qualitative; objective, quantitative e. perceptive, brief; sensation, extended

objective, quantitative subjective, qualitative

For Brentano, the primary research method was ____. a. observation b. factor analysis c. functional analysis d. psychoanalysis e. experimentation

observation

Titchener's research led him to conclude that affective states had only ____ dimension(s); namely ____. a. two; pleasure/displeasure and tension/ relaxation b. one; pleasure/displeasure c. one; tension/relaxation d. two; pleasure/displeasure and excitement/depression e. one; excitement/depression

one pleasure/displeasure

Cone Characteristics: Less Convergence:

only want to connect to one bipolar cell

The ____ is activated by the sight of scenes and backgrounds

parahippocampal place area

The dorsal stream ends in the ____ cortex.

parietal

What is the dorsal stream associated with?

parietal lobe and frontal cortex

Lateral geniculate nucleus

part of the thalamus -all vision comes here before being relayed to occipital lobe -has both contralateral and ipsilateral projections (both occur depending on our eye and vision field)

The ____ receives information from the red and green cones whereas the _____ receives information from the blue cones.

parvocellular system; koniocellular system

Excitation of the brain can be achieved via:

passing electrical current, kainic acid, and glutamic acid

Body Dismorphic Disorder/Somatoparaphrenia

people believe that a limb does not belong to them (belongs to someone else or is a cadaver)

Julian looks around the room and sees Samantha who is wearing a red shirt today. This visual experience is ______

perception

Ventral Stream function:

perception of form

kinesthesia

perception of the body's own movements

Proprioception

perception of the body's posture and position

For Titchener, distinct sensations combined with others to form ____. a. perceptions and ideas b. affective states c. emotions d. apperceptions e. beliefs

perceptions and ideas

Rod Characteristics: Most concentrated in:

periphery

Frontal Lobe:

personality/mood

Stumpf's method of observation was ____. A. phenomenology B. retrospection C. introspection D. systematic experimental introspection E. insight

phenomenology

Stumpf's method of observation was ____. a. systematic experimental introspection b. phenomenology c. retrospection d. introspection e. insight

phenomenology

According to Wundt, ____ has/have "to do with objective masses, forces, and energies" while ____ has/have "to do with subjective values and ends." a. psychical measurements; physical measurements b. creative synthesis; the law of psychic resultants c. the law of psychic resultants; creative synthesis d. physical measurements; psychical measurements e. None of the choices are correct.

physical measurements; psychical measurements

According to Wundt, ____ has/have "to do with objective masses, forces, and energies" while ____ has/have "to do with subjective values and ends." A. psychical measurements; physical measurements B. creative synthesis; the law of psychic resultants C. the law of psychic resultants; creative synthesis D. physical measurements; psychical measurements E. None of the choices are correct.

physical measurements; psychical measurements

If the therapeutic index of Drug X is low:

physicians should take more care in prescribing it due to an increased chance of risks.

In 1867, Wundt offered the first course ever given in ____. a. physiological psychology b. introspection c. volkerpsychologie d. psychophysics e. social psychology

physiological psychology

A researcher asks individuals to participate in an experiment that causes arm muscle strain. The participants are instructed to use a provided muscle rub after the activity. One group gets a rub with active ingredients to reduce pain whereas the other group gets a _____ without active ingredients.

placebo

Which of the following are the three dimensions of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings? a. clarity/opaqueness; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. b. tension/ relaxation; pleasure/depression; clarity/opaqueness. c. intensity/extensity; immediacy/delay; pleasure/displeasure. d. pleasure/displeasure; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. e. pleasure/pain; tension/relief; mania/depression.

pleasure/displeasure tension/relaxation excitement/depression

Which of the following are the three dimensions of Wundt's tridimensional theory of feelings? A. pleasure/displeasure; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. B. clarity/opaqueness; tension/relaxation; excitement/depression. C. tension/ relaxation; pleasure/depression; clarity/opaqueness. D. pleasure/pain; tension/relief; mania/depression. E. intensity/extensity; immediacy/delay; pleasure/displeasure

pleasure/displeasure tension/relaxation excitement/depression

Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____. a. idea that a stimulus in the environment can force us to pay attention b. elements of consciousness c. power of the will to organize the contents of the mind d. individual's choice to apply his/her knowledge base to a situation e. ability of the individual to "make the nonconscious conscious"

power of the will to organize the contents of the mind

Microdialysis is used to measure secretions by:

pre-synaptic cells

Conduction Aphasia:

predicted by Wernicke. Inability to repeat words, specifically abstract words (freedom, gravity)

Arlando experiences a stroke and, in the aftermath, he is unable to visually recognize his loved ones, although he can recognize them when they speak. It is likely he has _____ caused by damage to _____.

prosopagnosia; fusiform face area

Use of a stereotaxic atlas for surgery

provides a ballpark estimation of the location of brain areas

Psychopharmacology includes the study of:

psychoactive drugs and drugs of abuse.

