BS PPD
1 ACRE
43,560 SF
Is fiberglass combustible?
Fiberglass is non-combustible. It simply won't burn. However, fiberglass batts that are covered with kraft paper or a foil facing are combustible. The fiberglass won't burn, but the paper and foil facings will readily burn.
An architect is working on a small retail center and is in the schematic design phase. The site is considerably hilly, and the client wishes to minimize excavation costs. The client requires a surface parking lot that can fit 30 cars, and all drive aisles shall be two-way. Which parking stall layout is the most efficient use of space, reducing the overall footprint of the parking lot?
90-degree 90-degree parking is the most efficient use of space. Angled parking produces spaces on the ends of aisles that are unusable. INCORRECT Parallel parking Parallel parking is the least efficient use of space and the most difficult to use. It is only suggested for parking along public ways. 30-degree 45-degree Angled parking produces spaces on the ends of aisles that are unusable.
Type I
Type I is normal cement. This type is inappropriate for multi-level pours because of the time it takes to develop strength. Construction can proceed at a much faster pace for multi-level projects with other cement types.
Type II
Type II is moderate-sulfate-resistant cement, to be used when concrete is cast against soil that has moderate sulfate levels.
A new concrete parking structure with a capacity for 3,500 cars is being designed in the city center. It has been established that the structure will be built using rapid slip form construction. Which type of cement should the architect specify?
Type III Type III achieves strength values quicker than Type I, allowing the forms to be stripped sooner.
Type IV
Type IV is a low-heat-of-hydration cement, for use where the rate and amount of heat generated must be minimized. It develops strength at a slower rate than other types and is not suitable for the type of construction described in the question.
Type M
Type M is a high-strength mortar used for severe weather exposures.
A decorative, non-load-bearing masonry wall is being constructed in the lobby of an office building. This wall will be used as a thermal mass to passively heat the lobby. Which type of mortar should the architect specify for this application?
Type O Type O is a low- to medium-strength mortar and can only be used for non-load-bearing walls. It is the most cost-effective choice. INCORRECT Type N While Type N could be used, it is not as cost effective as type O. Type S Type S is a medium- to high-strength mortar, and is commonly used in structural walls. Type M Type M is a high-strength mortar used for severe weather exposures.
Type O
Type O is a low- to medium-strength mortar and can only be used for non-load-bearing walls.
Type S
Type S is a medium- to high-strength mortar, and is commonly used in structural walls.
A community college in Oklahoma wishes to build a shed near their riding area and indoor arena. The shed will be used for keeping and feeding 24 horses that are part of the animal science program at the college. According to the International Building Code (IBC), how is this building classified?
U Agricultural buildings, sheds, and stables are among the uses that are classified in occupancy group U. See also Chapter 3 of the 2018 IBC.
Ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolet light is used for disinfecting the water supply.
A wood-framed house is 30 feet by 72 feet. The longer facade is located along the east-west axis. A porch on the south side shades the summer midday sun. The kitchen is located on the north side of the house, where it generates its own heat. This house is best suited for which climatic condition?
Temperate Much of the continental U.S. falls into the temperate climate zone, where it is cold during some parts of the year and hot during others. INCORRECT Hot humid Ideal buildings for a hot humid climate zone maximize air flow. In this type of climate, the kitchen might be detached from the house, and parts of the building might be disconnected from each other and joined by airy breezeways. Cold Cold climates call for more compact forms, not elongated ones like the house in the description. Examples of locations with cold climates are Alaska and Montana. Hot arid In places with hot arid climates, such as Phoenix, there would ideally be an atrium or courtyard with a fountain so that cooler humidified air could be drawn into the house. It would also be ideal for the home to be built out of high thermal mass materials, such as adobe, that store heat from the day and release it at night.
The architect has been asked by the local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) to verify that water from the sprinkler system will not flow back into the city's water system. Which of the following fixtures would prevent this from happening? Using the image below, click the correct fixture.
The check valve will only allow water to flow in one direction, which prevents water from flowing back into the city's water system. The check valves are represented by the first two Z symbols coming into the system.
An architect has been commissioned to design a large dormitory in Boulder, Colorado. The applicable zoning code limits the building to 35 ft, while the applicable building code allows a height up to 55 ft, based on the construction type. How tall can the building be?
The correct answer is 35 ft because the most restrictive regulation applies. In this case, it is the zoning code. It does not matter whether the building code will allow the building to be higher if the zoning code will not. The architect is responsible for determining which authorities have jurisdiction over each aspect of the project, and they must negotiate compliance with all regulations. This can mean adopting the most stringent regulation, as illustrated in the given scenario.
The architect has selected heavy timber framing for a new office building in a dense downtown area. In order to get the height of the building and of the spaces, the architect needs to preliminarily size the structural members. What should be the minimum dimension between the bottom of the beam and bottom of the girder? Using the image below, drag the correct value to the dimension.
The girder should be at least 2" deeper than the beam it supports. This allows for a char layer to occur on the girder while not compromising the integrity of its support of the beams.
Elevator Governor
The governor, which is located in the machine room or overhead depending on the elevator design, is a speed monitoring device on traction elevators that triggers the safety mounted on the car frame when the elevator over-speeds in either direction.
Restoration
"the act or process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from other periods in its history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period."
Preservation
"the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of an historic property."
Reconstruction
"the act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location."
The architect is establishing the orientation for a roughly rectangular building in a hot-humid climatic region. The goal is to minimize solar radiation from the east and west while taking advantage of the heating potential of the south facade in the winter. What is the optimum orientation angle for the architect to use for the east-west datum?
**** 5 degrees off south Five degrees off south is ideal for a hot-humid climate. INCORRECT 25 degrees off south Twenty-five degrees off south is ideal for a hot-arid climate. 17.5 degrees off south 17.5 degrees off south is ideal for a temperate climate. 12 degrees off south Twelve degrees off south is ideal for a cool climate.
