C Test 4
Which of the following is not a Bluetooth attack? A. Bluedriving B. Bluejacking C. Bluesmacking D. Bluesnarfing
A. Bluedriving
Sophia travels a lot and worries that her laptop containing confidential documents might be stolen. What is the best protection that will work for her? A. Password protected files B. Hidden folders C. BIOS password D. Full disk encryption.
D. Full disk encryption.
Which of the following tools is used to detect wireless LANs using the 802.11a/b/g/n WLAN standards on a linux platform? A. Kismet B. Nessus C. Netstumbler D. Abel
A. Kismet Kismet is a network detector, packet sniffer, and intrusion detection system for 802.11 wireless LANs. Kismet will work with any wireless card which supports raw monitoring mode, and can sniff 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n traffic. The program runs under Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Mac OS X.
Attempting an injection attack on a web server based on responses to True/False questions is called which of the following? A. Blind SQLi B. DMS-specific SQLi C. Classic SQLi D. Compound SQLi
A. Blind SQLi
Which protocol is used for setting up secured channels between two devices, typically in VPNs? A. IPSEC B. PEM C. SET D. PPP
A. IPSEC
What is the role of test automation in security testing? A. It can accelerate benchmark tests and repeat them with a consistent test setup. But it cannot replace manual testing completely. B. It is an option but it tends to be very expensive. C. It should be used exclusively. Manual testing is outdated because of low speed and possible test setup inconsistencies. D. Test automation is not usable in security due to the complexity of the tests.
A. It can accelerate benchmark tests and repeat them with a consistent test setup. But it cannot replace manual testing completely.
Which of the following is considered the best way to protect Personally Identifiable Information (PII) from Web application vulnerabilities? A. Use cryptographic storage to store all PII B. Use encrypted communications protocols to transmit PII C. Use full disk encryption on all hard drives to protect PII D. Use a security token to log into all Web applications that use PII
A. Use cryptographic storage to store all PII Explanation/Reference: As a matter of good practice any PII should be protected with strong encryption.
In order to have an anonymous Internet surf, which of the following is best choice? A. Use SSL sites when entering personal information B. Use Tor network with multi-node C. Use shared WiFi D. Use public VPN
B. Use Tor network with multi-node
Which of the following is considered an exploit framework and has the ability to perform automated attacks on services, ports, applications and unpatched security flaws in a computer system? A. Wireshark B. Maltego C. Metasploit D. Nessus
C. Metasploit
An IT employee got a call from one of our best customers. The caller wanted to know about the company's network infrastructure, systems, and team. New opportunities of integration are in sight for both company and customer. What should this employee do? A. Since the company's policy is all about Customer Service, he/she will provide information. B. Disregarding the call, the employee should hang up. C. The employee should not provide any information without previous management authorization. D. The employees can not provide any information; but, anyway, he/she will provide the name of the person in charge
C. The employee should not provide any information without previous management authorization.
Which of these is capable of searching for and locating rogue access points? A. HIDS B. WISS C. WIPS D. NIDS
C. WIPS
The chance of a hard drive failure is once every three years. The cost to buy a new hard drive is $300. It will require 10 hours to restore the OS and software to the new hard disk. It will require a further 4 hours to restore the database from the last backup to the new hard disk. The recovery person earns $10/hour. Calculate the SLE, ARO, and ALE. Assume the EF = 1 (100%). What is the closest approximate cost of this replacement and recovery operation per year? A. $146 B. $1320 C. $440 D. $100
A. $146 Explanation/Reference: The annualized loss expectancy (ALE) is the product of the annual rate of occurrence (ARO) and the single loss expectancy (SLE). Suppose than an asset is valued at $100,000, and the Exposure Factor (EF) for this asset is 25%. The single loss expectancy (SLE) then, is 25% * $100,000, or $25,000. In our example the ARO is 33%, and the SLE is 300+14*10 (as EF=1). The ALO is thus: 33%*(300+14*10) which equals 146.
You are using NMAP to resolve domain names into IP addresses for a ping sweep later. Which of the following commands looks for IP addresses? A. >host -t a hackeddomain.com B. >host -t soa hackeddomain.com C. >host -t ns hackeddomain.com D. >host -t AXFR hackeddomain.com
A. >host -t a hackeddomain.com Explanation/Reference: The A record is an Address record. It returns a 32-bit IPv4 address, most commonly used to map hostnames to an IP address of the host.
While performing online banking using a Web browser, a user receives an email that contains a link to an interesting Web site. When the user clicks on the link, another Web browser session starts and displays a video of cats playing a piano. The next business day, the user receives what looks like an email from his bank, indicating that his bank account has been accessed from a foreign country. The email asks the user to call his bank and verify the authorization of a funds transfer that took place. What Web browser-based security vulnerability was exploited to compromise the user? A. Cross-Site Request Forgery B. Cross-Site Scripting C. Clickjacking D. Web form input validation
A. Cross-Site Request Forgery Cross-site request forgery, also known as one-click attack or session riding and abbreviated as CSRF or XSRF, is a type of malicious exploit of a website where unauthorized commands are transmitted from a user that the website trusts.
A company's Web development team has become aware of a certain type of security vulnerability in their Web software. To mitigate the possibility of this vulnerability being exploited, the team wants to modify the software requirements to disallow users from entering HTML as input into their Web application. What kind of Web application vulnerability likely exists in their software? A. Cross-site scripting vulnerability B. Cross-site Request Forgery vulnerability C. SQL injection vulnerability D. Web site defacement vulnerability
A. Cross-site scripting vulnerability Many operators of particular web applications (e.g. forums and webmail) allow users to utilize a limited subset of HTML markup. When accepting HTML input from users (say, <b>very</b> large), output encoding (such as <b>very</b> large) will not suffice since the user input needs to be rendered as HTML by the browser (so it shows as "very large", instead of "<b>very</b> large"). Stopping an XSS attack when accepting HTML input from users is much more complex in this situation. Untrusted HTML input must be run through an HTML sanitization engine to ensure that it does not contain cross-site scripting code.
