C165 Integrated Physical Science Section 2 Physics

electromagnetic spectrum least to greatest (7)

1. Radio (longest wavelength) 2. microwave 3. infrared 4. visible 5. ultraviolet 6. x-ray 7. gamma ray (shortest wavelength)

An astronaut on board the ISS gently lifts her feet off the floor of the cabin so that she is not touching any object. At that moment, the ISS rockets start to reboost and accelerate the ISS forward. What will happen to the astronaut initially? 1. To an observer accelerating with the ISS, she will appear to be accelerating backward. 2. She will immediately accelerate with the ISS. 3. She will first be jerked backward and then pulled forward with the ISS, just like when you start driving your car at a traffic light.

1. She will appear to be accelerating backward because the ISS will be accelerating forward. She will not move with the ISS due to her inertia since the rest of the ISS is not exerting any force on her.

As a cargo spacecraft lifts off, its booster rockets are employed to accelerate it. Assume that the booster rockets apply a constant force on the spacecraft. The higher the spacecraft ascends, the less mass it has because some of its fuel is burned. What is happening as the spacecraft is ascending? 1. Both its speed and acceleration increase. 2. Its speed decreases, and its acceleration increases. 3. Both its speed and acceleration decrease. 4. Its speed increases, and its acceleration decreases

1. Since the mass of the spacecraft is decreasing, the acceleration provided by its booster rockets is increasing, which causes the speed to increase accordingly.

Which derived unit does NOT measure speed? mm/min2 km/hr m/s cm/day

1. Speed is distance traveled divided by time, so the time unit is not squared.

The law of conservation of total linear momentum states that __________. 1. the momentum of any object involved in a collision does not change 2. any momentum lost by one object in a collision will be gained by the other 3. the type of collision determines whether or not the total momentum is conserved 4. the total momentum in a system is different before and after a collision

2. Because the total momentum remains the same in a collision, the momentum lost by one object must be gained by the other.

NASCAR tires are wider and smoother with no tread. Based on your understanding from this module of the factors that affect the force of friction, what is the most likely reason for the unique design of racing tires? 1. Wider tires with no tread have more contact area with the track, thus generating more traction. 2. The wider, smoother tires better dissipate the heat generated during the race, leading to longer wear time and better performance. 3. The tires are smooth and wide to look cool, thus attracting more fans.

2. Every element of a NASCAR vehicle is optimized for performance, including the tires.

Which effect will kinetic friction have on the Nascar? 1. Keeps the race car from rolling while it is parked 2. Slows the car down once the tires lock and begin to slide 3. Tends to slow the vehicle down and is affected by the car's shape and size

2. Kinetic friction occurs between two surfaces that are moving with respect to each other.

What is NOT a correct statement about inertia? 1. Inertia is the resistance of matter to changes in its motion. 2. An object with less mass has more inertia. 3. An object with more inertia is more difficult to accelerate. 4. Inertia is the tendency to keep the same motion.

2. Mass is a measure of inertia. More mass means more inertia.

Which effect does static friction have on a Nascar? 1. It tends to slow the vehicle down and is affected by the car's shape and size. 2. It slows the car down once the tires lock and begin to slide. 3. It keeps the race car from rolling while it is parked.

3. Static friction occurs between two surfaces that are not moving with respect to each other.

A cargo spacecraft that brings supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) is launched using rocket propulsion. The spacecraft's rockets fire hot gases backward. Which statement is true about this situation according to Newton's third law? 1. The force that the rocket exerts on the hot gases is equal and opposite to the force the hot gases exert on the rocket. Therefore, the two forces cancel, and the rocket does not accelerate. 2. The rocket will accelerate forward because the gases push it off the ground. 3. When the rockets fire hot gases backward, this creates huge forces in the opposite direction, exerted on the spacecraft by the hot gases.

3. The hot gases create a reaction force on the spacecraft in the opposite direction.

How does a sound wave carry energy from a loudspeaker to the ear of the listener? Air currents move with the sound to carry the vibrating molecules to the listener. The vibrating molecules move from the speaker to the ear of the listener. The pattern of compressions travels; the air itself remains in about the same place.

3. There is no long-range motion of matter in the wave. The wave pattern carries the energy.

A parachute is deployed to slow down a skydiver while descending toward the ground. What happens while he is descending? 1. His velocity points upward, and his acceleration points upward. 2. His velocity points downward, and his acceleration points downward. 3. His velocity points downward, and his acceleration points upward. 4. His velocity points upward, and his acceleration points downward.

3. Velocity always points in the direction of motion and acceleration in the direction of the changing velocity, which in this case means upward.