Which statement best describes the basic content of the Original Source Material by Wundt? A. Psychology studies how the mind comes to have innate knowledge. B. Psychology is concerned with the study of how the brain controls mental processes. C. Psychology studies how the conscious mind uses mental elements to conceal unconsciousness processes. D. Psychology is concerned with the complete listing of mental elements and how these mental elements combine according to the principles of association to form states of consciousness. E. Psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness.

psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness

The order in which light comes into the eye is :

pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina

Who was the first to show that biological and social data were normally distributed? a. Galton b. Pearson c. Quetelet d. Moyen e. Huarte

quetelet

MST neurons respond to:

radial, spiral, and circular movements

Ganglion cells, through on/off and center/surround coding, see colors in what kind of pair combinations?

red/green and blue/yellow

Occipital lobe

referred to as the Striate complex because it is striated (striped, stria)

Cortical Somatotopy

relates to density of receptors in said patch of skin

The area of the eye that contains the sensory receptors is the _____

retina

When Jim looks at his raised finger, he can make it "jump" from one location by looking at it with only his left eye and then with only his right eye. This perception that Jim's finger is in two different places (when it is not) is called:

retinal disparity

Systematic experimental introspection involves ____. A. retrospection B. introspection C. the presentation of sensory stimuli D. the performance of a complex task E. retrospection and the performance of a complex task

retrospection and the performance of a complex task

The significance of Ebbinghaus's work is in his ____. a. rigorous use of experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data b. use of large numbers of subjects to replicate his experiments c. tolerance for boredom d. finding that longer material takes more time to learn e. ability to further the approach and findings of Wundt

rigorous use of the experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data

Does the dorsal stream use rods or cones?

rods

When you shift your gaze abruptly from one point to another, this movement is called:

saccadic movement

According to Wundt, the stimulation of a sense organ sufficiently to have the nerve impulse reach the brain defines a(n) ____. A. reflex B. afferent response C. sensation D. perception E. cognition

sensation

Julian looks around the room and his visual receptors detect edges, colors, and contrasts. This visual experience is _____

sensation

According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely ____. a. sensation and feelings b. sensation and perception c. sensation and images d. immediate experience and mediate experience e. images and feelings

sensation and feelings

Seeing splotches of color is ____ whereas seeing a painting of a tree would be ____

sensation; perception

Ebbinghaus developed a(n) ____ considered by some to be the first successful test of higher mental process and used today, in modified form, in cognitive ability tests. A. problem-solving template B. ability test of memorization C. sentence-completion exercise D. tolerance of boredom E. memory and retention exercise

sentence-completion exercise

Ebbinghaus developed a(n) ____ considered by some to be the first successful test of higher mental process and used today, in modified form, in cognitive ability tests. a. memory and retention exercise b. problem-solving template c. ability test of memorization d. sentence-completion exercise e. tolerance of boredom

sentence-completion exercise

As his measure of learning, Ebbinghaus adapted a method from ____. A. the psychophysicists B. Wundt's lab C. the early mentalists D. the Cartesian dualists E. the associationists

the associationists

As his measure of learning, Ebbinghaus adapted a method from ____. a. the Cartesian dualists b. the psychophysicists c. the early mentalists d. Wundt's lab e. the associationists

the associationists

The aim of the research at the Anthropometric Laboratory was to assess ____. a. eugenics policy development b. the correlates of intelligence among eminent men c. the collective mental resources of the British people d. developmental trends over the lifespan e. the sensory capacities of humans

the collective mental resources of the British people

The most important consequence of functionalism was ____. a. the introduction of evolution b. the status it gave to pragmatism c. the replacement of experimentalism d. the development of clinical psychology e. the development of applied psychology

the development of applied psychology

Titchener noted that the first significant advance in the study of learning since Aristotle was ____. a. the influence of the basic elements of sensation and feeling on the rate of learning b. Wundt's experimental methods c. the development of the nonsense syllable d. the use of introspection e. the conceptualization of imageless thought

the development of the nonsense syllable

In his journal Mind, Darwin describes ____. a. the developmental stages of his son in relation to human evolution b. simple stimuli that elicit the same responses in humans and animals c. an ape whose mental processes are analyzed d. early theory that has since been the foundation of cognitive psychology e. the evolution of human mental functions

the developmental stages of his son in relation to human evolution

Which imaging technique can be used to localize dopamine?

PET

Psychophysics: Amplitude-?

Brightness As amplitude increases, brightness increases. As amplitude decreases, brightness decreases.

Acetylcholine synthesis

-Acetyl CoA and Choline in terminal button -Enzyme choline acetyltransferase binds Acetyl Co-A + Choline to produce acetylcholine (ACh)

Photoreceptors

-Rods and cones -Horizontal cells -Bipolar neurons -Amacrine cells -Ganglion cells

Indirect agonist/antagonist can interfere or promote..

-Synthesis of NT (precursors) -Release of NT (Black widow spider venom) -Termination of NT (prozac, cocaine, serin gas)

Cortical association areas (V1-V8)

-V1: primary visual cortex (striate cortex) -V2-V8: association areas, like concentric rings, extrastriate cortices -Damage to either of the pathways causes perceptual issues

Acetylcholine post-synaptic receptors

-nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Temporal Lobe:

...

