Campbell Biology 8th Ed Test Bank chapter 24, 26-31

: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) The following are common to both charophytes and land plants except A) sporopollenin. B) lignin. C) chlorophyll a. D) cellulose. E) chlorophyll b.

B Topic: Concept 29.1

: Application/Analysis 58) Assume now that all four locations are 0.5 m above the surface. On a breezy day with prevailing wings blowing from left to right, where should one expect to find the highest concentration of free basidiospores in an air sample?

D Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which of the following is a secondary compound of embryophytes? A) adenosine triphosphate B) alkaloids C) GDP D) chlorophyll a E) chlorophyll b

B Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following taxa includes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plantlike organisms? A) Embryophyta B) Viridiplantae C) Plantae D) Charophyceae E) Tracheophyta

B Topic: Concept 29.1

2) A fruit is most commonly A) a mature ovary. B) a thickened style. C) an enlarged ovule. D) a modified root. E) a mature female gametophyte.

A

2) Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubonʹs warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? A) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. B) The two forms live in similar habitats. C) The two forms have many genes in common. D) The two forms have similar food requirements. E) The two forms are very similar in coloration.

A

2) Photoautotrophs use A) light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. B) light as an energy source and methane as a carbon source. C) N2 as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source. D) CO2 as both an energy source and a carbon source. E) H2S as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

A

3) In a comparison of birds with mammals, having four appendages is A) a shared ancestral character. B) a shared derived character. C) a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals. D) an example of analogy rather than homology. E) a character useful for sorting bird species.

A

3) Which of the following is not common to all phyla of vascular plants? A) the development of seeds B) alternation of generations C) dominance of the diploid generation D) xylem and phloem E) the addition of lignin to cell walls

A

4) Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? A) alternation of generations B) ovules C) integuments D) pollen E) dependent gametophytes

A

6) Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A) animals B) vascular plants C) mosses D) brown algae E) slime molds

A

6) Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in A) cyanobacteria. B) chlamydias. C) archaea. D) actinomycetes. E) chemoautotrophic bacteria.

A

: Application/Analysis 11) Females of one species choose mates based on song quality; females of another species choose mates on the basis of size. A) behavioral B) gametic C) habitat D) temporal E) mechanical

A Topic: Concept 24.1

: Application/Analysis 6) A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders whose members appear identical. Members of one population are found in the leaf litter deep within the woods. Members of the other population are found in the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist decides to designate the members of the two populations as two separate species. Which species concept is this biologist most closely utilizing? A) ecological B) biological C) morphological D) phylogenetic

A Topic: Concept 24.1

: Application/Analysis The questions below are based on the following description. Several closely related frog species of the genus Rana are found in the forests of the southeastern United States. The species boundaries are maintained by reproductive barriers. In each case, match the various descriptions of frogs below with the appropriate reproductive barrier listed. 9) Males of one species sing only when its predators are absent; males of another species sing only when its predators are present. A) behavioral B) gametic C) habitat D) temporal E) mechanical

A Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) What is generally true of two very closely related species that have diverged from each other quite recently? A) They shared a common ancestor recently in evolutionary time. B) Genes are unable to pass from one speciesʹ gene pool to the otherʹs gene pool. C) They are unable to produce hybrid offspring upon interbreeding. D) Their reproductive isolation from each other is complete.

A Topic: Concept 24.1

: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 475 16) Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? A) the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability B) the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown C) the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility D) gametic isolation E) adaptation

A Topic: Concept 24.1

:Knowledge/Comprehension 4) Which species concept is currently most popular among most biologists? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) biological D) morphological

A Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the A) relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs. B) speed (tempo) at which two populations undergo speciation. C) amount of genetic variation that occurs among two gene pools as speciation occurs. D) identity of the phylogenetic kingdom or domain in which these phenomena occur. E) the ploidy of the two populations as speciation occurs.

A Topic: Concept 24.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) Which of these should decline in hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring? A) gene flow between distinct gene pools B) speciation C) the genetic distinctness of two gene pools D) mutation rate E) hybrid sterility

A Topic: Concept 24.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) The most likely explanation for the high rate of sympatric speciation that apparently existed among the cichlids of Lake Victoria in the past is A) sexual selection. B) habitat differentiation. C) polyploidy. D) pollution. E) introduction of a new predator.

A Topic: Concept 24.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) Which of the following would be a position held by an adherent of the punctuated equilibrium theory? A) A new species forms most of its unique features as it comes into existence and then changes little for the duration of its existence. B) One should expect to find many transitional fossils left by organisms in the process of forming new species. C) Given enough time, most existing species will gradually evolve into new species. D) Natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution.

A Topic: Concept 24.4

: Synthesis/Evaluation 54) Which of these five species is the extant (i.e., not extinct) species that is most closely related to species X, and why is this so? A) V; shared a common ancestor with X most recently B) W; shared a common ancestor with X most recently C) Y; arose in the same fashion (i.e., at the same tempo) as X D) Z; shared a common ancestor with X most recently, and arose in the same fashion as X E) This tree does not provide enough information to answer this question.

A Topic: Concept 24.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The scientific discipline concerned with naming organisms is called A) taxonomy. B) cladistics. C) binomial nomenclature. D) systematics. E) phylocode

A Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures? A) bat wing and human hand B) owl wing and hornet wing C) porcupine quill and cactus spine D) bat forelimb and bird wing E) Australian mole and North American mole

A Topic: Concept 26.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation 11) The term ʺhomoplasyʺ is most applicable to which of these features? A) the legless condition found in various types of extant lizards B) the 5-digit condition of human hands and bat wings C) the beta-hemoglobin genes of mice and of humans D) the fur that covers Australian moles and North American moles E) the basic skeletal features of dog forelimbs and cat forelimbs

A Topic: Concept 26.2

: Application/Analysis 28) Which of the following is not true of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees, where time advances to the right? A) Each branch point represents a point in absolute time. B) Organisms represented at the base of such trees are ancestral to those represented at higher levels. C) The more branch points that occur between two taxa, the more divergent their DNA sequences should be. D) The common ancestor represented by the rightmost branch point existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located to the left. E) The more branch points there are, the more taxa are likely to be represented.

A Topic: Concept 26.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) If birds are excluded from the class Reptilia, the term that consequently describes the class Reptilia is A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

A Topic: Concept 26.3

: Application/Analysis 48) Which kind of DNA should provide the best molecular clock for gauging the evolutionary relatedness of several species whose common ancestor became extinct billions of years ago? A) that coding for ribosomal RNA B) intronic DNA belonging to a gene whose product performs a crucial function C) paralogous DNA that has lost its function (i.e., no longer codes for functional gene product) D) mitochondrial DNA E) exonic DNA that codes for a non-crucial part of a polypeptide

A Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Concerning growth in genome size over evolutionary time, which of these does not belong with the others? A) orthologous genes B) gene duplications C) paralogous genes D) gene families

A Topic: Concept 26.4

: Application/Analysis 57) Theoretically, molecular clocks are to molecular phylogenies as radiometric dating is to phylogenies that are based on the A) fossil record. B) geographic distribution of extant species. C) morphological similarities among extant species. D) amino acid sequences of homologous polypeptides.

A Topic: Concept 26.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 540 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 77) Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbioses that included an ancient proteobacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

A Topic: Concept 26.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 71) What kind of evidence has recently made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two different domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom? A) molecular B) behavioral C) nutritional D) anatomical E) ecological

A Topic: Concept 26.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 81) Which of these processes can be included among those responsible for the horizontal components of this phylogeny? A) endosymbiosis B) mitosis C) binary fission D) point mutations E) S phase of the cell cycle

A Topic: Concept 26.6

: Application/Analysis 8) Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foodstuffs with a high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment A) undergo death by plasmolysis. B) are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death. C) undergo death by lysis. D) are obligate anaerobes. E) are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials.

A Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Prokaryotic ribosomes differ from those present in eukaryotic cytosol. Because of this, which of the following is correct? A) Some selective antibiotics can block protein synthesis of bacteria without effects on protein synthesis in the eukaryotic host. B) Eukaryotes did not evolve from prokaryotes. C) Translation can occur at the same time as transcription in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. D) Some antibiotics can block the synthesis of peptidoglycan in the walls of bacteria. E) Prokaryotes are able to use a much greater variety of molecules as food sources than can eukaryotes.

A Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Which is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell? A) plasma membrane B) capsule C) cell wall D) nucleoid region E) pili

A Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 550 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 19) Not present in all bacteria, this structure enables those that possess it to germinate after exposure to harsh conditions, such as boiling: A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

A Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 549 15) If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably A) lack antibiotic-resistant genes. B) lack a cell wall. C) lack a chromosome. D) lose base pairs from its chromosome. E) be unable to survive in its normal environment.

A Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 551 23) Which of the following contains a copy of the chromosome, along with a small amount of dehydrated cytoplasm, within a tough wall? A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

A Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) Cyanobacteria are A) photoautotrophs. B) photoheterotrophs. C) chemoautotrophs. D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition. E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs.

A Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 49) Which of the following are responsible for high levels of O2 in Earthʹs atmosphere? A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

A Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 558 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 46) Which of the following use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from CO2? A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

A Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 60) Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments? A) extreme halophiles B) extreme thermophiles C) methanogens D) cyanobacteria E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

A Topic: Concept 27.4

: Synthesis/Evaluation 55) Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha -proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosome have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes? A) horizontal gene transfer B) binary fission C) alternative gene splicing D) meiosis E) plasmolysis

A Topic: Concept 27.4

: Synthesis/Evaluation 28) Using dead diatoms to ʺpumpʺ CO2 to the seafloor is feasible only if dead diatoms sink quickly. Consequently, application of mineral fertilizers, such as iron, should be most effective at times when diatom A) valves are thickest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. B) valves are thickest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin. C) valves are thinnest, and laminarin is being produced rather than oil. D) valves are thinnest, and oil is being produced rather than laminarin.

A Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Thread-like pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group? A) radiolarians and forams B) gymnamoebas C) entamoebas D) amoeboid stage of cellular slime molds E) oomycetes

A Topic: Concept 28.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 38) A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group? A) red algae B) brown algae C) green algae D) dinoflagellates E) golden algae

A Topic: Concept 28.5

: Application/Analysis 42) The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime moldsʹ A) DNA sequences. B) nutritional modes. C) choice of habitats. D) physical appearance. E) reproductive methods.

A Topic: Concept 28.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 595 5) A number of characteristics are very similar between charophytes and members of the kingdom Plantae. Of the following, which characteristic does not provide evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between these two groups? A) alternation of generations B) chloroplast structure C) cell plate formation during cytokinesis D) sperm cell structure E) ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences

A Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) transport of water, minerals, and nutrients A) tracheids and phloem B) secondary compounds C) cuticle D) alternation of generations

A Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) The following are all adaptations to life on land except A) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes. B) cuticles. C) tracheids. D) reduced gametophyte generation. E) seeds.

A Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 598 Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 18) Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? A) increase of the above-ground stem. B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients. C) increased absorption of CO2. D) increased number of chloroplasts in roots. E) effective lateral growth of the stem.

A Topic: Concept 29.1

: Application/Analysis 41) Among bryophytes, only the sporophytes of mosses and hornworts have stomata, whereas stomata are missing from liverwort sporophytes. If the common ancestor of all bryophytes had sporophytes that bore stomata, then which of these might account for their absence from liverwort sporophytes? If, in contrast to early mosses and hornworts, early liverwort sporophytes had A) more-effective transport of glucose from gametophyte to sporophyte. B) increased robustness (i.e., thicker, more massive tissues). C) increased nutritional independence from the gametophyte. D) decreased need to broadcast spores long distances.

A Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Plant spores are produced directly by A) sporophytes. B) gametes. C) gametophytes. D) gametangia. E) seeds.

A Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) Bryophytes may feature all of the following at some time during their existence except A) microphylls. B) rhizoids. C) archegonia. D) sporangia. E) placental transfer cells.

A Topic: Concept 29.2

: Application/Analysis 47) The following characteristics all helped seedless plants become better adapted to land except A) a dominant gametophyte. B) vascular tissue. C) a waxy cuticle. D) stomata on leaves. E) a branched sporophyte.

A Topic: Concept 29.3

: Application/Analysis 55) Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres? A) sporopollenins B) phenolics C) waxes D) lignins E) terpenes

A Topic: Concept 29.3

: Application/Analysis 58) A dissection of the interior of this organismʹs stem should reveal A) lignified vascular tissues. B) cuticle. C) gametangia. D) that it is composed of only a single, long cell. E) a relatively high proportion of dead, water-filled cells.

A Topic: Concept 29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which of the following is a structure that permits conjugation to occur? A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

B Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 53) If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it A) belongs to a species that is homosporous. B) must be diploid. C) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation. D) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ. E) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female.

A Topic: Concept 29.3

: Application/Analysis 32) Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 B) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 C) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 D) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 E) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

A Topic: Concept 30.2

: Application/Analysis 38) If the beetles survive by consuming cycad pollen, then whether the beetles should be considered mutualists with, or parasites of, the cycads depends upon A) the extent to which their overall activities affect cycad reproduction. B) the extent to which the beetles are affected by the neurotoxins. C) the extent to which the beetles damage the cycad flowers. D) the distance the beetles must travel between cycad microsporophylls and cycad megasporophylls.

A Topic: Concept 30.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 26) Which of these statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A) Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. B) Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones. C) Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. D) A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm.

A Topic: Concept 30.2

: Application/Analysis 88) The fruit is covered with spines or hooks. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents

A Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 628 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 54) Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants? A) The flower includes sporoophyte tissue. B) The gametophyte generation is dominant. C) The gametophyte generation is what we see when looking at a large plant. D) The sporophyte generation is not photosynthetic. E) The sporophyte generation consists of relatively few cells within the flower.

A Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 634 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 79) Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? A) ovule B) ovary C) fruit D) style E) stamen

A Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 69) In flowering plants, meiosis occurs specifically in the A) spore mother cells. B) gametophytes. C) endosperm. D) gametes. E) embryos.

A Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 82) A plant whose reproductive parts produce nectar is also most likely to A) have brightly colored reproductive parts. B) produce sweet-tasting fruit. C) rely on wind pollination. D) have no parts that can perform photosynthesis. E) suffer significant seed loss to sugar-seeking insects.

A Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 635 83) In a typical angiosperm, what is the sequence of structures encountered by the tip of a growing pollen tube on its way to the egg? 1. micropyle 2. style 3. ovary 4. stigma A) 4 2 3 1 B) 4 3 2 1 C) 1 4 2 3 D) 1 3 4 2 E) 3 2 4 1

A Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the description below. Match the animal features with the appropriate angiosperm analog. Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the femaleʹs body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. 55) The yolk and/or albumen of an animal egg A) endosperm B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei C) carpels D) fruit E) integuments

A Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 94) Which of the following is not a valid argument for preserving tropical forests? A) People in the tropics do not need to increase agricultural output. B) Many organisms are becoming extinct. C) Plants that are possible sources of medicines are being lost. D) Plants that could be developed into new crops are being lost. E) Clearing land for agriculture results in soil destruction.

