business 101 pt 2 welcome to hell
The production of services is different from the production of manufactured goods in all of the following ways, except:
When compared to services, customers are much more involved in obtaining the manufactured good they want or need.
product line
a group of similar products that differ only in relatively minor characteristics
commission
a payment that is a percentage of sales revenue
human resources manager
a person charged with managing an organization's human resources programs
contingency plan
a plan that outlines alternative courses of action that may be taken if an organization's other plans are disrupted or become ineffective
foreign-exchange control
a restriction on the amount of a particular foreign currency that can be purchased or sold
behavior modification
a systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior
cross-functional team
a team of individuals with varying specialties, expertise, and skills that are brought together to achieve a common task
problem-solving team
a team of knowledgeable employees brought together to tackle a specific problem
equity theory
a theory of motivation based on the premise that people are motivated to obtain and preserve equitable treatment for themselves
job sharing
an arrangement whereby two people share one full-time position
lump-sum salary increase
an entire pay raise taken in one lump sum
decentralized organization
an organization in which management consciously attempts to spread authority widely in the lower levels of the organization
plan
an outline of the actions by which an organization intends to accomplish its goals and objectives
When a research and development department is engaged in activities geared toward discovering new knowledge with some potential use it is engaged in _.
applied research
core competencies
approaches and processes that a company performs well that may give it an advantage over its competitors
delegation
assigning part of a manager's work and power to other workers
external recruiting
attracting job applicants from outside an organization
The gradual reduction of the size of a workforce by not replacing personnel lost due to resignation is known as:
attrition.
The United States has the largest economy. Which nation has the second largest economy and represents the largest annual bilateral trade relationship with the United States?
China
_ refers to the differences among people in a workforce owing to race, ethnicity, and gender.
Cultural diversity
The _ , also known as the Common Market, is now an economic force to be recognized by even the most advanced economies such as of the United States and Japan.
European Union (EU)
Which characteristic does NOT support a narrow span of management?
Few new problems are expected to arise
Sandra is a no-nonsense manager with excellent budgeting skills. On projects that Sandra manages, the team always comes in under budget. When forecasting costs for a plan, Sandra is extremely accurate. Sandra is skilled at managing which resource for her company?
Financial
Who supports multilateral development banks (MDB)?
Industrialized nations
An organization is a formal structure consisting of interrelated positions. What is the name given to a group created within that organization to accomplish goals that may or may not be relevant to the organization?
Informal group
What is a group created by the members themselves to accomplish goals that may or may not be relevant to an organization?
Informal group
Manufacturing in the United States has dropped significantly, however the cost of manufacturing has decreased. Which of the following can be attributed to the increase in manufacturing productivity in the United States?
Innovation and skilled workers
Managers must coordinate an organization's resources to achieve the organization's goals. Which of the following is not typically considered as an organization's resource?
Intellectuals
The _ a federal agency, helps U.S. firms develop export promotion programs and gives assistance in competing in foreign markets by coordinating trade missions in foreign countries.
International Trade Administration
What is the name of one of the United States federal agencies created to assist U.S. firms in developing export-promotion programs?
International Trade Administration
There are many reasons for encouraging cultural diversity within the workplace, which of the following is not a good reason to engage in hiring for cultural diversity?
It reduces payroll expenses.
What is the concept's name that is built on an idea of eliminating waste from all of the activities required to produce a product or service?
Lean manufacturing
Which of the following is NOT a potentially negative consequence of job specialization?
Less injuries
The United States is a party to many trade agreements and international trade organizations. Which of the following trade organizations does not have the United States as a member?
MFN
Which phase of human resources management is responsible for encouraging employees to remain with the firm?
Maintaining
Which of the following is NOT a component to be addressed by management in order for total quality management (TQM) programs to be effective?
Maximizing shareholder profits
The _ is concerned with dealings between business firms and labor unions.
National Labor Relations Act
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of a network structure?
No centralized leader
This deals with establishing organizational goals and deciding how to accomplish them; it is sometimes referred to as the "first" management function because all other management functions depend upon it.
Planning
Which of the following is not one of the primary tasks of human resources management?
Terminating
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences whether a firm is decentralized?
A code of ethics
Which countries are the United States' best trading partners for U.S. exports?
Canada and Mexico
Which of the following is NOT a type of compensation?
Comparable worth
Which of the following is not one of the four types of utilities?
Magnitude
Which element(s) in the work environment was(were) found to dissatisfy workers when not present, but when present did not serve as a motivator for workers?
Pay and job security
Top managers spend most of their time performing which of the following management functions?
Planning
ad hoc committee
a committee created for a specific short-term purpose
organization
a group of two or more people working together to achieve a common set of goals
trade deficit
a negative balance of trade
operational plan
a type of plan designed to implement tactical plans
operations management
all the activities required to produce goods and services
A process in operations management in which raw materials are broken into different component parts is known as _______; while, a process in which raw materials or components are combined to create a finished product is known as _______.
analytical process; synthetic process
What departmentalization bases are likely being used at HP?
by function and product.
internal recruiting
considering present employees as applicants for available positions
The form of departmentalization that groups jobs that perform similar functional activities, like finance and marketing, is called:
departmentalization by function.
A(n) _ is used to measure an employee's contribution to the organization.
input-output ratio
trading company
provides a link between buyers and sellers in different countries
importing
purchasing raw materials or products in other nations and bringing them into one's own country
utility
the ability of a good or service to satisfy a human need
scheduling
the process of ensuring that materials and other resources are at the right place at the right time
controlling
the process of evaluating and regulating ongoing activities to ensure that goals are achieved
selection
the process of gathering information about applicants for a position and then using that information to choose the most appropriate applicant
departmentalization
the process of grouping jobs into manageable units
leading
the process of influencing people to work toward a common goal
inventory control
the process of managing inventories in such a way as to minimize inventory costs, including both holding costs and potential stock-out costs
management development
the process of preparing managers and other professionals to assume increased responsibility in both present and future positions
motivating
the process of providing reasons for people to work in the best interests of an organization
employee training
the process of teaching operations and technical employees how to do their present jobs more effectively and efficiently
currency devaluation
the reduction of the value of a nation's currency relative to the currencies of other countries
job specialization
the separation of all organizational activities into distinct tasks and the assignment of different tasks to different people
job rotation
the systematic shifting of employees from one job to another
Which of the following provides anonymous feedback from an employee's peers, subordinates, and supervisors?
A 360-degree evaluation
What are the three phases of human resources management?
Acquiring, maintaining, and developing
What motivational technique is a multistep process with the primary purpose of clarifying the roles employees are expected to play in reaching the organization's goals?