NT Termination

1. Bind to post-synaptic receptor 2. Recycled via reuptake 3. Enzymatic degradation -> Each particular NT has a particular enzyme 4. Passive diffusion (volume transmission)

Phototransduction- seeing in the light

1. Light enters photoreceptor 2. Brekas opsin and retinal apart 3. This causes an increase in phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4. PDE decreases the amoung of cGMP 5. Chemically gated ion channels remain closed 6. No depolarization; instead hyperpolarization occurs 7. No NT released = NO IPSP

Phototransduction- seeing in the dark

1. Opsin and retinal stick together 2. Increasing levels of cGMP 3. cGMP opens chemically-gated ion channels 4. Na+ and Ca++ influx 5. Causing depolarization (Action potential) 6. Triggering NT release 7. NT produces IPSP (inhibitory signal) -the inhibitory signal makes sense because its dark, nothing to see, so don't activate -as long as optin and II-cis retinal are attached, there is an increase in cGMP

Leaving the eye: optic pathway

1. Optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tract --> later geniculate nucleus

All the different types of sound can be determined via 2 methods

1. Rate: different sound properties produce different rates of signalling 2. Place: location of hair cells determine signalling

Cytochrome oxidase blobs are predominantly found in layers____

2 and 3

Broca's Aphasia:

Broca's area is in the frontal lobe. Near the mouth so.. Broca's aphasia has to do with production of words

Lens

A clear opaque membrane that allows light to pass through. It can flex, bend, to focus light (like a magnifying glass)

Sclera

A little thin white protective layer over the eye

Monoaminergic neurons include:

Acetylcholinergic neurons

Brentano's system of psychology was called ____ psychology. a. Content b. Memory c. Sense d. Cognitive e. Act

Act

Indirect

Acts somewhere else to affect the NT levels and/or receptor activity -Disrupts synthesis of NT, prevent storage of NT, prevent enzymatic degradation of NT

Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ____. a. swallow a stomach tube b. record their sensations and feelings during urination and defecation c. make notes of their sensations and feelings during sexual intercourse d. attach measuring devices to their bodies to record their physiological responses during sexual intercourse e. All of the choices are correct

All of the above

Wundt's most important contribution to psychology was ____. a. "selling" psychology to the scientific community b. describing psychology as an experimental science c. beginning the first psychological journal d. his publications, which are still widely read today e. All of the above

All of the above ("selling" psychology to the scientific community; describing psychology as an experimental science; beginning the first psychological journal; his publications, which are still widely used today)

Amplitude

Allows us to determine brightness -taller waves are brighter, shorter waves are darker

Which of the following presynaptic events are in correct chronological order? A) calcium ion influx, action potential reaches axon terminal, vesicle fuses with membrane, diffusion of neurotransmitter B) action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, exocytosis, diffusion of neurotransmitter C) exocytosis, calcium ion influx, action potential reaches axon terminal, membrane depolarization D) action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, neurotransmitter diffusion, exocytosis

B) action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, exocytosis, diffusion of neurotransmitter

There are more chemical synapses than electrical synapses in the mammalian nervous system because chemical synapses: A) transmit signals more quickly. B) allow better control of messages passed between neurons. C) send only excitatory signals. D) cannot be modified by learning.

B) allow better control of messages passed between neurons.

Electrical synapses: A) do not exist in mammals. B) are relatively rare in mammals. C) are roughly 50 percent of all mammalian synapses. D) are the prime mechanism of neurotransmission in mammals

B) are relatively rare in mammals.

Precursor chemicals that form the building blocks for neurotransmitters are absorbed from the: A) mitochondria. B) blood. C) cell nucleus. D) Golgi apparatus.

B) blood.

Immediately before neurotransmission, calcium ions entering the presynaptic membrane bind to: A) calcitonin. B) calmodulin. C) calretinin. D) calpactin.

B) calmodulin.

Parkinson's disease is linked with the loss of ______ neurons in the midbrain. A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) serotonin

B) dopamine

Which two neurotransmitters are synthesized from the same precursor molecule? A) glycine and dopamine B) glutamate and GABA C) histamine and serotonin D) acetylcholine and glycine

B) glutamate and GABA

Which of the following is not part of the amine subtype of small-molecule neurotransmitters? A) dopamine B) glycine C) serotonin D) norepinephrine

B) glycine

Type II synapses are _____, whereas Type I synapses are_____. A) excitatory; inhibitory B) inhibitory, excitatory C) in the CNS; in the PNS D) in the brain; in the spinal cord

B) inhibitory, excitatory

The active zone on Type I synapses is ______ when compared with the active zone on Type II synapses. A) smaller B) larger C) the same size D) of varying size

B) larger

For an action potential to be elicited: A) one quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell. B) multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell. C) calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell. D) one quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell, and calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell.

B) multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell.

Which of the following is not a classification type of neurotransmitter? A) small molecule B) nucleic acid C) gas D) peptide

B) nucleic acid

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels that function in neurotransmission are primarily found on the: A) postsynaptic membrane. B) presynaptic membrane. C) synaptic vesicles. D) dendrites.

B) presynaptic membrane.

Dopamine may be related to: A) depression. B) schizophrenia. C) Alzheimer's disease. D) mania.

B) schizophrenia.

Antagonist

Binds to the receptor and prevents anything from happening --> ion channel does not open, preventative

Plasticity

Brain is not static. If it is not stimulated, it will not develop properly.

Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874) was the major contribution to psychology from ____. a. Stumpf b. Brentano c. Wundt d. Titchener e. Ebbinghaus

Brentano

The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to ____. A. Wundt B. Ebbinhaus C. Brentano D. Stumpf E. Titchener

Brentano

The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to ____. a. Brentano b. Ebbinhaus c. Stumpf d. Titchener e. Wundt

Brentano

When the filaments/cilia move to the right

Cilia are connected via filaments -On ends of filaments are ion channels -When the hair cell moves, this causes the cilia/filaments to move 1. K+ channels open 2. K+ influx 3. Depolarization 4. Action potential

Visual System Pathways:

Classical Methods (40s and 50s) -stuff in the left field of vision ends up in right side of brain Dual Projection Model (80s-current) with parallel pathways - some blind people can see things they may trip over -some blind people can tell the difference between bright and darkness --dorsal stream: spatial location --ventral stream: perception of form

Inner ear

Cochlea, oval window, round window, organ of Corti

Auditory projections- when startled

Cochlear nucleus projects controlaterally (across midline of brain) to the inferior colliculi and superior olives. The superior olives can also project to the inferior colliculi. -Responsible for startling sounds processing

Visual disorders: the dorsal stream

Codes for where things are -Akinotopsia -Neglect syndrome

Cerebral achromatopsia

Color perception in V8 in inferior temporal lobe -Damage to V8 results in an inability to perceive color (not sense it; cones are working fine)

What happens if you cut the right optic nerve?

Completely blind in right eye

Which scan could be used to find the location of a lesion in a living brain?

Computerized Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Visual disorders: the ventral stream

Cones send signals; brain decides color Injury to this pathway can result in: -cerebral achromatopsia -prosopagnosia

Anatomy of the Eye: Structure: Lens Function?

Focusing

Place Coding:

Different sound frequencies flex the basilar membrane at different places. Higher pitches: toward oval window and stapes, where membrane is stiffer (BASE) Lower pitches: not as dangerous to cochlea so they are processed deeper in cochlea where it is more less stiff. (APEX)

Sound types determined in cochlea

Different wavelengths and amplitudes correspond to specific hair cells in the cochlea -Higher frequency waves --> act at base -Low frequency waves --> act at base all the way to apex

Wavelength

Discovers the color -long are warmer colors, short are cooler colors

Dopamine post-synaptic receptors and reuptake transporters

Dopamine has 4 post-synaptic receptors -Dopamine also has reuptake transporters located on the pre-synaptic cell

Monoamine NT class

Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

Direct

Drug, chemical, NT acts directly on the receptor itself (agonists or antagonists)

Other perceptual areas such as FFA?

EBA (Extrastriate Body Area) for body part recognition PPA (Parahippocampal Place Area) for place recognition

Enzyme degradation of Acetylcholine (ACh)

Enzyme responsible for degradation is acetylcholine esterase (AChE)

Enzyme degradation of Dopamine (DA)

Enzyme responsible for degradation of dopamine in the synapse is monoamine oxidase (MAO)

____, a predecessor of Darwin, speculated that all mammals had evolved from a single filament and given movement by God. a. Plato b. Erasmus Darwin c. Isaac Newton d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck e. Anaximander

Erasmus Darwin

The mechanism for the theory of evolution is artificial selection. True False

False, artificial selection

Specialized organs containing specialized receptors

Feature detection (various features of the world are extracted) ex. high voice, low voice, loud voice, soft voice

Horizontal cells and feature detection

Feature detection via lateral inhibitions -Makes connections with multiple photoreceptors (receive signals from multiple ones) -They "decide" which receptors send signals to ganglion cells (via a bipolar cell) -The process of determining which signals are passed on (the center and not the sides) is called lateral inhibition

What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology? A. Müller's Handbook of Physiology of Mankind (1833-1840) B. Helmholtz's Handbook of Physiological Optics (1856-1866) C. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) D. Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) E. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)

Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)

Tympanic membrane

Flexible, sound waves cause it to vibrate -Can be punctured

Norepinephrine

Function: Arousal and attention -Clinical disorders: PTSD, Depression

Serotonin

Function: Establishing mood- be it positive or negative -Clinical disorders: OCD, Aggression, and Depression

Glutamate

Function: Learning and memory -Clinical disorders: Stroke, Schizophrenia, and Depression

Dopamine

Function: planning and execution of movement, and to signal reward -Clinical disorders: Schizophrenia, Parkinson's, and addiction

Which of the of the following statements best summarizes the protest of functional psychology against Wundt and Titchener? a. Functional psychology proposed that more mental elements exist than allowed by Wundt and Titchener. b. Functional psychology emphasized that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches to psychology were too broad and included too many topics of study. c. Functional psychology claimed that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches were too restrictive because they did not study the practical value of mental processes. d. In contrast to Wundt and Titchener, functional psychology said that consciousness could not be studied scientifically. e. None of the choices are correct.

Functional psychology claimed that Wundt's and Titchener's approaches were too restrictive because they did not study the practical value of mental processes.

Someone with epilepsy might be prescribed a medicine to increase _____ action.

GABA

Amino acids NT class

Glutamate, glyceine, and GABA

Broca's aphasia

Here you have a loss of function words (of, but, and other connective words), much slower and more labored speed -Loss of or very poor grammar, difficulty naming things

This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher level cognitive processes. A. Georg Elias Müller B. Hermann von Helmholtz C. Carl Stumpf D. Hermann Ebbinghaus E. Oswald Külpe

Hermann Ebbinghaus

This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher level cognitive processes. a. Hermann Ebbinghaus b. Georg Elias Müller c. Hermann von Helmholtz d. Oswald Külpe e. Carl Stumpf

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Who wrote a 16th-century book on individual differences and argued that children's education should be individualized to recognize such differences? a. Quetelet b. Galton c. Butler d. Huarte e. Wundt

Huarte

Psychophysics: Wavelength-?