A Topic: Concept 30.4

: Application/Analysis 7) What is the primary role of a mushroomʹs underground mycelium? A) absorbing nutrients B) anchoring C) sexual reproduction D) asexual reproduction E) protection

A Topic: Concept 31.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) What accounts most directly for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium? A) rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming B) a long tubular body shape C) the readily available nutrients from their ingestive mode of nutrition D) a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients

A Topic: Concept 31.1

: Application/Analysis 20) What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore? A) monoploid B) diploid C) triploid D) tetraploid E) polyploid

A Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Which of the following vary tremendously from each other in morphology and belong to several fungal phyla? A) lichens B) ascomycetes C) club fungi D) arbuscular mycorrhizae E) ergot fungi

A Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) A biologist is trying to classify a newly discovered fungus on the basis of the following characteristics: filamentous appearance, reproduction by asexual spores, no apparent sexual phase, and parasitism of woody plants. If asked for advice, to which group would you assign this new species? A) Deuteromycota B) Zygomycota C) Ascomycota D) Basidiomycota E) Glomeromycota

A Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension Please refer to the following information to answer the following questions. Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores. 19) If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes? A) 100, 7 B) 100, 14 C) 200, 7 D) 200, 14 E) 400, 14

A Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the ʺbudʺ cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. B) It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate. C) It should be transcriptionally less active. D) It should have reduced motility. E) It should have a smaller nucleus.

A Topic: Concept 31.3

: Application/Analysis 55) Which location is nearest to basidiocarps?

A Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis 56) At which location is the mycelium currently absorbing the most nutrients per unit surface area, per unit time?

A Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis Chapter 31, Fungi 655 59) In which of these human mycoses should one expect to find a growth pattern most similar to that of the mycelium that produced the fairy ring? A) skin mycoses B) coccidiomycosis (lung infection) C) systemic (blood-borne) Candida infection D) Sporothrix infection of lymphatic vessels E) Tinea tonsurans infection limited to interior of hair shafts

A Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) This phylum formerly included the members of the new phylum Glomeromycota: A) Zygomycota B) Ascomycota C) Basidiomycota D) Glomeromycota E) Chytridiomycota

A Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 40) What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus? A) asexual structures that produce haploid spores B) asexual structures that produce diploid spores C) sexual structures that produce haploid spores D) sexual structures that produce diploid spores E) vegetative structures with no role in reproduction

A Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) In which phylum are mushrooms and toadstools classified? A) Basidiomycota B) Ascomycota C) Deuteromycota D) Zygomycota E) Chytridiomycota

A Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis 69) How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike? A) They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners. B) They secrete acids that keep the fungal partner from growing too quickly. C) They are in intimate associations with chytrids. D) They are digested by fungal enzymes while still alive. E) They contain endosymbiotic fungi.

A Topic: Concept 31.5

: Application/Analysis Chapter 31, Fungi 659 76) Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plantsʹ A) leaf mesophyll. B) stem apical meristems. C) root apical merisems D) xylem. E) waxy cuticle.

A Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 658 Chapter 31, Fungi 72) If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner? A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. B) It was probably a red alga. C) It was probably a member of the domain Bacteria. D) It was probably a heterotrophic prokaryote. E) It was probably infected by bacteriophage.

A Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 74) Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to A) reduce competition for nutrients. B) help humanity survive. C) promote their ingestion of foodstuffs. D) eliminate other fungi. E) discourage animal predators.

A Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 77) Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour? A) ergotism B) athleteʹs foot C) ringworm D) candidiasis (Candida yeast infection) E) coccidioidomycosis

A Topic: Concept 31.5

: Synthesis/Evaluation 67) Which of these is the best explanation for the relatively low level of sequence homology observed in Intron VI? A) Mutations that occur here are neutral; thus, are neither selected for nor against, and thereby accumulate over time. B) Its higher mutation rate has resulted in its highly conserved nature. C) The occurrence of molecular homoplasy explains it. D) This intron is not actually homologous, having resulted from separate bacteriophage-induced transduction events in these five species.

A Topic: Concepts 26.2, 26.4, 26.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Which of these was not derived from an ancestral alpha proteobacterium? A) chloroplast B) mitochondrion C) hydrogenosome D) mitosome E) kinetoplast

A Topic: Concepts 28.1, 28.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria green algae land plants B) cyanobacteria green algae fungi land plants C) red algae brown algae green algae land plants D) red algae cyanobacteria land plants E) cyanobacteria red algae green algae land plants

A Topic: Concepts 28.1, 28.5

: Application/Analysis 63) Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well-fed P. bursaria to their zoochlorellae? A) mutualistic B) commensal C) parasitic D) predatory E) pathogenic

A Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Synthesis/Evaluation 49) You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n) A) diatom. B) dinoflagellate. C) apicomplexan. D) red alga. E) radiolarian.

A Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6

: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 28, Protists 583 51) Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do the white blood cells of animals. If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudpods, what would be true of such a taxon? A) It would be polyphyletic. B) It would be paraphyletic. C) It would be monophyletic. D) It would include all eukaryotes.

A Topic: Concepts 28.4, 28.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 52) Given the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms in the development of the integument(s), which of these statements is the most logical consequence? A) The seed coats of angiosperms should be relatively thicker than those of gymnosperms. B) It should be much more difficult for pollen tubes to enter angiosperm ovules than for them to enter gymnosperm ovules. C) The female gametophytes of angiosperms should not be as well protected from environmental stress as should those of gymnosperms. D) As a direct consequence of such differences, angiosperms should have fruit. E) Angiosperm seeds should be more susceptible to desiccation.

A Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 627 49) pollen tube A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte

A Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) If this structure connects the cytoplasm of two bacteria, one of these cells may gain new genetic material: A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

B Topic: Concept 27.1

8) Identify each of the following structures as haploid or diploid: A) sporophyte B) spore C) gametophyte D) zygote E) sperm

A) diploid, B) haploid, C) haploid, D) diploid, E) haploid

2) Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because A) the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes. B) all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. C) mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA. D) without mitochondrial CO2 production, photosynthesis could not occur. E) mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes, whereas plastids utilize their own ribosomes.

B

3) With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? A) egg-n B) megaspore-2n C) microspore-n D) zygote-2n E) sperm-n

B

5) The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often a(n) A) moss. B) green alga. C) brown alga. D) ascomycete. E) small vascular plant.

B

5) Which prokaryotic group is mismatched with its members? A) ProteobacteriaNdiverse gram-negative bacteria B) Gram-positive bacteriaNsymbionts in legume root nodules C) SpirochetesNhelical heterotrophs D) ChlamydiasNintracellular parasites E) CyanobacteriaNsolitary and colonial photoautotrophs

B

6) Which of the following is a land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? A) moss B) fern C) liverwort D) charophyte E) hornwort

B

: Application/Analysis 1) All fungi share which of the following characteristics? A) symbiotic B) heterotrophic C) flagellated D) pathogenic E) act as decomposers

B

: Application/Analysis 1) Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants? A) similar sperm structure B) similarities in chloroplast shape C) similarities in cell wall formation during cell division D) genetic similarities in chloroplasts E) similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose

B

: Application/Analysis 488 Chapter 24, The Origin of Species Self-Quiz Questions The following questions are from the end-of-chapter-review Self-Quiz questions in Chapter 24 of the textbook. 1) The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a A) population. B) species. C) genus. D) hybrid. E) phylum.

B

: Application/Analysis 15) Rank the following from most general to most specific: 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. pollen-stigma incompatibility 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism A) 2, 3, 1, 4 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 4, 1, 2, 3 D) 4, 2, 1, 3 E) 2, 1, 4, 3

B Topic: Concept 24.1

: Application/Analysis 7) What was the species concept most used by Linnaeus? A) biological B) morphological C) ecological D) phylogenetic

B Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 476 Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 20) Races of humans are unlikely to evolve extensive differences in the future for which of the following reasons? I. The environment is unlikely to change. II. Human evolution is complete. III. The human races are incompletely isolated. A) I only B) III only C) I and II only D) II and III only E) I, II, and III

B Topic: Concept 24.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 478 Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 27) Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowersʹ bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it? A) allopatric speciation, ecological isolation B) sympatric speciation, habitat differentiation C) allopatric speciation, behavioral isolation D) sympatric speciation, sexual selection E) sympatric speciation, allopolyploidy

B Topic: Concept 24.2

: Application/Analysis 41) If the low number of hybrid flies in the hybrid zone, relative to the number of D. santomea flies there, is due to the fact that hybrids are poorly adapted to conditions in the hybrid zone, and if fewer hybrid flies are produced with the passage of time, this is most likely to lead to A) fusion. B) reinforcement. C) stability. D) further speciation events.

B Topic: Concept 24.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, so which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin? A) mycoplasmas B) gram-positive bacteria C) archaea D) gram-negative bacteria E) endospore-bearing bacteria

B Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 479 31) A hybrid zone is properly defined as A) an area where two closely related speciesʹ ranges overlap. B) an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring. C) a zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighboring ecosystems border each other. D) a zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline. E) an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow.

B Topic: Concept 24.3

: Application/Analysis 52) Which of these five species originated earliest and appeared suddenly in the fossil record? A) V B) W C) X D) Y E) Z

B Topic: Concept 24.4

: Application/Analysis 9) Darwin analogized the effects of evolution as the above-ground portion of a many-branched tree, with extant species being the tips of the twigs. The common ancestor of two species is most analogous to which anatomical tree part? A) a single twig that gets longer with time B) a node where two twigs diverge C) a twig that branches with time D) the trunk E) neighboring twigs attached to the same stem

B Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) A phylogenetic tree that is ʺrootedʺ is one A) that extends back to the origin of life on Earth. B) at whose base is located the common ancestor of all taxa depicted on that tree. C) that illustrates the rampant gene swapping that occurred early in lifeʹs history. D) that indicates our uncertainty about the evolutionary relationships of the taxa depicted on the tree. E) with very few branch points.

B Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The correct sequence, from the most to the least comprehensive, of the taxonomic levels listed here is A) family, phylum, class, kingdom, order, species, and genus. B) kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. C) kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species. D) phylum, kingdom, order, class, species, family, and genus. E) phylum, family, class, order, kingdom, genus, and species.

B Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Which mutation should least require realignment of homologous regions of a gene that is common to several related species? A) 3-base insertion B) 1-base substitution C) 4-base insertion D) 1-base deletion E) 3-base deletion

B Topic: Concept 26.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 521 12) If, someday, an archaean cell is discovered whose SSU-rRNA sequence is more similar to that of humans than the sequence of mouse SSU-rRNA is to that of humans, the best explanation for this apparent discrepancy would be A) homology. B) homoplasy. C) common ancestry. D) retro-evolution by humans. E) co-evolution of humans and that archaean.

B Topic: Concept 26.2

: Application/Analysis Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 527 34) If the eukaryotic condition arose, independently, several different times during evolutionary history, and if ancestors of these different lineages are extant and are classified in the domain Eukarya, then the domain Eukarya would be A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

B Topic: Concept 26.3

: Application/Analysis 532 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 50) The lakes of northern Minnesota are home to many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma that have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about 10,000 years ago. Sequencing which of the following would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species? A) nuclear DNA B) mitochondrial DNA C) small nuclear RNA D) ribosomal RNA E) amino acids in proteins

B Topic: Concept 26.4

: Application/Analysis Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 533 Morphologically, Species A is very similar to four other species, B—E. Yet the nucleotide sequence deep within an intron in a gene shared by all five of these eukaryotic species is quite different in Species A compared to that of the other four species when one studies the nucleotides present at each position. Figure 26.4 54) If the sequence of Species A differs from that of the other four species due to simple misalignment, then what should the computer software find when it compares the sequence of Species A to those of the other four species? A) The nucleotide at position 1 should be different in Species A, but the same in species B —E. B) The nucleotide sequence of Species A should have long sequences that are nearly identical to those of the other species, but offset in terms of position number. C) The sequences of species B—E, though different from that of Species A, should be identical to each other, without exception. D) If the software compares, not nucleotide sequence, but rather the amino acid sequence of the actual protein product, then the amino acid sequences of species B-E should be similar to each other, but very different from that of Species A. E) Computer software is useless in determining sequences of introns; it can only be used with exons.

B Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 61) When it acts upon a gene, which of these processes consequently makes that gene an accurate molecular clock? A) transcription B) directional natural selection C) mutation D) proofreading E) reverse transcription

B Topic: Concept 26.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 74) Members of which kingdom have cell walls and are all heterotrophic? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

B Topic: Concept 26.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 78) The human nuclear genome includes hundreds of genes that are orthologs of bacterial genes, and hundreds of other genes that are orthologs of archaean genes. This finding can be explained by proposing that A) neither archaea nor bacteria contain paralogous genes. B) the eukaryotic lineage leading to humans involved at least one fusion of an ancient bacterium with an ancient archaean. C) the infection of humans by bacteriophage introduced prokaryotic genes into the human genome. D) horizontal gene transfer did not occur to any significant extent among the prokaryotic ancestors of humans.

B Topic: Concept 26.6

1) Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell walls. On the basis of this structural feature, which statement concerning mycoplasmas should be true? A) They are gram-negative. B) They are subject to lysis in hypotonic conditions. C) They lack a cell membrane as well. D) They undergo ready fossilization in sedimentary rock. E) They possess typical prokaryotic flagella.

B Topic: Concept 27.1

: Application/Analysis 548 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 11) Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other, or to other surfaces? 1. capsules 2. endospores 3. fimbriae 4. plasmids 5. flagella A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 3 and 4 E) 3 and 5

B Topic: Concept 27.1

: Application/Analysis 9) In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located together on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be A) a transformed bacterium. B) the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat. C) the subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium. D) the production of endospores among the bacteriumʹs progeny. E) the temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome.

B Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa. Which of these observations comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa, well before relevant data from molecular systematics became available? A) Some closely resemble animals, which lack cell walls. B) Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals. C) Some have cell walls only for support. D) Some have cell walls only for protection from herbivores. E) Some have cell walls only to control osmotic balance.

B Topic: Concept 27.1

: Synthesis/Evaluation 30) If new genetic variation in the experimental populations arose solely by spontaneous mutations, then the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of the beneficial mutations in the population over the course of generations is A) transduction. B) binary fission. C) conjugation. D) transformation. E) meiosis.

B Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) an organism that relies on photons to excite electrons within its membranes A) 1 only B) 3 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4

B Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) Which of the following use light energy to generate ATP, but do not release oxygen? A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

B Topic: Concept 27.3

: Application/Analysis 65) What is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes? A) parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseases B) breaking down organic matter C) metabolizing materials in extreme environments D) adding methane to the atmosphere E) serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

B Topic: Concept 27.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 69) Foods can be preserved in many ways by slowing or preventing bacterial growth. Which of these methods would not generally inhibit bacterial growth? A) Refrigeration: Slows bacterial metabolism and growth. B) Closing previously opened containers: Prevents more bacteria from entering, and excludes O2. C) Pickling: Creates a pH at which most bacterial enzymes cannot function. D) Canning in heavy sugar syrup: Creates osmotic conditions that remove water from most bacterial cells. E) Irradiation: Kills bacteria by mutating their DNA to such an extent that their DNA-repair enzymes are overwhelmed.

B Topic: Concept 27.6

1) Protists are alike in that all are A) unicellular. B) eukaryotic. C) symbionts. D) monophyletic. E) autotrophic.

B Topic: Concept 28.1

: Application/Analysis 6) Which process allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be first reduced, and then (in a few species) lost altogether, without the loss of any genetic information? A) conjugation B) horizontal gene transfer C) binary fission D) phagocytosis E) meiosis

B Topic: Concept 28.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 571 4) According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions B) from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes C) by secondary endosymbiosis D) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes E) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protobiont

B Topic: Concept 28.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following? A) nuclei and chloroplasts B) mitochondria and chloroplasts C) cilia and mitochondria D) mitochondria and nuclei E) mitochondria and cilia

B Topic: Concept 28.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Which of these statements is false and therefore does not support the hypothesis that certain eukaryotic organelles originated as bacterial endosymbionts? Such organelles A) are roughly the same size as bacteria. B) can be cultured on agar, because they make all their own proteins. C) contain circular DNA molecules. D) have ribosomes that are similar to those of bacteria. E) have internal membranes that contain proteins homologous to those of bacterial plasma membranes.

B Topic: Concept 28.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) A biologist discovers a new unicellullar organism that possesses more than two flagella and two small, but equal-sized, nuclei. The organism has reduced mitochondria (mitosomes), no chloroplasts, and is anaerobic. To which clade does this organism probably belong? A) monera B) the diplomonads C) the ciliates D) protista E) the euglenids

B Topic: Concept 28.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 13) Which of these taxa contains species that produce potent toxins that can cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and poison humans? A) red algae B) dinoflagellates C) diplomonads D) euglenids E) golden algae

B Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) The Irish potato famine was caused by an organism that belongs to which group? A) ciliates B) oomycetes C) diatoms D) apicomplexans E) dinoflagellates

B Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of which group? A) diatoms B) foraminiferans C) radiolarians D) gymnamoebas E) ciliates

B Topic: Concept 28.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 39) Green algae often differ from land plants in that some green algae A) are heterotrophs. B) are unicellular. C) have plastids. D) have alternation of generations. E) have cell walls containing cellulose.

B Topic: Concept 28.5

: Synthesis/Evaluation 34) What makes certain red algae appear red? A) They live in warm coastal waters. B) They possess pigments that reflect and transmit red light. C) They use red light for photosynthesis. D) They lack chlorophyll. E) They contain the pigment bacteriorhodopsin.

B Topic: Concept 28.5

: Application/Analysis 596 Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 9) Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes. D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga.

B Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Whereas the zygotes of charophytes may remain within maternal tissues during their initial development, one should not expect to observe A) any nutrients from maternal tissues being used by the zygotes. B) specialized placental transfer cells surrounding the zygotes. C) the zygotes undergoing nuclear division. D) mitochondria in the maternal tissues, or in the tissues of the zygotes. E) the zygotes digested by enzymes from maternal lysosomes.

B Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the ʺembryophytesʺ? A) Viridiplantae B) Plantae C) Pterophyta D) Bryophyta E) Charophycea

B Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 597 Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land. 13) protection from predators A) tracheids and phloem B) secondary compounds C) cuticle D) alternation of generations

B Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Which of the following statements is true of archegonia? A) They are the sites where male gametes are produced. B) They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos. C) They are the same as sporangia. D) They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads. E) They are asexual reproductive structures.

B Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Each of the following is a general characteristic of bryophytes except A) a cellulose cell wall. B) vascular tissue. C) chlorophylls a and b. D) being photosynthetic autotrophs. E) being eukaryotic.

B Topic: Concept 29.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation 39) Why should one expect the soilʹs nitrogen not to be contained solely within the rhizoids of the Polytrichum mosses? A) Rhizoids are associated with fungi that inhibit mineral transfer from soil to rhizoids. B) Rhizoids are not absorptive structures. C) Rhizoids consist of single, tubular cells or of filaments of cells. D) Rhizoids lack direct attachment to the moss sporophytes.

B Topic: Concept 29.2

: Application/Analysis 49) You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in helping you correctly classify the plant? A) whether it has true leaves or not B) whether it has microphylls or megaphylls C) whether or not it has seeds D) its height E) whether it has chlorophyll a or not

B Topic: Concept 29.3

: Application/Analysis 50) A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the life cycle? A) increased gamete production B) increased spore production C) increased potential for independence of the diploid stage from the haploid stage D) increased fertilization rate E) increased size of the diploid stage

B Topic: Concept 29.3

: Application/Analysis 57) This organism probably belongs to the same phylum as the A) ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns. B) club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses. C) mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. D) conifers. E) charophytes.

B Topic: Concept 29.3

: Application/Analysis 61) Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants? A) Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties. B) Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period. C) They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds. D) The gametophyte is the dominant generation. E) Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example.

B Topic: Concept 29.3

: Application/Analysis 3) Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants? A) decrease in the size of the leaf B) reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle C) elimination of sperm cells or sperm nuclei D) increasing reliance on water to bring sperm and egg together E) replacement of roots by rhizoids

B Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The result of heterospory is A) the existence of male and female sporophytes. B) the existence of male and female gametophytes. C) the absence of sexuality from both plant generations. D) both (A) and (B) above.

B Topic: Concept 30.1

: Application/Analysis 31) Similar to cacti and euphorbs, conifers often have leaves that are modified into a needle-like shape-an adaptation to arid environments. Yet, the taiga bioprovince of the northern hemisphere and the slopes of mountain ranges receive plenty of annual precipitation and have dense conifer forests. In what way are such environments able to account for the presence of trees whose leaves are adapted to arid conditions? A) The soil there drains poorly. B) Water around the roots or on the soil surface is often frozen, and therefore unavailable. C) Albedo (the fraction of light reflected from a surface) off the arctic ice cap desiccates unprotected leaves. D) Acid deposition is intense at such latitudes. E) UV radiation is intense at such latitudes.

B Topic: Concept 30.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow A) close to the ground. B) in dense, single-species stands. C) in relative isolation from other members of the same species. D) along coastlines where prevailing winds blow from the land out to sea. E) in well-drained soils.

B Topic: Concept 30.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 28) Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? 1. sporophyte embryo 2. female gametophyte 3. egg cell 4. megaspore A) 4 3 2 1 B) 4 2 3 1 C) 4 1 2 3 D) 1 4 3 2 E) 1 4 2 3

B Topic: Concept 30.2

: Application/Analysis 57) The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition A) endosperm B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei C) carpels D) fruit E) integuments

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 61) Which of the following is a structure of angiosperm gametophytes? A) immature ovules B) pollen tubes C) ovaries D) stamens E) sepals

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 636 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants For the following questions, match the adaptations of the various fruits below with the most likely means used by the fruit to disperse the seeds contained within the fruit (A-E). 87) The fruit is made of material high in calories. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 75) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo sac nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 633 74) How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 65) The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis E) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below. 72) How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 53) Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? A) complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent B) double internal fertilization C) free-living gametophytes D) carpels that contain microsporangia E) ovules that are not contained within ovaries

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 68) How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? A) by nourishing the plants that make them B) by facilitating dispersal of seeds C) by attracting insects to the pollen inside D) by producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat E) by producing triploid cells via double fertilization

B Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 92) Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that have long been used by humans as staple foods? A) genetic engineering B) artificial selection C) natural selection D) sexual selection E) pesticide and herbicide application

B Topic: Concept 30.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 638 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 95) A botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except A) observing which plants sick animals seek out. B) observing which plants are the most used food plants. C) observing which plants animals do not eat. D) collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis. E) asking local people which plants they use as medicine.

B Topic: Concept 30.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) Both fungus-farming ants and their fungi can synthesize the same structural polysaccharide from the beta-glucose. What is this polysaccharide? A) amylopectin B) chitin C) cellulose D) lignin E) glycogen

B Topic: Concept 31.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? A) desmosomes : tonoplasts B) gap junctions : plasmodesmata C) tight junctions : plastids D) centrioles : plastids E) flagella : central vacuoles

B Topic: Concept 31.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 31, Fungi 643 9) In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) multiple chitinous layers in cross walls B) pores in cross walls C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons D) two nuclei E) tight junctions that form in cross walls between cells

B Topic: Concept 31.1

: Application/Analysis Chapter 31, Fungi 645 17) If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally then, in terms of the gene products they can make, the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi are essentially A) haploid. B) diploid. C) alloploid. D) completely homozygous. E) completely hemizygous.

B Topic: Concept 31.2

: Application/Analysis 28) Which of these structures are most likely to be a component of both chytrid zoospores and motile animal cells? A) cilia B) flagella C) pseudopods D) heterokaryons E) haustoria

B Topic: Concept 31.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen A) due to common ancestry. B) by convergent evolution. C) by inheritance of acquired traits. D) by natural means, and is a homology. E) by serial endosymbioses.

B Topic: Concept 31.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 35) Members of this phylum produce two kinds of haploid spores, one kind being asexually produced conidia: A) Zygomycota B) Ascomycota C) Basidiomycota D) Glomeromycota E) Chytridiomycota

B Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A) zygomycete B) ascomycete C) deuteromycete D) chytrid E) basidiomycete

B Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 652 Chapter 31, Fungi 47) Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus A) 3 4 2 1 B) 3 2 4 1 C) 3 4 1 2 D) 2 3 4 1 E) 2 4 1 3

B Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 65) The symbiotic associations involving roots and soil fungi are considered A) parasitic. B) mutualistic. C) commensal. D) harmful to the plant partner. E) the beginning stages of the formation of soil.

B Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 31, Fungi 657 68) If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal rates. D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the ʺleakinessʺ of photosynthetic partners. E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners.

B Topic: Concept 31.5

: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 31, Fungi 661 81) Humans have immune systems in which lymph nodes are important, because many phagocytes and lymphocytes reside therein. Given that a successful infection by S. schenkii damages lymph nodes themselves, which of these is most probable? A) The hyphae secrete antibiotics, which increases the ability of the infected human to tolerate the fungus. B) Their conversion from yeast to hyphal morphology allows such fast growth that the bodyʹs defenses are at least temporarily overwhelmed. C) Defensive cells of humans cannot detect foreign cells that are covered with cell walls composed of cellulose. D) Given that most fungal pathogens attack plants, human defenses are simply not adapted to seek out and destroy fungi. E) Given that most fungal pathogens of humans infect only the skin, human defenses are not adapted to seek out and destroy systemic fungal infections.

B Topic: Concept 31.5

: Application/Analysis 28) The origin of a new plant species by hybridization, coupled with accidents during nuclear division, is an example of A) allopatric speciation. B) sympatric speciation. C) autopolyploidy. D) habitat selection.

B Topic: Concepts 24.2

: Application/Analysis Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 529 41) When sufficient heat is applied, double-stranded DNA denatures into two single-stranded molecules as the heat breaks all of the hydrogen bonds. In an experiment, molecules of single-stranded DNA from species X are separately hybridized with putatively homologous single-stranded DNA molecules from five species (A-E). The hybridized DNAs are then heated, and the temperature at which complete denaturation occurs is recorded. Based on the data below, which species is probably most closely related to species X? Species Temperature at Which Hybridized DNA Denatures A 30°C B 85°C C 74°C D 60°C E 61°C

B Topic: Concepts 26.3, 26.4

: Application/Analysis 83) A large proportion of archaeans are ʺextremophiles,ʺ so called because they inhabit extreme environments with high acidity and/or high temperature. Such environments are thought to have been much more common on the primitive Earth. Thus, modern extremophiles survive only in places that their ancestors became adapted to long ago. Which of these is, consequently, a valid statement about modern extremophiles, assuming that their habitats have remained relatively unchanged? A) Among themselves, they should share relatively few ancestral traits, especially those that enabled ancestral forms to adapt to extreme conditions. B) On a phylogenetic tree whose branch lengths are proportional to amount of genetic change, the branches of the extremophiles should be shorter, relative to branches of the non-extremophilic archaeans. C) They should contain genes that originated in eukaryotes that are the hosts for numerous species of bacteria. D) They should currently be undergoing a high level of horizontal gene transfer with non-extremophilic archaeans.

B Topic: Concepts 26.3, 26.6

: Application/Analysis 72) Which statement about gram-negative bacteria is correct? A) Penicillins are the best antibiotics to use against them. B) They often possess an outer membrane containing toxic lipopolysaccharides. C) Their chromosomes are composed of DNA tightly wrapped around large amounts of histone proteins. D) Their cell walls are primarily composed of peptidoglycan.

B Topic: Concepts 27.1, 27.6

: Application/Analysis 66) If the chloroplasts of the zoochlorellae are very similar to those found in the photosynthetic cells of land plants, then Chlorella is probably what type of alga? A) red B) green C) brown D) golden

B Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Application/Analysis 67) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is said to be ʺaposymbiotic.ʺ It might be able to replenish its contingent of zoochlorellae by ingesting them without subsequently digesting them. Which of these situations would be most favorable to the re -establishment of resident zoochlorellae, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in P. bursariaʹs habitat? A) abundant light, no bacterial prey B) abundant light, abundant bacterial prey C) no light, no bacterial prey D) no light, abundant bacterial prey

B Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Application/Analysis 68) A P. bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is ʺaposymbiotic.ʺ If aposymbiotic cells have population growth rates the same as those of healthy, zoochlorella-containing P. bursaria in well-lit environments with plenty of prey items, then such an observation would be consistent with which type of relationship? A) parasitic B) commensalistic C) toxic D) predator-prey E) mutualistic

B Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Synthesis/Evaluation 73) Which of these precautions would have been most important to insuring the validity of the results? A) Chlorella in the three cultures were genetically identical. B) Roughly equal numbers of each strain of Chlorella were present in the reintroduction mixture. C) The Chlorella cultures were free of bacteria. D) The P. bursaria culture was free of bacteria. E) The Chlorella DNA contained no introns.

B Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 28, Protists 591 74) Is P. bursariaʹs ability to detect and move toward light an innate ability, or is it due to the presence of zoochlorellae? Arrange the following steps in the proper sequence needed to answer this question. 1. Introduce P. bursaria from both the experimental and control populations to an aquarium that lacks free-living Chlorella, but that contains bacterial prey. 2. Remove equal amounts of water from the well-lit side of the aquarium and the poorly lit side of the aquarium, census the number and kind of P. bursaria present in each sample. 3. Shine light on only one side of the aquarium containing aposymbiotic P. bursaria. 4. Expose one population of P. bursaria (the experimental population) to an herbicide to kill its zoochlorellae. 5. Collect healthy P. bursaria from the well-lit side of an aquarium and divide it into two equal populations: a control population and an experimental population. A) 5 4 1 2 3 B) 5 4 1 3 2 C) 4 1 5 3 2 D) 2 5 4 1 3 E) 2 5 4 3 1

B Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 4 and 5

B Topic: Concepts 28.2, 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) Which of the following statements concerning protists is false? A) All protists are eukaryotic organisms; many are unicellular or colonial. B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. C) All apicomplexans are parasitic. D) Cellular slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. E) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic contain chloroplasts.

B Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong? A) dinoflagellates B) diatoms C) brown algae D) radiolarians E) oomycetes

B Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6

: Synthesis/Evaluation 52) You are designing an artificial drug-delivery ʺcellʺ that can penetrate animal cells. Which of these protist structures should provide the most likely avenue for research along these lines? A) pseudopods B) apical complex C) excavated feeding grooves D) nucleomorphs E) mitosomes

B Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? A) ʺEmbryophytesʺ are small because they are in an early developmental stage. B) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia. C) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water. D) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another. E) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

B Topic: Concepts 29.1, 29.2

: Application/Analysis 63) Of the following list, flagellated (swimming) sperm are generally present in which groups? 1. Lycophyta 2. Bryophyta 3. Angiosperms 4. Chlorophyta 5. Pterophyta A) 1, 2, 3 B) 1, 2, 4, 5 C) 1, 3, 4, 5 D) 2, 3, 5 E) 2, 3, 4, 5

B Topic: Concepts 29.1-29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) Which of these should have had gene sequences most similar to the charophyte that was the common ancestor of the land plants? A) early angiosperms B) early bryophytes C) early gymnosperms D) early lycophytes E) early pterophytes

B Topic: Concepts 29.1-29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? A) fern B) bryophyte C) horsetail (Equisetum) D) A and C E) A, B, and C

B Topic: Concepts 29.2, 29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) egg cell in the embryo sac A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte

B Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Application/Analysis 60) If the fungus that produced the fairy ring can also produce arbuscules, then which of the following is most likely to be buried at location ʺCʺ? A) septic tank B) tree stump C) deceased animal D) fire pit E) cement-capped well

B Topic: Concepts 31.4, 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) Which of these is a fungal structure that is usually associated with asexual reproduction? A) zygosporangium B) basidium C) conidiophore D) ascus E) antheridium

C Topic: Concept 31.4

2) Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? A) the absence of chitin within the cell wall B) coenocytic hyphae C) flagellated spores D) formation of resistant zygosporangia E) parasitic lifestyle

C

3) Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals that involve fighting other males and stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? A) habitat isolation B) temporal isolation C) behavioral isolation D) gametic isolation E) postzygotic barriers

C

3) Which group is incorrectly paired with its description? A) rhizarians-morphologically diverse group defined by DNA similarities B) diatoms-important producers in aquatic communities C) red algae-acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis D) apicomplexans-parasites with intricate life cycles E) diplomonads-protists with modified mitochondria

C

4) If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup? A) lion B) domestic cat C) wolf D) leopard E) tiger

C

5) Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants? A) mosses B) liverworts C) lycophytes D) ferns E) hornworts

C

6) According to the punctuated equilibria model, A) natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. B) given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. C) most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. D) most evolution occurs in sympatric populations. E) speciation is usually due to a single mutation.

C

7) Suppose a moss evolved an efficient conducting system that could transport water and other materials as far as a tree is tall. Four of the following five statements about ʺtreesʺ of such a species are correct. Select the exception. A) Fertilization would probably be more difficult. B) Spore dispersal distances might increase but probably would not decrease. C) Females could only produce one archegonium. D) Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a ʺtreeʺ might flop over. E) Individuals could compete more effectively for access to light.

C

: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) biological D) morphological

C

1) Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful reproduction is possible. A) I only B) II only C) I and III D) II and III E) I, II, and III

C Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Theoretically, the production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses and male donkeys should A) result in the extinction of one of the two parental species. B) cause convergent evolution. C) strengthen postzygotic barriers between horses and donkeys. D) weaken the intrinsic reproductive barriers between horses and donkeys. E) eventually result in the formation of a single species from the two parental species.

C Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping A) plants. B) parasites. C) asexual organisms. D) animals that migrate. E) sympatric populations.

C Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the description below. On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the islandʹs lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and found only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two speciesʹ nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n=4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago. 36) Which of these reduces gene flow between the gene pools of the two species on Sao Tomé, despite the existence of hybrids? A) hybrid breakdown B) hybrid inviability C) hybrid sterility D) temporal isolation E) a geographic barrier

C Topic: Concept 24.1

: Application/Analysis 22) A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is A) the appearance of new species in the midst of old ones. B) asexually reproducing populations. C) geographic isolation. D) artificial selection. E) large populations.

C Topic: Concept 24.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 477 24) Two closely related populations of mice have been separated for many generations by a river. Climatic change causes the river to dry up, thereby bringing the mice populations back into contact in a zone of overlap. Which of the following is not a possible outcome when they meet? A) They interbreed freely and produce fertile hybrid offspring. B) They no longer attempt to interbreed. C) They interbreed in the region of overlap, producing an inferior hybrid. Subsequent interbreeding between inferior hybrids produces progressively superior hybrids over several generations. D) They remain separate in the extremes of their ranges but develop a persistent hybrid zone in the area of overlap. E) They interbreed in the region of overlap, but produce sterile offspring.

C Topic: Concept 24.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, A) natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. B) given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. C) a new species accumulates most of its unique features as it comes into existence. D) evolution of new species features long periods during which changes are occurring, interspersed with short periods of equilibrium, or stasis. E) transitional fossils, intermediate between newer species and their parent species, should be abundant.

C Topic: Concept 24.4

1) The legless condition that is observed in several groups of extant reptiles is the result of A) their common ancestor having been legless. B) a shared adaptation to an arboreal (living in trees) lifestyle. C) several instances of the legless condition arising independently of each other. D) individual lizards adapting to a fossorial (living in burrows) lifestyle during their lifetimes.

C Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) The various taxonomic levels (viz, genera, classes, etc.) of the hierarchical classification system differ from each other on the basis of A) how widely the organisms assigned to each are distributed throughout the environment. B) the body sizes of the organisms assigned to each. C) their inclusiveness. D) the relative genome sizes of the organisms assigned to each. E) morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms.

C Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The common housefly belongs to all of the following taxa. Assuming you had access to textbooks or other scientific literature, knowing which of the following should provide you with the most specific information about the common housefly? A) order Diptera B) family Muscidae C) genus Musca D) class Hexapoda E) phylum Arthropoda

C Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) Mushrooms with gills have meiotically produced spores located in or on A) asci. B) conidiophores. C) basidia. D) soredia. E) zygosporangia.

C Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis 13) The best classification system is that which most closely A) unites organisms that possess similar morphologies. B) conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices. C) reflects evolutionary history. D) corroborates the classification scheme in use at the time of Charles Darwin. E) reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes.

C Topic: Concept 26.2

: Application/Analysis 19) The common ancestors of birds and mammals were very early (stem) reptiles, which almost certainly possessed 3-chambered hearts (2 atria, 1 ventricle). Birds and mammals, however, are alike in having 4-chambered hearts (2 atria, 2 ventricles). The 4-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as A) structural homologies. B) vestiges. C) homoplasies. D) the result of shared ancestry. E) molecular homologies.

C Topic: Concept 26.2

: Application/Analysis 35) When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? A) shared primitive characters B) analogous primitive characters C) shared derived characters D) the number of homoplasies E) overall phenotypic similarity

C Topic: Concept 26.3

: Application/Analysis 37) Phylogenetic hypotheses (such as those represented by phylogenetic trees) are strongest when A) they are based on amino acid sequences from homologous proteins, as long as the genes that code for such proteins contain no introns. B) each clade is defined by a single derived character. C) they are supported by more than one kind of evidence, such as when fossil evidence corroborates molecular evidence. D) they are accepted by the foremost authorities in the field, especially if they have won Nobel Prizes. E) they are based on a single DNA sequence that seems to be a shared derived sequence.

C Topic: Concept 26.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Shared derived characters are most likely to be found in taxa that are A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

C Topic: Concept 26.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 31) A taxon, all of whose members have the same common ancestor, is A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

C Topic: Concept 26.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) The term that is most appropriately associated with clade is A) paraphyletic. B) polyphyletic. C) monophyletic.

C Topic: Concept 26.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 526 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 29) Ultimately, which of these serves as the basis for both the principle of maximum parsimony and the principle that shared complexity indicates homology rather than analogy? A) the laws of thermodynamics B) Boyleʹs law C) the laws of probability D) chaos theory E) Hutchinsonʹs law

C Topic: Concept 26.3

: Application/Analysis 49) A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA would be most valid for discerning the evolutionary relatedness of A) archaeans and bacteria. B) fungi and animals. C) Hawaiian silverswords. D) sharks and dolphins E) mosses and ferns.

C Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) Typically, mutations that modify the active site of an enzyme are more likely to be harmful than mutations that affect other parts of the enzyme. A hypothetical enzyme consists of four domains (A—D), and the amino acid sequences of these four domains have been determined in five related species. Given the proportion of amino acid homologies among the five species at each of the four domains, which domain probably contains the active site? Domain Percentage of Homologous Amino Acids A 32% B 8% C 78% D 45%

C Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 530 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 44) Nucleic acid sequences that undergo few changes over the course of evolutionary time are said to be conserved. Conserved sequences of nucleic acids A) are found in the most crucial portions of proteins. B) include all mitochondrial DNA. C) are abundant in ribosomes. D) are proportionately more common in eukaryotic introns than in eukaryotic exons. E) comprise a larger proportion of pre-mRNA (immature mRNA) than of mature mRNA.

C Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) The most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is A) having a large number of base pairs. B) having a larger proportion of exonic DNA than of intronic DNA. C) having a reliable average rate of mutation. D) its recent origin by a gene-duplication event. E) its being acted upon by natural selection.

C Topic: Concept 26.5

: Synthesis/Evaluation 69) Which of these four gene parts should allow the construction of the most accurate phylogenetic tree, assuming that this is the only part of the gene that has acted as a reliable molecular clock? A) Intron I B) Exon I C) Intron VI D) Exon V

C Topic: Concept 26.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 539 72) What important criterion was used in the late 1960s to distinguish between the three multicellular eukaryotic kingdoms of the five-kingdom classification system? A) the number of cells present in individual organisms B) the geological stratum in which fossils first appear C) the nutritional modes they employ D) the biogeographic province where each first appears E) the features of their embryos

C Topic: Concept 26.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 12) The typical prokaryotic flagellum features A) an internal 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules. B) an external covering provided by the plasma membrane. C) a complex ʺmotorʺ embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane. D) a basal body that is similar in structure to the cellʹs centrioles.

C Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) Which of the following requires ATP to function, and permits some species to respond to taxes (plural of taxis)? A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

C Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 546 4) Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false? A) Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls. B) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments. C) Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions. D) Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and plants. E) Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment.

C Topic: Concept 27.1

: Application/Analysis 31) E. coli cells typically make most of their ATP by metabolizing glucose. Under the conditions of this experiment, what should be true of E. coliʹs generation time (especially early in the course of the experiment, but less so later on)? A) Generation time should be the same as in the typical environment. B) Generation time should be faster than in the typical environment. C) Generation time should be slower than in the typical environment. D) It is theoretically impossible to make any predictions about generation time, under these conditions.

C Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct? A) Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material. B) Their genetic material is confined within a nuclear envelope. C) They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis. D) The persistence of bacteria throughout evolutionary time is due to their genetic homogeneity (i.e., sameness). E) Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, nor should it occur, because of their asexual mode of reproduction.

C Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 47) Which of the following obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances; energy that is used, in part, to fix CO2? A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

C Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 559 50) Modes of obtaining nutrients, used by at least some bacteria, include all of the following except A) chemoautotrophy. B) photoautotrophy. C) heteroautotrophy. D) chemoheterotrophy. E) photoheterotrophy.

C Topic: Concept 27.3

: Application/Analysis 62) The thermoacidophile, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks peptidoglycan. What is likely to be true of this species? 1. It is a bacterium. 2. It is an archaean. 3. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie above pH 7. 4. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie below pH 7. 5. It could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs. 6. It could inhabit alkaline hot springs. A) 1, 3, and 6 B) 2, 4, and 6 C) 2, 4, and 5 D) 1, 3, and 5 E) 1, 4, and 5

C Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 562 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 57) Which statement about the domain Archaea is false? A) Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archean species. B) Some archaeans can reduce CO2 to methane. C) The genomes of archaeans are unique, containing no genes that originated within bacteria. D) Some archaeans can inhabit solutions that are nearly 30% salt. E) Some archaeans are adapted to waters with temperatures above the boiling point.

C Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 566 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 67) In a hypothetical situation, a bacterium lives on the surface of a leaf, where it obtains nutrition from the leafʹs nonliving, waxy covering, while inhibiting the growth of other microbes that are plant pathogens. If this bacterium gains access to the inside of a leaf, it causes a fatal disease in the plant. Once the plant dies, the bacterium and its offspring decompose the plant. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by the bacterium in the situation described here? Use only those that apply. 1. nutrient recycler 2. mutualist 3. commensal 4. parasite 5. primary producer A) 1, 3, 4 B) 2, 3, 4 C) 2, 4, 1 D) 1, 2, 5 E) 1, 2, 3

C Topic: Concept 27.5

: Application/Analysis Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 567 70) Many physicians administer antibiotics to patients at the first sign of any disease symptoms. Why can this practice cause more problems for these patients, and for others not yet infected? A) The antibiotic administered may kill viruses that had been keeping the bacteria in check. B) Antibiotics may cause other side effects in patients. C) Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. D) Particular patients may be allergic to the antibiotic. E) Antibiotics may interfere with the ability to identify the bacteria present.

C Topic: Concept 27.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 572 Chapter 28, Protists 8) An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. D) It has an endospore. E) It is protected by a siliceous case.

C Topic: Concept 28.1

: Application/Analysis 18) Which of the following is not characteristic of ciliates? A) They use cilia as locomotory structures or as feeding structures. B) They are relatively complex cells. C) They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. D) Most live as solitary cells in fresh water. E) They have two or more nuclei.