Management by objectives
_____ is the process of collecting information about applicants and using that information to make hiring decisions.
Selection
_______ assumes that people dislike work and need to be led since they lack ambition; while, _______ assumes that people work towards goals and seek out responsibility.
Theory X; Theory Y
job redesign
a type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match
The three steps of the _____ process include setting standards against which performance can be compared, measuring actual performance and comparing it with the standard, and taking corrective action as necessary.
controlling
The purpose of job analysis is to systematically study positions to determine _
elements and requirements.
When looking at plant layout, Ford most likely uses a ____ because automobiles undergo the same operations in the same order.
product layout
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act was passed in 1967 and amended in 1986. It prohibits discrimination against employees who have reached a certain age in companies with 20 or more employees and prohibits mandatory retirement based on the retiree's age. What is the age referenced in the act at which it is illegal for a company to discriminate based on age?
40 years or older
Southwest Airlines is known for closely following its mission statement: Southwest Airlines is dedicated to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit. We are committed to provide our Employees a stable work environment with equal opportunity for learning and personal growth. In keeping with this statement, the company has developed inner rites, rituals, heroes, and values including holding a Christmas party in a hanger in Dallas every year and flying in employees from throughout the United States to attend. Awards are given at the party, entertainment is provided by employees, and dinner is provided for everyone. What do these activities describe?
A communal corporate culture
Utility is the ability of a good or service to satisfy a human need. Which type of utility is the concern of operations management?
Form utility
_ is an employee's attitude or feeling about the job.
Morale
Which term describes the act of buying of all materials needed by the organization?
Purchasing
Firms use a wide variety of methods for training employees—both for initial job skill training and for continual job performance improvement. Which of the following is not important for an effective training and development program?
Surveying potential participants
wage survey
a collection of data on prevailing wage rates within an industry or a geographic area
organization chart
a diagram that represents the positions and relationships within an organization
virtual team
a team consisting of members who are geographically dispersed but communicate electronically
There are many reasons for imposing trade restrictions, however _ is not one of them.
decreasing job availability within a nation
A study of what employees do in a particular job is called a(n):
job analysis.
When employers are concerned that their employees may become bored with performing the same tasks repetitively, they use _ to systematically shift employees to other jobs to give them opportunities to perform new tasks.
job rotation
The process of coordinating people and other resources to achieve the goals of an organization is known as:
management.
The level of management that is responsible for developing tactical and operational plans and makes up the largest group of managers in most organizations is _____.
middle management
Vroom's expectancy theory states that:
motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something, but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it.
The Fruit Guys supply other companies with fresh fruit for their office break rooms. For those companies, the perk of fresh fruit may serve as a(n)_______, according to Frederick Herzberg.
motivation factor
Like all companies, The Fruit Guys need to be concerned that employees have an internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior in a way that helps the firm achieve its goals. This is best described as
motivation.
Employees have different _____; some are interested primarily in earning as much money as they can, while others may be spurred on by opportunities to get promoted.
motivations
The underlying cause for a person to act in a particular manner may be referred to as a _ .
motive
A firm that operates on a worldwide scale without ties to any specific nation or region is known as a:
multinational enterprise.
A performance appraisal based on the number of cars sold or percentage of defects on an assembly line is an example of a(n) _____ since it is quantifiable.
objective method
A(n) _ manages the systems that convert resources into goods and services.
operations manager
entrepreneurial leadership
personality-based leadership style in which the manager seeks to inspire workers with a vision of what can be accomplished to benefit all stakeholders
A compensation system under which employees are paid a certain amount for each unit of output they produce is known as:
piece-rate system.
A compensation system is a firm's _ that determine employee compensation.
policies and strategies
Planning is an essential part of managing an enterprise. A(n) _ plan is developed as a guide during the planning process for major policy setting and decision making.
strategic
job design
structuring the tasks and activities required to accomplish a firm's objectives into specific jobs so as to foster productivity and employee satisfaction
During the planning stage, managers develop a _ plan which is smaller in scale and developed to implement strategy and will most likely cover a one- to three-year period.
tactical
responsibility
the duty to do a job or perform a task
Which U.S. government export assistance program facilitates advocacy to assist U.S. firms competing for major projects and procurements worldwide?
Advocacy Center
When does routing take place for operations managers?
After materials have been purchased and their use determined
Which federal legislation prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in all employment practices?
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
Delegation assigns work and power to other workers as required by the centralization or decentralization of authority within the organization. What is the last step in the delegation process?
Assign accountability
How are basic research and applied research different?
Basic research just wants to uncover new knowledge; while, applied research wants to discover new knowledge with some potential use.
_ is a systematic program of encouraging desirable behavior involving rewards to encourage desirable actions and punishments to discourage undesirable actions.
Behavior modification
_____, one tool that is used for total quality management (TQM), is the process of evaluating the products, processes, or management practices of another organization for the purpose of improving quality.
Benchmarking
How is the production of services similar to the production of manufactured goods?
Both types of businesses must plan, design, execute, evaluate, improve, and redesign their products to satisfy customers.
Companies, the military, the government, and nonprofit organizations can operate because they have determined the levels of authority and reporting structure for their organizations. What is the name given to this line of authority?
Chain of command
To build a business for the future requires the ability to think in abstract terms and to see "the big picture" to keep everyone on track toward fulfilling it. This best describes which of the following management skills?
Conceptual skills
How can conflict be beneficial to a team's development?
Conflict allows members to spend more time analyzing the situation to determine the best decision.
What type of leader seeks input from almost all workers and makes the final decisions based on their support?
Consensus leaders
What type of leader is one who consults workers before making decisions, helps workers understand their goals, and imposes and fosters a sense of ownership and commitment, and makes the final decisions him- or herself after gathering employee input?
Consultative
As a franchise operation, Camp Bow Wow requires consistency across locations, which calls most strongly for which of the following management functions?
Controlling
_ refers to the traditions, heroes, informal methods of interacting, giving of recognition and other values of a firm and can be strong and used to bind members of the organization like a family, or weak so that connections remain on a professional-only level.
Corporate culture
There are several methods for entering international trade. Which of the following is not a method for entering international trade?
Creation of a business that is organized outside of any nation and operates on a multinational level "at home" in most countries of the world
What is a team called that consists of individuals with varying specialties, expertise, and skills that are brought together to achieve a common task?
Cross-functional team
When managers are engaged in problem solving, there are several steps they should go through in order to prevent themselves from providing a resolution to a problem that is unrelated to the actual issue under examination. Which of the following most correctly delineates the steps in problem-solving?
Defining the problem, generating alternatives, selecting an alternative, implementing and evaluating the solution.
What is the advantage of departmentalization by customer?