An architect is designing a concert hall for small theatrical presentations such as musicals and plays. What is the recommended reverberation time for the concert hall for optimal acoustic quality?
1.1 seconds 0.8 - 1.9 seconds of reverberation time is suitable for a small theater, a lecture or conference room, or other fairly intimate space. INCORRECT 0.5 seconds This reverberation time would too short and is best used in a recording or broadcasting studio. 2.4 seconds This reverberation time would be too long and would be better suited for a cathedral. 5 seconds This reverberation time would be too long and degrade noise perception.
Camber
A camber is a slightly convex shape in a beam or slab.
An architect is designing a multistory office building. Which design strategy represents a successful integration of a building system with the project design?
A light shelf along the south facade Building integration is the organized consideration of the interrelationship between the productive systems of a facility for the purpose of optimizing the effectiveness of the collection of systems. A light shelf represents a successful integration of the building system since it integrates well with the building lighting, glazing and HVAC systems. It reflects light deeper into the building, thereby providing more light in the interior. It blocks excessive light and heat from entering spaces close to the perimeter wall. INCORRECT Utilizing LED bulbs in light fixtures While LED bulbs have substantially improved energy usage and durability over the typical fluorescent bulbs, they are not integrated with other building systems. The use of alternative strategies such as solar photovoltaics to limit the number of light fixtures needed and reduce heating loads from those fixtures would begin to integrate the building systems into the project design. A "sandwich" system for the ceiling plenum Most multistory commercial buildings are very wasteful of the space above the finished ceiling and below the floor of the level above. This is the "sandwich" volume for various building systems such as structures, HVAC, electrical, communications, plumbing, and fire protection. To make the design process simpler, each system is given its own layer, allocating an independent volume to each of the systems. The design process thereby becomes more like volume allocation, rather than building system integration. A large expanse of glazing along the south facade While south-facing glazing (glass) is a necessary component of passive solar design, care must be taken to insulate it in the winter after the sun goes down, as well as shade it in the summer. Architects' designs often offer plenty of glazing for light, but that light, if not successfully controlled, brings with it too much heat and glare.
Revolving doors relies on structural support from adjacent walls?
Revolving doors do not attach to adjacent walls, but instead are anchored to the floor and are tied in to the structure above the door.
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building's indoor environment in relationship to the health and well-being of those who occupy it. Which of the following are factors that improve IEQ?
Access to daylight and exterior views Access to daylight and exterior views connects building occupants with the natural outdoor environment, reinforces circadian rhythms, and improves well-being and productivity. Limitation of tobacco product use Tobacco product use in the building and outside exterior openings negatively impacts IEQ. Thermal comfort and indoor temperature control Designing the building envelope and HVAC systems for both thermal comfort and temperature control in indoor spaces promotes occupant productivity, comfort, and well-being. INCORRECT Using high-emitting interior finish materials High concentrations of chemical contaminants can reduce air quality, damage human health, and reduce productivity. Therefore, low-emitting interior finish materials should be used. Sound levels of 100 dBA Noise levels and acoustics impact IEQ; 90 dBA is considered the maximum allowable regular noise level exposure, according to OSHA. Elimination of entrance vestibules and entryway systems Entryway systems and vestibules capture dirt and particulates entering the building, thereby improving indoor air quality.
A museum building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is undergoing alterations to provide a better experience for guests. An architect is reviewing accessibility requirements as part of the alteration to provide wheelchair access to the second floor of the museum. Which of the following statements is true regarding the alterations?
Adding an elevator inside the building structure will significantly impact the historic interior and threaten its historic significance, therefore, alternative access can be considered INCORRECT Alterations to buildings listed in the National Register of Historic Places shall comply to the maximum extent of the law with no exceptions In the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, section 36.405 provides exceptions to maximum compliance: "If it is determined that it is not feasible to provide physical access to an historic property that is a place of public accommodation in a manner that will not threaten or destroy the historic significance of the building or the facility, alternative methods of access shall be provided...." The architect can appeal the accessibility requirements for the second floor due to the fact that the building's parking area and entrance are not accessible The historic building is a public museum and must comply with the accessibility requirements despite the building not having an accessible route from the parking area into the building. The lack of an accessible route into the building is a separate challenge. Adding an exterior ramp or interior elevator to the second floor will meet code requirements, but will be too expensive to install and can thus be waived based on cost According to section 36.405 of the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, if the design will not "threaten or destroy the historic significance of the building," full compliance with the code is required, despite the cost.
Adobe
Adobe is a building material made from earth and organic materials. Adobe is Spanish for 'mudbrick', but in some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage the term is used to refer to any kind of earthen construction. Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed earth buildings.
Large quantities of calcium and magnesium deposits have recently been found in the domestic water supply of an educational facility. When these chemicals are found in the water in large quantities, the water is considered hard, causing scale and build-up in the plumbing system. Which of the following processes can be implemented to correct this?
Aeration Aeration is used to improve the taste and color of water and also help remove iron and manganese. Ion-exchanger An ion-exchanger pulls the calcium and magnesium out of the water. Reverse osmosis Reverse osmosis is effective at removing calcium and magnesium ions that make water hard. INCORRECT Cogeneration Cogeneration is not related to water treatment. Copper sulfate Copper sulfate is used to help control algae growth in the water supply. Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet light is used for disinfecting the water supply.
Aeration
Aeration is used to improve the taste and color of water and also help remove iron and manganese.
The owner of a sandwich shop wishes to open a new location on an empty site near a shopping center. There are three entrances to the building: one that faces the shopping center to the north, one that faces a public parking area to the south, and a service entrance to the west that leads to the dumpsters and walk-in cooler. Which of the entrances is required to be accessible?
