BSC2086 Chapter 23 Homework Assignment on Respiratory System
The typical residual volume in a young adult male is _____ mL.
1200
How many main bronchi come off the trachea?
2
The right lung has ______ fissure(s).
2
The right lung has _____ lobes and _____ fissure(s).
3, 2
The concentration of fetal hemoglobin is about __ compared to maternal hemoglobin.
50% greater
What is the source of carbon dioxide found in the blood?
Aerobic respiration
Which area lacks lymphatic vessels?
Alveolar walls
As blood travels through the capillary network surrounding the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane. The majority of this carbon dioxide is derived from which CO2 transport form?
Bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?
Bicarbonate ion
A lung receives air from a(n) bronchus. Each of this bronchi divide to supply air to a lobe of the lung. These are called
Blank 1: main or primary Blank 2: lobar or secondary Blank 3: segmental or tertiary
For gas exchange to occur at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through a multi-layered structure called the
Blank 1: respiratory Blank 2: membrane
The lipoprotein molecules that function to reduce surface tension within alveoli is called
Blank 1: surfactant
Indicate the means by which oxygen is carried in the blood. Select all that apply.
Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma
The two circulatory pathways in the lungs serve what functions?
Bronchial circulation matches Choice, Serves to supply oxygen to airway walls Serves to supply oxygen to airway walls Pulmonary circulation matches Choice, Allows gas exchange resulting in oxygenation of blood Allows gas exchange resulting in oxygenation of blood
Hyperventilation can decrease ______ levels, resulting in ______.
CO2; vasodilation
Which of these are functions of pleural fluid?
Cause the visceral and parietal pleurae to adhere Reduces friction during breathing
Indicate the means by which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood. Select all that apply.
Converted to bicarbonate ion Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma
Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Select all that apply.
Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion
Identify the respiratory structure indicated in the figure of the head.
Epiglottis
The letter A in this illustration is pointing to which cartilage of the larynx?
Epiglottis
What structure covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
Define hypercapnia.
Excessive levels of blood carbon dioxide
Identify structures located within the mediastinum. Select all that apply.
Heart Esophagus Trachea
Which condition will lead to increased respiration, correcting the carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
Hypercapnia
Which condition leads to decreased respiration, correcting the carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
Hypocapnia
Where are central chemoreceptors?
In the medulla oblongata
What happens to the mucus layer lining the trachea that functions to trap foreign particles?
It is moved upward by cilia to the pharynx, then swallowed.
Indicate the functions of the nose and nasal cavities. Select all that apply.
Location of olfactory receptors Warm and humidify air Influences voice
Match the airway with the lung area it supplies.
Main (primary) bronchi matches Choice, Supply right and left lungs Supply right and left lungs Lobar (secondary) bronchi matches Choice, Supply the lobes of each lung Supply the lobes of each lung Segmental (tertiary) bronchi matches Choice, Supply subdivided areas within each lobe of each lung Supply subdivided areas within each lobe of each lung
Air flows from the trachea into which sequence of airways?
Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus
Identify the volume of air that moves into and out of the respiratory system per minute.
Minute ventilation
Identify three structures that enter each lung at the hilum.
Nerves Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels
Identify the factors that make fetal blood more efficient than maternal blood at picking up oxygen.
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the left in the fetus Higher concentration of hemoglobin in the fetus
Identify the blue structure (layer) indicated in the figure.
Parietal pleura
Match the layer of the pleural membrane with its location.
Parietal pleura matches Choice, Lines thoracic cavity Lines thoracic cavity Visceral pleura matches Choice, Lies on surface of lung Lies on surface of lung
Indicate the correct order of respiratory airways as air is inhaled.
Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi and bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts and sacs
Indicate some of the tests of pulmonary function used to monitor lung health and/or progression of pulmonary disease. Select all that apply.
Pulmonary volumes Minute ventilation Lung compliance
Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung.
Superior and inferior
What does spirometry measure?
The volume of air moving into and out of the lungs
Match each pulmonary volume with its approximate value.
Tidal volume (TV) matches Choice, Approximately 500 mL Approximately 500 mL Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) matches Choice, Approximately 3000 mL Approximately 3000 mL Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) matches Choice, Approximately 1100 mL Approximately 1100 mL
What is the function of the coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule?
To trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired
Match each pulmonary capacity with its approximate value.