Departmentalization by customer allows the firm to deal efficiently with unique customers or customer groups.
Departmentalization is the grouping together of work units or departments to create manageable units. What is the name given to departmentalization of a group of employees based on them all doing the same organizational activity?
Departmentalization by function
What is the name given to determining what a product will look like, what options it will have, where it will be made, and other variables that arise when a company has an idea for a product and moves it into research and development?
Design planning
What is the first step for a service business to begin planning and provide the services its customers want?
Determine who the customer is and what needs the customer has
Nations may impose barriers to trade. Which of the following is not a barrier to trade?
Dumping
Which leadership style is considered the best?
Each of the leadership styles can be highly effective in the right situation.
What do business people mean when they talk about lean manufacturing?
Eliminating waste from all of the activities required to produce a good or service
_ is the process of teaching operations and technical employees how to do their present jobs more effectively and efficiently.
Employee training
Why are many companies hiring employees representing a diverse background?
Employees with diverse backgrounds better serve their diverse customers.
The _ maintains that people are motivated to obtain and preserve fair treatment for themselves.
Equity Theory
One of the first steps in hiring new employees is to prepare a job forecast to anticipate the company's employment needs. Which of the following is not part of the hiring process?
Evaluating current employees
A modern motivational theory based on the assumption that motivation depends on how much an employee wants something and on how likely the employee thinks he or she will receive it, requires employees to balance the value they place on different aspects of their life against the goal they seek. Balancing is required because of the possibility of any action leading to varied outcomes. What theory is this?
Expectancy theory
_____ is a significant question because, once the decision has been made and implemented, the firm must live with it due to the high costs involved.
Facility location
Which of the following federal legislation established a minimum wage and an overtime pay rate for employees working more than 40 hours per week?
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
The coordinated effort of the three levels of managers is required to implement the goals of any company. Which of the following best represents the three basic levels of management?
First-line managers, top managers, and middle managers
The manufacturing process requires the use of a variety of technologies. Which of the following is not one of the technologies used in the manufacturing process?
Flexible production systems
What utility is created by people converting raw materials, finances, and information into finished products?
Form utility
Leaders within an organization can be formed in a variety of ways. Which of the following best describes the difference between formal and informal leaders?
Formal leaders have authority within an organization to influence others to work towards the organization's objectives, but informal leaders usually have no such authority.
What are the five stages of team development, in order as a team matures?
Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
Heidi Ganahl brings a personal approach to managerial decision making and problem solving. In which of the following stages would she employ brainstorming with employees to address an issue?
Generating alternatives
_____ is the second step in the decision-making process and it depends on creativity for new and useful ideas, regardless of where the ideas come from.
Generating alternatives
Which modern theory of motivation states that employees are motivated to achieve goals that they and their managers establish together as long as the goals are specific and attainable and rewards are tied to the goal achievement?
Goal-setting theory
As a firm grows in size how do the responsibilities of HRM change?
HRM activities become more specialized.
Elton Mayo conducted the _ at the Western Electric Company in Chicago, to determine the effects of the work environment on employee productivity.
Hawthorne Studies
Which researcher studied motivation specifically related to the workplace and determined that a variety of hygiene and motivational factors impact worker motivation?
Herzberg
Which of the following is an organizational outcome of high morale?
High employee loyalty
Of the four resources managed within an organization, one is considered far more important than any of the others—so much so that management of this resource is considered to have a greater impact on the organization than even the vital components of the organization. Which of the following is the resource described in this paragraph?
Human
Which statement best describes Elton Mayo's conclusions from the Hawthorne Studies?
Human factors such as sense of involvement and social acceptance are at least as important to motivation as pay rates for employees.
Which managers are responsible for recruiting and hiring employees, developing and administering employee benefits, training and performance appraisal programs, and dealing with government regulations concerning employment practices?
Human resources managers
Which of the following theories or studies maintained that, as pertaining to employees, a state of no dissatisfaction cannot exist because people will always be dissatisfied with something?
Hygiene theory
Nadine manages the quality control department for her company. Recently, Nadine became aware of a quality problem with one of the company's products. After studying the issue Nadine determined the quality of raw materials used in the product was deficient and began looking at changing suppliers. Which step in the decision-making process did Nadine exemplify when she determined the quality of raw materials was substandard?
Identifying the problem
Total quality management (TQM) has been shown to benefit a company beyond improving a product. Which of the following is not a benefit of TQM?
Improved ability to engage in competitive pricing
Which of the following U.S. government export assistance programs offers assistance and information to exporters through its domestic and overseas commercial officers?
International Trade Administration
Firms use many techniques for determining the wage structure for positions within the firm. Which of the following is not normally used by firms to determine their wage structures?
International standards
Which skills are defined as the ability to deal with people, both inside and outside the organizations?
Interpersonal skills
Only 3% of those who apply get jobs at the Container Store. Of which of the following selection tools does the company make heavy use according to the video?
Interviews
_ is the process of managing inventories in such a way as to minimize costs, including both holding costs and potential stock-out costs.
Inventory control
Which of the following is incorrect about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)?
It is an international organization of 164 nations dedicated to creating and maintaining tariffs and other barriers to world trade.
Which of the following is true concerning total quality management (TQM)?
It is the coordination of efforts directed at improving customer satisfaction, increasing employee participation, strengthening supplier partnerships, and facilitating an organizational atmosphere of continuous quality improvement.
The Container Store provides 260 hours of training for its employees, thirty times the national average. Which of the following best describes training?
It is the process of teaching operations and technical employees how to do their jobs more effectively and efficiently.
Which of the following is a negative aspect of hiring from within for a company?
It leaves another job vacancy to fill.
For recruiters, what does it mean to have a goal of attracting the "right number" of applicants?
It means to attract enough to allow a good match between applicants and open positions but not so many that matching requires a lot of time and effort.
Factors that bear upon a company's organization include the external environment in which the firm operates, the nature of the decision to be made, the abilities of lower-level managers, and the firm's established practices. If a firm operates in a complex unpredictable environment with dependable lower-level managers, which of the following would be most likely true about the company?
It will be a decentralized organization.
Which job design specifically incorporates motivational factors such as opportunity for achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement into a job?
Job enrichment
A motivational method in which the work is restructured to better match the worker could accomplish its goal by using work teams or establishing closer customer relationships. What is the name of this motivational method?
Job redesign
Employers may work with employees' schedules to accommodate the employees' lifestyles. What is the name given to the working arrangement in which the employer permits two employees to work less than a full-time schedule but work at the same tasks?
Job sharing
Jack has elderly parents he needs to care for and he would like to cut his hours down to half-time. Which flexible scheduling strategy might work for Jack?