Hue or ColorPhotons(which create wavelength) change and it causes colors to change

The Retina- signal is projected forward

Light travels to hit the back of the eye where rods and cones are located. It then proceeds forward to horizontal cells, then bipolar cells, on to amacrine cells and finally to ganglion cells. -Axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve to carry info into the brain -Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no photoreceptors there, its called our blind spot. Any lights that hit here cannot be seen, aren't perceived

What happens if the optic tract is cut?

Lose left visual field in both eyes!

The brain area responsible for the perception of optic flow is:

MSTd

____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology. a. Margaret Mead b. Margaret Floy Washburn c. Karen Horney d. Christine Ladd-Franklin e. Cora Friedline

Margaret Floy Washburn

The English physician ____ wrote "due to the extent of the pathology of mind, self-report is hardly to be trusted." a. Gray b. Turner c. Berkeley d. Maudsley e. Mill

Maudsley

Parallel Pain Pathways: ACC

Medial pain system: emotional processing of unpleasantness, EVEN DURING PAIN EMPATHY

Retinal Layer: Cell Type-Functioning: Amacrine-?

Movement:picks up movement in our visual field. Between ganglion cells and bipolar cells.

Glutamate and ketamine

NMDA receptor antagonist (prevents anything else from binding and activating)

Gas NT class

NO, CO

Contralateral Projection

Nasal Part: Closer to the nose. Crosses over. Termporal Part: Closer to the temple

Does the trichromatic theory work on rods?

No

Glutamate synthesis

No synthesis process because its already in the body (its an amino acid)

Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's experimental conditions? a. The observations must be repeatable. b. It must be possible to control and manipulate the stimuli. c. Observers must be able to determine when the process is to begin. d. Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences. e. Observers must be in a state of readiness.

Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences

Prosopagnosia

On ventral stream there is a group of neurons, an area, that code for faces (facial recognition) -Certain particular neurons code for certain particular faces -Fusiform face area (FFA) -Bilateral damage to FFA results in the inability to recognize faces; both old very familiar ones and new faces

Rod Characteristics: Achromatic:

Only one type of rod, so they cannot compare colors

Peptides NT class

Opioids, etc.

"The Dark Current"

Opsin connected to 11-cis retinal. CiclicGMP opens channels. Channels let in sodium current (depolarizing current) flowing in. Channels then let in calcium. Depolarizing current allows neurotransmitters to leave the photoreceptors. Produces IPSPs downline.

Transduction in the ear: inside the cochlea

Organ of corti -three membranes: tectorial, reticular (middle), and basilar membrane -When the fluid begins to vibrate, these membranes begin to move: thus movement affects the cilia and hair cells -How the membranes move determine action potentials

Middle Ear:

Ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes

Anatomy of the Eye: Structure: Scelera and Cornea Function?

Outer covering

Which statement best describes the basic content of the Original Source Material by Wundt? a. Psychology studies how the conscious mind uses mental elements to conceal unconsciousness processes. b. Psychology is concerned with the complete listing of mental elements and how these mental elements combine according to the principles of association to form states of consciousness. c. Psychology is concerned with the study of how the brain controls mental processes. d. Psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness. e. Psychology studies how the mind comes to have innate knowledge.

Psychology is concerned with how the active powers of the mind synthesize mental elements into states of consciousness.

The idea of measures clustering around the of center or average of a distribution should be attributed to ____. a. Quetelet b. Darwin c. Pearson d. Cattell e. Newton

Quetelet

"Seeing the Light"

Receptor Potential. Light comes in and hits the opsin (rodospin since its a rod picking up light). Bleaching of photo pigment: all trans retinal (which used to be 11-cis retinal, until it straightened out) breaking away from opsin. Opsin gives out PDE which eats up cGMP, which causes channels to close. Causes hyperpolarization. Neurotransmitters are not released, so no IPSPs downline.

Cornea

Refracts light (bends it) toward the middle of the eye (toward the iris)

Anatomy of the Eye: Structure: Pupil and Iris Function?

Regulate light input. Pupils dilate at night to accept the most amount of light. Pupils shrink during the day to reduce the amount of light absorbed.

Right eye

Right eye, left field of vision --> sends signals ipsilaterally Right eye, right field of vision --> sends signals contralaterally

Rod Characteristics: Highly Convergent:

Rods can all connect to one bipolar cell

The first systematic study of animal intelligence was by ____. a. Morgan b. Sherrington c. Huarte d. Romanes e. Galvani

Romanes

Psychophysics: Purity-?

Saturation vividness of pictures.

Cochlea

Snail-type structure; filled with fluid, when vibration takes places, causes the fluid to move

Sound waves

Sound also comes in waves -wavelength: pitch -amplitude: how loud you are -complexity: timbre

The psychological study of music was pioneered by ____. a. Helmholtz b. Fechner c. Wundt d. Külpe e. Stumpf

Stumpf

Striate complex

The stria- differential for a reason, are almost substructures. Each plays a role in perception of vision -Function of stria depends on location- some information sent dorsally, some ventrally

Serotonin post-synaptic receptors and anti-depressants

There are 7 different serotonin receptors as well as a number of serotonin reuptake transporters -a different class of antidepressants work here preventing serotonin's removal from the synapse

Glutamate post-synaptic receptors

There are 8 metabotropic glutamate receptors and 3 ionotropic receoptors (we only care about 2...AMPA and NMDA)

Norepinphrine reuptake transporters and anti-depressants

There are norepinephrine recycling (reuptake) transporters located on the pre-synaptic cell -alot of anti-depressants work to block this reuptake process leaving more norepinephrine in the synapse [indirect agonists]

People with "tritanopia" have what kind of issue with their cones?