All of the entrances must be accessible. Since the service door serves a specific space, it would also need to be accessible, as well as the other two doors. INCORRECT Just the south entrance Just the north entrance 60% of the entrances must be accessible. Therefore, both the north and south entrances must be accessible. Both the north and south entrances The 60% requirement is a minimum that is overridden. Since the service door serves to a specific space, it would also need to be accessible.
The doors can be accommodated on separate slab foundations?
Revolving doors must be mounted entirely on one slab foundation. If the doors span across multiple slabs and one slab is subject to settling, the doors may be off center and unable to revolve properly.
The architect is coordinating the low voltage plans with their drawings. Based on the provided low voltage drawings, where should the audio/visual box be located? Click on the correct location in the image below.
An audio/visual box is a local connection point for low voltage equipment. The audio/visual box should be accessible to users, and should therefore, be placed in the provided box on the floor under the conference room table.
Ion-exchanger
An ion-exchanger pulls the calcium and magnesium out of the water.
A client hires an architect for design services for their new cafe. The small tenant space will serve breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and will have seating for 24 people. Based on the use and occupancy classifications in the International Building Code, how is this space classified?
B - Business Places for eating and drinking are in the A-2 group unless they have fewer than 50 occupants. Establishments for eating and drinking that have 49 occupants or less are classified as a B (business) occupancy. INCORRECT A - Assembly Restaurants are usually A-2 occupancies, but there is an exception for small businesses such as the cafe that have an occupancy load of less than 50. M - Mercantile The mercantile occupancy group is for the display and sale of merchandise.
End Bearing
Bearing at the end of a Beam.
The owner of a private art collection is looking at two potential building sites for his next gallery. The owner's main desire is to display the artwork in a naturally lit space. Which of the following site analysis diagrams would help the architect choose a site that fits the owner's main desire?
Building height diagram A building height diagram can inform the owner of the surrounding building heights and potential for casting unwanted shadows on the site, limiting the potential for daylight. Sun path diagram This diagram would help in choosing the site that can best provide daylight at specific hours of operation and help in determining any necessary shading. Vegetation diagram This diagram can show where existing mature planting is located that may hinder daylight penetration into the space and potential site situation. INCORRECT Figure ground A figure ground may help in site situation, but will not inform the client of building height or other items that may impact the amount of daylight a site receives. Land use diagram A land use diagram can inform the client if their gallery would be fitting on either site but will not inform of any potential impacts to daylighting on either site.
A firm is preparing a design presentation for a client during the early schematic design phase. The principal of the firm wants to be able to quickly perform a large number of massing and facade studies so the firm can choose their favorites to present. Which of the following approaches would allow the firm's staff to produce the most studies in the least amount of time?
Building information modeling (BIM) While BIM may require a bit of time when setting up the modeling parameters for a project, it enables the relatively quick study of a variety of massing and facade alternatives. INCORRECT Computer-aided design (CAD) drawings CAD is primarily used for 2D drawings, and this question is asking about producing massing studies, which are typically 3D. Hand rendering Hand rendering is a time-consuming process if done correctly. Hand sketching would be a quicker way to study a number of alternatives. Physical site model with massing studies Physical models are time-consuming, particularly if facade elements are also to be included. Physically modeling a site also takes a large amount of time, whereas modeling a site with BIM software can be done relatively quickly.
An architect is performing a code analysis for a new 15,700-square-foot building which will predominately be classified as type A occupancy. The building will have four 390-square-foot storage rooms that will be type S-2 occupancy. Which of the following statements regarding the store rooms is true?
Cannot exceed 10% of the total floor area allowed by the height/area table and does not need to be separated from the main area by a fire separation This situation is considered accessory use because the S-2 occupancy is less than 10% of the A occupancy. No separation is required between accessory occupancies and the main occupancy.
Cogeneration
Cogeneration or combined heat and power is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.
Copper sulfate
Copper sulfate is used to help control algae growth in the water supply.
During the Schematic Design phase, the owner of a new resort hotel project has received an environmental impact study, which indicates alarmingly high levels of pesticides and poisonous chemicals present in the local stormwater runoff. The project's current design features a large lawn and imported plant species positioned at the expansive entrance of the property, which is located in a tropical climate. What can the architect do to reduce the environmental impact that the landscape design will have?
Create a maintenance plan within the project's specifications that prohibits the regular use of pesticides Maintenance plans are commonly included in project specifications for commercial projects, whether developed by the architect or not. If the architect ensures that pest- and drought-tolerant plant species are used in the project's design, there should be little to no need for regular pesticide treatments. Replace the designed lawn with mulched planting beds While the lawn may be a prominent design feature, there is no information provided that indicates it as a program requirement. A savvy landscape architect can assuredly design an appropriate landscape without relying on expansive lawns, especially considering the climate in which the project is located. Use organic fertilizers when required Fertilization may be necessary even when a landscape utilizes native plant species. While providing drought-tolerant plants will slow the use of water for irrigation and fertilizer for growth, an organic fertilizer can have a much lower environmental impact when compared to chemical fertilizers. Use native plant species Native plant species will require less water, as they have evolved to rely on the natural rainfall in their particular climate. Additionally, native plants are more tolerant to native pests than imported plants non-native to a project's location. INCORRECT Provide filtered water in the lawn's irrigation system To maintain a lawn in a tropical climate, fertilizer and pesticides are likely necessary. The project is described as a resort hotel, so one might rightfully assume a specific concern for aesthetics by the owner. Using filtered water will do little to avoid the inevitable use of these chemicals. Provide large, shade-producing plants to delay evaporation when the lawn is watered While this strategy may help to reduce the amount of water required to properly irrigate the lawn, it will do little to avoid the use of chemicals required to maintain the lawn and plantings.
An architect is designing a 2-story seasonal home in Colorado. The client is concerned about solar gain throughout the year and how it will affect the interior temperatures. In the northern hemisphere, solar gain is the lowest during which month?