Which mode of IPSec should you use to assure security and confidentiality of data within the same LAN? A. ESP transport mode B. AH permiscuous C. ESP confidential D. AH Tunnel mode
A. ESP transport mode Explanation/Reference: When transport mode is used, IPSec encrypts only the IP payload. Transport mode provides the protection of an IP payload through an AH or ESP header. Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) provides confidentiality (in addition to authentication, integrity, and anti-replay protection) for the IP payload.
Which of the following statements regarding ethical hacking is incorrect? A. Ethical hackers should never use tools or methods that have the potential of exploiting vulnerabilities in an organization's systems. B. Testing should be remotely performed offsite. C. An organization should use ethical hackers who do not sell vendor hardware/software or other consulting services. D. Ethical hacking should not involve writing to or modifying the target systems.
A. Ethical hackers should never use tools or methods that have the potential of exploiting vulnerabilities in an organization's systems.
You work as a Security Analyst for a retail organization. In securing the company's network, you set up a firewall and an IDS. However, hackers are able to attack the network. After investigating, you discover that your IDS is not configured properly and therefore is unable to trigger alarms when needed. What type of alert is the IDS giving? A. False Negative B. False Positive C. True Negative D. True Positive
A. False Negative Explanation/Reference: A false negative error, or in short false negative, is where a test result indicates that a condition failed, while it actually was successful. I.e. erroneously no effect has been assumed.
A network administrator discovers several unknown files in the root directory of his Linux FTP server. One of the files is a tarball, two are shell script files, and the third is a binary file is named "nc." The FTP server's access logs show that the anonymous user account logged in to the server, uploaded the files, and extracted the contents of the tarball and ran the script using a function provided by the FTP server's software. The ps command shows that the nc file is running as process, and the netstat command shows the nc process is listening on a network port. What kind of vulnerability must be present to make this remote attack possible? A. File system permissions B. Privilege escalation C. Directory traversal D. Brute force login
A. File system permissions Explanation/Reference: To upload files the user must have proper write file permissions
The security concept of "separation of duties" is most similar to the operation of which type of security device? A. Firewall B. Bastion host C. Intrusion Detection System D. Honeypot
A. Firewall Explanation/Reference: In most enterprises the engineer making a firewall change is also the one reviewing the firewall metrics for unauthorized changes. What if the firewall administrator wanted to hide something? How would anyone ever find out? This is where the separation of duties comes in to focus on the responsibilities of tasks within security.
To determine if a software program properly handles a wide range of invalid input, a form of automated testing can be used to randomly generate invalid input in an attempt to crash the program. What term is commonly used when referring to this type of testing? A. Fuzzing B. Randomizing C. Mutating D. Bounding
A. Fuzzing Fuzz testing or fuzzing is a software testing technique, often automated or semi-automated, that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data to the inputs of a computer program. The program is then monitored for exceptions such as crashes, or failing built-in code assertions or for finding potential memory leaks. Fuzzing is commonly used to test for security problems in software or computer systems. It is a form of random testing which has been used for testing hardware or software.
What two conditions must a digital signature meet? A. Has to be unforgeable, and has to be authentic. B. Has to be legible and neat. C. Must be unique and have special characters. D. Has to be the same number of characters as a physical signature and must be unique.
A. Has to be unforgeable, and has to be authentic.
Which of these options is the most secure procedure for storing backup tapes? A. In a climate controlled facility offsite B. On a different floor in the same building C. Inside the data center for faster retrieval in a fireproof safe D. In a cool dry environment
A. In a climate controlled facility offsite Explanation/Reference: An effective disaster data recovery strategy should consist of producing backup tapes and housing them in an offsite storage facility. This way the data isn't compromised if a natural disaster affects the business' office. It is highly recommended that the backup tapes be handled properly and stored in a secure, climate controlled facility. This provides peace of mind, and gives the business almost immediate stability after a disaster.
In both pharming and phishing attacks an attacker can create websites that look similar to legitimate sites with the intent of collecting personal identifiable information from its victims. What is the difference between pharming and phishing attacks? A. In a pharming attack a victim is redirected to a fake website by modifying their host configuration file or by exploiting vulnerabilities in DNS. In a phishing attack an attacker provides the victim with a URL that is either misspelled or looks similar to the actual websites domain name. B. Both pharming and phishing attacks are purely technical and are not considered forms of social engineering. C. Both pharming and phishing attacks are identical. D. In a phishing attack a victim is redirected to a fake website by modifying their host configuration file or by exploiting vulnerabilities in DNS. In a pharming attack an attacker provides the victim with a URL that is either misspelled or looks very similar to the actual websites domain name.
A. In a pharming attack a victim is redirected to a fake website by modifying their host configuration file or by exploiting vulnerabilities in DNS. In a phishing attack an attacker provides the victim with a URL that is either misspelled or looks similar to the actual websites domain name.
An attacker gains access to a Web server's database and displays the contents of the table that holds all of the names, passwords, and other user information. The attacker did this by entering information into the Web site's user login page that the software's designers did not expect to be entered. This is an example of what kind of software design problem? A. Insufficient input validation B. Insufficient exception handling C. Insufficient database hardening D. Insufficient security management
A. Insufficient input validation Explanation/Reference: The most common web application security weakness is the failure to properly validate input coming from the client or from the environment before using it. This weakness leads to almost all of the major vulnerabilities in web applications, such as cross site scripting, SQL injection, interpreter injection, locale/Unicode attacks, file system attacks, and buffer overflows.
Which of the following is assured by the use of a hash? A. Integrity B. Confidentiality C. Authentication D. Availability
A. Integrity Explanation/Reference: An important application of secure hashes is verification of message integrity. Determining whether any changes have been made to a message (or a file), for example, can be accomplished by comparing message digests calculated before, and after, transmission (or any other event).
