Britain in the 1970s
what statement from Heath in october 1970 encapsulates his laissez-faire approach
'the question is not what kind of government, but how much government'
what did Chancellor of Excheq, Denis Healey say after Jack Jones lost the vote in July 1977
'the union leaders are completely out of touch with the rank and file'
from 1968 to 1978 how much had NUPE (national union of public employees) female mem increased
- 236% (largest inc for all unions at time)
when did the cabinet announce that they would give 35 mil to UCS and why
- 24 february 1972 - to keep 3 out of 4 yards open - saved to preserve jobs = Campbell (H biographer)
how many Ugandan Asians arrived in 1972
- 28,000
how pop was NF in 1974
- 30 branches - 54 groups around country
what and when was the worst race riot since 1958
- 30th August 1976 - Notting Hill Carnival
what did Belson find in 1972 (Met)
- 32% of 1000 met officers beleived black ppl to be less intelligent than whites
how much did the Labour research department suggest food prices rose by in first two years of EEC membership 1973-75 + why
- 40% - bc b4 could buy from anywhere but from 73 were compelled to buy food from within the community
how many regulations, directives and decisions did the EEC make (european economic community) in 1974 alone that brit had to comply with
- 4000
when was the Industrial Relations Act passed and what was the consequence
- 5 August 1971 - brought TUC and Labour back together under common goal of repealing the act
how many workers at grunwick + what this call into question
- 500 - half that by middle of dispute = hardly a threat to the TU movement in Britain (as some claimed)
examples of party's printing for women
- International Socialists = Women's Voice 1972 - Link 1973 = Communist party women's journal
why and when did General secretary Jack Jones loose a vote for the first time at the TGWU conference
- July 1977 - he tried to get delegates to accept a further round of wages policy
how did they adopt their own culture (race)
- London patois (own lang) - Rastafarianism (visual) - clothes in Ethiopian national colours of red, green and gold - dreadlocks, dialect, reggae music
what was the 'West Lothian Questions' and who gave it its name
- MP for that constituency, Dalyell - conundrum of the voting rights of Scottish MPs at Westminster in the event of an Edinburgh Assembly
when did A&M sign with the Pistols and how long did it last
- March 1977 - a week
any counter to race on TV (bear in mind that 2 shows were on ITV)
- the BBC still had actors like Michael Baters wearing blackface in 1978 - Black and White Minstrel show only came off air in 1978 (christmas special in 1976 was top 5 watched)
what was PIE and what did it dd
- the Pedophile Information Exchange - camp for those seeking reform of laws concerning sex with children
how many ppl were using the Norwhich women's centre by 1980s
120 a week range of ppl from different classes, races, and sexualities
what and when is TU membership peak
13 million in 1979
who was the only openly gay MP in house of commons and were they accepted
- Maureen Colquhoun labour MP - elected 1974 - lil attention until 76 when she left her husband and moved in with a woman - eventually turned on her but more bc she supported Powell
what was the spark for the Clay Cross incident
- May 1970 Conservative gov announced housing policy that would mean increasing rent by £1 under 'fair rents for all'
how much rent did Skillington collect in 6 months he was in clay cross
- NONE
evidence that women were not valued by the left
- Penny Dalton was active on the left with her husband in Brighton - held meetings in their house - whilst the men talked about equality and liberation she was 'reduced to the role of making tea'
although local and national attempts to create alliances against racism have been inherently contradictory and unstable what is evident by the mere attempt? and what grps?
- Rock against racism - anti-nazi league - shows that the potential for political mobilisation against racism is there
what was the first u-turn in Heath's govs industrial policy (excluding IRE on ice)
- Rolls Royce given state aid (42 million) to delat bankruptcy til feb 1971
when was the Festival of Light and what was it
- September 1971 35,000 ppl in Trafalgar square to demo for the silent majority of christians who were against permissiveness and esp perceived explosion of porn and obscenity in Britain
what was another indicator of a u-turn on industrial policy
- The Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Crisis - 16 June 1971 400 workers marched through London - 20k marched in Glasgow - Feb 1972 = 9 months after announced that UCS would be liquidated, the gov put 35 million of state aid into it
what happened in the 1974 snap election
- Tories had more votes - labour won 301 seats to Tories 297
who did the pistols sign with in Spring 1977
- Virgin Records - Growing independent label - Put out first album
what was the press storm surrounding Malawi asian im in may 1976
- West sussex council housed arrivals in 4 star hotels - Sun headline 4th May = 'scandal of £600 a week immigrants' - 6th may = headlines like 'new flood of asians' 'invasion of asian forces'
examples of WLM working with other groups to reach working classes
- Working Women's charter had the support of the labour movement - International Socialists est local Women's voice groups which tried to engage in issues like low pay and work inequality
what was the Heath-Barber boom
- a Keynesian strategy in which accommodating financial policies, the aim of which was to reduce unemp, were comined with an incomes policy to contain inflation
what did APEX claim to be
- a moderate union that did not want to impose a closed shop
how big was the Notting Hill crowd in 1974 and 1975
- about 150,000
what did the white paper on racial discrim published in Sept 1975 discuss
- accepted failure of past policies to achieve change - need for stronger legislation and co-ordinated policy over large field of gov departments and local auths - gov needed to see that majority of black immigrants were 'here to stay' and that policies had to be based on this face
what issues were intersecting with devolution
- acheiving peace and stability in northern ireland - granting measure of devolution to scotland and a lesser one to wales
what was Grunwicks first union dispute over in 1972/73
- after meeting with the TGWU they were obliged to make redundancies bc not enough work to go around - small walkout happened bc those let go were union members (x why they were fired tho) - strike ended quickly + union did not make it official - Tribunal after strike found no evi that dismissals based on union membership = victory for grunwick (ward thinks this is why he then became a target for left-wing activism in area)
why was Thatcher grateful for the winter of discontent
- allowed her to set out her union policy against secondary picketing and reform the 'closed shop' - she notes that without it ie if they had the election in october the manifesto would have had no siginificant measures on union reform
what is reggae according to dick hebdige
- american soul music with an overlay of salvaged African rhythms and an undercurrent of pure Jamaican rebellion - the heart and cry of the kingston rude boy
When was the 3-day week introduced
- announced december 1972 - introduced 1973
describe the conferences the WLM held
- annual national conf btw 1970-1978 - regional and special interest conferences too e.g. on socialist fem, radical fem and sexuality - Barbara Gray = 'we would come back mindless, blow out of our minds...it was so good'
how useful were introductory sessions for recruiting to WLM
- article in WIRES = over two yr period 1975-77, 248 women had come into the movement in Bristol this way = 30 new CR groups
what did punk do as a movement for the working class
- articulated the frustration of working-class british youth in an era of unemployment and inflation - a return to consciousness of working-class kids
what was thatcherism then in the 1970s
- as a public doctirne it was more defined by what it was against than by a special con set of policies - diagnostic rather than creative
what is an interesting way of seeing subcultures (coping)
- as collaborative 'ways of coping' that maintain 'collective identity and individual self-esteem' for all those 'ill at ease in the dominant culture'
when was the Grunwick strike and why was it different
- august 1976 to july 1978 - predominantly asian women
what were two issues with black families, and asian families
- b = overcrowding in houses bc of large families which were bc of their inability to control sexuality - a = arranged marriages/restrictions on women used to put white as superior
