BVU BIO120- Intro to Human Biology Final Exam

The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers lists the correct order in which these steps occur? 1. Cellular response to the hormone 2. Activation of a gene 3. Formation of a hormone-receptor complex 4. Diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane 5. Production of a protein

4,3,2,5,1

Adrenal Cortex

ACTH (hormone)

Kidney

ADH (hormone)

In order for a muscle contraction to occur, cross-bridges must form between which one of the following structures within the muscle cell?

Actin and Myosin

A stronger stimulus results in which one of the following?

Activation of more receptors and greater frequency of action potentials.

All of the following attributes of skin make it a deterrent or an effective barrier to pathogens EXCEPT which one?

Alkaline pH

The body inappropriately responding to a normal, safe substances as if it were a dangerous pathogen is referred to as a(n)...

Allergy

Chemoreceptors

Allow a person to taste food.

The loudest (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with...

Amplitude of the sound waves.

In the lower leg, the gastrocnemius muscle bends the foot away from the knee, as in pointing one's toes. The tibialis anterior muscle flexes the foot toward the knee. The muscles are...

Antagonistic.

All of the following represent physical and/or chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens EXCEPT which one?

Antibodies

When blood leaves the heart, it first enters...

Arteries

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding baroreceptors?

Baroreceptors are pressure sensors that monitor blood pressure.

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, essentially...

Becomes self-propagating, causing misfolding of nearby normal proteins.

Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they...

Bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

The branch of science that studies the natural world within the context of life is...

Biology

Which one of the following conditions results when the transparency of the lens decreases?

Cataracts

The malleus and incus (middle ear) function to...

Channel sounds in the inner ear.

Important sex hormones are created from this kind of lipid.

Cholesterol

Which of the following is likely to cause a goiter(enlarged thyroid)?

Chronic iodine deficiency

The watery mixture of partially digested food produced in the stomach is called...

Chyme

All of the following are ways in which blood functions to maintain homeostasis in the human body EXCEPT which one?

Conducting action potentials that originate in the nervous system to help with cell-cell communication.

Color blindness usually results from a decrease in the number of...

Cones.

DNA differs from RNA in that DNA

Contains Deoxyribose

The transparent covering of the front of the eye is the...

Cornea

Once a muscle cell has depleted its small supply of stored ATP in a 100 m sprint, what will it use next for energy?

Creatine Phosphate

Mechanoreceptors

Detect light touch of skin

Which one of the following statements correctly describes the origin and insertion of a muscle?

During contraction, the insertion of the contracting muscle is pulled toward the origin.

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

Dwarfism.

Bile assists in the chemical digestion of triglycerides by...

Emulsifying large fat droplets.

Which one of the following occurs when the outermost phosphate is removed from an ATP molecule?

Energy is released to do work for the cell.

An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?

Epinephrine

When eating and digesting a meal, in which organ or structure is the food you eat first transported by the process of peristalsis?

Esophagus

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

Estrogen and progesterone

In which one of the following would one expect to find motor units made up of only a few muscle cells?

Eye muscles

True/False: Stronger stimuli activate trigger bigger action potentials in sensory neurons.

False

True/False: The vestibular apparatus located in the middle ear is a system of fluid-filled chambers that is essential to the sense of hearing.

False

True/False: Unencapsulated dendritic endings, Merkel discs, Meissner's corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles are all kinds of olfactory receptors.

False

Stomach

Gastrin (hormone)

Receptors for fast pain...

Generally are found in or near the surface of the body.

During eye examinations, a test to measure the pressure within the eye can detect most common forms of...

Glaucoma

Which monosaccharide is a very important source of energy for nearly all cells?

Glucose

All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?

Goiter

Muscles and Bones

Growth Hormone

Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of...

HCL, Mucus, Pepsinogen

Different Pitched (High- or low-toned) sounds are discriminated by the...

Hair cells in specific regions of the cochlea.

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?

Helper T cells

A physician finds that one of his patients has the following problems: Blood clots very slowly or not at all, and severe bruises result from even the most minor bumps. Which one of the following conditions would likely be diagnosed based on this information?

Hemophilia.

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.