December The least solar gain occurs when the sun is the lowest in the sky, which occurs on December 21-22, during the winter solstice. INCORRECT February The least solar gain occurs when the sun is the lowest in the sky, which occurs on December 21-22, during the winter solstice. June 20-21 is the summer solstice, which would result in the most solar gain.
A large two-story enclosed shopping mall has several openings in the second floor circulation space that open to the space below. There are several bridges across these openings. When a large group of people walk across one of these second floor bridges, the floor can be felt to move up and down slightly under their weight. What is this phenomenon called?
Deflection Deflection is the measurement of a spanning member's deviation from its original position under loading.
Deflection_
Deflection is the measurement of a spanning member's deviation from its original position under loading.
An architect is working with a local real estate developer and is performing a feasibility study for a new commercial shopping center. The architect has gathered information on a variety of costs associated with the project and is preparing the final feasibility study for presentation to the client. Which one of the following is a line item on a sources and uses budget?
Developer fee This is an operating expense that will only begin to be spent once the construction project is complete. The sources and uses budget is meant to include all monies spent, and the sources of the monies, on the construction of the building. INCORRECT Contractor profit The hard costs for the project are listed as one line item which includes the materials, labor, overhead and profit. Building staff salaries This is an operating expense that will only begin to be spent once the construction project is complete. The sources and uses budget is meant to include all monies spent, and the sources of the monies, on the construction of the building. Sources of materials The sources portion of the sources and uses budget refers to where the money comes from to pay for the construction hard and soft costs. It is not a reference to the physical source of any materials.
The owner has requested additional large storefront windows along the front facade of their new school after schematic design review. The current facade is brick with metal stud backup. Which of the following CSI sections of the cost estimate should be updated to reflect the changes?
Division 04 masonry of the cost estimate would need to be changed to reflect the reduction of brick needed due to the additional windows. Division 08 Openings would need to reflect change in cost for the additional number of windows. Division 05 Metals will need to reflect the reduction in the amount of metal studs required for the backup of the brick wall as well as any structural implications from the new openings.
Drain Tile
Drain Pipe To carry water away from the foundation, a footing drain system should be installed consisting of a perforated drain pipe (also called drain tile) that is located underground on the exterior side of the footings at a depth below the level of the basement slab or crawlspace floor.
The architect has drawn a preliminary section for the escalator that will connect the third and fourth floors. In order to support the escalator, where should the architect place the beam(s)? Using the image below, drag the beam(s) into the correct locations.
Escalators require supports at both ends. The architect would place the beams where the escalator interfaces with the floors. The area directly below the escalator would be a truss that supports the escalator and houses the necessary mechanical equipment.
Controlling summer solar heat gain through windows is critical to reducing cooling demand and improving occupant comfort. When properly designed, which of the following are effective solutions to reduce summer solar heat gain through south-facing windows?
Exterior motorized window shades Exterior motorized window shades can block 100% of unwanted solar heat gain through windows. Exterior window awnings Exterior window awnings can block 100% of unwanted solar heat gain through windows when accurately designed for the high angle of the summer sun. Roof overhangs Exterior roof overhangs can block 100% of unwanted solar heat gain through windows when accurately designed for the high angle of the summer sun. INCORRECT Interior window shades and blinds Increase the glass R-value Increase the glass solar heat gain coefficient
The dining space for an intimate restaurant is in design development. It is a renovation project where the finished ceiling height will be limited to 10-0", and existing brick walls and concrete floors will remain as interior finishes. Which is the most appropriate location for installing sound-absorbing materials?
Full ceiling The ceiling is the most appropriate and effective location for installing sound-absorbing materials. This is because the ceiling is a large uninterrupted surface, and along with the floor, is one of the first surfaces to absorb the sound reflections that cause the noise. INCORRECT Furnishings Furnishings can be effective at absorbing sound, but the ceiling is the best choice because noise is largely due to reflected sound. Ceilings are effective at absorbing reflected sound, whereas furnishings are close to the sources of the sound and therefore, have less of an effect. Floors Soft, porous materials such as carpet,are better sound absorbers. These type of finishes are typically not functional for restaurant flooring. Walls While typically adding sound-absorbing materials to the walls would be effective, the owner has requested that the finish wall surface be the existing brick. To meet aesthetic and owner requirements, the brick cannot be covered by another material.
Hand rendering
Hand rendering is a time-consuming process if done correctly. Hand sketching would be a quicker way to study a number of alternatives.
Six contractors submitted bids for a project, and all of the bids are too high. What should the architect do?
Have the owner select a contractor and work with the selected contractor to reduce costs by reducing quality or scope The best option is to first select a contractor and then reduce costs by reducing quality and scope. INCORRECT Phase the project into several parts so the owner can use the revenue from the first completed phases to pay for the later phases Phasing the project would require a redesign due to the fact the project wasn't initially designed for phasing. Nothing. Costs are not under the architect's purview Costs are indeed under the architect's purview. Hold a fundraiser for the project Fundraising is outside the scope of an architect's services.
An electrical engineer wants to look up the minimum required number of footcandles for interior artificial lighting. Where should they look?
IBC (International Building Code) - Chapter 12 IBC Chapter 12 addresses the Interior Environment. Section 1204.3 states the minimum required footcandles for interior artificial lighting. INCORRECT NEC (National Electrical Code) - Chapter 1 Although this is the National Electrical Code, it is published by the NFPA and puts forth requirements for things such as wiring and protection, materials and methods, and electrical equipment. It does not set the design criteria for lighting. IBC (International Building Code) - Chapter 27 Though Chapter 27 addresses electrical, the requirements outlined in this chapter are for general electrical supply and emergency and standby power systems. It does not address the interior environment. NFPA-101 (Life Safety Code) - Chapter 7 NFPA-101 sets minimum standards for life safety elements.