why was the oil hike such an issue from 1973
- b main source of energy = coal and that was being restricted at the same time that oil (second largest source) was having extreme price increases
evidence that Johnny Rotten did not wish for his punk band to be explained by journalists in relation to the desperate circumstances of the 1970s
- b-side of third single, pretty vacant = intro to 'no fun' was a speech against those attempting to imbue punk with the broader socio-ec/cul/pol implications
in what year did Home secretary, Roy Jenkins look into changing the age of consent
1976
when did Callaghan launch his 'debate on the future of education' initiative
1976
how high was inflation in 1974-5
20 to 30%
how many young blacks were living rough in Notting Hill alone in 1972
300
what % of unions and working-classes vote tory in 1979
33%
what % of UK students were women by 1980
40%
how many national emergencies did Heath declare in 3 and a half years
5
what percent of ppl polled in 1974 thought there was either 'serious threat' or 'some threat' to survival of british democracy
65%
what was the rate of growth for female membership in trade unions 1966-79
73% men = 19% women = 52% of overall inc in union mem
what did the september 1978 poll on unions show
82% of electorate thought unions were 'too powerful'
what bbc doc looked at Met and race relations in 1968
Cause for Concern
what were the general thoughts of the three major parties re devolution in scotland
Conservatives = against any form of devolution Labour = unionism which supports devolution as a means to preserve the integrity of the unitary state Lib = symmetrical federalism for all four nations in the UK (SNP = complete independence and separatism)
What was the first british soap to have a black family and when
Crossroads 1974
what brought another influx of asian im in 1976
Malawi exiled its Asian community
Thatcher attended the inaugural subscription dinner of which organisation in 1977
National Association for Freedom
when did the fourth Arab-Israeli war erupt
October 1973
what legislation was brought in to protect children
Protection of children act 1978
what was one of the first clubs where white and b youths mixed
Ram Jam in Brixtion 1966
what play is 'winter of discontent' from
Richard III
what combated racism for youths
Rock against Racism (gave the movement leadership that the labour party couldn't)
what song showed that gay songs could reach ppl in 1976 (this song was about a hate crime killing in new york of a gay man)
Rod Stewart 'The killing of georgie' reached no 2
evidence that it was accepted that the middle class felt the pinch economically
Surrey County councile re-examined free school meals in 1977 to see what was left of income after mortgage, insurance etc = middle class being helped as well as those on low incomes
what and when was the first black british sitcom
The Fosters 1976
what song did radio one ban in 1978 (sexualities)
Tom Robinson song 'glad to be gay'
name two grps re women and racism
Women Against Racism and Fascism Women Against Imperialism
what does Hobsbawm observe in end of 70s
a fractured and self-interested working-class
what was the NF on the whole
a more explicit manifestation of a racism that was felt in society more generally
so what did the race rel of 1976 basically represent
a strengthening and extension of existing anti-discrim policy rather than a new and unfamiliar policy
what was so damaging about the 'crisis? what crisis?' headline
became a shorthand for labour's indifference to the peoples suffering
how did the crisis shift for 1979 elections
changed from who governs to who can control the unions (and the answer was evidently not labour)
when did labour change its mind on devolution (it was the home rule party of the 20s)
conference in 1974 - party was still pretty split though
the politicisation of crime in relation to young blacks is best seen in which broader context
context of official and public concern about the interplay between ghetto life, the social position of young blacks and criminal activities
what was Thatcher's crit of the Social Contract
denounced as 'a blatant violation of the constitution' under which 'the TUC...became almost an organ of government'
what was the main failing of the race rel legislation
designed to deal with individual discrim cases x the comprehensive disadvantages faved by blacks in a contracting labour market
how did thatcher play to the middle classes in a subtle way
emph that she was a grammar school alum rather than Benn's public ed = presented herself as a humble grocers daughter who rose through the ranks
what did the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act of 1976 do
enabled married women to obtain a court order against their husbands
what do we have to appreciate when looking at racialisation as a process
how race relations are affected by the underlying process of social, economic and cultural change in advanced capitalist societies
why were young black men removing themselves from the labour market
in protest to employers thinking they were only capable for manual work
What evidence is there that the Race Relations Board was useless btw inception in 1966 and 1972
investigated 2,967 of which just 7 went to court with a conviction rate of 0.01%
What happened to the Sun in the 70s
it changed from labour supporter to conservative which is indicator of social change/feeling
what was a shocking law re children in 70s
it was x illegal to take photos of naked children nor to sell them as long as no sexual assault had taken place
when did the scotland bill recieve royal assent
july 1978
what was a key element of the failure of the extreme left (trotskyists)
lack of cultural connection with the working class
what was Rastafarianism
most visible feature of the youth-culture autonomy - embodying both the rejection of the host culture and the rejection of parental values
what did the europe question do?
murked the water e.g. Peter Shore (lab) was on the right of the party but was seen as a leftist bc of his opposition to EEC membership
what were the official stats re the number of working days lost bc of labour stoppages 1970 to 1973
never fell below 10 million
when did the Sex Pistols sign with EMI
october 1976 for a 2 year contract and 40,000 advance
crit of black fems re WLM
only offered sisterhood to the white middle class women who dominated it = some set up own branches/clubs
why was TV rep important for race
only way most ppl would encounter black ppl
thatcher claimed her aim was what in 1975
our aim is to build a flourishing society - not an economic system
how many strikes were there in the winter of 1978-79
over 2000 against statutory wage limits
by 1979 how many womens centres had been established
over 40
what did the SNP agree on at the 1976 party conferrence (devolution)
prepared to accept an assembly with limited powers as a possible stepping stone, but nothing short of independence will meet the needs of the scottish people
what caused an influx of immigration in 1972
president of Uganda (Idi Amin) expelled those of Asian origin as a part of africanisation
What did the 1971 Immigration Act do
provided for the assistance of immigrants who wished to go home
basically what were the damn aims of the Industrial Relations Act 1970 in ******** english
put a brake on the unoffical action (strikes) in support of unreasonable wage claims that were adding to inflationary pressure
what was punk created against
reaction against old rock bands e.g. rolling stones or the who, who became out of touch with auduience/pillars of respectability
what can account for rise of NF 1970-74
recession = fueled claims of 'coming over here and taking our jobs'
what was the punk answer to the rasta assault on Babylon
the espousal of anarchy (a white version of rasta ideology)
what was the central feeling about the place of the middle classes
they were being squeezed btw rival power blocks of big business and the unions
what did Simonelli suggest punk reintroduced to the working class
values of rebellion
how was the WLM structured
widespread network of local autonomous groups w/out centralised control or leadership
what was the Mangrove Caribbean restaurant
- base for the emergent brit black power movement in late 60s - raids in 70s for drug allegations - some arrests in May 1970 and 6 weeks of raids - protest followed in August 1970 persecution of Crichlow and the Mangrove in general
what was the overall goal of the Industrial Relations Act 1970
- basically needed to stop/slow strikes bc they were the worst since 1926 - promised a bill that would provide a proper framework of law within which improved relationships between management, men and unions can develop
was it only down to discrimination (schools?)
