C. 3: Dimensions of Moral Development

According to Carol Gilligan, which of the following are true of Step 2 of moral development?

-Both personal identity and survival are understood in terms of the help one gives to others, and how well they accept and benefit from that help. -The need for other people's approval is a driving force for conduct on Step 2.

In the context of the roots of personal moral development, which of the following are true of Plato's tripartite conception of a person?

-He held that only those operating at the mind level were truly qualified for positions of public leadership. -He believed that living at the highest level was necessary if one was to consistently achieve happiness and fulfillment.

Which of the following are true of Lawrence Kohlberg's views about moral development?

-His model makes it clear that conformity to social norms can sometimes be morally wrong.\ -He assumed that moral development is measured by how people reason about right and wrong. -He found that there are three motivations for moral decisions, and that they correspond with three levels of reasoning.

Identify the problems with Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

-His theory was developed from research based almost exclusively on boys. -His theory focuses on human motivations and ignores human actions.

Which of the following are true of Stage 5 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

-In this stage, existing laws are not as important as the methods for selecting and improving those laws. -This stage is based on people's general commitments to create and obey rational and just laws for the benefit and for the rights of every person. -People may question the legitimacy of laws and rules that they believe are out of harmony with society's bedrock moral principles.

Which of the following are true of Stage 4 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

-In this stage, justice is defined by general rules and shared expectations that are binding on everyone. -In this stage, the social system defines both people's roles and rules of behavior. -At this stage, people's motivation to do the right thing is more likely to come from a sincere desire to help "make the world a better place."

Which of the following are true of Stage 2 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

-People are sometimes willing to endure punishment if it might help get them something they strongly desire. -The needs and interests of others are of concern to a person only to the extent that they can be used for personal gain. -The fear of negative consequences in Stage 1 is gradually replaced here by a desire for personal reward.

In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, which of the following are true of the flaw in Stage 4 reasoning?

-People at this stage tend to assume that what is legally right and what is morally right are the same thing. -People at this stage hold the belief that morality is based in obedience to rules and laws.

Which of the following are true of people on Step 3 of Carol Gilligan's model of moral development?

-People have honest awareness of their limits and the meaning of their mutual relationships. -People have a more internal awareness of and confidence in their goals and accomplishments than they had before. -People are comfortable balancing and integrating their own interests with the interests of others.

In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, identify the true statements about the disadvantages of Stage 3 reasoning.

-Stage 3 fails to define morality outside of personal contacts with friends, relatives, or others in one's group. -If the driving force motivating a person is the approval of others, then those "others" may have significant influence on that person's actions.

Which of the following are true of Stage 1 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

-Teenagers or adults who are still reasoning at this stage most or all of the time could be dangerous. -Obedience to authority comes more from fear than respect. -Self-interest is at the heart of this stage.

Which of the following requirements are true of the principles a person lives by in Stage 6 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

-They should be self-chosen from the multitude of principles in the ethical environment. -Other people should rationally and logically conclude that the principles are worthy and admirable.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following are true of people at the post-conventional level of thinking?

-They tend to follow principles rooted in the deepest values and beliefs of their society, culture, or subculture. -They seek to follow personally chosen, universal ethical principles that may or may not differ from the values of their society.

How do children reasoning at Stage 2 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development differ from those at Stage 1?

-Unlike children reasoning at Stage 1, children at Stage 2 sometimes try to use the feelings and needs of others to get what they want. -Unlike children reasoning at Stage 1, children at Stage 2 seem to understand that others have feelings and needs like their own.

Which of the following are true of Carol Gilligan's findings from her studies of the development of young men and women?

-Women go through three steps of moral development in their understanding of caring. -Women tend to focus more on the principle of caring than on justice.

Which of the following are true of James Rest's findings about moral development in men and women?

-Women tend to maintain more of a balance between justice and care than men do. -Both men and women seem to use both justice and caring in their moral reasoning, though perhaps in different ratios.

Drag and drop the descriptions of the justice model and the caring model of moral development against the corresponding ethical principles. 1. Justice 2. Care

1. Justice a. Decisions involve a deliberate and fair resolution to problems. b. Decisions tend to be detached and impartial. c. Actions are based on abstract and impartial reasoning. 2. Care a. Decisions show interest and partiality. b. Actions spring from some kind of attachment to people or to specific results. c. Decisions express personal feeling, concern, or commitment to other people involved.

Drag and drop the descriptions of James Rest's four-component model of moral development against the corresponding components. 1. Moral sensitivity 2. Moral judgment 3. Moral motivation 4. Moral character

1. Moral sensitivity -People must be aware of the ethical nature of the issue, question, or problem at hand. 2. Moral judgment -People should have the ability to make the right ethical decisions and choices. 3. Moral motivation -People should have the desire and intention to do what is right. 4. Moral character -People should have the persistence, self-discipline, courage, and determination to do what they know they should do.