C Topic: Concept 28.3

: Application/Analysis 23) Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9+2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms? A) How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glasslike valves? B) How do diatoms get transported from one location on the waterʹs surface layers to another location on the surface? C) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters? D) How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? E) How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?

C Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 17) You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9+2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group? A) foraminiferans B) radiolarians C) ciliates D) kinetoplastids E) slime molds

C Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 574 Chapter 28, Protists 16) Which group includes members that are important primary producers in ocean food webs, causes red tides that kill many fish, and may even be carnivorous? A) ciliates B) apicomplexans C) dinoflagellates D) brown algae E) golden algae

C Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 28, Protists 575 20) Why is the filamentous morphology of the water molds considered a case of convergent evolution with the hyphae (threads) of fungi? A) Fungi are closely related to the water molds. B) Body shape reflects ancestor-descendant relationships among organisms. C) In both cases, filamentous shape is an adaptation for the absorptive nutritional mode of a decomposer. D) Filamentous body shape is evolutionarily ancestral for all eukaryotes. E) Both A and B are correct.

C Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the description and Table 28.1 below. Diatoms are encased in Petri-plate-like cases (valves) made of translucent hydrated silica whose thickness can be varied. The material used to store excess calories can also be varied. At certain times, diatoms store excess calories in the form of the liquid polysaccharide, laminarin, and at other times, as oil. Below are data concerning the density (specific gravity) of various components of diatoms, and of their environment. Table 28.1: Specific Gravities of Materials Relevant to Diatoms Material Specific Gravity (kg/m3) Pure water 1000 Seawater 1026 Hydrated silica 2250 Liquid laminarin 1500 Diatom oil 910 26) Waterʹs density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures. Based on this consideration and using data from Table 28.1, at which time of year should one expect diatoms to be storing excess calories mostly as oil? A) mid-winter B) early spring C) late summer D) late fall

C Topic: Concept 28.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 28, Protists 577 27) Judging from Table 28.1 and given that waterʹs density and, consequently, its buoyancy decrease at warmer temperatures, in which environment should diatoms (and other suspended particles) sink most slowly? A) cold freshwater B) warm freshwater C) cold seawater D) warm seawater E) warm brackish water

C Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 578 Chapter 28, Protists 31) Which of the following produce the dense glassy ooze found in certain areas of the deep-ocean floor? A) forams B) dinoflagellates C) radiolarians D) ciliates E) apicomplexans

C Topic: Concept 28.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 41) If the Archaeplastidae are eventually designated a kingdom, and if the land plants are excluded from this kingdom, then what will be true of this new kingdom? A) It will be monophyletic. B) It will more accurately depict evolutionary relationships than does the current taxonomy. C) It will be paraphyletic. D) It will be a true clade. E) It will be polyphyletic.

C Topic: Concept 28.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 43) Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium? A) prokaryotic or eukaryotic B) plant or animal C) unicellular or multicellular D) diploid or haploid E) autotroph or heterotroph

C Topic: Concept 28.6

1) The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group? A) green algae B) red algae C) charophytes D) brown algae E) angiosperms

C Topic: Concept 29.1

: Application/Analysis 7) In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular green algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) red algae E) multicellular green algae

C Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Which of the following characteristics, if observed in an unidentified green organism, would make it unlikely to be a charophyte? A) phragmoplast B) peroxisome C) apical meristem D) chlorophylls a and b E) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complex

C Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) protection from desiccation A) tracheids and phloem B) secondary compounds C) cuticle D) alternation of generations

C Topic: Concept 29.1

: Application/Analysis 43) If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention? A) spores B) seta C) foot D) sporangium E) peristome

C Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one- to two-cell-layers thick. Consequently, which of these is least likely to be found associated with such appendages? A) cuticle B) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes C) stomata D) peroxisomes E) phenolics

C Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 606 Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 44) Bryophytes never formed forests (mats, yes, but not forests) because A) they possess flagellated sperms. B) not all are heterosporous. C) they lack lignified vascular tissue. D) they have no adaptations to prevent desiccation. E) the sporophyte is too weak.

C Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 599 22) Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except A) multicellularity. B) specialized cells and tissues. C) lignified vascular tissue. D) walled spores in sporangia. E) a reduced, dependent sporophyte.

C Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 601 30) Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophore A) 4 1 3 5 2 B) 4 3 5 2 1 C) 4 5 2 1 3 D) 3 4 5 2 1 E) 3 1 4 5 2

C Topic: Concept 29.2

: Application/Analysis Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 609 56) Closer observation reveals that these small spheres are produced on tiny extensions of the stem, each of which helps compose the strobilus. These small, spore-producing extensions of the stem are called A) scales B) sporangia C) sporophylls D) gametangia

C Topic: Concept 29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 608 Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 52) Which of the following types of plants would not yet have been evolved in the forests that became coal deposits? A) horsetails B) lycophytes C) pine trees D) tree ferns E) whisk ferns

C Topic: Concept 29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 607 48) A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are noted: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to A) mosses. B) charophytes. C) ferns. D) gymnosperms. E) flowering plants.

C Topic: Concept 29.3

1) The sporophytes of mosses depend on the gametophytes for water and nutrition. In seed plants, the reverse is true. From which seed plant sporophyte structure(s) do the immature (unfertilized) gametophytes directly gain water and nutrition? A) sporophylls B) embryos C) sporangia D) sporopollenin E) ovary

C Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of these is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore? A) a different type of sporopollenin B) an internal reservoir of liquid water C) integument(s) D) ability to be dispersed E) waxy cuticle

C Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 616 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 8) Which of the following most closely represents the male gametophyte of seed-bearing plants? A) ovule B) microspore mother cell C) pollen grain interior D) embryo sac E) fertilized egg

C Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 620 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 22) A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur? A) The pollen grains will be pure red. B) The pollen grains will be pure blue. C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors. D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors. E) Insofar as the pollen grains are independent of the plant that produced them, they will not absorb either stain.

C Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants? A) sporopollenin B) lignin present in cell walls C) pollen D) use of air currents as a dispersal agent E) megaphylls

C Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 9) Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to UV radiation. Rank the cells below, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment. 1. cells of sporangium 2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root 3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls 4. cells of a gametophyte A) 3, 4, 1, 2 B) 3, 4, 2, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 2, 1, 4 E) 3, 1, 2, 4

C Topic: Concept 30.1

: Synthesis/Evaluation 19) In seed plants, which part of a pollen grain has a function most like that of the seed coat? A) sporophyll B) male gametophyte C) sporopollenin D) stigma E) sporangium

C Topic: Concept 30.1

: Application/Analysis 23) Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant ferns because they A) are woody. B) have macrophylls. C) have pollen. D) have sporophylls. E) have spores.

C Topic: Concept 30.2

: Application/Analysis 624 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 36) Which feature of cycads makes them similar to many angiosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals. A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 2 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3

C Topic: Concept 30.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 622 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 30) In most pine species, pollen cones and seed (ovulate) cones are borne on the same tree. In a habitat where few air currents exist at, or near, the forest floor but nearly continuous in the tree canopy, which of these is the most adaptive arrangement of the two kinds of cones on pines in this habitat?

C Topic: Concept 30.2

: Application/Analysis 60) The seeds of orchids are among the smallest known, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule seed leaves. Consequently, what should one expect to be true of such seeds? A) They require extensive periods of dormancy during which the embryo develops. B) They are surrounded by brightly colored, sweet fruit. C) They germinate very soon after being released from the ovary. D) The developing embryo within is dependent upon the gametophyte for nutrition. E) The sporophytes that produce such seeds are wind pollinated.

C Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 76) How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32

C Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 77) How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32

C Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 89) The fruit contains an air bubble. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents

C Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 630 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 62) Which of these statements is true of monocots? A) They are currently thought to be polyphyletic. B) The veins of their leaves form a netlike pattern. C) They, along with the eudicots, magnoliids, and basal angiosperms, are currently placed in the phylum Anthophyta. D) Each possesses multiple cotyledons. E) They are the clade that includes most of our crops, except the cereal grains.

C Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 81) Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of these features is unique to them and helps account for their success? A) wind pollination B) dominant gametophytes C) fruits enclosing seeds D) embryos enclosed within seed coats E) sperm cells without flagella

C Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 86) The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces, such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? A) It should be drab in color. B) It should be colored so as to provide it with camouflage. C) It should be nutritious. D) It should secrete enzymes that can digest bark. E) It should contain chemicals that cause birds to fly to the ground and vomit.

C Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 14) Which of the following terms is correctly associated with fungi in general? A) sporophytes B) make only sexually produced spores C) ecologically important D) polyphyletic E) ingestive nutrition

C Topic: Concept 31.1

: Application/Analysis 642 4) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) fungal haustoria B) soredia C) fungal enzymes D) increased oxygen levels E) larger bacterial populations

C Topic: Concept 31.1

: Application/Analysis 644 Chapter 31, Fungi 13) Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have A) fewer nuclei. B) more pores. C) less chitin. D) less cytoplasm. E) reduced cytoplasmic streaming.

C Topic: Concept 31.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? A) plants B) protists C) prokaryotes D) animals E) mutualistic fungi

C Topic: Concept 31.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes? A) They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved. B) They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified. C) They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage. D) They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens. E) They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae.

C Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) This phylum contains the mushrooms, shelf fungi, and puffballs: A) Zygomycota B) Ascomycota C) Basidiomycota D) Glomeromycota E) Chytridiomycota

C Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) The ascomycetes get their name from which aspect of their life cycle? A) vegetative growth form B) asexual spore production C) sexual structures D) shape of the spore E) type of vegetative mycelium

C Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) Which has the least affiliation with all of the others? A) Glomeromycota B) mycorrhizae C) lichens D) arbuscules E) mutualistic fungi

C Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 650 Chapter 31, Fungi 38) You have been given the assignment of locating living members of the phylum Glomeromycota. Where is the best place to look for these fungi? A) between the toes of a person with ʺathleteʹs footʺ B) in stagnant freshwater ponds C) the roots of vascular plants D) growing on rocks and tree bark E) the kidneys of mammals

C Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 31, Fungi 653 51) Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia? A) ascospores are diploid, conidia are haploid B) ascospores are produced only by meiosis, conidia are produced only by mitosis C) ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, conidia have not D) ascospores are larger, conidia are smaller E) ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae

C Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis 71) Which term below refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) pathogens B) endosymbioses C) endophytes D) lichens E) mycorrhizae

C Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 67) Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. B) Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D) The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. E) Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure.

C Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 75) A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? A) basiodiospores B) spores of ectomycorrhizae C) soredia D) yeasts E) leaves (as food for fungus-farming ants)

C Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 78) Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment then which of these represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack? A) by transferring some chloroplasts to the embryo in each seed B) by providing the seeds with water and minerals C) by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed D) by strengthening the seed coat that surrounds each seed

C Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 480 Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 35) In the narrow hybrid zone that separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata, what is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species? A) Such alleles should be absent. B) Their allele frequency should be nearly the same as the allele frequencies in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone. C) The allelesʹ heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads there. D) Their allele frequency on one edge of the hybrid zone should roughly equal their frequency on the opposite edge of the hybrid zone.

C Topic: Concepts 23.1, 24.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 49) Upon undergoing change, which of these genes is most likely to result in speciation while a geographic barrier separates two populations of a flowering-plant species? A) one that affects the rate of chlorophyll a synthesis B) one that affects the amount of growth hormone synthesized per unit time C) one that affects the compatibility of male pollen and female reproductive parts D) one that affects the average depth to which roots grow down through the soil E) one that affects how flexible the stems are

C Topic: Concepts 24.1, 24.4

: Synthesis/Evaluation 65) Which of these is the best explanation for the high degree of sequence homology observed in Exon I among these five species? A) It is the most-upstream exon of this gene. B) Due to alternative gene splicing, this exon is often treated as an intron. C) It codes for a polypeptide domain that has a crucial function. D) These five species must actually constitute a single species. E) This exon is rich in G-C base pairs; thus, is more stable.

C Topic: Concepts 26.2, 26.4

: Synthesis/Evaluation 538 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 68) Which of these is the best explanation for Intron Iʹs relatively high sequence homology among these five species? A) It is the most-upstream of this geneʹs introns. B) It was once an exon, but became intronic in the common ancestor of these five species. C) Due to alternative gene splicing, it is often treated as an exon in these five species; as an exon, it codes for an important part of a polypeptide. D) It has a relatively high average rate of mutation.

C Topic: Concepts 26.2, 26.4, 26.5

: Application/Analysis 40) What conclusion can be drawn validly from these data? A) Humans and other primates evolved from rabbits within the past 10 million years. B) Most of the genes of other organisms are paralogous to human genes, or with chimpanzee genes. C) Among the organisms listed, humans shared a common ancestor most recently with chimpanzees. D) Humans evolved from chimpanzees somewhere in Africa within the last 6 million years.

C Topic: Concepts 26.3, 26.4

: Application/Analysis 588 Chapter 28, Protists 69) Theoretically, P.bursaria can obtain zoochlorella either vertically (via the asexual reproduction of its mother cell) or horizontally (by ingesting free-living Chlorella from its habitat). Consider a P. bursaria cell containing zoochlorellae, but whose habitat lacks free-living Chlorella. If this cell subsequently undergoes many generations of asexual reproduction, if all of its daughter cells contain roughly the same number of zoochlorellae as it had originally contained, and if the zoochlorellae are all haploid and identical in appearance, then what is true? A) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at an increasing rate over time. B) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at a decreasing rate over time. C) The zoochlorellae also reproduced asexually, at a fairly constant rate over time. D) The zoochlorellae reproduced sexually, undergoing heteromorphic alternation of generations. E) The zoochlorellae reproduced sexually, undergoing isomorphic alternation of generations.

C Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Synthesis/Evaluation 70) Can P. bursaria live in association with any and all strains/species of Chlorella? In an experiment to help answer this question, Chlorella was collected, and cultured separately, from three different sources: (1) P. bursaria cytoplasm, (2) free-living Chlorella, and (3) from cytoplasm of other protist species. A population of P. bursaria was treated with the herbicide, paraquat, which killed all of its zoochlorellae, but otherwise left P. bursaria unharmed. The zoochlorella-free paramecia were then introduced to a 1:1:1 mixture of Chlorella from the three cultures listed above, and subsequently reestablished a contingent of zooclorellae. Two weeks later, zoochlorellae were collected from the P. bursaria cells and tested to determine which Chlorella strain(s) had been maintained within P. bursaria. The different strains of Chlorella are morphologically indistinguishable. Consequently, which of these would be the best test to perform on Chlorella, both before and after re-establishment of zoochlorellae, to determine which Chlorella strains had been maintained within P. bursaria? A) Determine the chemical composition of its cell wall. B) Determine the absorption spectrum of its photosynthetic pigments. C) Determine the sequence of a portion of its mitochondrial DNA. D) Determine the sequence of an exon of a ribosomal RNA gene. E) Determine the endosymbiontʹs diameter.

C Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 28, Protists 581 44) Which of the following correctly pairs a protist with one of its characteristics? A) diplomonads : micronuclei involved in conjugation B) ciliates : pseudopods C) apicomplexans : parasitic D) gymnamoebas : calcium carbonate test E) foraminiferans : abundant in soils

C Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6

: Synthesis/Evaluation 53) A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga? A) red B) green C) brown D) yellow

C Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6

: Synthesis/Evaluation 29) Theoretically, which two of the following present the richest potential sources of silica? 1. marine sediments consisting of foram tests 2. marine sediments consisting of diatom cases (valves) 3. marine sediments consisting of radiolarian shells 4. marine sediments consisting of dinoflagellate plates A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 3 and 4

C Topic: Concepts 28.3, 28.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 28, Protists 579 35) The largest seaweeds belong to which group? A) red algae B) green algae C) brown algae D) golden algae

C Topic: Concepts 28.3, 28.5

: Application/Analysis 65) Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which fossils of these groups should make their first appearance? 1. charophytes 2. single-celled green algae 3. hornworts 4. plants with a dominant sporophyte A) 1 3 2 4 B) 3 1 2 4 C) 2 1 3 4 D) 3 2 4 1 E) 2 4 1 3

C Topic: Concepts 29.1-29.3

: Application/Analysis 37) If one were to erect a new taxon of plants that included all plants that are pollinated by animals, and only plants that are pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be A) monophyletic. B) paraphyletic. C) polyphyletic. D) identical in composition to the phylum Anthophyta. E) identical in composition to the phylum Cycadophyta.

C Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Application/Analysis 43) What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales? A) They are female reproductive parts. B) None are capable of photosynthesis. C) They are modified leaves. D) They are found on flowers. E) They are found on angiosperms.

C Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 34) Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms? 1. pollen transported by wind 2. lignified xylem 3. microscopic gametophytes 4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators 5. endosperm A) 1 only B) 1 and 3 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 1, 3, and 5 E) 2, 4, and 5

C Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 50) microspores of pollen cones A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte

C Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 41) Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? A) stigma B) carpel C) ovule D) ovary E) anthers

C Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) The chloroplasts of all of the following are derived from ancestral red algae, except those of A) golden algae. B) diatoms. C) dinoflagellates. D) green algae. E) brown algae.

D Topic: Concept 28.5

2) Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that includes species T, X, Y, and Z makes up A) a valid taxon. B) a monophyletic clade. C) an ingroup, with species U as the outgroup. D) a paraphyletic grouping. E) a polyphyletic grouping.

D

3) Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? A) ascospores B) basidiospores C) zygosporangia D) conidiophores E) ascocarps

D

3) Which of the following statements is not true? A) Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids. B) Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles. C) The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan. D) Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. E) Only some archaea use CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane.

D

: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) The constantly changing nature of the Appalachian ground crickets (Allonemobius fasciatus and Allonemobius socius) hybrid zone favors A) no gene flow between the two gene pools. B) little gene flow between the two gene pools. C) increased levels of gene flow between the two gene pools. D) extinction of both species as the hybrids persist.

D Topic: Concept 24.3

4) In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid sporophyte B) haploid gametes C) diploid gametes D) haploid spores E) diploid spores

D

4) Which of the following features of prokaryotic biology involves metabolic cooperation among cells? A) binary fission B) endospore formation C) endotoxin release D) biofilms E) photoautotrophy

D

5) Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except A) seeds. B) pollen. C) vascular tissue. D) ovaries. E) ovules.

D

5) Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be A) 12. B) 14. C) 16. D) 28. E) 56.

D

6) In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with A) unicellular haploid forms. B) unicellular diploid forms. C) multicellular haploid forms. D) multicellular diploid forms. E) multicellular polyploid forms.

D

: Application/Analysis 10) In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures? 1. nucleoid region 2. flagellum 3. endospore 4. fimbriae 5. plasmids A) 1 only B) 1 and 4 C) 1 and 5 D) 1, 3, and 5 E) 2, 4, and 5

D Topic: Concept 27.1

7) To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree, A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable. B) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible. C) base phylogenetic trees only on the fossil record, as this provides the simplest explanation for evolution. D) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology. E) choose the tree with the fewest branch points.

D

: Application/Analysis 1) Where in an angiosperm would you find a megasporangium? A) in the style of a flower B) inside the tip of a pollen tube C) enclosed in the stigma of a flower D) within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower E) packed into pollen sacs within the anthers found on a stamen

D

: Synthesis/Evaluation 1) Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of A) evolution from mitochondria. B) fusion of plastids. C) origin of the plastids from archaea. D) secondary endosymbiosis. E) budding of the plastids from the nuclear envelope.

D

: Application/Analysis 14) Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? A) reduced hybrid fertility B) hybrid breakdown C) mechanical isolation D) habitat isolation E) gametic isolation

D Topic: Concept 24.1

: Application/Analysis 474 Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 12) One species mates at the season when daylight is increasing from 13 hours to 13 hours, 15 minutes; another species mates at the season when daylight is increasing from 14 hours to 14 hours, 15 minutes. A) behavioral B) gametic C) habitat D) temporal E) mechanical

D Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans, or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) morphological D) biological

D Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 473 8) You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? A) biological B) phylogenetic C) ecological D) morphological

D Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 23) A rapid method of speciation that has been important in the history of flowering plants is A) genetic drift. B) a mutation in the gene controlling the timing of flowering. C) behavioral isolation. D) polyploidy.

D Topic: Concept 24.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena leading to the origin of new species? 1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation 3. sexual selection 4. polyploidy A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4

D Topic: Concept 24.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and A) their chromosomes are no longer homologous enough to permit meiosis. B) a constant number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations. C) the hybrid zone is inhospitable to hybrid survival. D) an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations E) a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.

D Topic: Concept 24.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea A) descended from a now-extinct, non-African fruit fly. B) arose de novo; that is, had no ancestors. C) descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events. D) descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere.

D Topic: Concept 24.3

: Application/Analysis Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 487 53) Which conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree? A) Gradualistic speciation and speciation involving punctuated equilibrium are mutually exclusive concepts; only one of them can occur. B) Eldredge and Gould would deny that the lineages labeled X, Y, and Z could represent true species. C) Assuming that the tip of each line represents a species, there are five extant (i.e., not extinct) species resulting from the earliest common ancestor. D) A single clade (i.e., a group of species that share a common ancestor) can exhibit both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. E) V and W shared a common ancestor more recently than any of the other species.

D Topic: Concept 24.4

: Synthesis/Evaluation 44) According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the ʺsuddenʺ appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that A) the species is now extinct. B) speciation occurred instantaneously. C) speciation occurred in one generation. D) speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time. E) the species will consequently have a relatively short existence, compared with other species.

D Topic: Concept 24.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). Consequently, the morphological similarities of these two species are probably due to A) inheritance of acquired characteristics. B) sexual selection. C) inheritance of shared derived characters. D) possession of analogous structures. E) possession of shared primitive characters.

D Topic: Concept 26.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 522 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 16) In angiosperm plants, flower morphology can be very intricate. If a tree, such as a New Mexico locust, has flowers that share many morphological intricacies with flowers of the sweet pea vine, then the most likely explanation for these floral similarities is the same general explanation for the similarities between the A) dorsal fins of sharks and of dolphins. B) reduced eyes of Australian moles and North American moles. C) scales on moth wings and the scales of fish skin. D) cranial bones of humans and those of chimpanzees. E) adaptations for flight in birds and adaptations for flight in bats.

D Topic: Concept 26.2

: Application/Analysis Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 523 20) Generally, within a lineage, the largest number of shared derived characters should be found among two organisms that are members of the same A) kingdom. B) class. C) domain. D) family. E) order.

D Topic: Concept 26.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 36) The four-chambered hearts of birds and the four-chambered hearts of mammals evolved independently of each other. If one were unaware of this independence, then one might logically conclude that A) the birds were the first to evolve a 4-chambered heart. B) birds and mammals are more distantly related than is actually the case. C) early mammals possessed feathers. D) the common ancestor of birds and mammals had a four-chambered heart. E) birds and mammals should be placed in the same family.

D Topic: Concept 26.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the information below. A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of mammals with the homologous human gene. The sequence homology between each speciesʹ version of the gene and the human gene is presented as a percentage of similarity. Species Percentage Chimpanzee 99.7 Orangutan 98.6 Baboon 97.2 Rhesus Monkey 96.9 Rabbit 93.7 Figure 26.3 39) What probably explains the inclusion of rabbits in this research? A) Their short generation time provides a ready source of DNA. B) They possess all of the shared derived characters as do the other species listed. C) They are the closest known relatives of rhesus monkeys. D) They are the outgroup. E) They are the most recent common ancestor of the primates.

D Topic: Concept 26.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 66) Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in A) distinguishing introns from exons. B) determining degree of sequence homology. C) selecting appropriate genes for comparison among species. D) inferring evolutionary relatedness from the number of sequence differences.

D Topic: Concept 26.3

: Application/Analysis 51) Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of homology? A) Dogs and wolves have very similar morphologies. B) Dogs and wolves belong to the same order. C) Dogs and wolves are both members of the order Carnivora. D) Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently. E) Convergent evolution has occurred.

D Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 52) The reason that paralogous genes can diverge from each other within the same gene pool, whereas orthologous genes diverge only after gene pools are isolated from each other, is that A) having multiple copies of genes is essential for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild. B) paralogous genes can occur only in diploid species; thus, they are absent from most prokaryotes. C) polyploidy is a necessary precondition for the occurrence of sympatric speciation in the wild. D) having an extra copy of a gene permits modifications to the copy without loss of the original gene product.

D Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 536 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 63) The HIV genomeʹs reliably high rate of change permits it to serve as a molecular clock. Which of these features is most responsible for this genomeʹs high rate of change? A) the relatively low number of nucleotides in the genome B) the relatively small number of genes in the genome C) the genomeʹs ability to insert itself into the genome of the host D) the lack of proofreading by the enzyme that converts HIVʹs RNA genome into a DNA genome

D Topic: Concept 26.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) Which of these would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock? A) neutral mutations B) genetic drift C) mutations within introns D) natural selection E) most substitution mutations involving an exonic codonʹs 3rd position

D Topic: Concept 26.5

: Application/Analysis 542 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 82) Which portion of this tree may ultimately be better depicted as a ʺringʺ? A) the bacterial lineage B) the archaean lineage C) the eukaryotic lineage D) the weblike part near the base of the tree E) the part corresponding to the first living cell on Earth

D Topic: Concept 26.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 76) Which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic and therefore not acceptable, based on cladistics? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

D Topic: Concept 26.6

: Synthesis/Evaluation 70) Which process hinders clarification of the deepest branchings in a phylogenetic tree that depicts the origins of the three domains? A) binary fission B) mitosis C) meiosis D) horizontal gene transfer E) gene duplication

D Topic: Concept 26.6

: Synthesis/Evaluation 80) Which process is observed in prokaryotes and is responsible for the vertical components of the various bacterial and archaean lineages? A) mitosis B) meiosis C) sexual reproduction D) binary fission

D Topic: Concept 26.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct? A) Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle. B) Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids. C) Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, ʺpackedʺ with a relatively large amount of protein. D) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but, rather, is found at the nucleoid region. E) Prokaryotic genomes are composed of linear DNA (that is, DNA existing in the form of a line with two ends).

D Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species? A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

D Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 5) Which of these is the most common compound in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria? A) cellulose B) lipopolysaccharide C) lignin D) peptidoglycan E) protein

D Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus, drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering which can inhibit phagocytosis, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the preyʹs cytoplasm? 1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide 2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids 3. peptidoglycan 4. capsule A) 2 4 3 1 B) 1 3 4 2 C) 1 4 3 2 D) 4 1 3 2 E) 4 3 1 2

D Topic: Concept 27.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to structures found in a gram-positive prokaryotic cell. 16) Which of the following is composed almost entirely of peptidoglycan? A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

D Topic: Concept 27.1

: Application/Analysis 554 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 32) If the experimental population of E. coli lacks an F factor or F plasmid, and if bacteriophage are excluded from the bacterial cultures, then which of these is a means by which beneficial mutations might be transmitted horizontally to other E. coli cells? A) via sex pili B) via transduction C) via conjugation D) via transformation E) both A and C above

D Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) Regarding prokaryotic reproduction, which statement is correct? A) Prokaryotes form gametes by meiosis. B) Prokaryotes feature the union of haploid gametes, as do eukaryotes. C) Prokaryotes exchange some of their genes by conjugation, the union of haploid gametes, and transduction. D) Mutation is a primary source of variation in prokaryote populations. E) Prokaryotes skip sexual life cycles because their life cycle is too short.

D Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 27) If it occurs in the absence of any other type of adaptation listed here, which of these is least reasonable in terms of promoting bacterial survival over evolutionary time in a low-glucose environment? A) increased efficiency at transporting glucose into the cell from the environment B) increased ability to survive on simple sugars, other than glucose C) increased ability to synthesize glucose from amino acid precursors D) increased reliance on glycolytic enzymes E) increased sensitivity to, and ability to move toward, whatever glucose is present in its habitat

D Topic: Concept 27.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey A) 1 only B) 4 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4

D Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 557 41) a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms A) 1 only B) 4 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4

D Topic: Concept 27.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation Match the numbered terms to the descriptions that follow. For each item, choose all appropriate terms, but only appropriate terms. 1. autotroph 2. heterotroph 3. phototroph 4. chemotroph 40) an organism that obtains its energy from chemicals A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 4 only E) 1 and 4

D Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains? A) microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall B) metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas C) metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis D) genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences E) ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments

D Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 58) If archaeans are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria, then which of the following is a reasonable prediction? A) Archaean DNA should have no introns. B) Archaean chromosomes should have no protein bonded to them. C) Archaean DNA should be single-stranded. D) Archaean ribosomes should be larger than typical prokaryotic ribosomes. E) Archaeans should lack cell walls.

D Topic: Concept 27.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 59) Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? 1. composition of the cell wall 2. presence of plasma membrane 3. lack of a nuclear envelope 4. identical rRNA sequences A) 1 only B) 3 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 2 and 4

D Topic: Concept 27.4

: Application/Analysis Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 565 64) The termite gut protist, Mixotricha paradoxa, has at least two kinds of bacteria attached to its outer surface. One kind is a spirochete that propels its host through the termite gut. A second type of bacteria synthesizes ATP, some of which is used by the spirochetes. The locomotion provided by the spirochetes introduces the ATP-producing bacteria to new food sources. Which term(s) is (are) applicable to the relationship between the two kinds of bacteria? 1. mutualism 2. parasitism 3. symbiosis 4. metabolic cooperation A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 3, and 4 E) all four terms

D Topic: Concept 27.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 66) If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? A) The number of organisms on Earth would decrease by 10—20%. B) Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease. C) Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase. D) The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. E) There would be no more pathogens on Earth.