When one end of a long rope is secured in a stationary spot and you move the other end of the rope up and down, you will create waves in the rope. Those waves carry energy. How is the energy that is carried along the length of the rope a wave? 1. Vibrations in the air and surroundings carry the energy of the rope. 2. A longitudinal compression wave moves down the rope. 3. The entire rope moves back and forth together. 4. The waveform travels along the rope without each small segment of rope moving very far.

4. The relatively small motions in the rope carry the energy from place to place over long distances without each small section of the rope itself moving very far from its location.

A force of friction is not likely to exist between two objects if __________. they are leaning against each other they are not touching they are sliding across each other one is standing on top of the other

A force of friction does not exist if two objects are not touching.

Friction is a force that usually slows down or prevents motion. However, friction can sometimes cause an object to speed up, such as when you walk forward. The frictional force between the ground and your foot is what actually pushes you forward (as your foot pushes backward on the ground). Which instance describes a scenario in which the frictional force causes the object it acts upon to speed up rather than slow down? A sled on snow A package on a moving conveyer belt Air resistance on a moving car Sliding a book across your desk

A package on a conveyer belt would experience static friction from the belt, which would cause it to move with the belt.

Which frequency does a shorter wavelength correspond to at constant speed? Higher frequency Lower frequency

A shorter wavelength corresponds to higher frequency.

In which situation can a sound wave propagate? If the medium is in a vacuum If the medium is air If the medium is water If particles of a medium are present

A sound wave can only propagate if there are particles present. Sound waves cannot travel in a vacuum.

What accurately describes a sound wave? It is both the motion of particles and a disturbance away from the source of sound. It is a disturbance that moves through a medium away from the source of sound. It is a transverse wave. It is the motion of particles of the medium away from the source of sound.

A sound wave is a disturbance that moves through a medium away from the source of sound.

A sound wave is a propagation of wavelengths and compressions. wavelengths and expansions. compressions and expansions.

A sound wave is a propagation of compressions and expansions.

longitudinal wave

A wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels (slinky/ sound wave)

transverse wave

A wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels

Newton's third law covers?

Action-reaction

Which statement describes amplitude? Amplitude is the distance between the equilibrium and trough. Amplitude is the distance between two adjacent crests. Amplitude is the distance between the crest and the trough

Amplitude is the distance between the equilibrium and crest or the equilibrium and trough.

Why is an applied force necessary to keep most objects in the world moving at a constant velocity? Because the object's weight acts to slow it down Because a force is needed to accelerate an object Because a frictional force opposing motion acts on most objects Because the natural tendency of any object is to come to rest

An applied force is necessary to counter any frictional forces present in order to keep an object moving by making the net force zero.

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Which statement is inaccurate about gravity? Only very large objects exert a gravitational force. Gravity is an attractive force. The force of gravity is what holds you to Earth's surface. It would be impossible to walk without gravity.

As far as is known, gravity exists between any two objects in the universe.

Which set correctly lists colors of light in order of increasing wavelength? Blue, red, green Red, blue, green Red, green, blue Blue, green, red

Blue, green, red

Which factors affect the force of friction between two solid objects? Choose 2 answers. The types of surfaces involved The speed of the objects The surface areas of the objects How hard the surfaces press on each other

Both the types of surfaces involved and how hard they press on each other affect the force of friction between two solid objects.

The speed of an electromagnetic wave through a piece of glass is ______ it is in air. greater than less than the same as

Electromagnetic waves move slower through a piece of glass than they do in air.

balanced forces

Equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions, Cannot cause an object to accelerate.

A diver jumps down on a springboard. The diving board pushes the diver back up into the air, and she falls downward into the water. Compare the magnitude of the force of diver on the board with the force of the board on the diver at each step. 1. When the diver is moving downward and is bending the board downward, the force of the diver on the board is _____ the force of the board on the diver. smaller greater equal to

Equal to- Newton's third law says that the board and the diver exert forces of equal magnitude in opposite directions at each instant of time.

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton's Second Law

Force equals mass times acceleration

kinetic friction

Friction between moving surfaces

What is a disadvantage of friction? Air resistance of a parachute slows down the descent of a skydiver. Friction reduces the efficiency of engines and other machines by converting parts of their kinetic energy into heat. Friction enables you to walk. Friction makes it possible for you to grasp items with your hand.

Friction causes engines to use additional energy (or fuel) in their performance.

static friction

Friction that acts on objects that are not moving

What is the most energetic radiation? Radio waves Infrared radiation Gamma rays

Gamma Rays

A bicycle and a train are moving at exactly the same velocity. Which has more momentum, the bicycle or the train? Both have the same momentum. The bicycle has more momentum. The train has more momentum.

