Business Research Ch 3

Which of the following can NOT be thought of as variables? A. Events B. Acts C. Characteristics D. People E. All of the above can be thought of as variables

D. People

An increase in hours of television viewing leads to increases in the sales of snack foods. This is an example of a _____. A. research question B. descriptive hypothesis C. correlational hypothesis D. causal hypothesis E. dichotomous hypothesis

D. causal hypothesis

Metro University has set a goal to increase the percentage of alumni who donate to the university and to increase the average amount given by those who have donated in the past. Metro U hopes that holding special events at homecoming designed specifically for alums will result in an increase in donations. Consequently, it is planning a special Alumni Bash for homecoming night and invitations have been sent to students who graduated between 1975 and 2000. Identify the dependent and independent variables in the example. State a hypothesis using the information provided.

The dependent variable is alumni donations (percentage change in alumni who donate and dollar change in the amount given). The independent variable is the use of special events for alumni. A possible hypothesis is: Alumni who attend the special events are more likely to donate and donate at a higher level than those who do not attend the events.

Concepts are more _____, while constructs are more _____. A. concrete; abstract B. abstract; concrete C. intangible; tangible D. conceptual; factual E. intuitive; logical

A. concrete; abstract

Bill often feels insecure about how others view him. To increase his feelings of self-esteem, Bill often buys expensive, luxury items. Self-esteem is an example of a _____. A. construct B. fact C. concept D. theory E. model

A. construct

A variable is said to be _____ when it has only two values, reflecting the presence or absence of a property. A. dichotomous B. discrete C. ratio-scaled D. metric E. continuous

A. dichotomous

Rachel is interested in learning the effect of using a celebrity endorsement on sales. The presence or absence of a celebrity endorsement is the _____ variable. A. independent B. dependent C. mediating D. criterion E. continuous

A. independent

The role of a model is to _____ while a theory's role is to _____. A. represent; explain B. explain; represent C. propose; prove D. describe; predict E. examine; experiment

A. represent; explain

Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions necessary for a hypothesis to be considered strong? A. Adequate for its purpose B. Addresses the presence of extraneous variables C. Testable D. Better than rival hypotheses E. All of the following are necessary conditions

B. Addresses the presence of extraneous variables

_____ variables product data that fit into three or more categories with specific assigned values. A. Dichotomous B. Discrete C. Operational D. Independent E. Continuous

B. Discrete

A _____ is an image or abstract idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory-building purpose. A. variable B. construct C. concept D. theory E. model

B. construct

Abstract concepts such as personality, need for variety, and materialism are often called _____. A. variables B. constructs C. concepts D. theories E. models

B. constructs

In the Southeast, the potato chip market share held by the Lays brand is 46%. This is an example of a(n) _____. A. research question B. descriptive hypothesis C. relational hypothesis D. explanatory hypothesis E. correlational hypothesis

B. descriptive hypothesis

James is entering data on client gender. Because the values entered reflect male or female, this variable is _____. A. discrete B. dichotomous C. continuous D. ratio-scaled E. metric

B. dichotomous

Jason is using the demographic variables of highest level of educational attainment (high school graduate, some college, college graduate, graduate school) and ethnicity (Asian, African-American, Caucasian, Hispanic, other) to describe survey respondents. Both are examples of _____ variables. A. dichotomous B. discrete C. continuous D. dependent E. mediating

B. discrete

A(n) _____ defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing criteria. A. hypothetical construct B. operational definition C. dictionary definition D. conceptual scheme E. moderating variable

B. operational definition

Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? A. Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. B. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. D. Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. E. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North.

C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing.

Which term below refers to a bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with certain concrete, unambiguous events, objects, conditions, or situations? A. Variable B. Construct C. Concept D. Theory E. Model

C. Concept

Which term below refers to an event, act, characteristic, trait, or attribute that can be measured and to which we assign categorical values? A. Construct B. Concept C. Variable D. Schema E. Model

C. Variable

A(n) _____ describes the interrelationships between concepts and constructs. A. hypothetical construct B. postulation C. conceptual scheme D. operational definition E. inductive argument

C. conceptual scheme

Variables that may take on values within a given range, or an infinite set are called _____ variables. A. discrete B. dichotomous C. continuous D. dependent E. mediating

C. continuous

Potato chip sales vary directly with the level of television viewing. This is an example of a _____. A. research question B. descriptive hypothesis C. correlational hypothesis D. causal hypothesis E. dichotomous hypothesis

C. correlational hypothesis

All of the following are examples of dichotomous variables except _____. A. employed-unemployed B. male-female C. number of children in the household D. married-unmarried E. all of the above are dichotomous variables

C. number of children in the household

To be categorized as a customer, an individual must have a history of shopping at the establishment at least twice prior to the start of the study with expenditures of more than $10. This is an example of a(n) _____. A. hypothetical construct B. conceptual scheme C. operational definition D. dictionary definition E. mediating variable

C. operational definition

A _____ is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain or predict phenomena. A. conceptual scheme B. hypothesis C. theory D. diagram E. factual schema

C. theory

Variables that are included because they are believed to have a significant contributory or contingent effect on the IV-DV relationship are called _____ variables. A. criterion B. predictor C. mediator D. moderator E. extraneous

D. moderator

Automobile is a(n) _____ concept, while service quality is a(n) _____ concept. A. abstract; objective B. subjective; objective C. intangible; tangible D. objective; abstract E. factual; perceptual

D. objective; abstract

Which of the following is a correlational hypothesis? A. A decrease in the value of the US dollar relative to other currencies leads to an increase in exports. B. Education on the process of preparing meat for consumption leads to a decrease in the consumption of hamburgers. C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. D. Low interest rates resulted in a record year for real estate investment trusts (REITs) as individuals invested in real estate rather than other forms of investment. E. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North.

E. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North.

A variable that is assumed or excluded from a research study is a(n) _____ variable. A. criterion B. predictor C. mediator D. moderator E. extraneous

E. extraneous