D Topic: Concept 27.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 14) Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched? A) apicomplexans : internal parasites B) golden algae : planktonic producers C) euglenozoans : unicellular flagellates D) ciliates : red tide organisms E) entamoebas : ingestive heterotrophs

D Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process wherein the population size of Paramecium increases? A) budding B) meiotic division C) mitotic division D) conjugation E) binary fission

D Topic: Concept 28.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 576 Chapter 28, Protists 24) A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) thalli B) bladders C) blades D) holdfasts E) gel-forming polysaccharides

D Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 60) Which of the following statements concerning living phytoplanktonic organisms are true? 1. They are important members of communities surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 2. They are important primary producers in most aquatic food webs. 3. They are important in maintaining oxygen in Earthʹs seas and atmosphere. 4. They are most often found growing in the sediments of seas and oceans. 5. They can be so concentrated that they affect the color of seawater. A) 1 and 4 B) 1, 2, and 4 C) 2, 3, and 4 D) 2, 3, and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5

D Topic: Concept 28.7

: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? A) sources of water B) sperm transfer C) desiccation D) animal predation E) absorbing enough light

D Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to A) lignin. B) cellulose. C) secondary compounds. D) sporopollenin.

D Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary compounds most beneficial? A) the greenhouse effect present throughout the Devonian period B) the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period C) the association of the roots of land plants with fungi D) the rise of herbivory E) the rise of wind pollination

D Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) Which kind of plant tissue should lack phragmoplasts? A) bryophyte tissues B) diploid tissues of charophytes C) spore-producing tissues of all land plants D) tissues performing nuclear division without intervening cytokineses E) the meristematic tissues of fern gametophytes

D Topic: Concept 29.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) A researcher wants to develop a test that will distinguish charophytes and land plants from green algae. Which of the following chemicals would be the best subject for such an assay? A) chlorophyllNa photosynthetic pigment B) carotenoidsNa class of accessory photosynthetic pigments C) starchNa food storage material D) glycolate oxidaseNan peroxisomal enzyme that is associated with photorespiration E) flavonoidsNa class of phenolic compounds that is often associated with chemical signaling

D Topic: Concept 29.1

: Application/Analysis 34) Loss of soil nitrogen via ʺgaseous emissionʺ was found to be negligible. Rather, most loss of soil nitrogen was due to water erosion of the soil. Which of these hypotheses is least likely to account for the observed results? A) If rhizoids had helped stabilize the soil, then less erosion and less loss of nitrogen would occur. B) If protonemata had absorbed, and stored, nitrogen from the soil, then they would have reduced loss of nitrogen by erosion. C) If the overlying mat of gametophores had slowed the entry of water into the soil, then it would have reduced waterʹs ability to erode the soil, and carry away its nitrogen. D) If sporophyte stomata had absorbed nitrogen from the soil, then they would have reduced loss of nitrogen by erosion.

D Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 600 Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 26) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from smallest to largest. 1. antheridia 2. gametes 3. gametophytes 4 .gametangia A) 1, 4, 3, 2 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 3, 4, 2, 1 D) 3, 4, 1, 2 E) 4, 3, 1, 2

D Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 85) Which feature of honeybees probably arose under the mutual evolutionary influence of insect-pollinated flowering plants? A) possessing three pairs of legs B) possessing a metabolism whose rate is influenced by environmental temperature C) possessing an exoskeleton made of chitin D) possessing an abdomen that is densely covered with short bristles E) possessing an ovipositor modified as a non-reusable stinger

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 38) Which of these potential results of applying a metabolic poison to the rhizoids of Polytrichum should interfere the least with the ability to draw valid conclusions from this experiment? A) If, upon dying, the rhizoids leak nitrogenous compounds into the soil before final nitrogen content is measured. B) If, upon dying, decomposition of the rhizoids introduces nitrogenous compounds to the soil before final nitrogen content is measured. C) If the metabolic poison is hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or sodium azide (NaN3), and much of the poison remains in the soil. D) If the metabolic poison acts against the mitochondria of the rhizoid cells. E) If the metabolic poison absorbs nitrogen and strongly adheres to soil particles, acting as a sort of glue.

D Topic: Concept 29.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation 42) Two, small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have A) lower numbers of bacteria. B) reduced rates of decomposition. C) reduced oxygen content. D) less-acidic water.

D Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 51) Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? A) mosses B) liverworts C) hornworts D) pterophytes E) charophytes

D Topic: Concept 29.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 610 Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 60) If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they werenʹt), which plant type(s) would have been suitable sources of logs? A) whisk ferns and epiphytes B) horsetails and bryophytes C) lycophytes and bryophytes D) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes E) charophytes, bryophytes, and gymnosperms

D Topic: Concept 29.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 66) During glacial periods in the early evolution of land plants, which of these is a beneficial adaptation regarding the number of stomata per unit surface area, and what accounts for it? A) increased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 B) increased numbers of stomata, to maximize ability to absorb ever-decreasing levels of atmospheric CO2 C) decreased numbers of stomata, to retain CO2 produced by the chloroplasts D) decreased numbers of stomata, to maximize absorption of ever-decreasing levels of atmospheric CO2

D Topic: Concept 29.3

: Application/Analysis 5) Plants with a dominant sporophyte are successful on land partly because A) having no stomata, they lose less water. B) they all disperse by means of seeds. C) diploid plants experience fewer mutations than do haploid plants. D) their gametophytes are completely enclosed within sporophyte tissue. E) eggs and sperm need not be produced.

D Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 615 4) All of the following cellular structures are functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms, except A) haploid nuclei. B) mitochondria. C) cell walls. D) chloroplasts. E) peroxisomes.

D Topic: Concept 30.1

: Application/Analysis 39) On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called ʺflying foxesʺ commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, what should be true? A) The flying foxes are attracted to cycad fruit, and eat the enclosed seeds only by accident. B) Flying foxes are highly susceptible to the effects of the neurotoxins. C) The flying foxes assist the beetles as important pollinating agents of the cycads. D) Flying foxes can be dispersal agents of cycad seeds if the seeds sometimes get swallowed whole (i.e., without getting chewed).

D Topic: Concept 30.2

: Application/Analysis Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 625 40) Native peoples of Guam, such as the Chamorro people, are familiar with the toxicity of cycad tissues, and avoid eating them. They do, however, feast on flying foxes. The Chamorros suffer relatively high incidences of a neurodegenerative disease similar to Lou Gehrigʹs disease (ALS). Which question follows most logically from these observations? A) Do the fruits of cycads also contain the neurotoxins? B) Do pollen-producing cones produce as much neurotoxin as seed-producing cones? C) Is the neurodegenerative disease of the Chamorros transmitted by the bite of the flying fox, similar to the way vampire bats can transmit rabies? D) Do flying foxes concentrate the cycad neurotoxins in their tissues? E) Can it be documented whether Lou Gehrig ever traveled to Guam and, if so, did he eat cycad seeds?

D Topic: Concept 30.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) The main way that pine trees disperse their offspring is by using A) fruits that are eaten by animals. B) spores. C) squirrels to bury cones. D) windblown seeds. E) flagellated sperm swimming through water.

D Topic: Concept 30.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 621 27) Which of these statements is true of the pine life cycle? A) Cones are homologous to the capsules of moss plants. B) The pine tree is a gametophyte. C) Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. D) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. E) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.

D Topic: Concept 30.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and generation (A—D) that most directly produces them. 45) scale of ovulate (ovule-bearing) pinecone A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte

D Topic: Concept 30.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions refer to the description below. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. 35) Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? 1. They have exposed ovules. 2. They have flagellated sperm. 3. They are pollinated by animals. A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) 2 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3

D Topic: Concept 30.2

: Synthesis/Evaluation 29) Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms? A) non-fertile flower parts. B) triploid endosperm. C) fruits. D) pollen. E) carpels.

D Topic: Concept 30.2

: Application/Analysis 59) What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animalʹs mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pHʹs. 4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animalsʹ digestive enzymes. A) 4 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 3 and 5 E) 3, 4, and 5

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 73) How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 78) Hypothetically, one of the major benefits of double fertilization in angiosperms is to A) decrease the potential for mutation by insulating the embryo with other cells. B) increase the number of fertilization events and offspring produced. C) promote diversity in flower shape and color. D) coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores. E) emphasize embryonic survival by increasing embryo size.

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 90) The fruit has a heavy weight and spheroidal shape. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 629 58) The dispersal and/or nurture of young after hatching from the egg A) endosperm B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei C) carpels D) fruit E) integuments

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 631 66) Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of A) two embryos from one egg and two sperm cells. B) one embryo from one egg fertilized by two sperm cells. C) two embryos from two sperm cells and two eggs. D) one embryo involving one sperm cell and of endosperm involving a second sperm cell. E) one embryo from two eggs fertilized by a single sperm cell.

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) fruit A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 64) Which is a true statement about angiosperm carpels? A) Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation. B) Carpels consist of anther and stamen. C) Carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes. D) Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte. E) Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia.

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 67) Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, etc.) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of these statements is/are true? 1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated. 2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods. 3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods. 4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. 5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized. A) 1 only B) 1 and 5 C) 2 and 4 D) 2 and 5 E) 3 and 5

D Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 80) Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit? A) stigma B) style C) ovule D) ovary E) micropyle

D Topic: Concept 30.3

1) Which of the following do all fungi have in common? A) meiosis in basidia B) coenocytic hyphae C) sexual life cycle D) absorption of nutrients E) symbioses with algae

D Topic: Concept 31.1

: Application/Analysis 5) Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? A) They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. B) Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. C) Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. E) They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding.

D Topic: Concept 31.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e., have an amine group attached) molecules of beta-glucose? A) insect exoskeleton B) plant cell walls C) fungal cell walls D) A and C only E) A, B and C

D Topic: Concept 31.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) Both groups are commonly coenocytic. B) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. C) Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. E) Both groups have cell walls.

D Topic: Concept 31.1

: Application/Analysis 22) Fungal cells can reproduce asexually by undergoing mitosis followed by cytokinesis. Many fungi can also prepare to reproduce sexually by undergoing A) cytokinesis followed by karyokinesis. B) binary fission followed by cytokinesis. C) plasmolysis followed by karyotyping. D) plasmogamy followed by karyogamy. E) sporogenesis followed by gametogenesis.

D Topic: Concept 31.2

: Application/Analysis 26) Which of the following is characterized by the lack of an observed sexual phase in its membersʹ life cycle? A) Glomeromycota B) Basidiomycota C) Chytridiomycota D) Deuteromycota E) Zygomycota

D Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 16) In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures. B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell. C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time. D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells. E) is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic.

D Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 648 Chapter 31, Fungi 29) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? A) presence of ʺcoal forestsʺ and change in mode of nutrition B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal

D Topic: Concept 31.3

: Application/Analysis 57) At which location should one find the lowest concentration of fungal enzymes, assuming that the enzymes do not diffuse far from their source, and that no other fungi are present in this habitat?

D Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 37) Members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae: A) Zygomycota B) Ascomycota C) Basidiomycota D) Glomeromycota E) Chytridiomycota

D Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 31, Fungi 651 43) Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike? A) conidia and basidiocarps B) sporangia and hyphae C) soredia and gills D) haustoria and arbuscules E) zoospores and mycelia

D Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 656 Chapter 31, Fungi 64) In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) fixed nitrogen C) antibiotics D) water and minerals E) protection from harmful UV

D Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 66) If all mycorrhizae were somehow disrupted, then which of the following would be true? A) There would be fewer infectious diseases. B) We wouldnʹt have any antibiotics. C) There would be no mushrooms for pizza. D) Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth. E) Cheeses like blue cheese or Roquefort would not exist.

D Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 70) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B) fungicide isnʹt also harmful to insect pests. C) lichens growing on the vinesʹ branches are not harmed. D) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. E) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue.

D Topic: Concept 31.5

: Application/Analysis The following questions refer to the table below, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the promoter). The data reported for Species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to another member of Species A. % Sequence Homology Species Intron I Exon I Intron VI Exon V A 100% 100% 100% 100% B 98% 99% 82% 96% C 98% 99% 89% 96% D 99% 99% 92% 97% E 98% 99% 80% 94% 64) Based on the tabular data, and assuming that time advances vertically, which cladogram (a type of phylogenetic tree) is the most likely depiction of the evolutionary relationships among these five species? A) B) C) Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 537 D)

D Topic: Concepts 26.2, 26.3

If the early history of life on Earth is accurately depicted by this phylogenetic tree, then which statement is least in agreement with the hypothesis proposed by this tree? A) The last universal common ancestor of all extant species is better described as a community of organisms, rather than an individual species. B) The origin of the three domains appears as a polytomy. C) Archaean genomes should contain genes that originated in bacteria, and vice versa. D) Eukaryotes are more closely related to archaeans than to bacteria.

D Topic: Concepts 26.2, 26.6

: Application/Analysis 42) A researcher wants to determine the genetic relatedness of several breeds of dog (Canis familiaris). The researcher should compare homologous sequences of __________ that are known to be __________. A) carbohydrates; poorly conserved B) fatty acids; highly conserved C) lipids; poorly conserved D) proteins or nucleic acids; poorly conserved E) amino acids; highly conserved

D Topic: Concepts 26.4

: Application/Analysis 62) Which term accurately describes the behavior of Paramecium species that lack zoochlorellae in an aquarium with light coming from one side only? A) positive chemotaxis B) negative chemotaxis C) positive phototaxis D) negative phototaxis

D Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Application/Analysis Chapter 28, Protists 587 65) The motility that permits P. bursaria to move toward a light source is provided by A) pseudopods. B) a single flagellum composed of the protein, flagellin. C) a single flagellum featuring the 9+2 pattern. D) many cilia. E) contractile vacuoles.

D Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 28, Protists 573 12) Which statement regarding resistance is false? A) Many of the oomycetes that cause potato late blight have become resistant to pesticides. B) Many of the mosquitoes that transmit malaria to humans have become resistant to pesticides. C) Many of the malarial parasites have become resistant to antimalarial drugs. D) Many humans have become resistant to antimalarial drugs. E) Trichomonas vaginalis is resistant to the normal acidity of the human vagina.