If two objects are moving at the same velocity, the more massive object has more momentum.

imagine two identical trains are traveling on parallel tracks. One is moving at 10 km/hr, and the other is moving at 100 km/hr. Which train has more momentum? The train moving at 10 km/hr has more momentum. The train moving at 100 km/hr has more momentum. Both trains have the same momentum.

If two objects have the same mass, the faster moving object has more momentum.

A brick is dragged across a concrete floor. The type of friction that acts between the brick and the floor is ________ friction. rolling fluid kinetic static

Kinetic friction acts between moving surfaces.

If the mass of an object is halved and its speed doubled, its momentum will __________. increase by a factor of four not change halve double

Momentum equals mass times velocity. Halving the momentum while doubling the velocity results in no momentum change.

What is the SI unit for force?

Newton

However, they can easily converse inside the spaceship without any equipment, just like on Earth, because _______. there are air particles in the spaceship. they are closer to each other than they are on the moon's surface.

Sound waves in the spaceship can travel through air, just like they can on Earth.

The speed of a sound wave through a piece of glass is ______ it is in air. the same as less than greater than

Sound waves move faster in glass than they do in air.

Friction usually acts to oppose, or slow down, the velocity of objects. Which situation is an example of friction causing an INCREASE in velocity? Air flow over an airplane wing A golf ball rolling downhill on a putting green A box sitting on a flatbed truck as the truck accelerates forward The fan on an airboat

Static friction between the truck surface and the box prevents them from slipping past each other and acts on the box to accelerate it with the truck.

Consider a box lying on a table. If another box is stacked on top of it, how will the gravitational force (weight) of the top box affect the frictional force between the bottom box and the table if someone pushes slowly on the lower box? The frictional force will remain the same. The frictional force will increase. The frictional force will decrease. It is impossible to determine how the frictional force will change.

The added weight will increase the contact force between the bottom box and the table, thus increasing the frictional force.

net force

The combination of all forces acting on an object

Which factor has no effect on the force of friction between two solid objects? The type of materials the objects are made of The relative speed of the objects to each other The contact force between the objects The smoothness of the surfaces between the objects

The force of friction between two objects will not be influenced by the speed of the objects.

Why do you need to give a filing cabinet a stronger push to get it to start moving along the floor than to keep it moving? To overcome the force of kinetic friction To overcome its mass To overcome the force of static friction

The force of static friction acts to prevent the filing cabinet from starting to move.

f the mass of Earth were doubled (while keeping its size the same), how much more would you weigh at the surface? You would weigh the same. You would weigh twice as much. You would weigh half as much. You would weigh four times as much.

The gravitational force is directly proportional to the mass.

While listening to someone playing a piano, you observe that he hits a key gently. Moments later, he hits the same key again but much harder this time. In the second case both loudness and pitch stay the same. the loudness has increased, but the pitch has stayed the same.

The loudness has increased, but the pitch stayed the same.

A car's engine provides a force of 200 N forward while a force of 150 N from air resistance acts to oppose the car's motion. What is the net force and its direction on the car? 350 N forward 350 N backward 50 N backward 50 N forward

The net force is 200 N - 150 N. This gives a positive force, indicating the forward direction.

What best describes the net force acting on an object moving in a straight line at a constant speed? The net force is opposite the object's direction of motion. The net force depends on the mass of the object. The net force is zero.

The net force is zero because the object does not change its motion.

Which scenario is a completely inelastic collision? A basketball hits the rim of a hoop and goes in. A hockey player uses their stick to strike a hockey puck and send it toward a goal. A child runs into another child, and the second child falls on the ground. Two rams start to fight by running toward each other and colliding with their heads. As a result, their horns get locked as they continue to fight.

The rams move together after the collision, so this is a completely inelastic collision.

inertia

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion

You can start a fire by rubbing a flint rock with high-carbon steel. The force that lets you do this is called the __________. force of kinetic friction gravitational force force of static friction

This is the force of kinetic friction because the rock and steel are moving with respect to each other.

If you could stop a planet for just an instant and then let it go, what would happen to it? It would remain motionless. It would spiral away from the sun into space. It would continue orbiting the sun. It would fall into the sun.

With no motion to keep it in orbit, the planet would fall directly into the sun.

