brain and behavior chapter 9

sweet urine is symptomatic of

diabetes mellitus

____ and ____ have opposing effects on "hunger" neurons

ghrenlin, PYY3-36

the body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called

glycogen

research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the

hypothalamus

which hormone monitors the bodies longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat

leptin

lesions to which brain area would. impair physiological responses to temperature

preoptic area

thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because

restoring the desire temperature turns off the response

research on the effects of leptin suggests that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus

suppresses hunger

the receptors that detect drops in extracellular volumes are located in the

vascular system

which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone

vasopressin

which event will trigger osmotic. thirst

a salty meal

long term energy storage is accomplished by store of fat in ____ tissue

adipose

angiotensin II acts on the ____ to provoke the release of ____

adrenals; aldosterone

the hormone ____ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _____

aldosterone; kidneys

in rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur

an initial increase in food intake

the hormone _____ is generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia

angiotensin II

which hormone causes blood vessels to constrict

angiotensin II

neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on the ____ and _____

appetite; metabolism

_____ procedures bypass part of the intestinal tract or stomach in order to reduce the absorptive capacity of the digestive system

bariatric

A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized

baroreceptors

about 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for ___ processes

behavioral

which items are incorrectly paired

bulimia; significant weight loss

anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release

cephalic

the stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the ___ phase

cephalic

two physiological responses to hypovolemia are ___ oof blood vessels and the secretions ____ by the posterior pituitary

constriction; vasopressin

the body fluid compartment change with ____ upon severe water loss

decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

which intervention of research findings has not been an effective weight strategy

drugs that block the visual appeal of food

which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity

drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach

injecting PYY3-36 into rats causes them to

eat less

amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as

essential

in mammals, the saltiness of the _____ environment ______

extracellular; is similar across species

endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperate as a consequence of

fever

which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose

glucagon

one of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that

high doses of insulin initiate eating

____ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment

homeostasis

one of the. selective advantages of endothermy appears to be

increased capacity. to sustain a high level of muscular activity

an _____ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline

isotonic

physiological saline is. also sometimes described as.

isotonic

which statement about leptin is false

it is believed to exert short-term control over appetite

what is the effect of injecting anandamide into the hypothalamus

it stimulates eating

under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel called _____

ketones

what structure produces angiotensin II

kidneys

behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the

lateral hypothalamus

suppose that your car batter dies, and you find. yourself stranded in a winter storm. which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive

lowering your breathing rate

which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals (OVLT)

the two main kinds of thirst are ____ thirst and ____ thirst

osmotic, hypovolemic

people with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight level of

overweight

a general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is

redundancy

in rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following except

self-maintenance of normal weight

Osmotic pressure

the tendency for. a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

when an animal loses a lotto blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal

thirst

the type of diabetes called ____ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life

type 1 diabetes

one of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be

a cultural emphasis on thinness being more attractive

what percent of food energy is spent on basal metabolism

80-90%

the peptide _____, released by the gut after eating, transmitting,its information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve

CCK

leptin inhibits the secretion of ____ neurons, which works in opposition to POMC neurons

NYP

high circulating levels of leptin activates the ___ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibits the ___ hunger neurons

POMC; NPY