Job sharing
What is the name given to the assignment of distinct tasks within an organization to different people so each person become extremely proficient at performing that single task?
Job specialization
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), _ exports are growing annually. This region is home to 11 Free Trade Area countries.
Latin American
What is the name given to a management structure in which the line managers are provided with specialists? Please select the most specific answer.
Line and staff structure
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a team?
Little to no chance of conflict
_ is the process of coordinating people and other resources to achieve the goals of an organization.
Management
_ is a motivation technique in which managers and employees collaborate in setting goals for the purpose of clarifying the roles employees are expected to play in reaching the organization's goals.
Management by objectives
Which of the following is least likely to be a role of operations management?
Marketing of products
_____ structures provide flexibility, enhanced cooperation, and creativity, and they enable the company to respond quickly to changes in the environment by giving special attention to specific projects or problems.
Matrix
In this type of culture (popular in large banks and investment firms), you have employees who are passionate, energetic, goal-oriented, and have a sense of purpose and excitement for their work.
Mercenary culture
What is the famous principle of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which means that each member nation is to be treated equally by all contracting nations?
Most-favored-nation status (MFN)
____ is the individual internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior; the personal "force" that causes you or me to behave in a particular way.
Motivation
The morale of an individual on the job is closely tied to job satisfaction and having needs met. Which of the following is a need that, according to the authors, would be satisfied by employment?
Need for financial security
Which federal legislation regulates the degree to which employees can be exposed to hazardous substances and specifies the safety equipment that the employer must provide?
Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970)
Which of the following involves the trainee learning by doing while under the supervision of an experienced employee?
On-the-job methods
_____ leadership can motivate employees to work effectively because they are consulted before making decisions. This helps them understand which goals are important and fosters a sense of ownership and commitment in decision making.
Participative
Gabriel Farms, one of The Fruit Guys' vendors, believes in paying its employees a "living wage," which is higher than a typical minimum wage. Which of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is satisfied by a living wage?
Physiological needs
What are the various needs from Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs listed in the order from most basic to most complex?
Physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualization
_ involves three phases to convert an idea that meets customer needs to an actual good or service.
Planning for production
Fred Smith, CEO and founder of FedEx, once described the early days of the company, the issues they had to resolve, and the drive and determination that pushed them through the obstacles. He said there were times that the entire board of directors, which was made up of individuals with varying specialties, expertise, and skills, would come together to resolve an issue—in his case this usually meant finding a way to get shipments from one point to another by the deadline with very few resources. What kind of team did he form?
Problem-solving team
Which of the following is NOT a major consideration when organizing a business?
Production of a good
Which of the following is a reason for trade restrictions?
Protection for new or weak industries
_____ refers to the processes an organization uses to maintain its own established quality standards within the organization.
Quality control
_ refers to the activity of trying to attract qualified applicants for a job.
Recruiting
When a human resource department is considering available talent within the company, which of the following will it use to determine successors for key personnel?
Replacement chart
Where does research and development begin?
Research and development begins with an idea.
_ of materials is the sequence of workstations that the materials will follow in the production process.
Routing
What part of operations control involves the process of ensuring that materials and other resources are at the right place at the right time?
Scheduling
Employers engage in recruiting to find qualified applicants for open positions within the firm. Recruiting can be external—seeking candidates outside the business, or internal—seeking applicants from within the firm. Which of the following is not part of internal recruitment?
Selecting the candidate with the most qualifications for the position
What is the name given to an economy in which less effort is devoted to the production of goods than other things?
Service economy
_ is/are characterized by being consumed immediately, being provided when and where the customer desires them, is/are labor-intensive, and has/have a high degree of customer involvement.
Services
Which technique do businesses use to improve quality of products and services, as well as overall performance?
Six Sigma
Which organization or U.S. government export program publishes guides that offer assistance and exporting information to small and medium-sized companies?
Small Business Administration
When Heidi Ganahl first started out with Camp Bow Wow, she spent a lot of time "micromanaging" things, but as time went by, she spent more of her focus on which aspect of management functions?
Strategic planning
Motivation affects an individual's internal process. Which of the following is not something that we would consider motivational for an individual?
Support
Which of the following is NOT necessary for a company to have a successful employee reward system?
Tailoring to individual recipients
If a company has a major problem, what type of committee might it create to investigate the problem?
Task force
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), what are the world economic growth projections?
The IMF predicts a gradual global growth in both advanced and developing countries.
Which of the following banks specifically makes short-term loans to developing countries experiencing balance-of-payment deficits?
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
While international trade is as logical as interstate trade, some nations restrict imports of certain goods for a variety of reasons. The United States recently restricted the import of fresh tomatoes from Mexico. Why did the United States restrict the imports of tomatoes?
The Mexican fresh tomatoes were undercutting price levels of domestic fresh tomatoes.
Which of the following agreements, when ratified, created a free trade area among the United States, Mexico, and Canada?
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
The exporting trade in the United States has had a significant impact on the U.S. economy. In 2016, exports accounted for 11 million jobs—an increase of 3.3 million jobs since the 2009 recession. Which of the following is true about the impact of U.S. exports on the global economy?
The increase in trade volume over the past 65 years has been one of the most important factors in the rise of the living standards around the world.
The major resources used in production are financial, material, information, and people. What does the magnitude of change have to do with the conversion process of these resources?
The magnitude of change of a conversion process is the degree to which the resources are physically changed.
What is/are the main difference(s) between employee training and management development?
The main differences are the type of employee being taught and the purpose of the instruction.
Douglas McGregor observed management's view of workers from two perspectives. In one perspective, he said managers view workers as slothful, lazy, and have no desire to work. In the other view, he said managers view workers as individuals who like to work, will work toward goals to which they are committed, and seek out and willingly accept responsibility.
Theory X and theory Y
When developing the human relations function at The Fruit Guys, Chris Mittelstaedt drew from his own unsatisfying experiences as an hourly employee trying to build a career and support a family. Consequently, he wanted his company to value employees' opinions and to treat and reward them well. Which of the following theories does he most likely follow?
Theory Y
Which federal legislation prohibits discrimination in employment practices based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin?
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964)
What is the main function of the Export-Import Bank of the United States?
To assist in financing the exports of American firms
Once the production process begins, a company must engage in operations control, which includes purchasing, inventory control, scheduling, and quality control. What is the objective of purchasing?
To ensure that required materials are available when they are needed, in the proper amounts, and at minimum cost
Which of the following is not a purpose for management undertaking performance appraisals of employees?
To let other employees see that there are rewards for good performance
What is the purpose of an organization's mission statement?
