Bus5-187 Chapter 4 and 5 Quiz

Which approach to business ethics includes cultural relativism, the righteous moralist, and the naive immoralist?

Straw Men

How would sociologists describe the class system in British society today?

The class system still exists and "money still begets money."

What is the correct definition of business ethics?

The principles that govern the proper conduct and moral decisions that arise in a business environment.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been ratified by ______.

almost every country

Kerri's grandparents came to the United States from Ireland in the 1930s with just a few dollars in their pocket. They found work when they arrived and five years later were able to buy a home and build their savings. Their change in social stratification reflects the ______ system.

class

Mallory grew up in a rural community and she knows that even though she has a master's degree in finance, she will always be considered a "country bumpkin" in her society. Her thoughts reflect the idea of ______.

class consciousness

Class ______ is one's perception of their social or economic rank in society.

consciousness

International businesses frequently have to address ethical issues that develop because

countries have different business laws, practices, and regulations.

According to the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, the bribery of a foreign public official is considered a(n) ______.

criminal offense

Understanding how cultural differences across and within nations affect the way business is practiced is known as ______ literacy.

cross-cultural

The GLOBE instrument addresses the idea that a leader's effectiveness is ______.

embedded in organizational norms

A system of moral principles that govern the conduct of an individual is known as

ethics.

One advantage of individualism in business is a(n)

high level of entrepreneurial activity.

Which of Hofstede's dimensions are likely to be found in nations where corruption is rampant?

high power distance

The righteous moralist says that a multinational's ______ country standards of ethics are the appropriate approach to follow in foreign countries.

home

In the United States, class membership is determined mostly by

individual economic achievement.

When comparing individualistic versus collectivistic societies, it has been said that ______ societies are great at creating innovative ideas, while ______ societies are better at the implementation of those ideas.

individualistic; collectivistic

A caste system is a type of social structure that divides people on the basis of ______.

inherited social status

The main criticism of the righteous moralist approach is that

its supporters go too far. The home-country standards are not always applicable.

Giving people that which they are due is an example of a(n) __ distribution.

just

How do facilitating payments benefit a company?

smooths the progress of services to which the business is entitled

In recent years, what has increased society's emphasis on extended social groups?

social media

In a caste system, change in position is ______ during one's lifetime.

usually not possible

Within a society, honesty would be considered a general ______.

value

The convergence hypothesis refers to a universal acceptance of ______ across cultures.

values and norms

Which maxim accurately summarizes the concept of cultural relativism?

when in Rome, do as the Romans do

What are two problems with the utilitarian approach to business ethics?

Accurately measuring the costs and benefits of a given situation; Doesn't consider justice

The straw men approach to ethics is comprised of four approaches. What are those four approaches?

Cultural relativism; Righteous moralist; Friedman doctrine; Naive immoralist

Which statement BEST explains how a manager's personal ethics might be challenged in international transactions?

Expatriate managers may face more pressure to violate their personal ethics.

The theory that states that businesses should not incur social expenditures unless required by law or required for the efficient operations of a business is the ______.

Friedman Doctrine

Culture that is defined as a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living stems from the work of which expert?

Hofstede

The World Values Survey includes what three dimensions? (Check all that apply.)

Impact of globalization; Support for democracy; Support for gender equality

The justice theory attributed to ______ emphasizes the socially just distribution of goods in society.

John Rawls

What theories concentrate on the fair distribution of economic goods and services in a society?

Justice

______ ethics holds that one should always respect others and act in accordance with rules that could apply to everyone.

Kantian

What is a negative effect of the collectivist manner associated with Japanese businesses?

Lack of dynamism and entrepreneurship

What are three of the dimensions Hofstede identified and studied? (Check all that apply.)

Masculinity vs femininity; Individualism vs collectivism; Power distance

______ is the Hofstede dimension that describes the extent to which individuals do not have the same levels of physical and intellectual capability.

Power distance

James is a manager from Tennessee working at a tech support center in India. He is a firm believer in the minimum wage and treating employees fairly. Yet he sees his assistant manager firing one employee and hiring his neighbor at a lower rate. James confronts his assistant manager, claiming this behavior isn't consistent with home-country standards. Which philosophical approach to ethics does James represent?

Righteous moralist

Which ethical theory emphasizes that the best actions are those that benefit the most number of people and harm the least number of people?

Utilitarianism

What is the focus of the justice theories?

a fair distribution of economic goods and services

The effects of corruption on a company's economic growth have resulted in many multinationals to adopt

a zero-tolerance policy.

Our personal ethics tell us it is wrong to cheat on a test. Conversely, it is right to

accept responsibly for your actions.

In some countries, bribes are considered appropriate in business. In other countries, bribes are against the law. This is an example of ______.

an ethical dilemma

In Japanese society today, it is common for a person's social status to be associated with his or her

business.

There is a need for every business in the international marketplace to understand the prevailing culture in the countries that they are doing business in. This is known as

cross-cultural literacy.

The belief that ethics are culturally determined and a firm should adopt the ethics of the country it is doing business in is

cultural relativism.

