BSC 1080 CHAPTERS 6-9

What is the main difference between spongy bone and compact bone? Compact bones contain osteons; spongy bones contain trabeculae.

Compact bones contain osteons; spongy bones contain trabeculae. Compact bone forms the epiphyses; spongy bone forms the diaphysis. Compact bone makes up the entire mass of long bones; spongy bone makes up the entire mass of flat bones. Compact bone is weaker than spongy bone.

Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscles? Contraction of the heart

Balance body temperature Produce bone movement Contraction of the heart Maintain body posture

The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors on the motor end plate causes which of the following to occur? Binding of the neurotransmitter causes chemically-gated, sodium channels to open in the motor end plate. (sodium enters the cell and causes depolarization. A small amount of potassium also leaves the motor end plate)

Binding of the neurotransmitter causes chemically-gated, sodium channels to open in the motor end plate. Binding causes chemically-gated, potassium channels to open in the motor end plate. Binding causes potassium voltage-gated channels to open in the motor endplate. Binding causes voltage-gated, sodium channels to open in the motor endplate.

While observing bone tissue, you notice that osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity. Which of the following events are you observing? Bone growth

Bone undergoing osteolysis Osteoporosis Bone growth Osteopenia

Which of the following is essential for normal bone growth? All of the choices are essential for normal bone growth.

Calcium Vitamin D3 Sex hormones All of the choices are essential for normal bone growth.

To what does the myosin head bind in order to form a cross bridge? actin (the myosin head binds to actin, the major component of thin filaments.)

sarcoplasmic reticulum protein complex calcium actin

Which of the following is a freely movable joint? Diarthrosis

synarthrosis diarthrosis syndesmosis amphiarthrosis

What is the lateral bone of the forearm? Radius

ulna humerus radius tibia

Which of the following is responsible for the production of new bone? osteoblasts

osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts osteons

Which of the following matches the cell with its function? osteoblasts: ossification

osteocytes: resorption osteoblasts: maintenance of normal bone structure osteoclasts: ossification osteoblasts: ossification

What do cervical vertebrae have that none of the other types of vertebrae have? Transverse Foramina

Vertebral body lamina transverse foramina spinous process

The area of the long bone labeled "A" is known as the what? Diaphysis

diaphysis epiphysis periosteum marrow cavity

The shaft of a long bone is called what? Diaphysis

diaphysis periosteum metaphysis epiphysis

When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, which ion channels open? calcium channels (the action potential opens voltage-gated calcium channels and calcium rushes into the axon terminal, leading to the release of the neurotransmitter)

sodium channels calcium channels potassium channels chloride channels

A round opening through the bone that acts as a passageway for blood vessels or nerves is anatomically referred to as a what? foramen

process foramen sinus head

Which spinal curve is labeled "E"? The thoracic curve is made of 12 thoracic vertebrae. These vertebrae attach to the 12 pairs of ribs to form the thoracic cavity.

sacral lumbar cervical thoracic

Which of the following is not a coxal or hip bone? Sacrum

sacrum ilium pubis ischium

Which of the following pairs are mismatched? T tubules; centrioles

sarcolemma; plasma membrane sarcoplasm; cytoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum T tubules; centrioles

The basic repeating unit of a muscle fiber is called the what? Sarcomere

sarcomere sarcoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcolemma

From birth to adulthood, the number of bones in the skeleton do what?

Decrease

What stops the further binding of actin to myosin once an action potential stops? return of calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (immediately after an action potential ends, calcium is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which results in the blocking of the myosin binding sites on the actin)

lack of available ATP release of ADP and Pi from the myosin head return of calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of which of the following bones? Mandible

Humerus Mandible Atlas Tibia

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? It is the main source of body heat.

It stores lipids for energy reserves. It is the main source of body heat. It produces red and white blood cells. It provides the framework for the body.

What causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell? arrival of an action potential (an action potential causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum)

actin protein complex ATP arrival of an action potential

What energizes the power stroke? hydrolysis of ATP (the hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy for the power stroke. Energy is transferred from ATP to the myosin head)

action potential hydrolysis of ATP calcium binding of ATP

What is the neurotransmitter that is responsible for triggering the contraction of the muscle fiber? acetylcholine (ACh)

dopamine troponin acetylcholinesterase acetylcholine (ACh)

Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone? Zygomatic

ethmoid zygomatic temporal sphenoid

Which of the following is the layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle? Epimysium (Structure of a Muscle)

exomysium endomysium epimysium perimysium

Which bone shape is depicted here? long (Long bones such as the humerus are longer than they are wide)

flat short long irregular

The unfused sutures of a newborn skull such as the one labeled "D" are called what? Fontanelles, or soft spots, are made of fibrous connective tissue, which will eventually fuse to form the sutures of the skull.

foramen magnum sinuses fontanelles sutures

Which division of the skeleton does bone "F" belong to? axial (The sternum is part of the thoracic cage and is found in the axial division of the skeleton.)

fossa flat axial appendicular

Which bone of the skull is labeled "C"? The mandible, or jaw, holds the lower teeth and is the only moveable bone of the skull.

frontal mandible maxilla zygomatic

What causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed? binding of calcium to the protein complex (when calcium binds to the protein complex, the myosin binding sites are exposed)

hydrolysis of ATP bound to the myosin head binding of calcium to the protein complex binding of ATP to the myosin head release ADP and Pi from the myosin head

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system? Temperature maintenance

movement support temperature maintenance storage

In a neuromuscular junction, synaptic vesicles in the motor neuron contain which neurotransmitter? acetylcholine (ACh) (acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter found in synaptic vesicles in the motor neuron in a neuromuscular junction)

norepinephrine serotonin acetylcholine (ACh) dopamine

The central shaft of a long bone is called the what? diaphysis (bone structure)

periosteum bone marrow epiphysis diaphysis

The following events occur during the procees of skeletal muscle contraction

1. ACh molecules are released into the synaptic cleft 2. ACh binds to receptors on the sarcolemma 3. Na+ enters the sarcoplasm, producing an action potential 4. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 5. Calcium ions bind to troponin 6. Muscle contraction occurs 7. The sarcoplasmic reticulum actively pumps back calcium 8. Muscle relaxation occurs

Which of the following bone shapes and examples are mismatched? Short bones; vertebrae

Irregular bones; hyoid Short bones; vertebrae Long bones; femur Flat bones; frontal bone

Which of the following bones is NOT a facial bone? Frontal

Mandible Frontal Lacrimal Zygomatic

As you stand on the tip of your toes to reach the top shelf of the cabinet, which joint movement are you performing? Plantar flexion

Plantar flexion Reposition Dorsiflexion Inversion

What means of membrane transport is used to release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft? exocytosis (the synaptic vesicles, where the neurotransmitter is stored, merge with the membrane and release the neurotransmitter by exocytosis)

a channel exocytosis simple diffusion across the plasma membrane a protein carrier

How is acetylcholine (ACh) removed from the synaptic cleft? Acetylcholinesterase breaks it down. (this enzyme is present in the synaptic cleft and breaks down acetylcholine)

a reuptake pump on the axon terminal Acetylcholinesterase breaks it down. diffusion into the skeletal muscle cell

What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin? binding of ATP (the binding of ATP causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin)

binding of calcium binding of the protein complex binding of ATP hydrolysis of ATP

The head of the humerus articulates with what on the scapula? Glenoid cavity

body coracoid process acromion glenoid cavity

Which portion of the osteon is labeled "B"? central canal (The central canal, or Haversian canal, is found in the center of the osteon and contains blood vessels.)

central canal lacuna lamella canaliculi

The majority of the weight of the bone is due to what? calcium salts

collagen fibers calcium salts cells connective tissue

The action potential on the muscle cell leads to contraction due to the release of calcium ions. Where are calcium ions stored in the muscle cell? sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum until it is released by an action potential)

cytosol synaptic cleft within the sarcolemma sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which synovial joint structure is labeled "G"? joint cavity

joint capsule joint cavity synovial membrane articular cartilage