bsc 1005 sickle cell pt 2

Which of the following is most likely to result from a change in the sequence of nucleotides within DNA?

A change in the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

Which of the following is seen in both the DNA replication process and the PCR process?

A double-stranded DNA molecule is replicated to create two double-stranded DNA molecules.

Match the following enzymes with their role in DNA replication. DNA polymerase

Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strands.

Select all of the following that best describe the structure of DNA.

Backbone composed of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups Inner rungs composed of nitrogen-containing bases, including A, T, C, and G Double stranded, helical structure

How are DNA replication and PCR related?

Both allow for copies of DNA to be made.

Match the following enzymes with their role in DNA replication. DNA helicase

Breaks hydrogen bonds in complementary nucleotides to separate strands of DNA from each other.

Complete the following sentence: Within our cells, ________________ stores the instructions for making ________________.

DNA proteins

Which of the following best describes the Watson and Crick model of DNA?

DNA is a double helix with a backbone of alternating sugars and phosphate molecules and an interior core of nitrogenous bases that are bonded together in a complementary fashion.

Which of the following statements best describes how the strands of DNA are oriented in relation to each other?

DNA is anti-parallel, so one strand runs 5' to 3' and its complementary strand runs 3' to 5'.

What is the role of DNA polymerase during replication?

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading and lagging strands.

What step occurs after DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds to separate DNA strands?

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading strand continuously and to the lagging strand discontinuously in fragments.

Within the cell, gene expression follows a certain patterned order. What is that pattern?

DNA; RNA; protein

Which of the following lists all the components found within all DNA nucleotides?

Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base

Which of the following best describes semi-conservative DNA replication?

Each of the new DNA strands contains pieces of both the original template and newly synthesized strands.

Which of the following best describes the outcome of semi-conservative DNA replication?

Each resulting DNA molecule consists of one newly synthesized strand and one original template strand.

How did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the understanding of DNA structure?

Franklin used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA was helical and repetitive in structure.

Which of the following lists the steps of DNA replication in their correct order?

Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds in nucleotides, separating DNA strands; DNA polymerase adds nucleotides continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand; ligase seals together fragments of synthesized DNA.

Which of the following best states the role of the genetic code?

It is used to translate mRNA codons into amino acids.

Match the following enzymes with their role in DNA replication. DNA ligase

Links together Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Which of the following best explains how mutations cause changes to protein structure?

Mutations in DNA mean that the instructions for making proteins are changed, possibly resulting in different proteins being synthesized.

During DNA replication, the synthesis of the lagging strand results in short fragments of DNA that must be sealed together. These fragments are called _____.

Okazaki fragments

Which of the following statements best defines Okazaki fragments?

Okazaki fragments are short fragments of DNA that are synthesized along the lagging strand.

Which of the following best describes the anti-parallel structure of DNA?

One strand runs 5' to 3' and its complementary strand runs 3' to 5'.

Select all of the following statements that take place during the process of transcription.

RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of a gene. RNA polymerase unwraps a small section of DNA to act as a template.

leading strand -

Synthesized continuously in one long strand

lagging strand -

Synthesized discontinuously in fragments

Which of the following best describes the fate of information contained within a gene?

The information within genes can be used as instructions for making proteins through the processes of transcription and translation.

Transcription

The process where information stored within genes is transferred to an RNA intermediary.

Translation

The process where information within an RNA intermediary is turned into a protein.

Which of the following best states the overall goal of gene expression?

To take the genetic information within DNA and use it to create a protein or other gene product

Which of the following best describes the role of transcription in the cell?

Transcription creates an mRNA copy of a gene, allowing that information to be transported to the cytoplasm to be turned into a protein or other gene product.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of translation within the cell?

Translation is the second step of gene expression and involves the production of a polypeptide chain.

Which of the following best explains the role of translation in cells?

Translation takes genetic information in the form of an RNA intermediary and translates it into a polypeptide chain. It is the second step in gene expression.

Which of the following statements best states the contributions of Watson and Crick to the discovery of DNA structure?

Watson and Crick concluded that sugar and phosphate make up the helical strands of the molecule and nitrogen bases are located on the interior of the molecule.

How did Watson and Crick contribute to the understanding of DNA structure?

Watson and Crick took the contributions of other researchers and synthesized it, creating a working model of DNA structure.

Which of the following statements is true?

Within DNA, the percentage of adenine is the same as the percentage of thymine and the percentage of guanine is the same as the percentage of cytosine.

Which of the following best summarizes the process of transcription?

Within the nucleus of the cell, a copy of mRNA is made from a gene within a strand of DNA.

DNA has complementary base pairing, meaning

adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine.

DNA is _____, meaning the strands run in the same orientation with each other but in different directions.

anti-parallel

Information in mRNA is read as a series of triplets called _____________ which are collectively referred to as the genetic code.

codons

The overall goal of transcription is to:

convert the genetic information within DNA to an intermediary RNA molecule.

DNA strands are complementary to each other. This means

for every adenine on one strand, there is a thymine bound to it on the opposing strand. For every cytosine on one strand, there is a guanine bound to it on the opposing strand.

Within the cell, the information needed to make proteins is stored within

genes

Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA is

helical in structure and composed of many repeating elements.

During DNA replication, the enzyme _______________ is responsible for separating DNA strands.

helicase

During DNA replication, the ______________ strand is synthesized continuously, while the __________________ strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments.

leading lagging

Which enzyme is responsible for linking together Okazaki fragments after they are synthesized during DNA replication?

ligase

Within the cytoplasm of the cell, mRNA associates with ____________ in order for translation to take place.

ribosomes

DNA replication results in two molecules of DNA, each consisting of one template strand and one daughter strand. This is defined as _____ replication

semi-conservative

Each of the two DNA molecules that result from DNA replication consist of one original template strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand. This is called _________________.

semi-conservative replication

In the genetic code, _____ codons initiate the translation process and _____ codons terminate the translation process.

start stop

Select all of the following statements that take place during the process of translation.

tRNA molecules carry complementary anticodons with corresponding amino acids to the ribosome. Peptide bonds form between amino acids as they are added to the growing chain. Ribosomes associate with mRNA molecules so that codons can be translated.

The role of transcription in cells is to

take the information stored within DNA and convert it into an mRNA copy that can be used outside the nucleus.

Transcription can best be defined as

the process of creating a RNA intermediary in order to transport genetic information from the DNA of the nucleus to the ribosomes of the cytoplasm.

Translation is best defined as

the process of translating information within a mRNA molecule into a functional protein molecule.

The overall goal of translation is

the production of a polypeptide chain.

Within DNA, adenine pairs with _________________ and guanine pairs with ___________________.

thymine cytosine

The process of making an intermediary RNA copy of a gene is called

transcription

The process of translating information from mRNA molecules into functional proteins is called

translation