Total lung capacity matches Choice, Approximately 5800 mL Approximately 5800 mL Inspiratory capacity matches Choice, Approximately 3500 mL Approximately 3500 mL Vital capacity matches Choice, Approximately 4600 mL Approximately 4600 mL Functional residual capacity matches Choice, Approximately 2300 mL Approximately 2300 mL
Identify the red layer indicated by the arrow.
Visceral pleura
Superficial lymphatic vessels drain lymph from which areas? Select all that apply.
Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue
Match each pulmonary capacity with its definition.
Vital capacity matches Choice, Maximum amount of air that can be expelled after a maximal inspiration Maximum amount of air that can be expelled after a maximal inspiration Inspiratory capacity matches Choice, Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume Functional residual capacity matches Choice, Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume; air left in lungs after normal expiration Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume; air left in lungs after normal expiration Total lung capacity matches Choice, Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume
Identify the structure of the larynx indicated in the figure by the letter A.
Vocal folds
A pneumothorax occurs when _______.
air enters pleural cavity through opening in thoracic wall or lung
The role of smooth muscle found within airway walls is to ______.
allow dilation and constriction of airways
The respiratory structure indicated in the figure (within the circle) is a(n) ______.
alveolar sac
The nasal vestibule is located in the portion of the nasal cavity.
anterior
The term for absence of breathing is
apnea or apneic
Respiratory centers are located in the ______.
brainstem
The divisions of the lobes of the lungs are called there are 9 in the left lung and 10 in the right lung.
bronchopulmonary segments
The lobes of the lungs are divided into ______; there are 9 in the left lung and 10 in the right lung.
bronchopulmonary segments
At the tissues, _______ diffuses from tissue fluid into the blood.
carbon dioxide
In the blood, the blood gas that is found dissolved in plasma, bound to globin of hemoglobin, and part of a bicarbonate ion is ______.
carbon dioxide
Most control of respiration is due to activity of central chemoreceptors detecting _____ levels.
carbon dioxide
The regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of ______.
carbon dioxide
The indentation on the medial surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart is the ______.
cardiac notch
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in ______.
carotid bodies and aortic bodies
Most control of respiration is due to activity of ______ chemoreceptors.
central
Chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata are called
central or medullary
Central and peripheral ______ monitor pH and levels of O2 in blood.
chemoreceptors
The function of surfactant is to ______ the surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli.
decrease
Lung recoil ______ the size of alveoli.
decreases
The ______ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi, draining the bronchial tissues. The ______ lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the visceral pleura and the tissues just beneath it.
deep, superficial
Blood going from the right ventricle to the lungs is ______ while blood flowing from the alveoli to the left atrium is ______.
deoxygenated, oxygenated
Pulmonary arteries carry _____ blood, while pulmonary veins carry ______ blood.
deoxygenated, oxygenated
Dorsal respiratory group neurons stimulate the ______.
diaphragm
The neurons of the respiratory groups are most active during inspiration and are responsible for stimulating the diaphragm.
dorsal
True or false: Alveolar recoil leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure.
false
True or false: Alveolar walls have an extensive lymphatic capillary network.
false
True or false: Foreign particles, trapped by the mucus layer lining the trachea, remain in position in the trachea where they are phagocytized by macrophages.
false
True or false: The source of carbon dioxide in the blood is the air within the alveoli.
false
Air flows into the lungs when atmospheric pressure is _____ intra-alveolar pressure and air flows out of the lungs when atmospheric pressure is _____ intra-alveolar pressure.
greater than, less than
The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the
hilum
The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of
hyaline
The visible part of the nose is primarily composed of _______.
hyaline cartilage
Pleural pressure is defined as the pressure _____.
in the pleural cavity
A decrease in pleural pressure below intra-alveolar pressure would ______ the size of alveoli.
increase
In a chamber such as the thoracic cavity, pressure will decrease as the volume ______.
increase
What happens to the rate and depth of breathing during exercise?
increase
With aging, dead space and residual volume are ______.
increased
In a chamber such as the thoracic cavity, as the volume decreases, pressure ______.
increases
As alveoli recoil, intra-alveolar pressure ______.
increasess
The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the medial surface of the
left
Tertiary bronchi have _____ cartilage than primary bronchi.
less
The largest division of each lung are _____, which are divided into _____.
lobes, segments
Divisions of a bronchopulmonary segments are called ______.
lobules
Each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into
lobules
The main or primary bronchi transport air into and out of a(n) ______.