Seth is starting a penetration test from inside the network. He hasn't been given any information about the network. What type of test is he conducting? A. Internal Whitebox B. External, Whitebox C. Internal, Blackbox D. External, Blackbox
A. Internal Whitebox
Which of the following is designed to identify malicious attempts to penetrate systems? A. Intrusion Detection System B. Firewall C. Proxy D. Router
A. Intrusion Detection System An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors network or system activities for malicious activities or policy violations and produces electronic reports to a management station.
A large mobile telephony and data network operator has a data that houses network elements. These are essentially large computers running on Linux. The perimeter of the data center is secured with firewalls and IPS systems. What is the best security policy concerning this setup? A. Network elements must be hardened with user ids and strong passwords. Regular security tests and audits should be performed. B. As long as the physical access to the network elements is restricted, there is no need for additional measures. C. There is no need for specific security measures on the network elements as long as firewalls and IPS systems exist. D. The operator knows that attacks and down time are inevitable and should have a backup site.
A. Network elements must be hardened with user ids and strong passwords. Regular security tests and audits should be performed.
You are the Systems Administrator for a large corporate organization. You need to monitor all network traffic on your local network for suspicious activities and receive notifications when an attack is occurring. Which tool would allow you to accomplish this goal? A. Network-based IDS B. Firewall C. Proxy D. Host-based IDS
A. Network-based IDS Explanation/Reference: A network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) is used to monitor and analyze network traffic to protect a system from network-based threats. A NIDS reads all inbound packets and searches for any suspicious patterns. When threats are discovered, based on its severity, the system can take action such as notifying administrators, or barring the source IP address from accessing the network.
Which of the following tools performs comprehensive tests against web servers, including dangerous files and CGIs? A. Nikto B. Snort C. John the Ripper D. Dsniff
A. Nikto Explanation/Reference: Nikto is an Open Source (GPL) web server scanner which performs comprehensive tests against web servers for multiple items, including over 6700 potentially dangerous files/CGIs, checks for outdated versions of over 1250 servers, and version specific problems on over 270 servers. It also checks for server configuration items such as the presence of multiple index files, HTTP server options, and will attempt to identify installed web servers and software. Scan items and plugins are frequently updated and can be automatically updated.
The "black box testing" methodology enforces which kind of restriction? A. Only the external operation of a system is accessible to the tester. B. Only the internal operation of a system is known to the tester. C. The internal operation of a system is only partly accessible to the tester. D. The internal operation of a system is completely known to the tester.
A. Only the external operation of a system is accessible to the tester. Explanation/Reference: Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings.
Which of the following is the structure designed to verify and authenticate the identity of individuals within the enterprise taking part in a data exchange? A. PKI B. single sign on C. biometrics D. SOA
A. PKI Explanation/Reference: A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates[1] and manage public-key encryption. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce, internet banking and confidential email.
Which of the following incident handling process phases is responsible for defining rules, collaborating human workforce, creating a back-up plan, and testing the plans for an organization? A. Preparation phase B. Containment phase C. Identification phase D. Recovery phase
A. Preparation phase Explanation/Reference: There are several key elements to have implemented in preparation phase in order to help mitigate any potential problems that may hinder one's ability to handle an incident. For the sake of brevity, the following should be performed: Policy - a policy provides a written set of principles, rules, or practices within an Organization. Response Plan/Strategy - after establishing organizational policies, now it is time to create a plan/strategy to handle incidents. This would include the creation of a backup plan. Communication - having a communication plan is necessary, due to the fact that it may be necessary to contact specific individuals during an incident. Documentation - it is extremely beneficial to stress that this element is particularly necessary and can be a substantial life saver when it comes to incident response.
An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) has alerted the network administrator to a possibly malicious sequence of packets sent to a Web server in the network's external DMZ. The packet traffic was captured by the IDS and saved to a PCAP file. What type of network tool can be used to determine if these packets are genuinely malicious or simply a false positive? A. Protocol analyzer B. Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) C. Network sniffer D. Vulnerability scanner
A. Protocol analyzer A packet analyzer (also known as a network analyzer, protocol analyzer or packet sniffer—or, for particular types of networks, an Ethernet sniffer or wireless sniffer) is a computer program or piece of computer hardware that can intercept and log traffic that passes over a digital network or part of a network. A packet analyzer can analyze packet traffic saved in a PCAP file.
PGP, SSL, and IKE are all examples of which type of cryptography? A. Public Key B. Secret Key C. Hash Algorithm D. Digest
A. Public Key Explanation/Reference: Public-key algorithms are fundamental security ingredients in cryptosystems, applications and protocols. They underpin various Internet standards, such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL),Transport Layer Security (TLS), S/ MIME, PGP, Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2), and GPG.
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) has a need to authenticate users connecting using analog modems, Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), wireless data services, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) over a Frame Relay network. Which AAA protocol is most likely able to handle this requirement? A. RADIUS B. DIAMETER C. Kerberos D. TACACS+
A. RADIUS Explanation/Reference: Because of the broad support and the ubiquitous nature of the RADIUS protocol, it is often used by ISPs and enterprises to manage access to the Internet or internal networks, wireless networks, and integrated e-mail services. These networks may incorporate modems, DSL, access points, VPNs, network ports, web servers, etc.
Which of the following is a design pattern based on distinct pieces of software providing application functionality as services to other applications? A. Service Oriented Architecture B. Object Oriented Architecture C. Lean Coding D. Agile Process
A. Service Oriented Architecture Explanation/Reference: A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural pattern in computer software design in which application components provide services to other components via a communications protocol, typically over a network.
Which of the following types of firewalls ensures that the packets are part of the established session? A. Stateful inspection firewall B. Circuit-level firewall C. Application-level firewall D. Switch-level firewall
A. Stateful inspection firewall Explanation/Reference: A stateful firewall is a network firewall that tracks the operating state and characteristics of network connections traversing it. The firewall is configured to distinguish legitimate packets for different types of connections. Only packets matching a known active connection (session) are allowed to pass the firewall.