Figure ground
In architecture, figure-ground drawings are useful for showing how the material or solid components of buildings relate to the spaces contained by the built form. Figure ground drawings in architecture are often applied at an urban scale, as a way of drawing the plan of a city. But, they can also be useful at the scale of an individual residence, or even as a technique for drawing objects such as furniture pieces within a space.
Deflection
In engineering, deflection is the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load (due to its deformation).
An architect is specifying wall insulation material for a basement renovation project. The building code requires the insulation for this space to meet a minimum R-value of 20. Place the options in order of cost, from least-to-most expensive. Round to the greatest whole inch when determining how many inches of insulation are required to achieve R-20.
Incorrect First, divide the minimum required R-value by each material's R-value per inch. Second, round this number up to the nearest whole number. Lastly, multiply by the cost per inch to arrive at the material cost. Closed Cell Spray Foam 20 / 6 = 3.33 round up to 4. Multiply by the cost 4x2.25 = $9 Batt 20 / 3.1 = 6.45 round up to 7. Multiply by the cost 7x1.33 = $9.31 Rigid Board 20 / 4.5 = 4.44 round up to 5. Multiply by the cost 5x2 = $10 Open Cell Spray Foam 20 / 3.5 = 5.71 round up to 6. Multiply by the cost 6x1.75 = $10.50
A proposed two-story wood-framed building is 36'x48'. The architect is comparing costs for two different framing systems for the second floor. The first system is 18"-deep trusses spaced 24 inches on center. The cost of the trusses is $3.20 per linear foot. The second system is 16" wood I-joists spaced 16 inches on center. The cost of the I-joists is $2.50 per linear foot. The joists will span the short direction. Ignoring any cost differences due to increased building height and assuming all other factors are the same (including labor, fasteners, intermediate supports, and lateral bracing), what is the cost difference between the two framing systems for the second floor? Round to the nearest whole dollar.
Incorrect - the answer is 450 This is a unit cost comparison. First, figure out how many framing members are needed when they are spaced at 24 inches on center or 16 inches on center. Do this by sketching the building's footprint. The framing members will span in the short direction. 48 ft x 12 in. / 24 in. = 24 + 1 = 25 48 ft x 12 in. / 16 in. = 36 + 1 = 37 (An additional framing member has been added to each calculation above to accommodate the extra member required at one end of the building. This can been seen by sketching the framing members in the building's footprint.) The placement of trusses at 24 inches on center would require 25 members, and the placement of I-joists at 16 inches on center would require 37 members. Now calculate the price of each by taking the number of members x the cost per linear foot x the length (36 ft). Trusses: 25 x 36 ft x $3.20 = $2,880.00 I-joists: 37 x 36 ft x $2.50 = $3,330.00 Last, find the difference by subtracting. $3,330.00 - $2,880.00 = $450.00.
The architect is completing a feasibility study for a building lot, and the allowable floor area ratio (FAR) is 5. In which type of environment is the lot most likely located?
Large dense city The density of large cities means that lot sizes are small and buildings are more likely to be multi-story, thus increasing building floor area and creating a high FAR. The FAR is the ratio of total floor area of a building to the area of the lot on which the building is located. INCORRECT Small town A small town would likely have height limitations on buildings, resulting in a low FAR. Suburban Suburban areas would typically have a low FAR, since building heights are lower. Rural A rural location typically has larger property sizes and lower building heights, which would be a lower FAR.
Lateral Buckling
Lateral torsional buckling occurs when an applied load causes both lateral displacement and twisting of a member. This failure is usually seen when a load is applied to an unconstrained, steel I-beam, with the two flanges acting differently, one under compression and the other tension.
A flat, open site is being evaluated for a new hotel, and a windbreak will be incorporated to reduce wind. Which of the following is true regarding air flow around windbreaks?
Negative pressure at sides There is negative pressure at the sides and leeward surfaces of a windbreak. INCORRECT Positive pressure behind break There is no positive pressure behind the windbreak. Increased speed before break The speed of the wind is decreased both before and after the windbreak. Decreased pressure at face of break There is an increase in pressure at the face of the windbreak.
A medical spa is planning a new building on an old infill site in an urban area. The proposed spa has an occupancy load of 60. The existing sidewalks will not be altered. How many on-street accessible parking spaces are required?
On-street parking is not required to be accessible. On-street parking is determined by the city, not by landowners. Also, an accessible route is not required if the existing circulation path is not altered.
An architecture firm has the goal of designing all buildings to high standards of sustainability. The firm will be providing several references to help educate their employees in the standards of sustainable design. What specialty guidelines address sustainability, green building, and high-performance design?
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) and Green Business Certification Institute (GBCI) manage the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification rating program. The rating system tracks project sustainability goals with respect to categories such as water efficiency, indoor air quality, sustainable site selection, etc. International Green Construction Code The International Green Construction Code (IgCC) is a model code that has wide applicability for incorporating resilient, high-performance, green building strategies into building codes to improve the standards of living for people in communities across the globe. Established in 2018. Net Zero Energy Building Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) is a program that provides guidelines for high- performance energy buildings. INCORRECT International Residential Code The International Residential Code (IRC) references energy codes but does not address sustainability, green building, and high-performance design itself. International Building Code The International Building Code (IBC) references energy codes but does not address sustainability, green building, and high-performance design itself. Department of the Interior's Guidelines for Historic Preservation The Department of the Interior's Guidelines for Historic Preservation do not address sustainability, green building, and high-performance design.
An architect is under contract for a job in a jurisdiction where they have never previously done business. They are beginning a code analysis. Which of the following is true regarding adoptions or changes to building code requirements?
Local changes are permitted to model codes Local governments are permitted to amend an adopted model building code. Some municipalities have their own building codes that differ greatly from model codes. INCORRECT Only states are permitted to amend building codes States, municipalities, and districts are permitted to make changes to adopted building codes. Amendments often involve local or regional issues not addressed in the model code. Life safety standards are dictated by the fire department While it is true that the fire department weighs in on the life safety elements of a building in accordance with their adopted codes (usually the NFPA series), the building official must ensure that the building code requirements are met.