Equilibrium

a position or state to which an oscillating object eventually returns after a disturbance is gone

oscillation

a repetitive motion that usually occurs about a center point or equilibrium

Newton's second law covers?

acceleration

What is the maximum vertical distance between equilibrium and the crest of a wave called? Wavelength Period Trough Amplitude

amplitude

Which property of a sound wave determines its loudness? Wavelength Amplitude Frequency

amplitude

A transverse wave is traveling from your left to your right. The particles of the medium move __________. downward only both to the left and to the right both up and down from left to right only

both up and down

mechanical wave

can travel only through matter. They require a medium to transport the energy of the wave (sound waves/ ocean waves)

What is the highest point of a transverse wave called? Crest Frequency Amplitude

crest

When acceleration is in the opposite direction from velocity, speed _______ increases decreases

decreases

4. When the diver is being accelerated upward by the board unbending, the force of the diver on the board is ____ the force of the board on the diver. smaller greater equal to

equal to- Newton's third law says that the board and the diver exert forces of equal magnitude in opposite directions at each instant of time.

A diver jumps down on a springboard. The diving board pushes the diver back up into the air, and she falls downward into the water. Compare the magnitude of the force of diver on the board with the force of the board on the diver at each step. 2. When the diver has bent the board downward as far it bends, the force of the diver on the board is ___ the force of the board on the diver. smaller greater equal to

equal to- Newton's third law says that the board and the diver exert forces of equal magnitude in opposite directions at each instant of time.

When the diver is moving upward because of the force from the board, the force of the diver on the board is ____ the force of the board on the diver. smaller greater equal to

equal to- Newton's third law says that the board and the diver exert forces of equal magnitude in opposite directions at each instant of time.

5. When the diver is no longer in contact with the board, the force of the diver on the board is ____ the force of the board on the diver. smaller greater equal to

equal to- When the board and the diver are no longer in contact, neither exerts a force on the other. The two forces are both equal, to zero.

What is the region of a longitudinal wave where particles are far apart called? Compression Equilibrium Expansion

expansion

Which property of a sound wave determines pitch? Amplitude Frequency Wavelength

frequency

Friction

friction: the force that opposes the motion of an object on which it acts

The amplitude of a longitudinal wave is a measure of

how compressed or expanded the medium becomes.

When acceleration is in the same direction as velocity, speed ______ increases decreases

increases

Newton's first law covers?

inertia- the tendency of an object to keep doing what it's doing

frequencies less than visible light

infrared, microwave, radio

If you are told the wavelength of the light emitted by a laser, what could you infer about that light? Its color Its speed in a vacuum Its amplitude Its intensity

its color

A wave is transferring energy from north to south. The particles of the medium are oscillating in northward and southward directions. This is an example of a __________. longitudinal wave transverse wave

longitudinal wave

The ________ of a sound wave depends on its energy.

loudness. The greater the energy of the wave, the greater its amplitude and, therefore, the louder the sound.

What is the time it takes for one full oscillation of a particle in a medium? Frequency Amplitude Period Wave Speed

period

The ________ of a sound depends on the frequency of the sound waves.

pitch. The higher the frequency of the waves, the higher the pitch you hear

If an electromagnetic wave's wavelength is equal to the diameter of Earth, which kind of electromagnetic wave is it? X-ray Microwave Gamma ray Radio wave

radio wave

Which part of the EM spectrum has the longest wavelength? Visible light Radio waves Gamma rays

radio waves

When energy changes from one type to another, the total energy ____. remains constant. is lost. is gained.

remains constant

frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

all electromagnetic radiation moves at

the speed of light (300,000,000 m/s)

hertz

the unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second

What is the number of wavelengths that pass by a given point each second called? The wave's speed The wave's frequency The wave's period The wave's amplitude

the wave's frequency

electromagnetic waves

transverse waves consisting of changing electric fields and changing magnetic fields (visible light/sunlight)

What is the lowest point of a transverse wave called? Crest Trough Frequency Amplitude

trough

frequencies greater than visible light

ultra-violet, x-ray, and gamma

Which kind of electromagnetic radiation is likely to cause a nasty sunburn if you do not use sunscreen at the beach? Infrared Ultraviolet Visible light Radio waves

ultraviolet

Which part of the EM spectrum has the highest energy? Visible light Infrared light Ultraviolet radiation

ultraviolet radiation

What is the horizontal distance from one crest of a transverse wave to the next crest called? Wave speed Frequency Amplitude Wavelength

wavelength

What is the most penetrating radiation? Microwave X-ray Ultraviolet

x-ray

Electromagnetic radiation travels as waves, and the amount of energy it delivers when absorbed by matter or the damage it can cause depends on its wavelength. Which kind of light delivers the most energy and is the most damaging? Infrared X-rays Microwaves Radio waves

x-rays