To make a statement of what makes the organization different from others
Taobao has been placed on the U.S. Trade Representative office's blacklist of "notorious marketplaces" due to the website's sale of counterfeit products and violations of intellectual property rights. If this led the U.S. to enact trade restrictions on the import of specific products from China, which of the following would they likely site as a reason?
To protect domestic jobs
Total quality management can be a boon to a business in many aspects of its operation, however it will not work if management fails in two crucial areas. Which of the following statements most closely articulates the issues that, if left unaddressed, could cause TQM to fail?
Top management must be strongly committed to TQM and must coordinate the specific elements of a TQM program so they work in harmony with each other.
_ was forged by Toyota Motor Company in Japan as a way to coordinate efforts at improving customer satisfaction, employee participation, strengthening supplier partnerships, and improving the quality of their product.
Total quality management
Which government agency could possibly provide a loan of up to $5 million to a small U.S. business that needed a short-term loan to start an export business?
U.S. Small Business Administration
Which of the following is not an advantage of self-managed teams?
Unclear leadership role
HCL Technologies is a multi-national corporation providing a wide variety of technological services to business clients worldwide. In order to keep the company operating as a single entity, the CEO has created an intra-company information exchange similar to Facebook, he has a weekly newsletter posted on-line for employees, and takes input for improvements or problem solutions from any employee wherever they are located and whatever their position is. Often, when a new client needs a technological solution that cannot be solved in any one location, individuals who would like to work on the project, volunteer and communicate via a company video conferencing and information exchange site. In light of the methods used to communicate within these volunteer teams, what would the most likely designation be for these teams?
Virtual team
What is the order in which the three separate management decisions should be completed for HRM managers that design effective compensation systems?
Wage level, wage structure, and individual wages
If a company has very competent workers, a well-established set of standard operating procedures, and few expected problems, what type of management should it adopt?
Wide span of management
Some benefits are required by law; which of the following benefits is required by law for an employer to provide for his/her employee?
Workers' compensation insurance
The organization established by the Uruguay Round of the GATT, whose purpose is to mediate trade disputes among nations is called:
World Trade Organization (WTO).
task force
a committee established to investigate a major problem or pending decision
piece-rate system
a compensation system under which employees are paid a certain amount for each unit of output they produce
embargo
a complete halt to trading with a particular nation or in a particular product
computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
a computer system that not only helps to design products but also controls the machinery needed to produce the finished product
skills inventory
a computerized data bank containing information on the skills and experience of all present employees
materials requirements planning (MRP)
a computerized system that integrates production planning and inventory control
lean manufacturing
a concept built on the idea of eliminating waste from all of the activities required to produce a product or service
Theory X
a concept of employee motivation generally consistent with Taylor's scientific management; assumes that employees dislike work and will function only in a highly controlled work environment
Theory Y
a concept of employee motivation generally consistent with the ideas of the human relations movement; assumes responsibility and work toward organizational goals, and by doing so they also achieve personal rewards
comparable worth
a concept that seeks equal compensation for jobs requiring about the same level of education, training, and skills
licensing
a contractual agreement in which one firm permits another to produce and market its product and use its brand name in return for a royalty or other compensation
HP has indicated that three-quarters of its lab staff is dedicated to building computers with light. This group includes experts in engineering, technology, and design. HP is likely using:
a cross-functional team.
Six Sigma
a disciplined approach that relies on statistical data and improved methods to eliminate defects for a firm's products and services
"Houston, we have a problem," is one of the most famous sentences in history resulting from a problem that arose during the Apollo 13 mission to the moon. When business managers identify a problem, they are identifying _.
a discrepancy between an actual condition and a desired condition
A bill of lading is defined as:
a document issued by a transport carrier to an exporter to prove that merchandise has been shipped.
multinational enterprise
a firm that operates on a worldwide scale without ties to any specific nation or region
informal group
a group created by the members themselves to accomplish goals that may or may not be relevant to an organization
During the Great Recession, the Container Store did not resort to eliminating positions or personnel, although many other retailers did. This human resources tool of dealing with the problem of having too many employees is known as:
a layoff.
letter of credit
a legal document issued by a bank or other financial institution guaranteeing to pay a seller a stated amount for a specified period of time
import quota
a limit on the amount of a particular good that may be imported into a country during a given period of time
replacement chart
a list of key personnel and their possible replacements within a firm
job description
a list of the elements that make up a particular job
job specification
a list of the qualifications required to perform a particular job
first-line manager
a manager who coordinates and supervises the activities of operating employees
middle manager
a manager who implements the strategy and major policies developed by top management
administrative manager
a manager who is not associated with any specific functional area but who provides overall administrative guidance and leadership
financial manager
a manager who is primarily responsible for an organization's financial resources
marketing manager
a manager who is responsible for facilitating the exchange of products between an organization and its customers or clients
operations manager
a manager who manages the systems that convert resources into goods and services
continuous process
a manufacturing process in which a firm produces the same product(s) over a long period of time
intermittent process
a manufacturing process in which a firm's manufacturing machines and equipment are changed to produce different products
mass production
a manufacturing process that lowers the cost required to produce a large number of identical or similar products over a long period of time
expectancy theory
a model of motivation based on the assumption that motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we think we are to get it
management by objectives (MBO)
a motivation technique in which managers and employees collaborate in setting goals
job enrichment
a motivation technique that provides employees with more variety and responsibility in their jobs
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
a network of national standards institutes and similar organizations from over 160 different countries that is charged with developing standards for quality products and services and environmental standards for global manufacturers and producers
nontariff barrier
a nontax measure imposed by a government to favor domestic over foreign suppliers
strategic alliance
a partnership formed to create competitive advantage on a worldwide basis
incentive payment
a payment in addition to wages, salary, or commissions
need
a personal requirement
staff managers
a position created to provide support, advice, and expertise within an organization
line managers
a position in which a person makes decisions and gives orders to subordinates to achieve the organization's goals
analytical process
a process in operations management in which raw materials are broken into different component parts
synthetic process
a process in operations management in which raw materials or components are combined to create a finished product
capital-intensive technology
a process in which machines and equipment do most of the work
labor-intensive technology
a process in which people must do most of the work
benchmarking
a process used to evaluate the products, processes, or management practices of another organization that is superior in some way in order to improve quality
standing committee
a relatively permanent committee charged with performing some recurring task
employee benefit
a reward in addition to regular compensation that is provided indirectly to employees
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
a sequence of human needs in the order of their importance
research and development (R&D)
a set of activities intended to identify new ideas that have the potential to result in new goods and services
flexible manufacturing system (FMS)
a single production system that combines electronic machines and CIM
reshoring
a situation in which U.S. manufacturers bring manufacturing jobs back to the United States
employee ownership
a situation in which employees own the company they work for by virtue of being stockholders
tactical plan
a smaller-scale plan developed to implement a strategy
salary
a specific amount of money paid for an employee's work during a set calendar period, regardless of the actual number of hours worked
hourly wage
a specific amount of money paid for each hour of work
objective
a specific statement detailing what an organization intends to accomplish over a shorter period of time
mission
a statement of the basic purpose that makes an organization different from others
just-in-time inventory (JIT) system
a system designed to ensure that materials or supplies arrive at a facility just when they are needed so that storage and holding costs are minimized
flextime
a system in which employees set their own work hours within employer-determined limits
job analysis
a systematic procedure for studying jobs to determine their various elements and requirements
import duty
a tax levied on a particular foreign product entering a country
quality circle
a team of employees who meet on company time to solve problems of product quality
Equity theory is:
a theory of motivation based on the premise that people are motivated to obtain and preserve equitable treatment for themselves.