A system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living is called _________ . (Enter one word in the blank.)

culture

Hofstede studied how ______ relate(s) to values in the workplace.

culture

Under Rawls' ______ principle, the long-run expectations of the least-advantaged social group need to be maximized.

difference

What human characteristic did Immanuel Kant use as the basis of his ethical theory?

dignity

Culture can best be described as a ______ phenomenon.

dynamic

Scandinavia scores high on the individualism and uncertainty avoidance measures of societal culture. According to Hofstede's dimensions of societal culture, Scandinavia is more likely to engage in ______ business behavior than countries which score high on masculinity and power distance measures.

ethical

An amendment to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act allowed for the use of ______ which allow a business to receive the standard treatment it ought to receive from a foreign government.

facilitating payments

After US companies objected that the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act would put them at a competitive disadvantage, the FCPA was eventually amended to allow for ______.

grease payments

A(n) ______ consists of at least two individuals who have a shared sense of identity and interact in structured ways.

group

According to Hofstede, societies with strict codes of behavior, rules, and laws score ______ on the uncertainty avoidance index.

high

In most Western societies the ______ is emphasized, whereas in Japan the ______ is more important.

individual; group

The dynamism associated with the U.S. economy is a result of the philosophy of ______.

individualism

The Hofstede dimension that is focused on the degree to which people in a society are integrated into groups is

individualism vs collectivism.

According to Hofstede, if the ties between people are loose, it is most likely a sign of a(n) ______ society.

individualistic

The __ believes that if a multinational firm does not follow the ethical norms of the host country, then other multinational firms don't have to follow them.

naive immoralist

There is a ______ one-to-one relationship between a society and a nation-state.

non-strict

In the ______ dimension by Hofstede, it is recognized that people are not equal in physical and intellectual capabilities.

power distance

The ______ believes it is always the appropriate strategy to adopt home-country ethical standards.

righteous moralist

The movement of the members of a particular society in terms of their social status from one group to another is an example of

social mobility.

All societies are divided on a hierarchical basis into social categories called ______.

social strata

The basic social organization of a society is known as social ______.

structure

Class mobility is more likely to be achieved in

the United States.

The long-term versus short-term orientation identified by Hofstede captures people's attitudes toward ______.

time

According to Milton Friedman, what is the social responsibility of a business?

to increase profits

True or false: Cultures can embrace several nations.

True

______ ethics measure actions on a cost-benefit scale.

Utilitarian

Sharon is visiting her company's manufacturing subcontractor in Pakistan. She is disturbed when she notices children working on the machinery in a room with no air conditioning and little access to water, but she also knows these children are probably supporting their families. This is an example of a(n) ______.

ethical dilemma

When Kendall was asked to describe the relationship between the countries of Denmark, Finland, and Norway, she replied that the people of those countries all shared a common set of values. In other words, Kendall considered this group of countries as a ______.

society

A payment which ensures that a business receives the standard treatment that it ought to receive from a foreign government is known as

speed money.

In historic British society, who was included in the middle class?

those who worked in professional occupations

Jennifer doesn't understand why the management team decided to continue supporting the supplier in India when it was obvious that a better product at a better price was available from a supplier in Indonesia. According to the text, what is the best starting point to understand this decision?

understand the process the management team uses to make decisions

Which act outlaws the payment of bribes to foreign government officials to gain businesses?

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

True or false: Businesspeople may behave unethically simply because they forget to ask themselves whether the decision or action they are making is ethical.

True

The Universal Declaration of Human rights was adopted by the ______ and is a global expression of what many believe are the rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled.

United Nations

As the result of criticism of his original work, Hofstede went on to expand his model with the addition of which dimension?

long-term vs short-term orientation

Certain theories accept that there are rights, both positive and negative, that all humans have simply because they are human. These are known as ______ theories.

rights

TimeTurner Corp. is a company based in the United States that manufactures luxury wrist watches. By western standards, if the company uses sweatshop labor to make these watches it is most likely to be considered

unethical.

According to Rawls's view of justice, when people operate under a veil of ignorance, they would unanimously agree on two fundamental principles of justice. What are these two principles?

Each person is permitted the maximum amount of basic liberties compatible with a similar liberty for others; Once basic liberty is ensured, inequality in basic social goods is to be allowed only if such inequalities benefit everyone.

The ______ system is a less rigid form of social stratification than the ______ system.

class; caste

The ______ degree of social mobility in the U.S. limits the impact of class background on business operations.

high

Bennie is managing a call center in Italy. He is finding it difficult to motivate employees to meet their call volume using the standard tactics employed in the United States. Finally, Bennie is told that if he starts offering "daily cash bonuses" to employees, they will meet their targets. He is torn between doing what he believes is right and meeting his numbers. Bennie is facing a challenge to ______.

his personal ethics

Which of Hofstede's dimensions reflects the ability of citizens to accept delayed gratification for their material, social, and emotional needs?

long-term versus short-term orientation

The ______ of a society refers to how it is organized in terms of its values, norms, and societal relationships.

social structure

During his study of the Japanese culture, Jeremy learned that lifetime employment with one company is very common in certain sectors. This trait is probably the result of

the collectivistic nature of the culture.

What two dimensions are important to consider when explaining differences across social structures?

the degree to which the basic unit of the social organization is individualistic or collectivistic; the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes

What are four of the determinants of ethical behavior?

Organizational culture; Leadership; Personal ethics; Societal culture

What are the four principles of social stratification?

Social stratification is generally universal; Social stratification carries over to the next generation; Social stratification involves beliefs as well as inequality; Social stratification is a trait of society.

Fifty years ago, it was not widely accepted that a woman could hold a senior management position. Of course, today this is a common reality. This demonstrates how ______ can change over time.

Societal norms and gender norms

True or False: While religion can influence the values and norms of society, the values and norms of society can also impact religion.

True

True or false: A sociologist would disagree with the idea that the British class system has dissolved.

True

True or false: According to the rights theories, human beings have fundamental rights and privileges that transcend national boundaries.

True

The police have located a suspect in a dirty bomb threat to a major city. They plan to do whatever is necessary to locate the bomb -- including torture. Which approach to ethics are the police using in this situation?

Utilitarianism

As countries get richer, we often see a shift ______ traditional values (such as staying married and obeying one's parents) and ______ secular rational values (including abortion and divorce).

away from; toward