- black achievement in schools was low
what category saw most racial tension (age)
- black youth - police
were there any openly gay celebrities
- bowie was bi-sex - elton john came out as bi in 1976 - John curry was openly gay but still voted sports personality of the year in 1976 for winning gold at olypics that year
Tony parsons - dispatches from the front line Sten-guns in knightsbridge - the clash new musical express, 2nd apricl 1977
- brutally honest comment on the environment theyre living in - the society that produced you are terrified of you - hits on the old rockers now being closer to the ryal fam than they are to you or me - 'blank generation' - Ultimately they know that white youth needs its own sense of identity, culture and heritage if theyre going to fight for change - We aint never gonna get commercial respectability - Mick = 'they degrade ( the welfare state/soc sec ppl) the balck youth even more - they have to wait even longer - no one can tell me their aint any prejudice...' - 'to me our music is like the Jamaican stuff - if they cant hear it, theyre not supposed to hear it. Its not for them if they can't understand it'
in September 1976 what did the Labour Party's National Executive Committee launch to combat rise of NF/racial tension
- campaign with the TUC to educate labour party members and trade unionists about the evils of racism and dangers of neo-fascist groups
what did the TUC (Trade unions council) publsih in 1979 re women
- charter 'equality for women within trade unions' - e.g. provide child care for women to attend union meetings
when and where was the first refuge for battered wives created
- chiswick - 1971
comment on clay cross in the 1950s
- company town grown up around coal pits - housing = slum housing + lil was done about it by the councilors - labour broke through in late 1950s - since then had been 100% labour 1959-74 - they had cleared the slums at double the national average
what was idea after Heath failure - quote from joseph october 1974 speech
- cons had focused too much on economics - J = 'the ec first approach had aggrevated unhappiness...approach the public as whole men, rather than economic men'
what else caused thatcher in 1975 to say that 'we have lost our vision for the future'
- conservative political tradition = rooted in church, crown, and colonies - impact of end of empire, decline of religious authority and britains new identity withing the European Community had been profoundly dislocating
was the WLM a static movement
- constantly in flux, evolving - noticable in 76-77 w/ growing lesiban presence in the movement and many abandoning het rels and nuclear fam
although the Grunwick strikers lost, why was it important
- constructed as the moment when the trade unions and labour movement recognised the rights of women and minority workers as equal to those of white working class men
what ideas did british neo-liberals draw from their intellectual mentors
- continual expansion of social democratic institutions and policies were eroding both individual liberty and economic efficiency
why was inflation also important for right-wing thinkers
- coup in Chile against socialist president = 50,000 dead and many more exiled - inflation x just an economic problem but one that can be used to justify political violence - thatcher in chicago in 75 = 'no democracy had survived a rate of inflation consistently higher than 20%'
why did Heath go against his policy of industrial disengagement
- danger of high unemp and lack of private investment = gov led growth strategy
good things to remember in babylon
- david (blue) works in car garage = manual work and is treated terribly 'coon' - chased by police - hangout defaced by white neighbours - parental differences (blue leaves home and sleeps rough) - blue stabs the racist at the end = is turned into a criminal by the racist society he lives in
what happened with the clay cross appeal against the audit charge of 635 each in 1973
- david skinner = travelled country trying to garner support - appealing bc of injustice felt rather than to play for time - lost appeal + now had a 2k bill for the court case
what was the end result from the Mangrove trial and how achieved
- defense criticised police conduct/system - used right to challenge jury members to stack favour - all 9 acquitted of rioutous assembly - 7 acquitted on affray - 6 acquitted on assault charge - judge invoked spirit of christmas and gave all charges suspended sentences
what were the core aims of the WLM (but x forget that these issues could mean different things to different women depending on class and race)
- ec/pol/legal equality - access to education - affordable child care - end to sexual violence - right to control fertility
what was the trigger point for black youth - what factors caused their disillusionment/alienation
- english born/english raised gen coming of age at a time of inner city deindustrialisation and burgeoning unemployment from which they suffered disproportionately and against which they seemed powerless
what did 2/3 of Belsons sample of Met officers in 1972 feel
- immigrants should be forced to adopt the british way of life - idea that all the give should not have to come from the police man and all the take from the immigrant
was punk a working class movement in the victorian sense
- more of a new version of what wc means = to be angry, politically focused and vioelnt in rehetoric
quote from Johnny about how punk showed it was hard not to be sucked in by middle class values
'I am against the whole middle class bit - tellies, cars, possessions. But that dont mean I won't get corrupted by middle class values too...Just bought a pad near Chelsea Football ground - i was living in a place with water running down the wall. I gotta have a washing machine too. I'm sick of going to the laundrette'
what was a Daily Mail headline in February 1979
'They won't even let us bury our dead' = real sense of the most vulnerable in society (the young, the old, the sick) being most hurt in the kick around btw the gov and the trade unions
quote from Johnny rotten re violence
'do not think i am for violence...i am a revolutionary...an anarchist - i want to stir ppl up to think for themselves'
what was the SNP camp re north sea oil
'it's scotlands' oil'
what did thatcher say the mission of gov was in 1979
'much more than the promotion of economic progress. it is to renew the spirit and solidarity of the nation'
whilst discussing the passage fo the Race Rel Bill in 1976 how did Alex Lyon display the incompatiability of discriminatory controls with legislation on racial equality (house of commons May 24 1976
'one can not say to a black man, we will treat you as an equal, and also at the same time say, we shall keep your wife and child waiting seven years before they can come and live with you'
what did Robert Carr, Conservative Home Secretary say at the 1973 party conference
'our principle is that there should be no second-class citizen in britain...i know we do not live up to that perfectly, but that is our commitment'
what was black slang for the met
'the man'
what slogan was at the heart of rock against racism
'the national front in a nazi front'
what did the Select Committee hearings in Nottinghill find in 1972
'the prevailing mood among young black ppl is one of resentment and hostility towards police'
Quote from Rose Brennan on joining London CR grp and for why we must not forget the individual impact of the lived experience
'the women in my group gave me my voice back...they helped me to see that not only were my 'problems' legitimate, but they weren't even my problems, they were society's'
What did one of the organisers (Palmer) say about the met presence in 73
'they were not out in force and it made all the difference'
quote from thatcher in 1980 that echoed Heath memory
'this lady is not for turning'
why was there such an emphasis on violence against women in second wave fem/WLM (especially in west yorkshire)
- 'Yorkshire Ripper' peter sutcliffe killed thirteen women between 1975 and 1980 - police did not take note until 5th victim was killed and she was not a sex worker
what did Brighton WLM organise to combat violence against women
- 'reclaim the night marches' - 1979 send two coaches to London for Reclaim the Night march in January
what did the Home Office white paper december 1973 suggest on race and criminality