They lack the blue cones

Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's goals for his psychology? a. To determine how the elements of consciousness are synthesized b. To analyze conscious processes c. To identify the principles that govern the synthesis of those elements into higher cognitive processes such as learning d. To identify the basic elements of consciousness e. To determine the principles of the linking that occurs in the organization of the elements

To identify the principles that govern the synthesis of those elements into higher cognitive processes such as learning

Retinal Layer: Cell Type-Function: Rods/Cones-?

Transduction. Rods and cones face posterior. They are connected to bipolar cells, which is connected to ganglion cell.

Anatomy of the Eye: Structure: Retina Function?

Transduction: what converts light energy into transmitters

Catecholamines are removed from the cleft via:

Transporters

Opponent process theory

Tri-chromatic theory is true for cones -Cones communicate to ganglion cells which refine this process -You have an on/off center/surround coding -Cones send signals -We see color in pair combinations (red/green and blue/yellow) -Evidence for this is seen in an afterimage

Serotonin (5HT) synthesis

Tryptophan --> 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) (via tryptophan hydroxylase) 5-Hydroxytryptophan --> Serotonin (5HT) (via 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase)

Norepinephrine synthesis

Tyrosine --> DOPA (via enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase) DOPA --> Dopamine (via enzyme DOPA decarboxylase) Dopamine --> Norepinephrine (via dopamine-beta-hydroxylase)

Dopamine synthesis (DA)

Tyrosine --> DOPA (via enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase) DOPA --> Dopamine (via enzyme DOPA decarboxylase) This intermediate step is necessary because Dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier but DOPA can

Retina

Very thin red layer in the back of the eye -Rods and cones are first cells responsible for converting that physical energy (light) into neural code -Contains the fovea

Pinna

Visible part of ear, cartilage -Job is to catch the sound coming in; captures sound and focuses it inward

Wernicke's Aphasia:

Wernicke's area is in the temporal lobe. Near the ear so.. Wernicke's aphasia has to do with comprehension of words

Researchers create a mouse that develops normally but a gene turns off when the animal is given a certain drug. This would be an example of:

a conditional knock out

The doggie mouse was genetically engineered to have NMDA receptors that become more efficient with age. This animal would be considered an example of ____

a knock in

Saturation, purity of a color

When wavelengths overlap- purity and saturation tells whether or not there are other wavelengths overlapping

Organ of Corti

Where hair cells are found- hair cells are responsible for transduction of sound -Loud music can cause damage to the hair cells and cochlear unraveling (need a cochlear implant)

Oval window

Where the stapes attach to the cochlea --> transfers vibrations to the cochlea

Research suggests that many psychology historians consider ____ to be the most important psychologist of all time. A. Wundt B. Freud C. Fechner D. Titchener E. Ebbinghaus

Wundt

Which of the following is not a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology? a. Wundt's approach was overshadowed by the development of Gestalt psychology in Germany and psychoanalysis in Austria. b. German universities did not have the economic resources to support scientific psychology. c. The pragmatic culture of the United States precluded Wundt's system. d. Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work. e. Wundt's approach represented a pure science of psychology with little opportunity for practical application.

Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work

What happens if you cut the optic chasm?

You lose the extremes of your vision. (far left and far right)

The law of psychic resultants governs ____. a. the mechanical linking (association) of mental elements into complex ideas ** b. perception c. the production of images and their retention d. the organization of mental elements e. the mechanical linking (association) of mental elements into simple ideas **

a. **

The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____. a. examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals b. experimentation c. studies of children and their thinking d. philosophy e. a content analysis of contemporary newspapers

a. examination of language myths, customs, law and morals

Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____. a. use of the experimental method b. subject matter c. focus on behavior d. use of the deduction and induction e. emphasis on physiology

a. use of the experimental method

Phantom limb

ability to feel a missing limb due to cortical reorganization

Pure Word Deafness:

ability to hear people talking, but no way to comprehend what they are saying. BUT able to tell other sounds ex. dog barking, doorbell ringing, etc.

Pharmacokinetics includes:

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Darwin's position on Lamarck's idea that changes due to experiences can be inherited was the ____ of Lamarck's ____. a. replacement; doctrine with the doctrine of social Darwinism b. acceptance; doctrine c. total rejection; doctrine d. synthesis; ideas with Galton's theory of the normal distribution e. replacement; doctrine with the variability hypothesis

acceptance; doctrine

Galton's measures of intellectual functioning assumed correlation between intelligence and ____. a. Fechner's Law b. average error in psychophysics tasks c. just noticeable differences d. reaction times to stimuli e. acuteness of the senses

acuteness of the senses

If a child has a characteristic that is largely determined by the environment, he/she would be most similar to:

adoptive parents

Which of Titchener's basic elements of consciousness does not possess clearness? a. perceptions b. apperceptions c. affective states d. limens e. ideas

affective states

Researchers want to find out which brain region precedes brain region C. To discover this, researchers can trace ____ axons using ____ labeling.

afferent, retrograde

If a drug increases the neurotransmitter precursor it is considered a/an:

agonist

When Annie looks around the world, she only sees still images. She is unable to perceive her grandchildren running around or even her cat's breathing patterns. It is likely that Annie is suffering from:

akinetopsia.