Ricardo wants to send secret messages to a competitor company. To secure these messages, he uses a technique of hiding a secret message within an ordinary message. The technique provides 'security through obscurity'. What technique is Ricardo using? A. Steganography B. Public-key cryptography C. RSA algorithm D. Encryption
A. Steganography Explanation/Reference: Steganography is the practice of concealing a file, message, image, or video within another file, message, image, or video.
A penetration tester is conducting a port scan on a specific host. The tester found several ports opened that were confusing in concluding the Operating System (OS) version installed. Considering the NMAP result below, which of the following is likely to be installed on the target machine by the OS? Starting NMAP 5.21 at 2011-03-15 11:06 NMAP scan report for 172.16.40.65 Host is up (1.00s latency). Not shown: 993 closed ports PORT STATE SERVICE 21/tcp open ftp 23/tcp open telnet 80/tcp open http 139/tcp open netbios-ssn 515/tcp open 631/tcp open ipp 9100/tcp open MAC Address: 00:00:48:0D:EE:8 A. The host is likely a printer. B. The host is likely a Windows machine. C. The host is likely a Linux machine. D. The host is likely a router.
A. The host is likely a printer. Explanation/Reference: The Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) uses port 631.
The "white box testing" methodology enforces what kind of restriction? A. The internal operation of a system is completely known to the tester. B. Only the external operation of a system is accessible to the tester. C. Only the internal operation of a system is known to the tester. D. The internal operation of a system is only partly accessible to the tester.
A. The internal operation of a system is completely known to the tester. Explanation/Reference: White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases.
An incident investigator asks to receive a copy of the event logs from all firewalls, proxy servers, and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) on the network of an organization that has experienced a possible breach of security. When the investigator attempts to correlate the information in all of the logs, the sequence of many of the logged events do not match up. What is the most likely cause? A. The network devices are not all synchronized. B. Proper chain of custody was not observed while collecting the logs. C. The attacker altered or erased events from the logs. D. The security breach was a false positive.
A. The network devices are not all synchronized. Time synchronization is an important middleware service of distributed systems, amongst which Distributed Intrusion Detection System (DIDS) makes extensive use of time synchronization in particular.
What is the most common method to exploit the "Bash Bug" or "ShellShock" vulnerability? A. Through Web servers utilizing CGI (Common Gateway Interface) to send a malformed environment variable to a vulnerable Web server B. Manipulate format strings in text fields C. SSH D. SYN Flood
A. Through Web servers utilizing CGI (Common Gateway Interface) to send a malformed environment variable to a vulnerable Web server Shellshock, also known as Bashdoor, is a family of security bugs in the widely used Unix Bash shell. One specific exploitation vector of the Shellshock bug is CGI-based web servers
What does a firewall check to prevent particular ports and applications from getting packets into an organization? A. Transport layer port numbers and application layer headers B. Presentation layer headers and the session layer port numbers C. Network layer headers and the session layer port numbers D. Application layer port numbers and the transport layer headers
A. Transport layer port numbers and application layer headers Explanation/Reference: Newer firewalls can filter traffic based on many packet attributes like source IP address, source port, destination IP address or transport layer port, destination service like WWW or FTP. They can filter based on protocols, TTL values, netblock of originator, of the source, and many other attributes. Application layer firewalls are responsible for filtering at 3, 4, 5, 7 layer. Because they analyze the application layer headers, most firewall control and filtering is performed actually in the software.
Which of the following is one of the most effective ways to prevent Cross-site Scripting (XSS) flaws in software applications? A. Validate and escape all information sent to a server B. Use security policies and procedures to define and implement proper security settings C. Verify access right before allowing access to protected information and UI controls D. Use digital certificates to authenticate a server prior to sending data
A. Validate and escape all information sent to a server Explanation/Reference: Contextual output encoding/escaping could be used as the primary defense mechanism to stop Cross-site Scripting (XSS) attacks.
The purpose of a __________ is to deny network access to local area networks and other information assets by unauthorized wireless devices. A. Wireless Intrusion Prevention System B. Wireless Access Point C. Wireless Access Control List D. Wireless Analyzer
A. Wireless Intrusion Prevention System A wireless intrusion prevention system (WIPS) is a network device that monitors the radio spectrum for the presence of unauthorized access points (intrusion detection), and can automatically take countermeasures (intrusion prevention).
This phase will increase the odds of success in later phases of the penetration test. It is also the very first step in Information Gathering, and it will tell you what the "landscape" looks like. What is the most important phase of ethical hacking in which you need to spend a considerable amount of time? A. footprinting B. network mapping C. gaining access D. escalating privileges
A. footprinting Explanation/Reference: Footprinting is a first step that a penetration tester used to evaluate the security of any IT infrastructure, footprinting means to gather the maximum information about the computer system or a network and about the devices that are attached to this network.
Which of the following tools can be used for passive OS fingerprinting? A. tcpdump B. nmap C. ping D. tracert
A. tcpdump The passive operating system fingerprinting is a feature built into both the pf and tcpdump tools.
Which of the following is an extremely common IDS evasion technique in the web world? A. unicode characters B. spyware C. port knocking D. subnetting
A. unicode characters Unicode attacks can be effective against applications that understand it. Unicode is the international standard whose goal is to represent every character needed by every written human language as a single integer number. What is known as Unicode evasion should more correctly be referenced as UTF-8 evasion. Unicode characters are normally represented with two bytes, but this is impractical in real life. One aspect of UTF-8 encoding causes problems: non-Unicode characters can be represented encoded. What is worse is multiple representations of each character can exist. Non-Unicode character encodings are known as overlong characters, and may be signs of attempted attack.
Bob learned that his username and password for a popular game has been compromised. He contacts the company and resets all the information. The company suggests he use two-factor authentication, which option below offers that? A. A new username and password B. A fingerprint scanner and his username and password. C. Disable his username and use just a fingerprint scanner. D. His username and a stronger password.