- 'the immigrants themselves are not a problem for police' - switched btw image of hard working, law abiding sections of im community and a 'home-grown' problem in 'young coloured ppl' imitating the behavior seen in the US
what did thatcher say in jan 1978 to World in Action
- 'we are afraid the country may be rather swamped by people with a different culture'
how could the association of punk and reggae be both positive and negative (hebdige)
- + = punk were big part of rock against racism campaign to combat NF in wc areas - - = association was repressed as the punks construction of music and symbols was emphatically british e.g. queen, union jack etc
what were the official figures for children born in 1976 to have an immigrant mother
- 1 in every 14 born in brit had im mum - 1 in 3 in london - 1 in 2 in some areas e.g. Westminster and Ealing
according to the press, how many coloured policemen were there in November 1970
- 10
how many candidates did the national front put up in 1970 and how many votes did they get a piece
- 10 - 1000 votes
what evi does Ward give of the violent nature of the TU movements invovlement in Grunwick dispute
- 1000s came to picket - harrassed workers in their own homes, or at cinemas - one worker reported that they had threatened to kidnap her three year old
how many did the SNP win (seats and pc of scottish vote) in October 1974
- 11 seats - polled 30% of scottish vote = scottish devolution firmly back on table
how many days were lost to strikes in the lead up to the May 1979 election and why significant
- 13.5 million - more than in any single year of any labour gov and comparable to rates seen in early days of Heath government
how many council houses in Clay Cross + why an issue
- 1340 council houses - accounted for many of towns residents - they thought their rent was fair - clay cross housing policy = low council rents, heavily subsidised by rates
when did the GLF meet for the first time in Britain + who org
- 13th October 1970 in LSE basement classroom - Bob Mellors and Aubrey Walter
what was different about the met presence in 1976
- 1500 officers on first day = no long unobstrusive - indicated the point at which pressures produced by changing context of london's race rel bcame impossible to contain
what did the Community Relations Commission find in rep on employment and homelessness in 1974
- 16.5% unemp rate for blacks nationally (double rate for whites) - rate was 21% for black youth 15 to 19
what is a funny lil background to England and Scotland
- 1707 treaty of union - 300 yr arranged marriage and england were not always nice about it e.g. in 1746 england banned kilts under the dress act and there used to be a verse in (then) god save the king that referenced 'rebellious scots to crush'
how did the NF do in the 1976 local gov elections
- 176 candidates - 80 of them won more than 10% of vote
how did the numbers for the Notting Hill carnival grow 1967 to 1973
- 1967 = 800 - 1973 = 10,000
when was the pill introduced to all women (62 = married women only)
- 1969
when was the conservative gov and who was it under?
- 1970-74 = Heath - May 1979 = Thatcher
when was the Kilbrandon report and what did it recommend
- 1971 - devolved legislature
How many hours of tv was the avg brit watching in 1971 and 1978 according to social trends survey
- 1971 = 18 - 1978 = 22
when was Spare Rib made and how many were reading it and why
- 1972 - national readership of 100,000 - was available at newsagents e.g. WHSmith
what was the Scottish Development Agency and when did it emerge
- 1974 - intended to contain the pressure for benefits to scotland associated with north sea oil without an undue proportion of resources and environmental development in scotland
when was the Labour gov and who under?
- 1974-1976 = Wilson - 1976-1979 = Callaghan
when was the National Abortion Campaign launched and what was it about
- 1975 - defending a woman's right to choose
evi that thatcher not alone in her calls for an emph on morals over/as well as economic
- 1975 = Archbishop of Canterbury broadcast a 'call to the nation' argueing that economic regeneration had to be accompanied by moral regeneration - prompted 27,000 letters from public = 'touched a raw nerve'
when was the Scotland act and what did it propose
- 1978 - a Scottish Parliament subject to referendum
why did the labour gov loose the vote over devolution that would have allowed for devolved assemblies in Feb 1977
- 22 labour MPs voted against - 23 abstained
what was the 1972 strike at the Mansfield Hosiery Mill about and how did it end/what show?
- 500 Asian workers denied access to best paid jobs - hired 36 white trainees instead - eventually the strike was made official by the union, but its success was more to support of other Asian workers - caused enough concern for an enquiry in December 1972 which resulted in guidelines recommending training agreements based soley on merit
evidence that the 'swamped' comment was good for her and conservatives in 1978
- 5000 letters in a week - survey = support for proposition that there were too many im up from 9 to 21% - tories enjoyed a surge in pop
how many candidates did the NF have in 1974
- 54
what did the report from the Community relations commission reveal in 1975 re the black vote in 1974 general election
- 59 seats where the black pop was larger than the winning candidates majority inc 13 of the 17 seats Labour won from the Conservatives
after the MET tried to recruit ethnic minorities how many did they have in 1976 (out of total force)
- 70 out of 22,000
when was the NF created and how many members did it have
- 7th Feb 1967 - 2500 members
explain the demographic of youth in b in 1975 and unemployment
- 8 million ppl (15% of B pop) were aged 13-21 - 2/3rds of them were working class - 1/4 of them were on the dole = youth were gloomy and fatalistic
how much support was there for the 1973 rent strike in clay cross
- 84% over whole 6 week period - even sup of some private home owners who admired the councils attitude
evidence that female workers could do damage if striked
- 90k workers from Northampton General Hospital striked and shut the place down (needed nurses and laundry staff) - school staff (cleaners or canteen servers) striked = schools closed
which Union intervened in Grunwick dispute + why interesting
- APEX - was a white-collar union with some 143,000 members (over 90k of which were engineers) - had no members in film processing industry before Grunwick
what was the strike at the Imperial Typrewriters in Leicester about in 1974 and what result
- Asian women = maj of work force - cheated on bonus payments - public denial of support by unions = they again found alternative support within their own community
when and where was Enoch Powell's Rivers of Blood speech and what were implications
- Birmingham - 20th April 1968 - sacked from shadow cabinet by Heath
when was the major split btw the socialist fem and rev fem
- Birmingham 1978 - x overstate bc there were always divisions
evi that WLM meetings were unique to place being held
- Bolton = womens involvement in industry meant there was a chairman and a secretary taking mins - elsewhere e.g. Bristol was described as 'shambolic'
what were some of the conservative adverts run for the 1979 election
- Britain isn't getting better - educashun isn't working - Labour isn't working
when did the first black womens group form and where
- Brixton - 1973
what did the met figures released in January 1975 from a study of victims descriptions of assailants find
- Brixton = 79% of robberies and 83% of thefts claimed to be carried out by black ppl - widely rep in media to draw attention to problem of black invovlement in crime and the destabilising activities of young disillusioned blacks
were incidents like the Mangrove limited to inner city London
- Chapeltown in Leeds - Handsworth in Birmingham - Moss side in Manchester
what was CHE set up in 1970 + what described as in No Bath
- Committee for Homosexual Equality - 'the cutting edge of gay rights in england'
what did the government create re film censorship in 1977
- Committee on obscenity and Film Censorship under Lord Williams in 1977
what was central to the punk ethos
- DIY - egalitarian - accessibility - anti-establishment - nihilistic
