BSC1011 Exam #2

double fertilization in angiosperm embryo sac produces endosperm, a food-storing tissue of the seed. The genetic makeup of endosperm is

3n

Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from the oceans to land ?

Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources.

In a multicellular organism, any cell that can divide and generate a/an _______ of the original organism is called to be totipotent

Clone

Sources and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of

Decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Robbie and Saurab are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants ?

Defenses against herbivory and adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen

During the alternation of generations in plants, _____.

Fertilization produces gametes

Which of the following is a scientific concern related to creating genetically modified crops ?

Herbicide resistance may spread to weedy species.

Growth and development of plants part involves

I, II, & III

Which of these activities is part of the development of crop plants from wild relatives

I, II, & IV

The veins of leaves are _____.

I, II, and III

Which of the following could be considered an evolutionary advantage of a sexual reproduction in plants

Increased success of progeny in a stable environment

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human

Increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant?

It is probably a monocot.

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. The large white part of a Brazil nut that people serves which of the following functions in nature ?

It provides a water source for the developing embryo

Robbie and Saurab are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which of the following statements are correct with regard to what physicians and pharmacists need to know about plants?

Land plants produce poisons and medicines.

Which of the following arises directly or indirectly from meristematic activity

Leaves

Is a relatively indigestible strengthening polymer that accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of the wood

Lignin

Pineapple is a fruit

Multiple

apical meristem

Occur in both roots and shoots of plants

Stomata

Open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange

A lateral root originates in the

Pericycle

The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excels (n = 17), is native to tropical rain forests of South America. It is a hardwood tree that can grow to over 50 meters tall, is a source of high-quality lumber, and is a favorite nesting site for harpy eagles. As the rainy season ends, tough-walled fruits, each containing 8-25 seeds (Brazil nuts), fall to the forest floor. Brazil nuts are composed primarily of endosperm. About $50 million worth of nuts are harvested each year. Scientists have discovered that the pale yellow flowers of Brazil nut trees cannot fertilize themselves and admit only female orchid bees as pollinators. The agouti (Dasyprocta spp.), a cat-sized rodent, is the only animal with teeth strong enough to crack the hard wall of Brazil nut fruits. It typically eats some of the seeds, buries others, and leaves still others inside the fruit, which moisture can now enter. The uneaten seeds may subsequently germinate. Entrepreneurs

Pollination failure

Compared to animal pollinated plants, wind pollinated angiosperms

Produce more seeds because winds disperse seeds greater distances

The advantages of seeds, compared to spores include

Providing nutrition for animals

Which of the events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently) ?

Rise and diversification of angiosperms

The bark of a tree trunk is made up of

Secondary phloem and layers of periderm

Prop roots are the modified aerial adventitious roots of corn that

Support tall, top heavy plants

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?

The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.

The fact that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a & b demonstrates which of the following ?

The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b.

Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate ?

The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions.

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads make them similar to many angiosperms ?

They are pollinated by animals

The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals.

They have flagellated sperm and they are pollinated by animals

Which of these events occurs first in seed germination

Water is taken up

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a roots moving from the root cap inward

Zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division

a parenchyma cell near the root tip

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____.

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Which of the following environmental factors probably helped early plants to successfully colonize land ?

an increased availability of symbiotic partners

Plant meristematic cells _____.

are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods?

artificial selection

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant

collenchyma cells

While looking at a flower in your garden, you notice that it has carpels with very long styles, and stamens with very short filaments. This plant is most likely to reproduce by _____.

cross-pollination

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily

elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem

The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____.

green algae

Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three of the following four traits select the exception.

homospory

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____.

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Bt maize

includes bacterial genes that produce a toxin that reduces damage from insect pests.

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as _____.

indeterminate

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that _____.

inhibit herbivory

When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating _____.

large axillary buds

an axillary bud in the stem can potentially form a _______ in a variety of plants based on evolutionary adaptations

lateral branch, thorn, and flower

Plants produce more seeds when they reproduce asexually than sexually. Yet most plants reproduce sexually in nature. What is the probable explanation for the prevalence of sexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction _____.

mixes up alleles contributing to variation in a species

Double fertilization means that

one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei

The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include

only I, II, II, & IV

Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit

ovary

Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed ?

ovule

The vast number and variety of flower species is probably related to various kinds of _____.

pollinators

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

root hairs

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

secondary xylem

Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances

sieve tube elements

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants?

some charophytes

Strawberries have modified horizontal shoots growing along the surface, which are referred to as

stolons

Onion leaves have been modified for the purpose of ________.

storage

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,

the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark

Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution ?

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Cottonwood, aspen, and willow trees have beige flowers, with no petals, that appear before the tree's leaves are out in the spring; and they are dioecious. What does this indicate about these trees?

their pollen is dispersed by wind

The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to ________.

transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller

A small flower with green petals is most likely

wind pollinated

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

woody eudicot