B. A fingerprint scanner and his username and password.
Emil uses nmap to scan two hosts using this command. nmap -sS -T4 -O 192.168.99.1 192.168.99.7 He receives this output: Nmap scan report for 192.168.99.1 Host is up (0.00082s latency). Not shown: 994 filtered ports PORT STATE SERVICE 21/tcp open ftp 23/tcp open telnet 53/tcp open domain 80/tcp open http 161/tcp closed snmp MAC Address: B0:75:D5:33:57:74 (ZTE) Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 2.6.X OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6 OS details: Linux 2.6.9 - 2.6.33 Network Distance: 1 hop Nmap scan report for 192.168.99.7 Host is up (0.000047s latency). All 1000 scanned ports on 192.168.99.7 are closed Too many fingerprints match this host to give specific OS details Network Distance: 0 hops What is his conclusion? A. Host 192.168.99.7 is an iPad. B. He performed a SYN scan and OS scan on hosts 192.168.99.1 and 192.168.99.7. C. Host 192.168.99.1 is the host that he launched the scan from. D. Host 192.168.99.7 is down.
B. He performed a SYN scan and OS scan on hosts 192.168.99.1 and 192.168.99.7.
The company ABC recently contracted a new accountant. The accountant will be working with the financial statements. Those financial statements need to be approved by the CFO and then they will be sent to the accountant but the CFO is worried because he wants to be sure that the information sent to the accountant was not modified once he approved it. What of the following options can be useful to ensure the integrity of the data? A. The document can be sent to the accountant using an exclusive USB for that document. B. The CFO can use a hash algorithm in the document once he approved the financial statements. C. The financial statements can be sent twice, one by email and the other delivered in USB and the accountant can compare both to be sure it is the same document. D. The CFO can use an excel file with a password.
B. The CFO can use a hash algorithm in the document once he approved the financial statements.
An attacker tries to do banner grabbing on a remote web server and executes the following command. $ nmap -sV host.domain.com -p 80 He gets the following output. Starting Nmap 6.47 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2014-12-08 19:10 EST Nmap scan report for host.domain.com (108.61.158.211) Host is up (0.032s latency). PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 80/tcp open http Apache httpd Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 6.42 seconds What did the hacker accomplish? A. nmap can't retrieve the version number of any running remote service. B. The hacker successfully completed the banner grabbing. C. The hacker should've used nmap -O host.domain.com. D. The hacker failed to do banner grabbing as he didn't get the version of the Apache web server.
B. The hacker successfully completed the banner grabbing
Craig received a report of all the computers on the network that showed all the missing patches and weak passwords. What type of software generated this report? A. a port scanner B. a vulnerability scanner C. a virus scanner D. a malware scanner
B. a vulnerability scanner
A penetration test was done at a company. After the test, a report was written and given to the company's IT authorities. A section from the report is shown below: Access List should be written between VLANs. Port security should be enabled for the intranet. A security solution which filters data packets should be set between intranet (LAN) and DMZ. A WAF should be used in front of the web applications. According to the section from the report, which of the following choice is true? A. MAC Spoof attacks cannot be performed. B. Possibility of SQL Injection attack is eliminated. C. A stateful firewall can be used between intranet (LAN) and DMZ. D. There is access control policy between VLANs.
C. A stateful firewall can be used between intranet (LAN) and DMZ.
An attacker is trying to redirect the traffic of a small office. That office is using their own mail server, DNS server and NTP server because of the importance of their job. The attacker gains access to the DNS server and redirects the direction www.google.com to his own IP address. Now when the employees of the office want to go to Google they are being redirected to the attacker machine. What is the name of this kind of attack? A. ARP Poisoning B. Smurf Attack C. DNS spoofing D. MAC Flooding
C. DNS spoofing
The company ABC recently discovered that their new product was released by the opposition before their premiere. They contract an investigator who discovered that the maid threw away papers with confidential information about the new product and the opposition found it in the garbage. What is the name of the technique used by the opposition? A. Hack attack B. Sniffing C. Dumpster diving D. Spying
C. Dumpster diving
A well-intentioned researcher discovers a vulnerability on the web site of a major corporation. What should he do? A. Ignore it. B. Try to sell the information to a well-paying party on the dark web. C. Notify the web site owner so that corrective action be taken as soon as possible to patch the vulnerability. D. Exploit the vulnerability without harming the web site owner so that attention be drawn to the problem.
C. Notify the web site owner so that corrective action be taken as soon as possible to patch the vulnerability.
Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries.) More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that overcome the influence of adversaries and that are related to various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce. Basic example to understand how cryptography works is given below: SECURE (plain text) +1(+1 next letter, for example, the letter ""T"" is used for ""S"" to encrypt.) TFDVSF (encrypted text) +=logic=> Algorithm 1=Factor=> Key Which of the following choices is true about cryptography? A. Algorithm is not the secret, key is the secret. B. Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of algorithms for cryptography that use the different cryptographic keys for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of ciphertext. C. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) use the asymmetric encryption both (public/private key pair) to deliver the shared session key and to achieve a communication way. D. Public-key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, public key is for decrypt, private key is for encrypt.
C. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) use the asymmetric encryption both (public/private key pair) to deliver the shared session key and to achieve a communication way.
Jimmy is standing outside a secure entrance to a facility. He is pretending to have a tense conversation on his cell phone as an authorized employee badges in. Jimmy, while still on the phone, grabs the door as it begins to close. What just happened? A. Phishing B. Whaling C. Tailgating D. Masquerading
C. Tailgating
When purchasing a biometric system, one of the considerations that should be reviewed is the processing speed. Which of the following best describes what it is meant by processing? A. The amount of time it takes to convert biometric data into a template on a smart card. B. The amount of time and resources that are necessary to maintain a biometric system. C. The amount of time it takes to be either accepted or rejected form when an individual provides Identification and authentication information. D. How long it takes to setup individual user accounts.
C. The amount of time it takes to be either accepted or rejected form when an individual provides Identification and authentication information.
Which of the following is the greatest threat posed by backups? A. A backup is the source of Malware or illicit information. B. A backup is unavailable during disaster recovery. C. A backup is incomplete because no verification was performed. D. An un-encrypted backup can be misplaced or stolen.