when was the scotland and wales bill introduced and what did the opposition to it force the gov to do (under callaghan now since wilson left in march)
- December 1976 - resorted to a guillotine motion which they lost in Feb 1977
testimonials from CR grps
- Elizabeth Shorrock = 'it gave me an analytical framework into which I could try and fit my life' - Barbara Gray = it took one woman 6 wks to talk b4 finally blurting out 'i know...thats it...that happened to me' and then bursting into tears - Helen Taylor 'some very intense times but it was also a very happy time...it felt like a safe space to talk about how we felt about being women'
give three examples of how rasta culture took hold in London
- Ethiopian world federation took root in Portobello road in 1972 - Ethiopian orthodox church opened in Ladbroke grove in 1974 - London branch of the Jamaican twelve tribes of Israel formed in Brixton 1972
what did Mary whitehouse get so worked up about in June 1976
- Gay News magazine printed a poem in which christ had sex with a centurion - they were sued and given a suspended sentence of two years
what amendment was added on Burns Night 1978 and by who
- George Cunningham (a scot representing a London seat) - the 40% rule (if less than 40% of the eligible electorate = gov could repeal the legislation, no matter how many ppl actually voted)
what was too much for EMI and when did they drop the Sex pistols
- Grundy - God Save The Queen - Jan 1977
what was the common market + what did it means
- Heath put us in it = meant that power to make decisions on a range of economic matters transferred from London to Brussels (many saw it as surrendering our national sovereignty) - meant british people were subject to community law which brit gov can't repeal or alter - labour movement = saw it as loosing power to make changes towards socialism
what was the Trico strike and how was it different to night cleaners
- equal pay strike over 21 weeks in summer 1976 at Trico windscreen-wiper factory - all 400 women voted for strike action and the TUC conference supported it = unlike night cleaners, the trade union was immediately responsive
what did the Race Relations Act 1976 do
- extended def of discrim to include indirect discrimination - replaced the Race Rel Board and Community relations commission with the Commission for Racial Equality
what did the Race Relations Act 1968 do
- extended protections of 65 act to include employment and housing - gave more power to the board
why were families such an important thing
- family = critical site where culture is reproduced
evidence that the TUC did not like the Industrial Relations Act in 1971
- february 1971 TUC demo against bill = 140k ppl marched to London
evidence that unemployment was a political pressure
- figures rose from 600k when Heath took over to over one million in Jan 1972
Was PIE openly accepted
- first meeting was attacked by NF and women throwing eggs and stink bombs - the camp for homosexual eq condemned media treatment of PIE and called for 'objective rational discussion of paedophilia and child sexuality'
what was the 1971 Festival of Light
- founded by two christian missionaries to alert public to moral pollution + get gov to act + spread evangelical christianity - identified with censorship + sexual repression - nationwide event announced for three weeks in september 1971 - cited evi of growth in homosexuality + sex outside marriage as evi of the degeneration of brit life = tried to create a moral panic + a return to 'christian values'
what is the importance of property for joseph
- freedom on which all other freedoms depend - poltiically it made citizens independent of the overmighty state
how was the male breadwinner role being challenged
- from 1966 to 1979 of the 2.9 mil jobs lost in production 3 quarters were lost by men - public sector jobs increased and were a signif number of women - by 1972 the 9 mil women in work = 62% were married - women had a stake in the public world
what was the May 1979 victory like for the conservatives
- gained 62 more seats than Lab - 1st to win a comfortable gov majority since Heath
How did the character of Ernie on Coronation Street encapsulate the middle classes in 1970s/ life in general
- grammar school boy - tries to keep his photography business afloat but fails and is unemployed - 1978 = he gets a job as a wage clerk but is shot during a wages burglary
what was the importance of the North Sea Oil
- grossly underestimated to be worth £1500 million in 1974 - growth of SNP linked to the economic and financial considerations of this discovery - the oil was simply an asset that Whitehall could not afford to loose (IMF loan the following year and 25% inflation 1975)
what 2 things contributed to the radicalisation of race as a political issue
- growing strength of the NF - increased levels of street violence (5 years from 1976 there were 31 racist murders of non-whites in East London and Midlands)
why did Rolls Royce aid indicate a u-turn for Heath
- h gov was committed to free enterprise and x wasting taxpayer's money w/ intervention in private industry - it had nationalised parts of a private company contrary to above
pessimistic/poltiical view of why labour offered the 1979 referendums
- half-hearted response to the rise in pop sup for Plaid Cymru and SNP - attempt for labour gov to retain control of Parliament (Commons) by gaining their support
was reggae just for black community
- hard mods liked it - for those who also grew up in same depressed areas of south london
what comment by Callaghan caused the 'Crisis? What Crisis?' headline in 79
- he arrived back from trip to carribean on jan 10th whilst B had snow and horrificly cold weather - he commented that 'i dont think other ppl in the world share the view that there is mounting crisis'
why did H seem to prefer company on trade union leaders than industrialists and financers
- he was a grammar school boy = hated ppl who thought working classes lazy - publicly called out Lonrho chief Roland Rowland as 'the unpleasant and unacceptable face of capitalism' - felt betrayed by lack of success displayed by british i in taking advantage of his high risk dash for economic growth 1972-3
who was William Skillington + what was his task
- he was a housing commissioner tasked to take on the clay cross council + collect the extra £1 rent
was thatcher about economics
- her economic thought was v individualistic = allowed almost no constructive role for gov beyond the maintenance of sound money - her analysis of british economic history was mostly psychological founded upon a collapse of personal responsibility and corrosive moral effects of socialism
why was the Angry Brigade such an issue + fear for police
- home grown terrorist group - something like 25 bombs in early 1970s - embarassment for heath gov - nobody killed
but, what did the white paper in september 1975 not discuss
- how to link the legal and admin framework with active involvement of home office and other govs in promoting racial eq - how to fund it as it was acknowledged to have a major expenditure implication
what was the issue btw revolutionary fem and heterosexual women
- idea that the heterosexual women were traitors for being with men
comment on WLM funding
- if it was used largely for the provision of information and resources = could be run on a voluntary basis - it education, training etc to take place then funding may be needed from local state or central government and for that the culture had to change
how did black women suffer a triple oppression
- ignored by male dominated black groups - by white dominated women's groups - by middle class dominated left groups
what were the key events in the Miner's strike in 1972
- in 1971 NUM requested a pay claim - Dec 1971 they rejected the NCBS offer = 280k miners in union voted for a national strike - Feb 1972 = blackouts began to hit - Feb = Wulberforce inquiry effectively surrendered on the govs behalf = political defeat for heath
how did some regional grps try to combat middle classness
- in 1980s Brighton womens centre introduced friday as 'working class women's day'
what element added to London's delicate racial politics
- inc of inner city problem - deindustrialisation - 1968 race rel leg could not protect vulnerable grps as the labour market tightened
how did heath aim to control inflation after u-turn in policy in 1972