Antibodies are classified by size, location, and function, and which one of the following represents the most common type of immunoglobulin?

IgG

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by...

Insulin

Viral-infected human cells often send out special proteins that serve as an early warning system to uninfected cells. In response, the uninfected cells develop antiviral proteins that protect them. The early warning proteins sent out by viral-infected cells are...

Interferon

The pituitary gland can often be called the "master of the endocrine system" because...

It secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

Which one of the following activities would fast-twitch fibers be most useful for?

Lifting Weights

Bile is produced by the ______and stored in the _______.

Liver; Gallbladder

Which organelle is responsible for removal of other damaged organelles and cellular debris?

Lysosomes

Which one of the following is a molecule?

NaCl

When oxygen availability drops, certain cells in the kidney respond by producing erythropoietin, which in turn stimulates an increase in red blood cells. This cellular response represents...

Negative Feedback

Unlike white blood cells, red blood cells lose their ______ and ______as they mature.

Nucleus; Organelles

Muscle cells produce lactic acid when they have an inadequate supply of...

O2

Which of the following is a method by which damaged RBCs are removed from circulation?

Phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen.

Which one of the following is characteristic of cardiac and smooth muscle, but not skeletal muscle?

Presence of gap junctions

Breasts

Prolactin (hormone)

T, or transverse, tubes in skeletal muscle function...

Promote the rapid penetration of the electrical impulse deep into the cell.

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by...

Promoting the entry of glucose into cells.

Which of the following receive(s) a physical or chemical stimulus and ultimately cause(s) nerve impulses to be generated in sensory neurons?

Receptors

Slow pain originating from an internal organ is often perceived as coming from an area of the body totally unrelated to the source. This is known as...

Referred Pain

The pancreas aids in the chemical digestion of food by...

Releasing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum.

Pain Receptors

Respond to immediate, extreme heat or cold and respond to tissue damage

Photoreceptors

Respond to light

Which one of the following organelles is involved in the production of proteins that are exported from the cell?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Which of the following tissues/organs is NOT a member of the endocrine system?

Salivary Gland

Muscular movements that mix food in the lumen of the small intestine are referred to as...

Segmentation

Which one of the following structures is used to sense rotational movement of the head and body?

Semicircular canals

In which way does skeletal muscle differ from cardiac muscle?

Skeletal is under voluntary control.

As humans age, their ability to focus on nearby objects deteriorates. This is the result of...

Stiffening of the lens and loss of accommodation capability.

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat the inflammations of the conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. When used for prolonged periods of time it can cause complications such as which of the following?

Suppression of the immune system and increased risk of infection.

Following intense exercise, the human body attempts to overcome oxygen debt by...

Taking deep breathes.

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because...

Target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone.

During Swallowing,

The epiglottis bends down to close the trachea.

Nutrient-rich blood moves from the small intestine to the liver via...

The hepatic portal system.

Which one of the following occurs when bright light hits the eye?

The pupil decreases in size.

Receptor adaptation occurs when

The sensory neuron stops sending action potentials.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding essential amino acids?

They cannot be synthesized by the human body.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding lymph nodes?

They filter lymph fluid, trapping microorganisms and abnormal cells.

What is TRUE of nearly all eukaryotic cells?

They have genetic material concentrated in a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

Thyroid and Parathyroid

Thyroid

Thyrotropin (hormone)

True/False: Both eyes have an optic disk. When an image is focused on the optic disk, it cannot be "seen."

True

True/False: Calcitonin and PTH have opposing effects on blood calcium levels.

True

True/False: During Prolonged fasting, cortisol assists in maintaining blood glucose levels by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle.

True

True/False: Mucin is a major component of saliva, which lubricates the teeth and causes food to stick together during swallowing.

True

True/False: Muscle soreness several days after exercise is an indication that some sarcomeres were damaged.

True

True/False: The condition known as acid reflux occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions.

True

True/False: The human body may stop responding to a stimulus even though the original stimulus is still present; this is a process referred to as receptor adaptation.

True

True/False: The levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone.

True

True/False: When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

True

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone primarily targets cells in the...

Uterus.

The products of the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus by...

Vesicles