Which of the following are influenced by Galton's work? a. child development b. heredity c. statistical techniques d. testing methods e. All of the above.

all of the above

In the Original Source Material from his autobiography, Charles Darwin described himself as ____. a. having "no great quickness of apprehension or wit" b. "a poor critic" c. "moderate abilities" d. possessing a "love of natural science [which] has been steady and ardent" e. All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices are correct

The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is a/an _____ called _____.

amino acid; glutamate

Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error, that is, about ____. a. describing feelings instead of sensations b. describing the observed object rather than the experience of it c. describing qualities of the stimulus instead of quantities d. assuming a one-to-one correspondence between the stimulus and its perception e. assuming a logarithmic relationship between the strength of the objective stimulus and the intensity of the psychological experience of the stimulus

describing the observed object rather than the experience of it

Peptides, unlike neurotransmitters, are always:

destroyed by enzymes

Titchener noted that the first significant advance in the study of learning since Aristotle was ____. A. Wundt's experimental methods B. the use of introspection C. the influence of the basic elements of sensation and feeling on the rate of learning D. the development of the nonsense syllable E. the conceptualization of imageless thought

development of the nonsense syllable

The essential difference between Wallace's theory of evolution and Darwin's was that the work of the former ____. a. did not have empirical data to support it b. was a restatement of Spencer's ideas c. was suppressed by Darwin d. was a restatement of Lamarck's ideas e. included the heritability of acquired traits

did not have empirical data to support it

Medial Superior Olives: (Phase Coding)

differences in arrival times of a sound wave at the ear drum

Lateral Superior Olives: (Intensity Coding)

differences in sound wave amplitude at the eardrum

Rate Coding:

different sound frequencies and intensities change the rate of firing of neurons

Nicotine is a/an _____ because it mimics acetylcholine at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

direct agonist

Curare and acetylcholine

direct antagonist -It is a paralytic: often used by South American tribes to hunt -It is a nicotinic direct antagonist: it binds to the nicotinic receptor and prevents acetylcholine from binding

Marbe and Watt extended the work and influence of the Würzburg school with their ____. A. discovery of imageless thought B. discovery of the influence of the unconscious mind C. reduction of imageless thoughts to nonconscious memories of sensations D. identification of a method to retrieve unconscious material E. experimental work on nonconscious learning (subliminal perception)

discovery of the influence of the unconscious mind

L-DOPA is given to a patient with Parkinson's Disease because:

dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier

Disparity-sensitive neurons in the _____ stream respond to large, extended visual surfaces.

dorsal

Matt is a baseball player. IN order for him to catch a fly ball, his _____ stream must analyze information related to where the ball is located in space.

dorsal

In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____. a. pay attention to three things at once, but not four b. pay attention to two things at once, but not three c. sustain his attention on one thing for a little less than 12 minutes at a time d. pay attention to two things at once e. not pay attention to two things at once

e. not pay attention to two things at once

What was "meaningless" for Ebbinghaus? A. The use of introspection B. A mathematical approach to psychological phenomena C. Each syllable created for his research D. Each series of syllables created for his research E. Having a specific criterion to identify when learning had occurred

each series of syllables created for his research

Other than Stumpf's research, his greatest influence on psychology may have been ____. A. educating the founders of Gestalt psychology B. the legitimization of music as a therapy for mentally ill and developmentally disabled persons C. the legitimization of introspection as an experimental technique D. the legitimization of untrained observers to do introspection in experimental research E. the discovery of imageless thought and the ensuing debate with Wundt

educating the founders of Gestalt psychology

Other than Stumpf's research, his greatest influence on psychology may have been ____. a. the discovery of imageless thought and the ensuing debate with Wundt b. the legitimization of untrained observers to do introspection in experimental research c. the legitimization of music as a therapy for mentally ill and developmentally disabled persons d. educating the founders of Gestalt psychology e. the legitimization of introspection as an experimental technique

educating the founders of Gestalt psychology

The Limbic System is in charge of ____.

emotions

As Wundt stated in the Original Source Material on the Law of Psychic Resultants and the Principle of Creative Synthesis from the Outline of Psychology (1896), the ____ "finds its expression in the fact that every psychical compound shows attributes which may...be understood from the attributes of its elements...but which are by no means to be looked upon as the mere sum of the attributes of these elements. a. use of physical measurements b. use of psychic measurement c. principle of creative synthesis d. concept of habit e. law of psychic resultants

law of psychic resultants

Wundt's doctrine of apperception was also known as the ____. A. principle of creative synthesis B. law of psychic resultants C. principle of psychic compounding D. law of Gestalt resultants E. law of creative resultants

law of psychic resultants

Wundt's doctrine of apperception was also known as the ____. a. principle of creative synthesis b. law of psychic resultants c. principle of psychic compounding d. law of Gestalt resultants e. law of creative resultants

law of psychic resultants

Red cones are long, medium or short?

long

cerebral achromatopsia:

loss of color vision due to cortical damage

Hearing Psychophysical Relations: Amplitude

loudness

The most important visual information is contained in _____

low spatial frequencies

To record the neural activity of a brain region, researchers would use ____

macroelectrodes

The two inner layers of the LGN are _____ and the four outer layers are _____

magnocellular; parvocellular

The intent of Lloyd Morgan's canon was to ____. a. make comparative psychology more scientific b. rid psychology of all traces of the technique of introspection c. make comparative psychology more behavioral d. exclude anthropological findings from the natural sciences e. impose a criterion for a distinction between instincts and thinking in both animals and humans

make comparative psychology more scientific

Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that ____. A. material is forgotten slowly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting speeds up B. the decay theory of forgetting is essentially correct C. material learned first is forgotten last D. material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down E. forgetting occurs at a gradual, even rate across time

material is forgotten rapidly in the first few hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down

Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that ____. a. the decay theory of forgetting is essentially correct b. material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down c. material learned first is forgotten last d. forgetting occurs at a gradual, even rate across time e. material is forgotten slowly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting speeds up

material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down

Galton proposed that measurement of human traits could be defined and summarized by two numbers, which are ____. a. the mean and the median b. the variance and the standard deviation c. the mean and the standard deviation d. the mean and the mode e. the median and the mode

mean and standard deviation

Titchener's graduate student observers were instructed to ignore certain classes of words called ____ words. a. error b. meaning c. distractor d. stimulus e. reagent

meaning

When Ebbinghaus compared the speed of memorizing lists of nonsense syllables versus stanzas of a poem he found that ____. a. each stanza had 80 syllables, requiring 80 repetitions while it required 9 readings to memorize 80 syllables from the meaningless list b. it is not possible to construct an association-free syllable c. meaningless material is nine times harder to learn than meaningful material d. it is possible to construct an association-free syllable e. Byron's poem, "Don Juan," was so uninteresting that stanzas from took longer to learn than did lists of syllables

meaningless material is 9 times harder to learn than meaninful material

If you look at a rose and observe, "The rose is red," you are observing the ____. a. elements of experience b. stimulus error c. basic human experience d. mediate experience e. immediate experience

mediate experience

If you look at a rose and observe, "The rose is red," you are observing the ____. A. mediate experience B. immediate experience C. basic human experience D. stimulus error E. elements of experience

mediate experience

Blue cones are long, medium or short?

medium

Act psychologists argued that the two ways of systematically studying mental acts were ____. a. introspection and retrospection b. learning and imagination c. memory and imagination d. experimentation and empiricism e. learning and memory

memory and imagination

Stereotaxic apparatuses exist for

mice, rats, and humans

To conduct recordings in a single cell, a researcher would use _____

microelectrodes

Which of the following statements is true about the status of the introspective method in modern psychology? a. The introspective method has been abandoned in all fields of modern psychology. b. The cognitive field of research is still debating whether introspection is a legitimate research method. c. Psychophysics in the only area of modern research that still continues to use introspection. d. Several areas of modern psychology, such as clinical and industrial/organizational, use the introspective method. e. None of the choices are correct.

several areas of modern psychology, such as clinical and industrial/organizational, use the introspective method

Researchers use electric current to destroy Brain Area A and conclude that the absence of a certain behavior is due to Brain Area A. However, Brain Area A is not actually involved; instead a brain area that has passed through was involved in the circuit of interest. How could the researchers control for this erroneous finding?

sham lesions

Green cones are long, medium or short?

short

In a research experiment conducted by Johansson, actors dressed in all black and wore lights at key points on their bodies and then walked or moved. Participants could only see the illumination of the lights, not the actors themselves. Participants were able to determine the sex of the actors by the movements of the _____

shoulders and hips

Where a drug acts in the cell would be a:

site of action

Cutaneous senses

skin senses

glabrous skin

skin that does not contain hair

Touch Receptors: Rufinni's Corpuscles

slow adaptation rate, large receptive field, diffuse edges

Touch Receptors: Merkel's Disk

slow adaptation rate, small receptive field, sharp edges

C-fibers

slow, dull, throbbing pain **Throbbing is a burst of firing from axons**

Dorsal Stream function:

spatial location

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

spinal cord lesion on left side. touch for left side below lesion is gone. pain for right side below lesion is gone.

Dopamine and methamphetamine

spins the transporter the other way and pushes more dopamine out (this is why its more addictive)

Neurons in the _____ are sensitive to orientation of lines.

striate cortex

Act psychology, in contrast to Wundt's approach, claimed that psychology should ____. A. try to analyze consciousness into discrete mental states called "moments" B. actively fight for its place in the academic world C. be concerned with the development of rigorous methods of scientific research in the laboratory D. incorporate the study of music into laboratory research E. study mental processes or functions and not mental structure

study mental processes or functions and not mental structure

Act psychology, in contrast to Wundt's approach, claimed that psychology should ____. a. study mental processes or functions and not mental structure b. be concerned with the development of rigorous methods of scientific research in the laboratory c. try to analyze consciousness into discrete mental states called "moments" d. actively fight for its place in the academic world e. incorporate the study of music into laboratory research

study mental processes or functions and not mental structure

Ebbinghaus is important for the history of psychology because he ____. a. taught Freud and influenced humanism and Gestalt psychology b. successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory c. wrote the first definitive work on child psychology d. united with Gestalt psychology to oppose the spread of Wundt's psychology in Germany e. used reaction times to measure the speed of recalling information from memory

successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory

If researchers wanted to localize neurotransmitters that are not peptides, they could localize _____ using immunocytochemistry

synthesizing enzymes

What is the ventral stream associated with?

temporal cortex

Which of the following is not a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology? A. Wundt's approach represented a pure science of psychology with little opportunity for practical application. B. German universities did not have the economic resources to support scientific psychology. C. Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work. D. Wundt's approach was overshadowed by the development of Gestalt psychology in Germany and psychoanalysis in Austria. E. The pragmatic culture of the United States precluded Wundt's system.

wundt's theories were difficult to understand