- incomes policy - sought a voluntary agreement with the confederation of British I and TUC on prices and wages - when this failed statutory policy was introduced in November 1972
who and when did the Damned sign with
- independent label Stiff Records - November 1976 - their records then distributed with the larger independent label Island Records
what was the Grundy incident
- interview on Thames TV - Grundy provoked them and Steve Jones said the f word
what was the message monetarism gave of about unemployment
- it could not be solved by government but by reforms to the labour market esp the weakening of trade unions = worked nicely by shifting responsibility for unemp from gov to trade unions
how did reggae resonate with punks adopted values of 'anarchy' 'chaos' and 'decline'
- its blackness (use of patois, calls to return to Africa/Ethiopia) - it threatened British culture from within like punk
what can explain the changing nature of the Notting Hill carnival in the mid-70s
- its evolution reflected the emergence of an autonomous black british culture in London - sound systems joined 73 = crowd became predom youth - sharp rise in numbers
what were the three main charges cons made against labour
- its nationalisation programme, punitive tax regime, and closed-shop legislation were endangering the freedom of individual citizens to work, spend and save as they chose
what made Callaghan's decision to not call an election in autumn 78 so bad
- lab announced new year of wage policy set at max of 5% - Ford strikers then got 17% = blown out of water before really began
what was to be included in the Industrial Relations Act 1970
- large unions liable to pay 100k compensation to firms for breaking new rules - collective agreements = legally binding - Sec of state could appeal to the NIRC for a cooling off period if a strike would be risky to economy/community - could also ask for a secret ballot -
examples of insults faced by Ward
- left-wing labour MP Laurie Paavitt = claimed he was running a Dickensian 'sweat-shop' - Daily Mirror called it a 'slave labour factory'
what was the police approach to the first Notting Hill carnival in 1966
- light touch approach
how effective was race rel 1976
- limited - but remember that as a result of policy innovations over the past two decades, qns about race and ethnicity had become an established part of the political scene
what did the Housing Finance Act 1972 (clay cross) mean
- locals councils were obliged to raise rents by £1 on october 1st
outcome of appeal (clay cross)
- lord justice james 'the inescapable fact is that they deliberately broke the law' - given 14 days to pay + disbarred from their positions as councillors for five years - lost appeal to the House of Lords
why were conservatives having an identity/political crisis
- lost 4 out of 5 previous elections - third for first time voters - share of vote in october 1974 was lowest since 1918
what did thatcher promise
- lower inflation - dismantly corporate state - end rhetoric of class war - downing street prayer 1979 'where there is discord, may we bring harmony' - 1976 = 'my purpose in politics...is the creation of one nation'
how did the end of the Mangrove trial look
- made charges look vindictive - jury member = 'wast of public money' - defeat for the met
what did the Sex Offences act 1967 do
- made male homosexual acts legal as long as they were private and between consenting adults over 21
what were the Bradford Dykes
- mainly working class lesbians who became notorious within the WLM - rep for being an anti-intellectual 'rough and ready' - they complained the WLM was too middle class and based on theory
comment from Amrit Wilson from her interviews of women in the Grunwick strike
- many did not want 'white middle class libbers' interfering - grateful for help in certain ways e.g. happy that some of them were out on the picket line - but if they try to solve asian women's problems for them in their own communities it would be patronising and interfering
evidence that the Industrial Relations Act backfired badly
- march 1972 - railways called a strike - sec of state used cool down period - end of cool down = called a vote and it came out as 6 to 1 in favour of further industrial action = strengthened the unions hand in further negotiations with the railway board (exact opposite of desired outcome) - also extended the dispute and escalated it to a level x have happened without the act
What happened at the Mangrove protest in August 1970
- march from Mangrove to Notting Hill police station - way blocked by police 5 deep - 17 police hurt - 19 ppl arrested - 7 men and 2 women charged with riot, incitement to riot and affray = faced prospect of 10 yr sentences
evidence that NUPE still had a sexism issue
- membership was 65% female but only 26% of shop stewards were women
what about middle class punks and work
- mid class punks claimed to understand capitalist values behind work and that they would not adhere to them - maybe removed the punk music from its roots in working-class anger
what did the PEP (political and economic planning) report find in june 1974 based on survey of 300 large factories
- more than half practised some form of discrimination - black workers had to make twice the applications of white workers b4 finding work - more likely to be in non-skilled manual jobs and permanent night shifts
how did WLM communicate between each other from place to place
- most towns and cities produced a monthly WLM newsletter - from 1975 a national WLM newsletter, WIRES was launched
what reached its moral panic peak in 1972-1976
- mugging and racial imagery - Enoch Powell publicly declared mugging to essentially be a black crime in April 1976 = articulated wider concern about the interrelationship btw race and crime
how were the Clash influenced by reggae
- musically - they toured with a reggae discotheque with Don Letts as DJ - visually by black street style - khaki battle dress, narrow trousers, slip ons
why should we not over-intellectualise and over-categorise the WLM
- must see it as lived experience - ideological differences were often not v signif to women who simply wanted to challenge traditional sexist attitudes behaviours and structures in their communities
how did thatcher stop the party from being allied to a theroy of british nationalism that owuld have taken the intellecutal right towards british fascist ideology
- neo-liberal concern for the individual acted as a brake on it - remained ambiguous on immigration (swamped comment though remeber)
was the WLM's whitness and middle classness limited only to the more affluent towns
- no - evidence from working class Bolton = Sheridan Homer wrote that although the group were 'very friendly' she felt 'uncomfortable as they were mostly middle class, or highly articulate, well read, political types'
what was the Thorpe affair (jeremy thorpe = leader of the liberal party) 1976
- norman scott claimed to be his lover - he resigned amid press storm - 1978 = charged with conspiring to murder scott (found not guilty but soc shut their doors on him)
why were monetarists and conservatives against incomes policies
- offended doctrinal dictates about the causes of inflation - political consequence = made the political role of unions as 'partners of the state' - so incomes policies not only made inflation worse, they strengthened the unions
after the incident at the 1976 Notting Hill riot what happened in 1977
- officers given riot shields - equated with breakdown in Ulster
quotes from babylon to remember
- old white lady 'lovely area before you came...go back to your own countries, jungle bunny' - spark = 'this is my f'kin country lady and its never been f'kin lovely'
evidence that the winter of discontent shifted attitudes of some against workers
- one 'disillusioned socialist' from outside manchester wrote to his local paper that 'i have voted socialist for 42 years, but now i shall vote Tory to register my protest against these wildcat dictators'
evi that NF began to stagnate in 1975
- only 60 candidates in 1975 municipal elections in contrast to the 73 from London alone in 1974
what did one chief superintendent give to explain why 32% of 1000 officers felt that
- only come into contact with black ppl up against law - fact that west indians etc were working on our buses, in our hospitals or factories = lost on us - failure of assimilation?