D. An un-encrypted backup can be misplaced or stolen. If the data written on the backup media is properly encrypted, it will be useless for anyone without the key.
What is the correct process for the TCP three-way handshake connection establishment and connection termination? A. Connection Establishment: FIN, ACK-FIN, ACK Connection Termination: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK B. Connection Establishment: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK Connection Termination: ACK, ACK-SYN, SYN C. Connection Establishment: ACK, ACK-SYN, SYN Connection Termination: FIN, ACK-FIN, ACK D. Connection Establishment: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK Connection Termination: FIN, ACK-FIN, ACK
D. Connection Establishment: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK Connection Termination: FIN, ACK-FIN, ACK
A hacker has managed to gain access to a Linux host and stolen the password file from /etc/passwd. How can he use it? A. The password file does not contain the passwords themselves. B. He can open it and read the user ids and corresponding passwords. C. The file reveals the passwords to the root user only. D. He cannot read it because it is encrypted.
D. He cannot read it because it is encrypted
Which tier in the N-tier application architecture is responsible for moving and processing data between the tiers? A. Application Layer B. Data tier C. Presentation tier D. Logic tier
D. Logic tier
Rebecca commonly sees an error on her Windows system that states that a Data Execution Prevention (DEP) error has taken place. Which of the following is most likely taking place? A. A race condition is being exploited, and the operating system is containing the malicious process. B. A page fault is occurring, which forces the operating system to write data from the hard drive. C. Malware is executing in either ROM or a cache memory area. D. Malicious code is attempting to execute instruction in a non-executable memory region.
D. Malicious code is attempting to execute instruction in a non-executable memory region.
Websites and web portals that provide web services commonly use the Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP. Which of the following is an incorrect definition or characteristics in the protocol? A. Based on XML B. Provides a structured model for messaging C. Exchanges data between web services D. Only compatible with the application protocol HTTP
D. Only compatible with the application protocol HTTP
You are an Ethical Hacker who is auditing the ABC company. When you verify the NOC one of the machines has 2 connections, one wired and the other wireless. When you verify the configuration of this Windows system you find two static routes. route add 10.0.0.0 mask 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 route add 0.0.0.0 mask 255.0.0.0 199.168.0.1 What is the main purpose of those static routes? A. Both static routes indicate that the traffic is external with different gateway. B. The first static route indicates that the internal traffic will use an external gateway and the second static route indicates that the traffic will be rerouted. C. Both static routes indicate that the traffic is internal with different gateway. D. The first static route indicates that the internal addresses are using the internal gateway and the second static route indicates that all the traffic that is not internal must go to an external gateway.
D. The first static route indicates that the internal addresses are using the internal gateway and the second static route indicates that all the traffic that is not internal must go to an external gateway.
Which of the following Nmap commands will produce the following output? Output: Starting Nmap 6.47 (http://nmap.org ) at 2015-05-26 12:50 EDT Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.1 Host is up (0.00042s latency). Not shown: 65530 open|filtered ports, 65529 filtered ports PORT STATE SERVICE 111/tcp open rpcbind 999/tcp open garcon 1017/tcp open unknown 1021/tcp open exp1 1023/tcp open netvenuechat 2049/tcp open nfs 17501/tcp open unknown 111/udp open rpcbind 123/udp open ntp 137/udp open netbios-ns 2049/udp open nfs 5353/udp open zeroconf 17501/udp open|filtered unknown 51857/udp open|filtered unknown 54358/udp open|filtered unknown 56228/udp open|filtered unknown 57598/udp open|filtered unknown 59488/udp open|filtered unknown 60027/udp open|filtered unknown A. nmap -sN -Ps -T4 192.168.1.1 B. nmap -sT -sX -Pn -p 1-65535 192.168.1.1 C. nmap -sS -Pn 192.168.1.1 D. nmap -sS -sU -Pn -p 1-65535 192.168.1.1
D. nmap -sS -sU -Pn -p 1-65535 192.168.1.1
If executives are found liable for not properly protecting their company's assets and information systems, what type of law would apply in this situation? A. Civil B. International C. Criminal D. Common
A. Civil
> NMAP -sn 192.168.11.200-215 The NMAP command above performs which of the following? A. A ping scan B. A trace sweep C. An operating system detect D. A port scan
A. A ping scan Explanation/Reference: NMAP -sn (No port scan) This option tells Nmap not to do a port scan after host discovery, and only print out the available hosts that responded to the host discovery probes. This is often known as a "ping scan", but you can also request that traceroute and NSE host scripts be run.
A company's security policy states that all Web browsers must automatically delete their HTTP browser cookies upon terminating. What sort of security breach is this policy attempting to mitigate? A. Attempts by attackers to access Web sites that trust the Web browser user by stealing the user's authentication credentials. B. Attempts by attackers to access the user and password information stored in the company's SQL database. C. Attempts by attackers to access passwords stored on the user's computer without the user's knowledge. D. Attempts by attackers to determine the user's Web browser usage patterns, including when sites were visited and for how long.
A. Attempts by attackers to access Web sites that trust the Web browser user by stealing the user's authentication credentials. Explanation/Reference: Cookies can store passwords and form content a user has previously entered, such as a credit card number or an address. Cookies can be stolen using a technique called cross-site scripting. This occurs when an attacker takes advantage of a website that allows its users to post unfiltered HTML and JavaScript content.
Which method of password cracking takes the most time and effort? A. Brute force B. Rainbow tables C. Dictionary attack D. Shoulder surfing
A. Brute force Brute-force cracking, in which a computer tries every possible key or password until it succeeds, is typically very time consuming. More common methods of password cracking, such as dictionary attacks, pattern checking, word list substitution, etc. attempt to reduce the number of trials required and will usually be attempted before brute force.
_________ is a set of extensions to DNS that provide to DNS clients (resolvers) origin authentication of DNS data to reduce the threat of DNS poisoning, spoofing, and similar attacks types.