lung
Each lung is subdivided into progressively smaller units. List, from largest to smallest, these subdivisions. Segments Lungs Lobes Lobules
lung lobes seg lobules
The lungs will decrease their size after they are stretched because of __.
lung recoil
The pleurae are the serous membranes associated with the ______.
lungs
The spongy organs consisting of progressively smaller airways that are involved in ventilation and gas exchange are the
lungs
Place the airway names into correct order, from trachea into the lungs.
main lobar seg
Pulmonary volumes, lung compliance, and alveolar ventilation are ______.
means of assessing pulmonary function
The area between the lungs that contains the trachea, esophagus, heart, and associated structures is the ______.
mediastinum
The basic respiratory rhythm is determined by the respiratory center of the ______.
medulla oblongata
The basic ventilation rhythm is determined by neurons located in the
medulla oblongata
The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups are located in the ______.
medulla oblongata
Ventilation can be defined as the ______.
movement of air into and out of the lungs
Two opposing mechanisms determine alveolar expansion: _______ leads to alveolar expansion while ______ opposes alveolar expansion.
negative pleural pressure, lung recoil
A chemoreceptor may be defined as ______.
neurons which bind and respond to chemicals
An increase in intra-alveolar pressure (relative to atmospheric pressure) leads to airflow ______ the alveoli.
out of
Hypoxia is a deficiency of ______.
oxygen
The blood gas that is carried bound to heme of hemoglobin and dissolved in plasma is ______.
oxygen
Blood flowing via the aorta to the tissues of the body is ______; blood returning to the heart via the vena cavae is ______.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
The blue layer indicated by the arrow is the
parietal
The direction and extent of gas exchange is determined by ______.
partial pressure gradients
Chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.
peripheral
The organ of the respiratory tract indicated in the figure is the . (Use the correct anatomical term.)
pharynx
The segment of the respiratory tract indicated in the figure is the ______.
pharynx
The serous membrane associated with the lungs is called ______.
pleura
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura is the ______.
pleural cavity
When air enters the pleural cavity through an opening in the thoracic wall, the resulting condition is called a
pneumothorax
Which of the following is necessary for air to flow?
pressure gradient
The tendency for the lungs to decrease their size after they are stretched is referred to as lung
recoil
Voluntary hyperventilation leads to dizziness due to ______.
reduced CO2 level, which causes vasodilation
For gas exchange to occur at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through the ______.
respiratory membrane
A tertiary bronchus supplies a bronchopulmonary
segment
Each bronchopulmonary segment is served by one ______ bronchus.
segmental
The process of measuring volumes of air moving into and out of the respiratory system is called ______.
spirometry
What respiratory airway is at the tip of the pointer?
terminal
In order to allow adequate gas exchange, the respiratory membrane needs to be ______.
thin
The space enclosed by the thoracic wall (rib cage, costal cartilages, sternum) and the diaphragm is the
thoracic
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood at the ______.
tissue
True or false: A pressure gradient is necessary for air to flow.
true
True or false: Carbon dioxide is the blood gas that has the most influence on the regulation of the respiratory rate and depth.
true
True or false: During exercise, the rate and depth of ventilation increase.
true
True or false: Pleural (serous) fluid decreases friction between pleural membrane layers during breathing.
true
True or false: The direction of gas exchange is determined by partial pressures gradients of the gases.
true
True or false: The respiratory membrane is very thin so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse across it.
true
Most of the alveolar surface is formed from _____ pneumocytes.
type 1
Match the types of pneumocyte with its function.
type 1Squamous cells lining alveoli 2 Secretory cells that produce surfactant within alveoli
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is specifically referred to as
ventilation or breathing
The red layer indicated by the arrow is the
visceral
The pleural cavity is the potential space between the ______.
visceral and parietal pleura
The surface of the lungs is lined covered by the ______ pleura and the thoracic cavity is lined by the _____ pleura.
visceral, parietal
The human left lung has _____ lobes with _____ fissures(s) between the lobes.
2,1
Which letter on the illustration indicates a terminal bronchiole?
A
Which letter on the illustration indicates the carina?
A
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?
Alveoli
Identify the functions of the respiratory system.
Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Protection from microorganisms Plays a role in regulating blood pH Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and the tissues of the body Produces chemical mediators that activate substances in the blood Assists in vocalization and speech Olfaction
Airways less than 1 millimeter (mm) in diameter are classified as
Blank 1: bronchioles
The inferior portion of the larynx is formed by the
Blank 1: cricoid
List the correct order of airways from the trachea to the alveoli.
Bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and sacs
How is sound produced?
By air moving over vocal folds
Which letter in the illustration indicates an alveolar sac?
C
Which letter on the illustration indicates the epiglottis?
C
Which of the following best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?
C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
Identify components of the nasal septum. Select all that apply.
Cartilage Vomer bone Ethmoid bone
Indicate two mechanisms used to prevent food from entering the larynx.
Closure of glottis Tipping of epiglottis over glottis
Describe the lungs.
Conical shaped organs with an inferior base and a superior apex
Which letter in the illustration indicates the vocal folds?
D
Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for only the respiratory system?
Nasopharynx
Matching the airway segment with its description.
Oropharynx matches Choice, Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis Laryngopharynx matches Choice, Extends from tip of epiglottis to the esophagus Extends from tip of epiglottis to the esophagus Nasopharynx matches Choice, Above the soft palate Above the soft palate
Indicate the features that are associated with the larynx. Select all that apply.
Vestibular and vocal folds epiglottis and glottis Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Identify the branching point indicated in the figure.
carina
As the airways progress, the amount of _______ decreases until, at the terminal bronchioles, there is none.
cartilage
The anterior portion of the nasal septum is composed of ______, while the posterior part is composed of ______.
cartilage, bone
In the nasal cavity, the bony ridges extending from the lateral walls are called
concha or conchae
The inferior-most cartilage of the larynx is the ______ cartilage.
cricoid
Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles during expiration causes a(n) ______ in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
decrease
Expansion and recoil of the lung tissue during inhalation (expansion) and exhalation (recoil) can occur because the alveolar walls contain ______.
elastic
Which component associated with the alveoli allows their expansion and recoil?
elastic fiber
A breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange describes the degenerative lung disease known as ______.
emphysema
A condition that involves progressively enlarging alveoli as the alveolar walls are destroyed is _____.
emphysema
The leaf-shaped structure which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing is the
epiglottis
Identify the function of the alveoli. They allow for the ______.
exchange of gas between the air and the blood
Contraction of the muscles of ______ causes a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
expiration
The visible part of the nose is the _____ nose.
external
The inferior portion of the pharynx which begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and the larynx is the
laryngopharynx
The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the ______.
laryngopharynx
The larynx is located between the _____ and the _____.
laryngopharynx, trachea
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.
larynx
The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis vestibular folds, and vocal folds are associated with the ______.
larynx
The anatomical term for the external opening to the nasal cavity is the _____.
nares
The functions of the segment of the respiratory system called the ______ include cleaning, warming, and humidifying air as it enters the airways. It also contains the olfactory epithelium.
nasal cavity
Extending from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are ridges called ______.
nasal conchae
Place the regions of the pharynx in order from superior to inferior.
naso oro lar
The most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, extending to the soft palate, is the
nasopharynx
The portion of the pharynx that is posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate is the ______.
nasopharynx
The three regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior are the , and .
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
The nares are also referred to as ______.
nostrils
The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the .
pharynx
The structure that serves as an opening for both the respiratory and the digestive systems and extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx is the .
pharynx
The uvula can be described as the ______.
posterior extension of the soft palate
The function of the uvula is to _____.
prevent food from entering into the nasopharynx
The trachea divides into two
primary
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the __________ system.
respiratory
A child who has accidentally inhaled a marble into their lower respiratory tract most likely has the marble lodged in their
right
The ______ main bronchus is larger and more in line with the trachea, meaning that swallowed objects are ______ likely to lodge here.
right, more
Bronchioles are branches of ______ bronchi.
segmental
What component of airway walls allows the dilation or constriction of airway?
smooth muscle
The cartilage of the larynx that forms the anterior wall of the larynx and the largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the _____ cartilage.
thyroid
The letter A in this illustration indicates which cartilage of the larynx?
thyroid
The prominent laryngeal cartilage that is often larger in males than females is the
thyroid
The posterior extension of the soft palate is the
uvula
Sound is produced as air moves past the
vocal
Within the larynx, the most inferior pair of ligaments are ______ folds.
vocal
Within the larynx, the inferior pair of ligaments running from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage to the posterior thyroid cartilage are the
vocal Blank 2: true