so, how had the Industrial relations act 1971 failed to not only stop strikes, but had exacerbated the problem
- operationally unworkable - politicised industrial disputes so that normal tendencies to compromise were overridden - soured atmos btw unions and the gov = act put on ice so other things like incomes policy could be discussed
what formed in 1979 re women of race and how many attended
- organisation of women of Asian and African Descent - 300 women of colour attended conference in Brixton that called for black women to create their own black women's movement
what was the impact of the Grundy incident
- outrage in press and public - BBC = blanket TV ban on Pistols
what did the Heath-Barber boom do
- overheated the economy - reflationary measures coupled with tax cutting measures to stimulate the economy
how much money did the Labour Res Dep suggest was paid in budget contributions to EEC is first two years v how much got back (1975)
- paid £361 million in budget contributions + got £229 mil back
what caused tension within the racial generation gap and what was a consequence
- parents = frustrated with children's failure to find work and denounce their jobs as beneath them - homelessness
why did immigrant parents and their children have such a different experience
- parents arrived during labour shortage = relative job security in public sector employment
why did the August 1971 raid of Angry Brigade house + arrest of Eight residents in connection to planning bombs do for the image of revolutionaries at the time
- perfectly the Establishment's picture of dissolute middle-class revolutionaries plotting to undermine civilised values - 2 men were cambridge educated - 2 women were from essex uni - outcome of trial in 1972 = given 10 year sentences
what happened at Notting Hill Carnival 30th aug 1976
- police tried to deal with commotion of woman's bag being stolen = entered crowd - youths threw cans, stones etc - 250 victims of theft - 400 police injured - 188 civilians injured
what political climate was thatcher dealing with re electorate
- politically disillusioned - constructive programmes viewd with suspicion - voters done with new systems that dont work and politicians who promise a brave new world = slogans based on labour not working rather than new plans
what sparked the Grunwick strike 1976-78
- poor pay and conditions - sacking of worker, Devshi Budia
why was she not a fan of thatcherism - called it an 'ogre' invented by the labour party to scare the electorate in 1977
- ppl did not want more ideologies based on giving britain a shortcut to utopia - she needed to emphasise that she was offering 'vision, not blueprint...these are not the panaceas of political theorists, they are ideas that have worked'
what did the Race Relations Act 1965 do
- prohibited discrim on grounds of race in public places - est Race Rel Board w/ responsibility for discrimination complaints
why was the CRE deemed a failure
- proved ineffective in tackling racial inequality - black and ethnic minority workers remained in restricted jobs in low-paid and insecure work with antisocial hours and unhealthy environmnets
how was punk and reggae audibly opposed
- punk relied on treble - reg relied on bass - punk launched frontal assualts on the established meaning systems - reg communicated through ellipsis and allusion
what did David Smith's 1976 report demonstrate (race and qualifications)
- race trumped education - 79% of white men with degree qualifications were in professional jobs, whilst 31% of Asian/Afro-Caribbean were - 83% white men with A levels in non-manual jobs, only 55% for other men
what was the OnlyWoman Press 1974
- radical lesbian feminist press in London
how well did God Save the Queen do in June 1977
- reached number 2 spot with virtually no airplay (banned)
what did inflation do re conservatives
- redistributed wealth away from the party's natural supporters - penalised savers - damaged brit standing in the world
what did neo-liberals thing the focus of ec policy should be
- reducing inflation not unemploymnet - key to reducing inflaiton was in the use of monetary rather than fiscall policy, specifically the control of the money supply
what was Houseparty
- regional afternoon TV show for women 1972-1981 - it achieved fem communication through cross-over btw talk TV and consciousness-raising by addressing issues of concern to women like with role of the housewife, working women, and motherhood
where was morlality to come from for joseph and thatcher and why
- religion was a key thing in their speeches - written by Alfred Sherman who was Jewish but beleived that brit's problems were a consequence of the 'de-christianisation of social and pollitical thought in the country'
how did the oppression of black ppl and working class mirror themselves in punk/reggae
- same idea of oppression that punks felt in a bankrupt society determined to impose its cultural authority on them at all turns
what amendment did labour back bencher Fred Willey argue to be included in 1976 race rel act and why
- section 71 = duty of local authorities to promote better race relations - bc most local auths were not thinking about racial inequality
what did the Kilbrandon report come out as in favour of
- semi-federal system (assemblies) - new proposals should preserve unity but acknowledge that unity is not synonymous with uniformity - democracy must be preserved ie elected reps
what event really turned ppl away from punk as violent in 1976
- september 1976 100 club punk rock festival = young girl blinded by a glass thrown
how many SNP mps did the new labour minority gov have to deal with in 1974 and how much of scottish vote did SNP take
- seven - SNP took 22% of Scottish vote
evidence that Thatcher abided by wolfenden report's distinction btw public and private morality 1957
- she voted for the 2 most famous pieces of permissive legislation 1 = Medical termination of pregnancies act 2 = Sexual offences act
more than an economic issue why was Thatcher against socialism as immoral
- socialism stripped individuals of personal responsibility - passed charitable obligations to the state = 'dry up the milk of human kindness' - ppl did not help themselves or others = socialism was disintergrative and demoralising
who did neo-liberals blame for unemp and inflation
- socialists - trade unions for creating unemp and pressuring govs to undertake an inflationary expansion of the money supply
why did crisis not always favour thatcherism
- some felt it was a crisis of capitalism = need new ec control - some felt it was a crisis of state authority which meant 'recognising where industrial power lay and accepting it' - talk of economic contradictions of democracy risked legitimising calls for a new political settlement like Labour's social contract rather than Con's authoritarian and bureaucratic instincts
When did the Mangrove trial start and how long
- started October 1971 - 12 weeks
Why did thatcher not want ppl relying on the state
- state could not remoralise ppl - it did demoralise them - St Lawrence speech in 1978 = 'grave moral dangers in letting ppl get away with the idea that they can delegate all their responsibilities to public officials and institutions'
how was the Industrial Relations act going to put brakes on strikes
- strengthen trade union leadership in relation to the power of the shop steward - 'right to strike' was positively expressed = x ending official strikes - give trade union officers greater incentive to impose authority
what was the night cleaners camp and what did it show
- struggle for improved pay and union recognition for night cleaners between 1970 and 1973 conducted by cleaners along-side women's liberationists - given features in fem press e.g. Shrew etc - showed WLM were not over-emphasising gender at expense of class - they were not dismissing working class women as external to feminism
what evidence is there of the consequences of the oil shock and consequent collapse of inner-city employment in mid 70s
- survey of over 200 west indian men in North London btw 16 and 24 = 22% were unemployed
who was leader of the opposition 1975-79 and what was their task
- thatcher - struggle to impose her authority on a fracticious party and articulate a new version of conservative politics
what did London WLM magazine 'Shrew' suggest about the movements approach to difference (1976)