A. DNSSEC
What is the way to decide how a packet will move from an untrusted outside host to a protected inside that is behind a firewall, which permits the hacker to determine which ports are open and if the packets can pass through the packet-filtering of the firewall. A. Firewalking B. Session hijacking C. Network sniffing D. Man-in-the-middle attack
A. Firewalking
Sid is a judge for a programming contest. Before the code reaches him it goes through a restricted OS and is tested there. If it passes, then it moves onto Sid. What is this middle step called? A. Fuzzy-testing the code B. Third party running the code C. Sandboxing the code D. String validating the code
A. Fuzzy-testing the code
An attacker with access to the inside network of a small company launches a successful STP manipulation attack. What will he do next? A. He will create a SPAN entry on the spoofed root bridge and redirect traffic to his computer. B. He will activate OSPF on the spoofed root bridge. C. He will repeat the same attack against all L2 switches of the network. D. He will repeat this action so that it escalates to a DoS attack.
A. He will create a SPAN entry on the spoofed root bridge and redirect traffic to his computer.
Which of the following is the least-likely physical characteristic to be used in biometric control that supports a large company? A. Height and Weight B. Voice C. Fingerprints D. Iris patterns
A. Height and Weight There are two main types of biometric identifiers: 1. Physiological characteristics: The shape or composition of the body. 2. Behavioral characteristics: The behavior of a person. Examples of physiological characteristics used for biometric authentication include fingerprints; DNA; face, hand, retina or ear features; and odor. Behavioral characteristics are related to the pattern of the behavior of a person, such as typing rhythm, gait, gestures and voice.
During a security audit of IT processes, an IS auditor found that there were no documented security procedures. What should the IS auditor do? A. Identify and evaluate existing practices B. Create a procedures document C. Conduct compliance testing D. Terminate the audit
A. Identify and evaluate existing practices The auditor should first evaluated existing policies and practices to identify problem areas and opportunities.
In Risk Management, how is the term "likelihood" related to the concept of "threat?" A. Likelihood is the probability that a threat-source will exploit a vulnerability. B. Likelihood is a possible threat-source that may exploit a vulnerability. C. Likelihood is the likely source of a threat that could exploit a vulnerability. D. Likelihood is the probability that a vulnerability is a threat-source.
A. Likelihood is the probability that a threat-source will exploit a vulnerability. The ability to analyze the likelihood of threats within the organization is a critical step in building an effective security program. The process of assessing threat probability should be well defined and incorporated into a broader threat analysis process to be effective.
What term describes the amount of risk that remains after the vulnerabilities are classified and the countermeasures have been deployed? A. Residual risk B. Inherent risk C. Deferred risk D. Impact risk
A. Residual risk Explanation/Reference: The residual risk is the risk or danger of an action or an event, a method or a (technical) process that, although being abreast with science, still conceives these dangers, even if all theoretically possible safety measures would be applied (scientifically conceivable measures); in other words, the amount of risk left over after natural or inherent risks have been reduced by risk controls.
Risks = Threats x Vulnerabilities is referred to as the: A. Risk equation B. Threat assessment C. BIA equation D. Disaster recovery formula
A. Risk equation The most effective way to define risk is with this simple equation: Risk = Threat x Vulnerability x Cost This equation is fundamental to all information security.
Which of the following security operations is used for determining the attack surface of an organization? A. Running a network scan to detect network services in the corporate DMZ B. Training employees on the security policy regarding social engineering C. Reviewing the need for a security clearance for each employee D. Using configuration management to determine when and where to apply security patches
A. Running a network scan to detect network services in the corporate DMZ Explanation/Reference: For a network scan the goal is to document the exposed attack surface along with any easily detected vulnerabilities.
Which of the following is a protocol specifically designed for transporting event messages? A. SYSLOG B. SMS C. SNMP D. ICMP
A. SYSLOG Explanation/Reference: syslog is a standard for message logging. It permits separation of the software that generates messages, the system that stores them, and the software that reports and analyzes them. Each message is labeled with a facility code, indicating the software type generating the message, and assigned a severity label.
You're doing an internal security audit and you want to find out what ports are open on all the servers. What is the best way to find out? A. Scan servers with Nmap B. Physically go to each server C. Scan servers with MBSA D. Telent to every port on each server
A. Scan servers with Nmap
Which of the following is a low-tech way of gaining unauthorized access to systems? A. Social Engineering B. Sniffing C. Eavesdropping D. Scanning
A. Social Engineering Social engineering, in the context of information security, refers to psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information. A type of confidence trick for the purpose of information gathering, fraud, or system access.
A new wireless client is configured to join a 802.11 network. This client uses the same hardware and software as many of the other clients on the network. The client can see the network, but cannot connect. A wireless packet sniffer shows that the Wireless Access Point (WAP) is not responding to the association requests being sent by the wireless client. What is a possible source of this problem? A. The WAP does not recognize the client's MAC address B. The client cannot see the SSID of the wireless network C. Client is configured for the wrong channel D. The wireless client is not configured to use DHCP
A. The WAP does not recognize the client's MAC address MAC Filtering (or GUI filtering, or layer 2 address filtering) refers to a security access control method whereby the 48-bit address assigned to each network card is used to determine access to the network. MAC Filtering is often used on wireless networks.
The "gray box testing" methodology enforces what kind of restriction? A. The internal operation of a system is only partly accessible to the tester. B. The internal operation of a system is completely known to the tester. C. Only the external operation of a system is accessible to the tester. D. Only the internal operation of a system is known to the tester.
A. The internal operation of a system is only partly accessible to the tester. Explanation/Reference: A black-box tester is unaware of the internal structure of the application to be tested, while a white-box tester has access to the internal structure of the application. A gray-box tester partially knows the internal structure, which includes access to the documentation of internal data structures as well as the algorithms used.
To maintain compliance with regulatory requirements, a security audit of the systems on a network must be performed to determine their compliance with security policies. Which one of the following tools would most likely be used in such an audit? A. Vulnerability scanner B. Protocol analyzer C. Port scanner D. Intrusion Detection System
A. Vulnerability scanner Explanation/Reference: A vulnerability scanner is a computer program designed to assess computers, computer systems, networks or applications for weaknesses. They can be run either as part of vulnerability management by those tasked with protecting systems - or by black hat attackers looking to gain unauthorized access.