Drag and drop people's evaluation of the Heinz dilemma against the corresponding stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development. 1. Pre-conventional stage 2.Conventional stage 3.Post conventional stage

1. Pre-conventional stage a. People would tend to believe that Heinz should have been protective of his own interests and less concerned with the interests of his wife or the druggist. b.One might hold that Heinz was right to steal the drug as he needed his wife's companionship, and another might argue that he was wrong as it will be difficult to get what he wants in life from jail. 2.Conventional stage a. People might answer either way—that Heinz was right or wrong, depending on whose social approval mattered to him most. b. People might answer either way—that Heinz was right or wrong, depending on whose social approval mattered to him most. People might answer either way—that Heinz was right or wrong, depending on whose social approval mattered to him most. 3.Post conventional stage a. People would appeal to universal respect for life and claim that the protection of human life is always more important than the protection of property. b. People might justify Heinz breaking the law based on the belief that his society's laws were not rational or just enough.

Drag and drop the descriptions of the moral maturity of a person against the corresponding operational levels based on Plato's tripartite conception of a person. 1. body 2. heart 3. mind

1. body -People operating from this level are enslaved by their physical desires and drives. 2. heart -People operating at this level are ruled by their emotions and feelings. 3. mind -People operating at this level are governed by reason and intellect.

Drag and drop the descriptions of moral reasoning against the corresponding levels of moral development based on Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. 1. pre-conventional level 2. Conventional level 3. Post-conventional level

1. pre-conventional level -Moral decision making is based on egocentric, or self-centered, thinking. Moral decision making is based on egocentric, or self-centered, thinking. 2. Conventional level - People think of moral right and wrong in terms of conforming to important social expectations and rules. 3. Post-conventional level -Moral reasoning is based in ethical principles of some kind.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of people at the conventional level of thinking?

Direct self-interest takes a backseat to an overriding emphasis on following external standards.

Identify the problem Carol Gilligan found in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

His conclusion that men are slightly higher in moral development than women comes from a gender-based bias.

Which of the following is true of the principle of tabula rasa?

It holds that children taught good values and principles would be good people and children taught the wrong ethical beliefs would be bad.

According to James Rest, what are the key psychological processes that must happen for a person to maintain consistent moral behavior?

Moral motivation Moral judgment Moral sensitivity Moral character

According to Carol Gilligan, which of the following are true of Step 1 of moral development?

People all seem to start out caring only for themselves. Desire for survival, at least, if not also greed and personal pride, motivate people in their decisions.

According to Carol Gilligan, which of the following is true of Step 1 of moral development?

People express selfish egoism quite easily.

After playing, three-year-old Zoya tidies up the playroom so that her mother will not get angry at her for leaving the room messy. In the context of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, identify Zoya's level of moral reasoning.

Stage 1, which corresponds with pre-conventional thinking

Identify the stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development at which what is morally right is to live up to the explicit agreements, laws, rules, and policies that help define the groups in which one participates, so that the groups can function in harmonious order.

Stage 4

Identify the levels of moral development based on James Rest's system.

The Self-Centered level The Conformity level The Principled level

Which of the following is true of Step 3 of Carol Gilligan's model of moral development?

The driving vision of this step is the universal, self-chosen model of care that embraces care for others and for oneself.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following characterizes the pre-conventional level of thinking?

The effects of one's actions on others are not an important concern, unless one's own interests are affected as well.

Which of the following maintained that children were born neither good nor evil and were destined to become whatever was "written on their tablets"?

The principle of tabula rasa

Which of the following claims opposes Carol Gilligan's findings about moral development?

The same person—man or woman—can score highly on measures of care and justice.

Which of the following is true of people who are in Stage 1 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

They show an unquestioning acceptance of the power of authority in order to avoid negative consequences.

In the context of applying Lawrence Kohlberg's theory in measuring the moral maturity of adults, how would people in stage 1, pre-conventional thinking evaluate the Heinz dilemma?

They would likely say that Heinz was wrong to steal the drug because he would be punished for stealing.

Which of the following is true of Stage 3 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development?

Those in this stage want to be good people, both in their own eyes and in the eyes of others.

Which of the following is true of the process of moral development?

Where development comes in a sequence of stages, it is possible for a person to make progress as well as to retreat.

Identify Carol Gilligan's most important finding from her studies of the development of young men and women.

Women do not seem to think of ethics primarily in terms of justice, the central principle Lawrence Kohlberg had found in men.

In the context of the problems with Carol Gilligan's findings about moral development in men and women, identify an observation reported by James Rest after he conducted more than 20 extensive independent studies of men and women.

Women's reasoning and justice concepts were as high as or very slightly higher than men's.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at the post-conventional level of thinking, people seek to _____.

follow timeless ethical principles

Unlike actions that arise from justice, actions that arise from care _____.

generally spring from some kind of attachment to people or to specific results

At Stage 6 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, what is morally right is to _____.

live consistently by one's own personal, but universal, ethical principles

At Stage 5 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development, what is morally right is to _____.

live consistently by the deepest moral values and ethical principles of one's society and/or the groups to which one belongs

People at Stage 2 of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development tend to think that what is right is to _____.

make deals to meet their own needs and get what they want

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, people at the pre-conventional level of thinking _____.

make their decisions based on perceived self-interest

According to Carol Gilligan, behavior on Step 2 of moral development is driven by _____.

responsibility to help others

An important general observation about the process of moral development is that _____.

the stages of moral development appear to be generally cumulative

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, people at the conventional level of thinking _____.

think of morality in terms of conformity