reinforcement theory
a theory of motivation based on the premise that rewarded behavior is likely to be repeated, whereas punished behavior is less likely to recur
goal-setting theory
a theory of motivation suggesting that employees are motivated to achieve goals that they and their managers establish together
Employees who work together in different locations who rely on email, audio conferencing, fax, Internet, video conferencing, or other technological tools to accomplish their goals are known as:
a virtual team.
If a city is considering building a new city office complex, it may appoint a(n) _ to research possible locations for the offices within the city, then to present their findings to the city manager for review and presentation to the city council. The committee would be disbanded after its assignment has been completed.
ad hoc committee
international business
all business activities that involve exchanges across national boundaries
human resources management (HRM)
all the activities involved in acquiring, maintaining, and developing an organization's human resources
purchasing
all the activities involved in obtaining required materials, supplies, components, and parts from other firms
compressed workweek
allows employees to work a 40-hour work week in four days instead of five
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
an award given by the President of the United States to organizations judged to be outstanding in specific managerial tasks that lead to improved quality for both products and services
morale
an employee's feelings about the job, about superiors, and about the firm itself
goal
an end result that an organization is expected to achieve over a one- to ten-year period
Export-Import Bank of the United States
an independent agency of the U.S. government whose function is to assist in financing the exports of American firms
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
an international bank that makes short-term loans to developing countries experiencing balance-of-payment deficits
countertrade
an international barter transaction
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
an international organization of nations dedicated to reducing or eliminating tariffs and other barriers to world trade
multilateral development bank (MDB)
an internationally supported bank that provides loans to developing countries to help them grow
economic community
an organization of nations formed to promote the free movement of resources and products among its members and to create common economic policies
centralized organization
an organization that systematically works to concentrate authority at the upper levels of the organization
strategic plan
an organization's broadest plan, developed as a guide for major policy setting and decision making
network structure
an organizational structure in which administration is the primary function, and most other functions are contracted out to other firms
line structure
an organizational structure in which the chain of command goes directly from person to person throughout the organization
matrix structure
an organizational structure that combines vertical and horizontal lines of authority, usually by superimposing product departmentalization on a functionally departmentalized organization
line-and-staff structure
an organizational structure that utilizes the chain of command from a line structure in combination with the assistance of staff managers
top manager
an upper-level executive who guides and controls the overall fortunes of an organization
Knowing how to sort large amounts of information in order to find relevant facts to resolve a problem or issue is an example of:
analytical skills.
Doug is a line manager at XYZ Corporation. He is very task-oriented and makes all of the decisions with little concern for employee opinion. Under his _ leadership style, employees are told exactly what is expected from them and given specific guidelines, rules, and regulations on how to achieve their tasks.
autocratic
Ford conducted research that gave them insights into characteristics of Gen Z. Although Ford finds the information important, they aren't currently developing a specific feature in their vehicles to address the Gen Z characteristics. The R&D completed could then be characterized as:
basic research.
The idea that managers can change employee behavior by administering consequences related to the employee's actions is called:
behavior modification.
The amount of products or services that an organization can produce in a given time is known as:
capacity.
When the decisions to be made by a business are risky and when low-level managers are not highly skilled in decision making then the company tends to be more _____.
centralized
All of the following are potential disadvantages of committees, except:
committees make more accurate decisions than individuals.
The culture at HP is characterized by interaction, passion for the business, and the recognition that sacrifices must be made in order for the business to succeed. HP likely has a __________ culture.
communal
The United States is efficient at producing software and engineering services, but cannot produce clothes and electronics as efficiently as other nations. As such, the United States sells software and engineering services to other countries and buys clothes and electronics. This is an example of:
comparative advantage.
flexible benefit plan
compensation plan whereby an employee receives a predetermined amount of benefit dollars to spend on a package of benefits he or she has selected to meet individual needs
The CEO of a large beverage company led the company in the takeover of its two largest bottlers. The CEO pushed for the merger because buying the bottlers gave the company control of 80 percent of its North American distribution, making it easier for the company to test new products. The CEO's ability to think in abstract terms and see how parts of the company fit together to achieve long-term goals is an example of _____.
conceptual skills
When a manager plans for the future of his business and is able to see how all of the parts of the organization work together, it is said that he or she is engaging _ to see the "big picture."
conceptual skills
Brazil has excellent resources and expertise to farm and produce coffee beans, whereas the United States is ill-suited for the production of coffee. Brazil should:
continue to produce coffee and trade it for U.S. products Brazil needs and cannot produce.
The inner rites, rituals, heroes, and values of a firm are known as:
corporate culture.
A _ team consists of employees from different departments and different specialties that are brought together to complete a project that requires a diversity of skills. It is frequently managed from within the team itself.
cross-functional team
Giving employees not only tasks but also the power to make commitments, use resources, and take whatever actions are necessary to carry out those tasks is the definition of:
delegation of authority.
When a company looks to departmentalize by areas of business like Japan, America, and Australia it is exemplifying ______.
departmentalization by location
A store with different sections such as household appliances, bed and bath, clothing, tools, furniture, jewelry, perfume, and cosmetics will often assign employees to work exclusively within one of those sections. In doing so the management is engaging in _.
departmentalization by product
A company that groups its activities according to the defined geographic area in which they are performed—whether that is a city block, nation, or continent—has _.
departmentalized by location
After Ford has recognized a trend that they would like to implement into a vehicle, they engage in _______, the development of a plan for converting an idea into an actual product.
design planning
All of the following are steps in the operational planning process, except:
developing a plan to convert the idea into a new good or service.
Recognizing that Americans will live longer, and likely want to drive longer, Ford created a "Third Age" suit which simulates conditions older drivers face. This suit helps Ford create features in vehicles that can assist older drivers. This type of R&D is:
development and implementation.