Pocket wetland
The pocket wetland is suitable for up to 10 acres and due to the smaller size, is not an attractant for wildlife. In addition, it has only moderate pollutant removal
An architect is creating a hotel design for a hospitality client with properties in four distinctly different climates. The client would like to use a single design for all the locations while utilizing natural light to reduce energy use. Which of the following daylighting strategies should the architect implement in all climate regions to improve energy efficiency?
Modify the landscape design to use planting to modulate and filter sunlight based on each location In a temperate climate in the northern hemisphere, the architect could use deciduous trees or vines to shade the south facade in winter, and allow light and radiation in the winter. In a cold climate in the northern hemisphere, the architect might avoid plantings along the south facade. In an arid climate in the northern hemisphere, the architect could specify drought-tolerant trees around the east, west and south facades to provide shade. Manage glare by specifying tinted glass Mitigating glare ensures occupants will refrain from using blinds to completely block daylight. Maintain on-site daylight access Arrangement of adjacent buildings, site features, and building orientation provides daylighting opportunities. Utilize reflection and incorporate diffused light to promote daylighting deeper into the building core Reflected and diffused light redirect daylight effectively, while reducing glare into a building's interior. Rooms must be well- proportioned and sized correctly for this strategy to work. INCORRECT Provide active heating with sunlight collection Active heating should be used in cold climates. Use sunlight to increase stack ventilation Sunlight does not impact the strategy of stack ventilation, which is a method of passively cooling spaces by using the pressure differential from air above and below a building.
Refer to the plans of buildings A and B in the graphic. A building's planned columns are redistributed from the configuration in Figure A to now be on the periphery, as is shown in Figure B. What has increased as a result of this change?
Moment of inertia Moving mass farther from the centroid of either a beam or, in the case of this question, the whole building, increases the moment of inertia. Moment of inertia is defined as "the sum of the products of all the elementary areas times the square of their distances from the neutral axis." Moving the columns to the exterior of the building makes the structure stiffer as a whole. This is the same concept that gives the wide flange beam the "I-beam" shape. INCORRECT Strength Strength is a property of a material and is not dependent on the arrangement of the columns. Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity is a property of a material's resistance to deformation under stress. It is also called the elastic modulus, or Young's modulus. Equilibrium Equilibrium cannot be increased. Equilibrium means the forces cancel each other out, such as those when the earth supports a building by not allowing it to sink into the ground.
Moment of inertia
Moving mass farther from the centroid of either a beam or, in the case of this question, the whole building, increases the moment of inertia. Moment of inertia is defined as "the sum of the products of all the elementary areas times the square of their distances from the neutral axis." Moving the columns to the exterior of the building makes the structure stiffer as a whole. This is the same concept that gives the wide flange beam the "I-beam" shape.
An architect is reviewing product information for fire suppression systems. The product info states that ordinary sprinkler heads operate between 135 and 170 F, whereas the newer quick- response heads trigger at a lower temperature. Which of the following building types should the architect specify quick-response sprinklers for?
Multi-family residential Offices Assisted living facilities Hotels All light hazard occupancies are required to have quick-response (or fast-response) sprinklers. These include hotels, motels, offices, residential, healthcare, and other buildings where faster sprinkler operation could enhance life safety. The biggest difference between quick-response and standard-response sprinkler heads is their activation temperatures. As the name suggests, quick-response sprinkler heads activate sooner. INCORRECT Factory Warehouses Standard-response sprinklers are used in factories and warehouses, where the occupancy is low.
Revolving doors contribute in full toward egress capacity
Revolving doors are not considered to be egress options on life safety plans, and are therefore not able to contribute in full to egress capacity for a building. Some jurisdictions allow for revolving doors to count as 50% of legal exiting requirements, while others do not count them at all.
An architect is preparing the design and detailing for a below grade basement for a new custom home. The home sits on a site with a variable water table where moisture intrusion and hydrostatic pressure are of concern. Which of the following are the most effective methods for creating a waterproof basement?
Placing perforated drain tile around the foundation, above the concrete footing Placing the pipe around the foundation will allow water to flow away from the foundation to keep the basement dry. Placing a moisture barrier before pouring the foundation Placing a moisture barrier below the foundation will aid in reducing water and moisture penetration up into the slab. Placing a course of gravel beneath the foundation pour The gravel course will provide a porous surface for water to drain into the ground below as opposed to soil, which may gather water and cause capillary or increased hydrostatic pressure on the foundation slab. INCORRECT Applying damp proofing around the exterior foundation wall Damp proofing is a layer applied during the foundation process, intended to keep soil moisture out of the building. It is not an effective long-term solution, as it is unable to seal large cracks in the concrete and may be subjected to damage during backfill operations. Specifying high permeable soil and drought-resistant plants at grade around the exterior walls Specifically specifying permeable soil would not be recommended as it will lead to increased saturation of the soil, which could leak into the basement through the walls. Backfilling the excavation with limestone Specifying limestone will reduce the permeability and drainage around the foundation, which could lead to water intrusion and clogging of the perimeter pipe.
The owner and architecture team are developing a property into a country estate and golf course. They are looking at wetlands as a sustainable strategy for managing stormwater. The area available for wetlands development is approximately six acres, shoe-horned between the country estate and the golf course. As an active course, the owner would like to minimize the attraction of native species and wildlife. Overall, the project is aiming for a moderate pollutant removal in coordination with other treatment measures onsite. Which one of the following wetland designs would the civil engineer most likely recommend?