Session splicing is an IDS evasion technique in which an attacker delivers data in multiple, smallsized packets to the target computer, making it very difficult for an IDS to detect the attack signatures. Which tool can be used to perform session splicing attacks? A. Whisker B. tcpsplice C. Burp D. Hydra
A. Whisker One basic technique is to split the attack payload into multiple small packets, so that the IDS must reassemble the packet stream to detect the attack. A simple way of splitting packets is by fragmenting them, but an adversary can also simply craft packets with small payloads. The 'whisker' evasion tool calls crafting packets with small payloads 'session splicing'.
The configuration allows a wired or wireless network interface controller to pass all traffic it receives to the central processing unit (CPU), rather than passing only the frames that the controller is intended to receive. Which of the following is being described? A. promiscuous mode B. port forwarding C. multi-cast mode D. WEM
A. promiscuous mode Explanation/Reference: Promiscuous mode refers to the special mode of Ethernet hardware, in particular network interface cards (NICs), that allows a NIC to receive all traffic on the network, even if it is not addressed to this NIC. By default, a NIC ignores all traffic that is not addressed to it, which is done by comparing the destination address of the Ethernet packet with the hardware address (a.k.a. MAC) of the device. While this makes perfect sense for networking, non-promiscuous mode makes it difficult to use network monitoring and analysis software for diagnosing connectivity issues or traffic accounting.
Which of the following is a command line packet analyzer similar to GUI-based Wireshark? A. tcpdump B. nessus C. etherea D. Jack the ripper
A. tcpdump Explanation/Reference: tcpdump is a common packet analyzer that runs under the command line. It allows the user to display TCP/IP and other packets being transmitted or received over a network to which the computer is attached.
Which of the following tools is used to analyze the files produced by several packet-capture programs such as tcpdump, WinDump, Wireshark, and EtherPeek? A. tcptrace B. tcptraceroute C. Nessus D. OpenVAS
A. tcptrace tcptrace is a tool for analysis of TCP dump files. It can take as input the files produced by several popularpacket-capture programs, including tcpdump/WinDump/Wireshark, snoop, EtherPeek, and Agilent NetMetrix.
In cryptanalysis and computer security, 'pass the hash' is a hacking technique that allows an attacker to authenticate to a remote server/service by using the underlying NTLM and/or LanMan hash of a user's password, instead of requiring the associated plaintext password as is normally the case. Metasploit Framework has a module for this technique: psexec. The psexec module is often used by penetration testers to obtain access to a given system that you already know the credentials for. It was written by sysinternals and has been integrated within the framework. Often as penetration testers, successfully gain access to a system through some exploit, use meterpreter to grab the passwords or other methods like fgdump, pwdump, or cachedump and then utilize rainbowtables to crack those hash values. Which of the following is true hash type and sort order that is using in the psexec module's 'smbpass'? A. NT:LM B. LM:NT C. LM:NTLM D. NTLM:LM
B. LM:NT
In many states sending spam is illegal. Thus, the spammers have techniques to try and ensure that no one knows they sent the spam out to thousands of users at a time. Which of the following best describes what spammers use to hide the origin of these types of e-mails? A. A blacklist of companies that have their mail server relays configured to allow traffic only to their specific domain name. B. Mail relaying, which is a technique of bouncing e-mail from internal to external mails servers continuously. C. A blacklist of companies that have their mail server relays configured to be wide open. D. Tools that will reconfigure a mail server's relay component to send the e-mail back to the spammers occasionally.
B. Mail relaying, which is a technique of bouncing e-mail from internal to external mails servers continuously.
The network in ABC company is using the network address 192.168.1.64 with mask 255.255.255.192. In the network the servers are in the addresses 192.168.1.122, 192.168.1.123 and 192.168.1.124. An attacker is trying to find those servers but he cannot see them in his scanning. The command he is using is: nmap 192.168.1.64/28. Why he cannot see the servers? A. The network must be down and the nmap command and IP address are ok. B. He needs to add the command ''''ip address'''' just before the IP address. C. He is scanning from 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.78 because of the mask /28 and the servers are not in that range. D. He needs to change the address to 192.168.1.0 with the same mask.
C. He is scanning from 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.78 because of the mask /28 and the servers are not in that range.
Due to a slow down of normal network operations, IT department decided to monitor internet traffic for all of the employees. From a legal stand point, what would be troublesome to take this kind of measure? A. All of the employees would stop normal work activities B. IT department would be telling employees who the boss is C. Not informing the employees that they are going to be monitored could be an invasion of privacy. D. The network could still experience traffic slow down.
C. Not informing the employees that they are going to be monitored could be an invasion of privacy.
Which Metasploit Framework tool can help penetration tester for evading Anti-virus Systems? A. msfpayload B. msfcli C. msfencode D. msfd
C. msfencode
Eve stole a file named secret.txt, transferred it to her computer and she just entered these commands: [eve@localhost ~]$ john secret.txt Loaded 2 password hashes with no different salts (LM [DES 128/128 SSE2-16]) Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort. almost any other key for status 0g 0:00:00:03 3/3 0g/s 86168p/s 86168c/s 172336C/s MERO..SAMPLUI 0g 0:00:00:04 3/3 0g/s 3296Kp/s 3296Kc/s 6592KC/s GOS..KARIS4 0g 0:00:00:07 3/3 0g/s 8154Kp/s 8154Kc/s 16309KC/s NY180K..NY1837 0g 0:00:00:10 3/3 0g/s 7958Kp/s 7958Kc/s 1591KC/s SHAGRN..SHENY9 What is she trying to achieve? A. She is encrypting the file. B. She is using John the Ripper to view the contents of the file. C. She is using ftp to transfer the file to another hacker named John. D. She is using John the Ripper to crack the passwords in the secret.txt file.
D. She is using John the Ripper to crack the passwords in the secret.txt file.