- the movement desires to 'take seriuously individual voices without being individualistic whilse evoking collectivity between all women without assuming sameness'
what did Trinidadian radical Darcus Howe say re black ppl and work
- the new black gen had declared 'I don't want to be a bus conductor like my old man or sweep the floor like my old lady'
what did Thatcher and Joseph agree on
- the origins of the crisis lay in an accommodation with socialism
what was ironic about the Heath gov policy re intervention
- the policies that were consistent with economic liberalism served to undermine adherence to the very philosophy that provided the rationale - paradox that the liberation of the market might require an enhancement not a diminution of state power and more not less intervention
why should fem stories not just focus on london socialist fem accounts
- they do not speak for england as a whole - sue Bruley = much wider network in english towns besides London
why were the Clay Cross council emboldened to oppose the gov policy
- they had a 100% labour victory with a 62% turnout (v high for a local election) - they said they were elected + would stick to the policies that they were elected on
why was Grunwick a failure
- they had the support of rank and file unionists - leadership of the TUC and APEX withdrew their support
what happened union wise in Jan 79
- they took hold - rubbish piled - schools closed bc x cleaners - hospitals picketed by cleaners
was the clay cross council just about politics
- they wanted to fuse pol struggle in council chambers + trade union struggle outside - councillors were required to be non-political but that is hard in case of highly political council
did individuals strongly allign with either scotishness or britishness in a clear cut way
- they were able to distinguish btw their state (British) and national (scottish) identity
how were punk and british subcultures connected at a deep structural level
- they were both on the fringes of dominant culture - bond strengthened by common experience of privation, by lived spent in close proximity and similar focal concerns (inner-city) = they could harmonise over mutual interlocking loyalties of family, street, pub, work and neighbourhood
why does Green suggest the con party was ready for thatcher agenda
- transformation in the make-up of the rank and file of the party - turn to more salaried, middle-class members
when did brit enter the common market
- under Heath in 1973 - referendum under Wilson in 1975 to decide if they would stay
what did the UCS workers do and under whos leadership
- under millitant leadership of Jimmy Airlie and Jimmy Reid - occupied all the yards and began a work-in
what was an issue with the Industrial Relations Act from the start
- unions would not consult bc they heard gov officials say there were 'pillars' to the bill that could not be changed - unofficial strikes against it b4 even unveiled in Dec e.g. at SU Carburettor plant in Birmingham
why did Ska appeal to white youths
- unlike other white subcultures it remained a secret/x mainstream - working class subcultures were being left behind by the new intellectual hippy phases
what was a main characteristic of the earliest stages of racialised politics at the local level
- use of race as a symbol of the changing nature of local social and ec conditions - housing, employment and soc probs popularly perceived as linked to immigration
what evi is given to contradict idea that heath was stubborn or uncaring towards unions
- used to be minister of labour - jack jones (left wing gen sec of the TGWU) = 'no PM either before nor since could compare with the efforts Heath made to establish a spirit of camaraderie with trade unions'
where did WLM meetings take place
- usually in homes bc it was a struggle to find women only safe spaces
is british class system based only on socio-economics of Marxism
- visual, empirical distinctions too - cultural concept found in clothing, dialect, values, leisure, taste and attitude
what was the symbolism behind Johnny Rotten
- voice of working class youth calling them to rebel
why was their frustration liekly to be against the met
- was the state agency they had the most contact with and the one impervious to earlier efforts to ameliorate racial tension
Clash song influenced by racial tensions
- white riot 1977 - inspired by 1976 Notting Hill disturbances
what was the purpose of CR
- women learn to trust each other in a supportive enrivonment - reflect on their experiences of sexism and collectively develop ideas for change - the personal became political
how did the writing of WIRES encapsulate some of the themes of the WLM movement
- women would type up the handwritten drafts, adding comments from their own personal experiences - would not sign the articles though bc were seen as a collective rather than individual and no leaders were wanted
was striking limited to brit
- worker unrest seen all over - only Italy, Canada and Australia had a worse strike record
what is the film Babylon?
- written and directed by Franco Rosso - filmed in Nov- Dec 1979 - released in 1980 - follows black youths in inner city london and the underground sound system culture
was there a generation difference for work? (race)
- young black men x settle for jobs their parents had - they were born in B and felt deserved to be treated less like an immigrant
was there a generational difference for culture (race)
- younger gen resented how their parents had tried to act and look as british as possible - they were not accepted as either british or west indian - they were alienated from both cultures = adopted their own autonomous cultural symbols
what are the two key factors for the Gov putting state aid into the upper clyde shipbuilders crisis
1 - Chief constable of Glasgow warned there might be mass unrest (already dealing with Ireland troubles) 2 - did not want to add to the rising unemployed
what were the most important innovations of the 1976 race rel act (3)
1 - extended to cover not only intentional discriminaiton but also racial disadvantage brought about by systematic racism 2 - the race rel board and community rel commission became one joint agency, the commission for racial equality 3 - diff procedure for handling individual complaints
what are the three issues that issues re crime and police complaints can be broken down into
1 - prevalence of rumours and fears of black involvement in criminal activities 2 - tendency by police to blame a 'hard core' of young blacks for giving the 'area a bad name' 3 - deep resentment by older and younger gen of their social position and the discrimination they had to endure
According to Holmes what are the three categories that revision about the Heath government fall into?
1 - there were no alternative, practical or ideological to his u-turns 2 - international economic circumstances were severly adverse 3 - the labour gov of 64-70 and 74-79 were even less successful
what was the purpose of the commission for racial equality (CRE) (3 main duties)
1 - to work to eliminate discrimination 2 - promote equality of opportunity and good race relations 3 - keep the working of the act under review and draw up proposals for amendments to it
what 3 main areas of concern for the state were raised by the strikes (race)
1 = discrim on trade unions could lead to separate black unions 2 = genuine grievances were not being dealt with in proper way = signalled deterioration more generally in industrial relations (not good for gov already dealing with ec issues) 3 = involvement of the NF in some disputes created the possibility of open racial conflict
why was dealing with inflation crucial for thatcher (3)
1 = from 75 con treated all ec probs not as the result of policy failings but as symptoms of a profound, long term malaise in the british economy and society 2 = inflation crucial to monetarism and its link to reducing inflation 3 = inflation linked to the question of trade unions
how did the all-women show Houseparty 1972 to 1981 threaten the masculine order
1 = it exclusively focused on women and their interests 2 = elevated the private realms of the presenter's lives to the public arena (like CR but on a wider level and through a screen)
when was the Grundy incident
1 December 1976
how much was british productivity growing by yearly between 1973-79
1.3%
how many black constables in met by 1973
11
how many strikes were there in the first three months of the 1970s
1134