A contingency plan outlines alternate courses of action that may be taken if an organization's other plans are _ or become _.
disrupted, ineffective
bill of lading
document issued by a transport carrier to an exporter to prove that merchandise has been shipped
The selling of products in a foreign country at lower prices than those charged in the producing country is called:
dumping.
Making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their participation in decision making is known as:
employee empowerment.
The _____ personality tends to take initiative, be visionary, and be forward-looking. Their enthusiasm energizes and inspires employees.
entrepreneurial
Heidi Ganahl describes herself as visionary, goal-oriented, and having lofty ambitions for the brand and the company. Based on these terms, her type of leadership can best be described as:
entrepreneurial.
As the head Fruit Guy, Chris Mittelstaedt wants to treat everyone—employees, customers, and suppliers—fairly. The idea that people are motivated to obtain and preserve equitable treatment for themselves stems from
equity theory.
planning
establishing organizational goals and deciding how to accomplish them
The final step in managerial decision making entails _____.
evaluating the solution
job enlargement
expanding a worker's assignments to include additional but similar tasks
dumping
exportation of large quantities of a product at a price lower than that of the same product in the home market
Licensing is perhaps the easiest method of entering into international trade. Another method of entering international trade, which can be relatively low risk, is _ which opens several levels of involvement to company.
exporting
Taobao, an Alibaba company, is a Chinese online shopping website similar to Amazon or eBay. When Alibaba goes public, Taobao shop owners will be able to sell their goods to customers in the U.S. and other countries. Taobao shop owners will be _________ their goods to other countries.
exporting
If the span of management is wide, _______ levels are needed, and the organization is _______. If the span of management is narrow, ________ levels are needed, and the resulting organization is _______.
fewer; flat; more; tall
In this type of compensation plan, an employee receives a predetermined amount of benefit dollars to spend on a package of benefits that he or she has selected to meet individual needs. This type of benefit is known as a(n):
flexible benefit plan.
A(n) ______________ combines electronic machines and computer-integrated manufacturing in a single production system.
flexible manufacturing system
When a local pizza parlor takes raw ingredients such as tomatoes, cheese, and flour to make a pizza for a customer, the raw ingredients are known as the _______ of the conversion process and the degree to which the resources are physically changed is known as the _______ of the conversion process.
focus; magnitude
Performance appraisals are used for all of the following purposes, except:
for the final selection process of new employees.
Supply and demand are important in human resources planning because the planners must _ then determine if they are available.
forecast future demand for human resources
Line, line-and-staff, matrix, and network all refer to _.
forms of organizational structure
Management must coordinate four types of resources to produce goods and services, but another way to look at management is in terms of the different _____________ managers perform.
functions
When a manager gives an employee the power to accomplish an assigned job or task that might include ordering supplies, spend money on behalf of the organization, or hiring and firing employees, the manager has _ to that employee.
granted authority
The _ is a designation given to an informal method of communication within an organization. By launching news of pending changes, it can be used by the organization for its own benefit.
grapevine
An informal channel of communication separate from management's formal official communications related to a job or organization that can sometimes be gossip is called a:
grapevine.
departmentalization by location
grouping activities according to the defined geographic area in which they are performed
departmentalization by customer
grouping activities according to the needs of various customer populations
departmentalization by product
grouping activities related to a particular product or service
departmentalization by function
grouping jobs that relate to the same organizational activity
self-managed teams
groups of employees with the authority and skills to manage themselves
A country may attempt to protect its own domestic industries by imposing a(n) _____, a type of tax, on imported products.
import duty (tariff)
Since World War II international trade has _ .
increased almost steadily
Currency devaluation ___________ the cost of foreign goods and _______ the cost of domestic goods to foreign firms.
increases; decreases
Three business students are having a discussion regarding leadership styles. One argues that autocratic leadership is best, another argues that participative leadership is best, and the last argues that entrepreneurial leadership is best. Studies have shown however that the most effective style depends on the right balance between _.
interaction among employees, the work situation, and manager's personality
The process of managing inventories in such a way as to minimize inventory costs, including both holding costs and potential stock-out costs is referred to as:
inventory control.
draft
issued by the exporter's bank, ordering the importer's bank to pay for the merchandise, thus guaranteeing payment once accepted by the importer's bank
After the Container Store forecasts human resources demand and supply, the firm is likely to engage in a systematic procedure for studying positions to determine their various elements and requirements. This is known as:
job analysis.
The duties to be performed, the working conditions, the responsibilities, and the tools and equipment that must be used on the job are reflected in the list known as the:
job description.
motivation factors
job factors that increase motivation, although their absence does not necessarily result in dissatisfaction
hygiene factors
job factors that reduce dissatisfaction when present to an acceptable degree but that do not necessarily result in high levels of motivation
To combat the potential negative consequences of specialization, managers often turn to _______, the systematic shifting of employees from one job to another.
job rotation
One reason for _____ is efficiency. People can perform more efficiently if they master just one distinct task rather than all tasks.
job specialization
HP laptop computers are produced on a line, with multiple workers completing one or two specific tasks to assemble the laptop. This is an example of ______, which can leave to boredom and dissatisfaction. A solution may be to introduce ______, where employees shift from one job to another.
job specialization; job rotation
It is now being recommended that companies list personality characteristics needed within this list of qualifications required to perform a particular job. These personality characteristics are contained within the list known as the:
job specification.
Alibaba formed a partnership with Indian mobile wallet company, Paytm, to set up an online gaming company. This _________ is Alibaba's first significant international expansion.
joint venture
A(n) _ of appraisal is used when a manager estimates the employee's performance level using a ranking.
judgmental method
As trade has expanded internationally, many _ have also become international in scope and have established branches in major cities around the world. This gives them the ability to provide their financial services where and when they are needed.
large banks
participative leadership
leadership style in which all members of a team are involved in identifying essential goals and developing strategies to reach those goals
A contractual agreement in which one firm permits another to produce and market its product and use its brand name in return for a royalty or other compensation is known as:
licensing.
The _ refers to the degree to which resources are physically changed during the conversion process.
magnitude of change
Human resources management (HRM) is all activities involved in acquiring, _ , and developing an organization's human resources.
maintaining
empowerment
making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their participation in decision making
Jake works in production for his company. Each week his work group is assigned a production quota to ensure enough product is available to meet the goals of the company. In this case, the production quota is an example of a(n) _____ plan.
operational
Mark's job involves purchasing raw materials, managing inventory, and scheduling the workers who build the company's product, Mark is a(n) _____ manager.
operations
A specialized area of management involving all the activities needed to convert or transform resources into goods and services is:
operations management.