Pocket wetland The pocket wetland is suitable for up to 10 acres and due to the smaller size, is not an attractant for wildlife. In addition, it has only moderate pollutant removal, and is compatible with the stated goals of the project. Also, the system is more malleable to fit into the ancillary space between the estate and the golf course. INCORRECT Detention pond Requires a minimum of 10 acres to be effective. While the removal of pollutants would be in line with the goals, it also tends to attract wildlife due to the size of the pond, and is not compatible with programming goals of this project. Pond wetland This system would require approx 25 or more acres of available land to be effective. This system also tends to attract waterfowl and cleans a very high level of pollutants, which is not compatible with the programming goals of this project. Shallow marsh This system would require approx 25 or more acres of available land to be effective, as shallow marsh consumes much land. In addition, the large spread would attract wildlife. This system is more applicable to high pollutant removal, which is not necessary for the stated goals of this wetland project.
An architect is designing a new office building, and has determined it should be Type IIB construction to fulfill all program and code requirements. The architect's design could include which of the following systems?
Precast concrete panels IIB construction requires noncombustible materials. Interior full-height glass walls IIB construction requires noncombustible materials. Fiberglass acoustic panels IIB construction requires noncombustible materials. INCORRECT Exterior aesthetic screens of untreated bamboo IIB construction requires noncombustible materials. Treated bamboo might be acceptable, but it is subject to performance testing. Concrete slab on structural foam IIB construction requires noncombustible materials. Structural foam must be enclosed by noncombustible material. 2x4 lumber-framed walls IIB construction requires noncombustible materials. Steel studs should be used instead.
A three-story building housing a mineral spa was built in the 1920s as a tourist health destination. The building fell into disrepair in the 1960s and was unused for several decades. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. In 2002, the first floor of the building was flooded when the nearby creek overfilled. The flooding left the building derelict and close to being condemned. A new owner has purchased the building and would like to convert it back to the mineral spa. Which treatment of historic structures should the architect recommend?
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation emphasizes the retention and repair of historical structures while also allowing latitude for repairs and replacement materials or building additions. By rehabilitating the space, repairs and appropriate replacements can be made while holding true to the original intent of the structure. INCORRECT Preservation Preservation is defined as "the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of an historic property." Work, including preliminary measures to protect and stabilize the property, generally focuses upon the ongoing maintenance and repair of historic materials and features rather than extensive replacement and new construction. Preservation would happen once rehabilitation is complete. Reconstruction Reconstruction is defined as "the act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location." There is no indication that a new structure needs to be constructed. Restoration Restoration is defined as "the act or process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from other periods in its history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period." There is no indication of need to remove features from other periods of time. The building only needs to be rehabilitated.
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation emphasizes the retention and repair of historical structures while also allowing latitude for repairs and replacement materials or building additions.
Radius of gyration
Related to Moment of Inertia Radius of gyration or gyradius of a body about an axis of rotation is defined as the radial distance to a point which would have a moment of inertia the same as the body's actual distribution of mass, if the total mass of the body were concentrated there.
Detention pond
Requires a minimum of 10 acres to be effective. It also tends to attract wildlife due to the size of the pond.
An architect has been hired to perform a programming analysis for a new preschool. The architect's firm specializes in educational facility design, but has not recently completed a preschool. What is the first step the architect should take in the programming process?
Research the project type This is the first step in a programming exercise. It is important to study precedents before proceeding further with any analysis, especially since the firm has not completed a preschool design in the recent past. INCORRECT Gather data Gathering data can be an enormous task if one has not yet researched precedent studies and established goals for the programming exercise. Performing these tasks first allows the architect to zero in on the data that they need to collect. Identify programming strategies This step can only be successfully done after the architect has researched the project type, established goals, gathered data, and analyzed the data. Establish quantitative requirements This is the last step to take, after researching the project type, identifying goals, gathering data, and analyzing the data.
An architect is preparing diagrams for the owner that illustrate the spatial relationships in a 30-story mixed-use tower. The owner has expressed that the key objective of the project is an effective response to climate change. What is the most applicable priority that the architect should address?
Resilient, sustainable design Resilient, sustainable design would resonate with the owner as a top priority to respond to climate change. This begins with responsible selection of natural resources, recyclable or reusable building components, adaptive spaces, renewable energy systems, and water conservation systems. It also extends to spatial relationships that connect people with nature through biophilic design, open space, promotion of stairs for exercise, daylight, and access to healthy food and drink. INCORRECT Community inclusion Although spatial arrangements that promote community activities (such as event space, parks, and community gardens) can be important, this would not be a priority for addressing climate change. Vertical transportation Vertical transportation may be important for effective egress during a natural disaster event, but it would not represent a top priority for addressing climate change. Security Security is an essential driver of spatial relationships and functionality, but is not a top priority that addresses climate change. Drivers that respond to climate change include storm resilience, superinsulated buildings, daylighting, water conservation systems, durability, food system resilience, and community resilience.
Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis is effective at removing calcium and magnesium ions that make water hard.
An architect sizes and selects a 4x16 wood beam that will be used in the framing of a floor. The architect selected the beam's size based on resistance to bending moment. What other properties of the beam should be checked before making the final determination on the beam size?
Shear Deflection A wood beam is often first designed for flexure (bending) and then checked for shear (especially horizontal) and deflection. The end bearing and lateral buckling are also checked. INCORRECT Moisture content Moisture content is assumed to be "dry" when making the calculations, and then adjusted for later if the wood is not dry. Compression Beams are not compression members. Resistance to rot Structural members are not sized according to resistance to rot. If a wood member needs to resist rot, either a naturally decay-resistant species is chosen or the wood is treated. Radius of gyration Radius of gyration is a property of columns.
A building design is to include photovoltaic (PV) panels as a component of the electrical system. Which of the following is an appropriate material for the photovoltaic cells?
Silicon Photovoltaic cells require a semiconductor to create the flow of electricity. Silicon is the only semiconductor of the materials listed here, though alternatives such as amorphous materials are also available. INCORRECT Crystal Plastic Carbon The cells must contain a semiconductor, with different types of silicon being the most common.