As a company grows, it may become necessary for it to create a(n) ______, which is a visual display of the organizational structure, lines of authority (chain of command), staff relationships, permanent committee arrangements, and lines of communication.
organization chart
When the management of a business want to show the relationships and positions within the business they create a(n) _.
organization chart
esteem needs
our need for respect, recognition, and a sense of our own accomplishment and worth
part-time work
permanent employment in which individuals work less than a standard work week
World Trade Organization (WTO)
powerful successor to GATT that incorporates trade in goods, services, and ideas
Employees from different departments within the company may be brought together temporarily in a _to tackle a specific problem.
problem-solving team
Management is not a step-by-step procedure that can be carefully mapped out and calendared, it is a _ with a feedback loop that represents flow.
process
The major decisions involved in design planning deal with:
product line, required capacity, and use of technology.
When a company tests products to ensure that the goods and services are produced in accordance with design specifications, it is engaged in _.
quality control
According to equity theory, if workers perceive an inequity in the workplace they may ______ in order to reset the balance.
reduce effort on a task
Part of the development of a product involves _ and _ as the product is improved, which generally results in an essentially new product.
refinement, extension
A list of key personnel and their possible replacements within a firm is known as a(n):
replacement chart.
Most companies use _____ to determine which goods and services to provide and the features they need to possess.
research and development (R&D)
Temporary trade restrictions may be used to give a new business a chance to grow and become _.
self-sufficient
exporting
selling and shipping raw materials or products to other nations
In 1900 only 28 percent of American workers were employed in service firms but by the beginning of 2017 this figure had risen to 88 percent. This increase in service-related business has led to America being said to have a _.
service economy
Sub-Saharan Africa is home to __________ of the top-ten fastest-growing economies in the world.
seven
The number of persons reporting to one manager is referred to as the _ and after years of research, it has been determined that there is no perfect ratio of subordinates to managers.
span of management
technical skills
specific skills needed to accomplish a specialized activity
Products sold on Alibaba's website to foreign countries may be subject to taxes, or _____.
tariffs.
A committee that is established to investigate a major problem or pending decision of the firm (for example assessing the pros and cons of a potential merger) is known as a(n):
task force.
autocratic leadership
task-oriented leadership style in which workers are told what to do and how to accomplish it without having a say in the decision-making process
The economies of _ and _ are the most dynamic, efficient, and most integrated in the world.
the United States, Canada
interpersonal skills
the ability to deal effectively with other people
analytic skills
the ability to identify problems correctly, generate reasonable alternatives, and select the "best" alternatives to solve problems
leadership
the ability to influence others
absolute advantage
the ability to produce a specific product more efficiently than any other nation
comparative advantage
the ability to produce a specific product more efficiently than any other product
communication skills
the ability to speak, listen, and write effectively
conceptual skills
the ability to think in abstract terms
decision making
the act of choosing one alternative from a set of alternatives
capacity
the amount of products or services that an organization can produce in a given time
scientific management
the application of scientific principles to management of work and workers
plant layout
the arrangement of machinery, equipment, and personnel within a production facility
Theory Z
the belief that some middle ground between type A and type J practices is best for American business
directing
the combined processes of leading and motivating
total quality management (TQM)
the coordination of efforts directed at improving customer satisfaction, increasing employee participation, strengthening supplier partnerships, and facilitating an organizational atmosphere of continuous quality improvement
A country with a trade surplus generally has a favorable balance of payments, which means:
the country is receiving more money from trade with foreign countries than it is paying out.
design planning
the development of a plan for converting an idea into an actual product or service
human resources planning
the development of strategies to meet a firm's future human resources needs
problem
the discrepancy between an actual condition and a desired condition
profit-sharing
the distribution of a percentage of a firm's profit among its employees
Frederick W. Taylor used scientific management as a means to improve _ .
the efficiency of individual workers
strategic planning process
the establishment of an organization's major goals and objectives and the allocation of resources to achieve them
performance appraisal
the evaluation of employees' current and potential levels of performance to allow managers to make objective human resources decisions
inspection
the examination of the quality of work-in-process
organizing
the grouping of resources and activities to accomplish some end result in an efficient and effective manner
social needs
the human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging
motivation-hygiene theory
the idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate and distinct dimensions
SWOT analysis
the identification and evaluation of a firm's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
motivation
the individual internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior; the personal "force" that causes you or me to behave in a particular way
grapevine
the informal communications network within an organization
corporate culture
the inner rites, rituals, heroes, and values of a firm
chain of command
the line of authority that extends from the highest to the lowest levels of an organization
self-actualization needs
the need to grow and develop and to become all that we are capable of being
organizational height
the number of layers, or levels, of management in a firm
span of management (or span of control)
the number of workers who report directly to one manager
accountability
the obligation of a worker to accomplish an assigned job or task
informal organization
the pattern of behavior and interaction that stems from personal rather than official relationships
compensation
the payment employees receive in return for their labor
planning horizon
the period during which an operational plan will be in effect
compensation system
the policies and strategies that determine employee compensation
authority
the power, within an organization, to accomplish an assigned job or task
orientation
the process of acquainting new employees with an organization
recruiting
the process of attracting qualified job applicants
management
the process of coordinating people and other resources to achieve the goals of an organization
product design
the process of creating a set of specifications from which a product can be produced
job evaluation
the process of determining the relative worth of the various jobs within a firm
quality control
the process of ensuring that goods and services are produced in accordance with design specifications
safety needs
the things we require for physical and emotional security
physiological needs
the things we require for survival
balance of payments
the total flow of money into a country minus the total flow of money out of that country over some period of time
automation
the total or near-total use of machines to do work
balance of trade
the total value of a nation's exports minus the total value of its imports over some period of time
computer-aided design (CAD)
the use of computers to aid in the development of products
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
the use of computers to plan and control manufacturing processes
robotics
the use of programmable machines to perform a variety of tasks by manipulating materials and tools
The goal of a diversity training program is _
to improve workplace attitudes and behaviors.
The primary function of international economic organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) is _ .
to remove barriers to trade on a worldwide basis
team
two or more workers operating as a coordinated unit to accomplish a specific task or goal
The purpose of job analysis is to help a manager _
understand the nature of a job.
form utility
utility created by people converting raw materials, finances, and information into finished products
A _____ span of management exists when a manager directly supervises a very large number of subordinate employees. A _____ span of management exists when a manager directly supervises only a few subordinates.
wide; narrow
telecommuting
working at home all the time or for a portion of the work week
The participation of different ages, genders, races, ethnicities, nationalities, and abilities in the workplace is referred to as:
workplace diversity.