An architect is detailing a wall assembly for a multi-family residential building. Which of the following wall types will provide the greatest thermal and acoustic insulation?
Staggered stud with insulation A staggered stud wall with insulation would provide the greatest thermal and acoustic insulation, because staggering the studs prevents thermal bridges and reduces the transmission of acoustic vibrations. INCORRECT Double-wythe CMU wall A double-wythe CMU wall would provide some thermal and acoustic insulation, but not as much as the staggered stud wall.
Which of the following is true regarding revolving doors?
The practical capacity of each system is 25-35 people per minute Revolving doors can typically accommodate fewer people than sliding or swinging door systems. Depending on the size and speed of the revolving doors, approximately 25-35 people per minute can obtain entrance and/or egress. INCORRECT Revolving doors contribute in full toward egress capacity Revolving doors are not considered to be egress options on life safety plans, and are therefore not able to contribute in full to egress capacity for a building. Some jurisdictions allow for revolving doors to count as 50% of legal exiting requirements, while others do not count them at all. The system relies on structural support from adjacent walls Revolving doors do not attach to adjacent walls, but instead are anchored to the floor and are tied in to the structure above the door. The doors can be accommodated on separate slab foundations Revolving doors must be mounted entirely on one slab foundation. If the doors span across multiple slabs and one slab is subject to settling, the doors may be off center and unable to revolve properly.
Shallow marsh
This system would require approx 25 or more acres of available land to be effective, as shallow marsh consumes much land. In addition, the large spread would attract wildlife. This system is more applicable to high pollutant removal,
Pond wetland
This system would require approx 25 or more acres of available land to be effective. This system also tends to attract waterfowl and cleans a very high level of pollutants
An architect is putting the finishing touches on the site plan for a new sports complex when an email comes in from the electrical engineer. It states that the kVA equipment has to be moved to the south end of the site. Which piece of electrical equipment carries a kVA rating?
Transformers and generators carry kVA ratings, which is a measure of power. kVA stands for kilovolt-amperes. Kilovolt-amperes are calculated by multiplying the volts and the amperes. INCORRECT Meter A meter measures the amount of energy consumed by a building. This is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh). Electrical panel An electrical panel accepts the main power to a building and distributes electrical current to the various circuits within the building. This is measured in volts.
An architect is detailing an exterior steel screen wall that will be exposed to rain and moisture in the atmosphere. What type of steel should the architect specify to protect the steel from further corrosion?
Weathering steel Weathering steel is a high-strength, low-alloy steel that forms an oxide coating when exposed to rain or moisture from the atmosphere. Its oxide coating adheres firmly to the base metal and protects it from further corrosion. INCORRECT Tungsten steel Tungsten steel is an alloy steel containing tungsten for increased hardness and heat retention at high temperatures. It does not have additional resistance to weathering. Mild steel Mild steel is a low-carbon steel that does not have additional resistance to weathering. Hard steel Hard steel is a high-carbon steel with increased strength and hardness, but it does not have increased resistance to weathering. Tungsten steel
A design-build firm is researching structures that are efficient and require less energy to produce. Which of the following materials has the lowest embodied energy?
Wood Wood is a natural material and is found everywhere; therefore, it has the lowest embodied energy and carbon footprint. INCORRECT Masonry Masonry features the use of manufactured products such as concrete block or clay brick. If using concrete block, the concrete has a high level of embodied energy because the raw materials must be mined and then processed into cement. The cement is then mixed with large amounts of water to create concrete. If using clay brick, the clay must be excavated and then baked to form bricks. However, transportation needs are minimal, since clay and other required materials can be found almost anywhere. Concrete Concrete is a manufactured product. It requires a high level of embodied energy, since the raw materials must be mined and then processed into cement. The cement is mixed with large amounts of water to create the concrete. Steel Steel is a manufactured product. It requires a high level of embodied energy, since the process includes drilling for raw material, processing raw material into steel, and transporting it.
Porch
a covered shelter projecting in front of the entrance of a building. a veranda.
Slip forming
continuous poured, continuously formed, or slipform construction is a construction method in which concrete is poured into a continuously moving form.
A structural engineer has told an architect that the total pressure on a retaining wall cannot exceed 1500 plf. The concrete wall has a total length of 40 ft and is adjacent to a parking lot. The pressure on the wall has been calculated to be 30 lbs per cubic foot. Use the formula P = 0.5 (p) h^2. How high can the architect make the wall?
the answer is 10 We will use the formula P = 0.5 (p) h^2, where the variables are defined as follows: P = total pressure (1500 plf) p = media pressure (30 lbs/ft^3) h = height Plugging in the numbers that are known, we get: 1500 plf = 0.5 (30 lbs/ft^3) (h^2) Using algebra to solve for h, we find the answer: h = 10 ft
During a low-grade seismic event, the two-hinge moment-resisting frame depicted undergoes elastic deformation. What is the moment value at point B if the two-hinged moment-resisting frame resists a seismic force of 70 kips? Ignore the weight of the frame itself.
the answer is 595 Because the two columns are identical (e.g., there are two HSS12x12 columns), each column resists ½ of the total seismic force; so we divide 70 kips / 2 = 35 kips (this force will act horizontally upon the hinged connection at the base of each column). The height of the columns is 17 ft. Thus, the moment value at point B will be: M(B) = 35 kips x 17 ft = 595 kip-ft.
An architect is preparing code analysis documentation for a multi-family project. Click on the location on the floorplan where the longest common path of egress travel begins.
the target should be placed inside the highlighted area In the floorplan shown, the longest common path of travel is found in Unit C, in the corner farthest from the door. The common path of egress travel is measured from the most remote point in a room, to the place where an occupant has access to two separate and distinct exits or exit passageways.