D Topic: Concepts 28.2, 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer? A) oomycete B) kinetoplastid C) apicomplexan D) diatom E) radiolarian

D Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 582 Chapter 28, Protists 48) You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (e.g., 250 m deep), and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of these structures would you provide your protist? 1. hydrogenosome 2. apicoplast 3. pseudopods 4. chloroplast from red alga 5. chloroplast from green alga A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 4 and 5

D Topic: Concepts 28.2-28.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 611 64) If intelligent extraterrestrials visited Earth 475 million years ago, and then again 300 million years ago (at the close of the Carboniferous period), what trends would they have noticed in Earthʹs terrestrial vegetation over this period? 1. a trend from dominant gametophytes to dominant sprophytes 2. a trend from sporangia borne on modified leaves (sporophylls) to sporangia borne on stalks (seta) 3. a trend from no true leaves, to microphylls, to megaphylls 4. a trend from soil-surface-hugging plants to ʺovertoppingʺ plants 5. a trend toward increased lignification of conducting systems A) 1 and 3 B) 3, 4, and 5 C) 1, 2, 4, and 5 D) 1, 3, 4, and 5 E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

D Topic: Concepts 29.1-29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) integument of pine seed A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte

D Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 51) megasporangium of pine ovules A) male gametophyte B) female gametophyte C) male sporophyte D) female sporophyte

D Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 623 33) Which of these statements is false? A) A female pinecone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. B) A male pinecone is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. C) A flower is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages. D) A mature fruit is a short stem with spore-bearing appendages.

D Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

2) Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? A) chlorophyll b B) cellulose in cell walls C) formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis D) sexual reproduction E) alternation of multicellular generations

E

4) The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms. B) avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes. C) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. D) the increased probability of contact between different mating types. E) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

E

4) Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? A) A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population. B) The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs. C) The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. D) Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations. E) Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.

E

5) Which protists are in the same eukaryotic ʺsupergroupʺ as land plants? A) green algae B) dinoflagellates C) red algae D) brown algae E) A and C are both correct

E

: Knowledge/Comprehension 1) Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from A) transduction. B) transformation. C) conjugation. D) mutation. E) meiosis.

E

: Application/Analysis 13) Males of one species are too small to perform amplexus (an action that stimulates ovulation) with females of all other species. A) behavioral B) gametic C) habitat D) temporal E) mechanical

E Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 19) Which example below will most likely guarantee that two closely related species will persist only as distinct biological species? A) colonization of new habitats B) convergent evolution C) hybridization D) geographic isolation from one another E) reproductive isolation from one another

E Topic: Concept 24.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 48) Which of the following statements about speciation is correct? A) The goal of natural selection is speciation. B) When reunited, two allopatric populations will not interbreed. C) Natural selection chooses the reproductive barriers for populations. D) Prezygotic reproductive barriers usually evolve before postzygotic barriers. E) Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution.

E Topic: Concept 24.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 24, The Origin of Species 485 47) Speciation A) occurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new species. B) occurs only by the accumulation of genetic change over vast expanses of time. C) must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population. D) proceeds at a uniform tempo across all taxa. E) can involve changes involving a single gene.

E Topic: Concept 24.4

: Synthesis/Evaluation 50) In order for speciation to occur, what is true? A) The number of chromosomes in the genome must change. B) Changes to centromere location or chromosome size must occur within the genome. C) Large numbers of genes that affect a single phenotypic trait must change. D) Large numbers of genes that affect numerous phenotypic traits must change. E) At least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change.

E Topic: Concept 24.4

: Application/Analysis 520 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 8) If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology? A) A and B B) A and C C) B and D D) C and F E) D and F

E Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 519 4) Which of these illustrates the correct representation of the binomial scientific name for the African lion? A) Panthera leo B) panthera leo C) Panthera leo D) Panthera Leo E) Panthera leo

E Topic: Concept 26.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 10) Dozens of potato varieties exist, differing from each other in potato-tuber size, skin color, flesh color, and shape. One might construct a classification of potatoes based on these morphological traits. Which of these criticisms of such a classification scheme is most likely to come from an adherent of the phylocode method of classification? A) Flesh color, rather than skin color, is a valid trait to use for classification because it is less susceptible to change with the age of the tuber. B) Flower color is a better classification criterion, because below-ground tubers can be influenced by minerals in the soil as much as by their genes. C) A more useful classification would codify potatoes based on the texture and flavor of their flesh, because this is what humans are concerned with. D) The most accurate phylogenetic code is that of Linnaeus. Classify potatoes based on Linnaean principles; not according to their color. E) The only biologically valid classification of potato varieties is one that accurately reflects their genetic and evolutionary relatedness.

E Topic: Concept 26.1

: Synthesis/Evaluation 17) The importance of computers and of computer software to modern cladistics is most closely linked to advances in A) light microscopy. B) radiometric dating. C) fossil discovery techniques. D) Linnaean classification. E) molecular genetics.

E Topic: Concept 26.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 528 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 38) Cladograms (a type of phylogenetic tree) constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in A) morphology. B) the pattern of embryological development. C) biochemical pathways. D) habitat and lifestyle choices. E) mutations to homologous genes.

E Topic: Concept 26.3

: Application/Analysis 534 Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 55) What is true of gene duplication (NOTE: gene duplication is a process that is distinct from DNA replication)? A) It is a type of point mutation. B) Its occurrence is limited to diploid species. C) Its occurrence is limited to organisms without functional DNA-repair enzymes. D) It is most similar in its effects to a deletion mutation. E) It can increase the size of a genome over evolutionary time.

E Topic: Concept 26.4

: Application/Analysis Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 531 47) Which of these items does not necessarily exist in a simple linear relationship with the number of gene-duplication events when placed as the label on the vertical axis of the graph below? A) number of genes B) number of DNA base pairs C) genome size D) mass (in picograms) of DNA E) phenotypic complexity

E Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 45) Species that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their A) plasmids. B) chloroplast genomes. C) mitochondrial genomes. D) homologous genes that are poorly conserved. E) homologous genes that are highly conserved.

E Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 53) If the genes of yeast are 50% orthologous to those of humans, and if the genes of mice are 99% orthologous to those of humans, then what percentage of the genes of fish might one validly predict to be orthologous to the genes of humans? A) 10% B) 30% C) 40% D) 50% E) 80%

E Topic: Concept 26.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 26, Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 535 59) Neutral theory proposes that A) molecular clocks are more reliable when the surrounding pH is close to 7.0. B) most mutations of highly conserved DNA sequences should have no functional effect. C) DNA is less susceptible to mutation when it codes for amino acid sequences whose side groups (or R groups) have a neutral pH. D) DNA is less susceptible to mutation when it codes for amino acid sequences whose side groups (or R groups) have a neutral electrical charge. E) a significant proportion of mutations is not acted upon by natural selection.

E Topic: Concept 26.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 73) Which is an obsolete kingdom that includes prokaryotic organisms? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

E Topic: Concept 26.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 75) Which kingdom has been replaced with two domains? A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Animalia D) Protista E) Monera

E Topic: Concept 26.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Not present in all bacteria, this cell covering enables cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host organisms: A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

E Topic: Concept 27.1

: Synthesis/Evaluation 34) Which term is least closely associated with the others? A) Hfr cells making use of a sex pilus B) rolling circle replication C) the ʺtoilet paperʺ model of replication D) conjugation involving an F factor E) recombination involving a bacteriophage

E Topic: Concept 27.2

: Application/Analysis 52) Given that the enzymes that catalyze nitrogen fixation are inhibited by oxygen, what are two ʺstrategiesʺ that nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes might use to protect these enzymes from oxygen? 1. couple them with photosystem II (the photosystem that splits water molecules) 2. package them in membranes that are impermeable to all gases 3. be obligate anaerobes 4. be strict aerobes 5. package these enzymes in specialized cells or compartments that inhibit oxygen entry A) 1 and 4 B) 2 and 4 C) 2 and 5 D) 3 and 4 E) 3 and 5

E Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 44) Which of the following are responsible for many human diseases? A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

E Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 51) Only certain prokaryotes can perform nitrogen fixation, but nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes are not known to live inside animals. Thus, how do animals gain access to fixed nitrogen? A) They may breathe it in from air that has experienced lightning discharges. B) They may ingest nitrogen fixers. C) They may ingest plants that harbor nitrogen fixers, or plants that absorbed fixed nitrogen from the soil. D) They may ingest other animals that had done either (B) or (C) above. E) Answers (B), (C), and (D) above are all possible.

E Topic: Concept 27.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 22) If one were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then one would A) increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans. B) increase the dosage of the most common pesticide used to kill Anopheles mosquitoes. C) introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans. D) use a ʺcocktailʺ of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes. E) insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.

E Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 25) The following are all characteristic of the water molds (oomycetes) except A) the presence of filamentous feeding structures. B) flagellated zoospores. C) a nutritional mode that can result in the decomposition of dead organic matter. D) a morphological similarity to fungi that is the result of evolutionary convergence. E) a feeding plasmodium.

E Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 560 Chapter 27, Bacteria and Archaea 53) Nitrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes nitrogen fixation, is inhibited whenever free O2 reaches a critical concentration. Consequently, nitrogen fixation cannot occur in cells wherein photosynthesis produces free O2. Consider the colonial aquatic cyanobacterium, Anabaena, whose heterocytes are described as having ʺ...a thickened cell wall that restricts entry of O2 produced by neighboring cells. Intracellular connections allow heterocytes to transport fixed nitrogen to neighboring cells in exchange for carbohydrates.ʺ Which two questions below arise from a careful reading of this quotation, and are most important for understanding how N2 enters heterocytes, and how O2 is kept out of heterocytes? 1. If carbohydrates can enter the heterocytes from neighboring cells via the ʺintracellular connections,ʺ how is it that O2 doesnʹt also enter via this route? 2. If the cell walls of Anabaenaʹs photosynthetic cells are permeable to O2 and CO2, are they also permeable to N2? 3. If the nuclei of the photosynthetic cells contain the genes that code for nitrogen fixation, how can these cells fail to perform nitrogen fixation? 4. If the nuclei of the heterocytes contain the genes that code for photosynthesis, how can these cells fail to perform photosynthesis? 5. If the cell walls of Anabaenaʹs heterocytes are permeable to N2, how is it that N2 doesnʹt diffuse out of the heterocytes before it can be fixed? 6. If the thick cell walls of the heterocytes exclude entry of oxygen gas, how is it that they donʹt also exclude the entry of nitrogen gas? A) 3 and 4 B) 2 and 5 C) 1 and 3 D) 4 and 6 E) 1 and 6

E Topic: Concept 27.3

: Application/Analysis 63) A fish that had been salt-cured subsequently develops a reddish color. You suspect that the fish has been contaminated by the extreme halophile, Halobacterium. Which of these features of cells removed from the surface of the fish, if confirmed, would support your suspicion? 1. the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria 2. cell walls that lack peptidoglycan 3. cells that are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish 4. its cells contain bacteriorhodopsin 5. the presence of very large numbers of ion pumps in its plasma membrane A) 2 and 5 B) 3 and 4 C) 1, 4, and 5 D) 3, 4, and 5 E) 2, 3, 4, and 5

E Topic: Concept 27.4

: Application/Analysis 68) How can prokaryotes be considered to be more successful on Earth than humans? A) Prokaryotes are much more numerous and have more biomass. B) Prokaryotes occupy more diverse habitats. C) Prokaryotes are more diverse in metabolism. D) Only B and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.

E Topic: Concept 27.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 71) Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become A) unable to fix carbon dioxide. B) antibiotic resistant. C) unable to fix nitrogen. D) unable to synthesize peptidoglycan. E) deficient in certain vitamins.

E Topic: Concept 27.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is paraphyletic. Which of these statements is both true and consistent with this conclusion? A) Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans. B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestors. C) The eukaryotic condition has evolved only once among the protists, and all eukaryotes are descendants of that first eukaryotic cell. D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes. E) Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms.

E Topic: Concept 28.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 7) Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes? A) autotrophic euglenids B) diatoms C) dinoflagellates D) red algae E) cyanobacteria

E Topic: Concept 28.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 15) Which of these statements about dinoflagellates is false? A) They possess two flagella. B) Some cause red tides. C) Their walls are composed of cellulose plates. D) Many types contain chlorophyll. E) Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor, and are mined to serve as a filtering material.

E Topic: Concept 28.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 33) Typically as cells grow, their increase in volume outpaces their increase in surface area, and continued survival requires undergoing asexual reproduction to reestablish a healthy surface area to volume ratio. Thus, which of these is least likely to contribute to the ability of a single-celled foraminiferan to grow to a diameter of several centimeters? A) Its threadlike pseudopods dramatically increase its surface area to volume ratio. B) Its symbiotic algae provide oxygen to the cytoplasm. C) Its symbiotic algae absorb metabolic waste products from the cytoplasm. D) Its symbiotic algae provide glucose to the cytoplasm. E) Its calcium carbonate test contributes extra mass.

E Topic: Concept 28.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 580 Chapter 28, Protists 40) Which taxon of eukaryotic organisms is thought to be directly ancestral to the plant kingdom? A) golden algae B) radiolarians C) foraminiferans D) apicomplexans E) green algae

E Topic: Concept 28.5

: Application/Analysis 59) Which of these are actual mutualistic partnerships that involve a protist and a host organism? A) cellulose-digesting gut protists : wood-eating termites B) dinoflagellates : reef-building coral animals C) Trichomonas : humans D) algae : certain foraminiferans E) all except C

E Topic: Concept 28.7

: Knowledge/Comprehension 8) On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant? A) alternation of generations B) sporopollenin C) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes D) flagellated sperm E) embryos

E Topic: Concept 29.1

: Application/Analysis Chapter 29, Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 605 40) The 2-m height attainable by Polytrichum moss is at the upper end of the size range reached by mosses. What accounts for the relative tallness of Polytrichum? A) the cuticle that is found along the ridges of ʺleavesʺ B) ʺleavesʺ that are more than one-cell-layer thick C) high humidity of surrounding air provides support against gravity D) reduced size, mass, and persistence of the sporophytes allows gametophores to grow taller E) the presence of conducting tissues in ʺstemʺ

E Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 29) The following are all true about the life cycle of mosses except A) external water is required for fertilization. B) flagellated sperm are produced. C) antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) the gametophyte generation is dominant. E) the growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.

E Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 32) A fungal infection damages all peristomes, preventing them from performing their function. Which process will be directly hindered as a result? A) growth of the sporophyte B) ability of sperm to locate eggs C) growth of the protonema D) lengthening of rhizoids E) broadcast of spores

E Topic: Concept 29.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 41) The gray-black, filamentous, haploid mycelium growing on bread is most likely what kind of organism? A) chytrid B) ascomycete C) basidiomycete D) deuteromycete E) zygomycete

E Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis 59) Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophylls 3. sporophytes 4. sporangia A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 2, 3, 4, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 2, 4, 1

E Topic: Concept 29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension The following questions are based on this description: A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. 54) This student has probably found a(n) A) immature pine tree. B) bryophyte sporophyte. C) fern sporophyte. D) horsetail gametophyte. E) lycophyte sporophyte.

E Topic: Concept 29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 20) In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a A) moss sporophyte. B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia. C) fern sporophyte. D) hermaphroditic fern gametophyte. E) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia.

E Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension 6) The seed coatʹs most important function is to provide A) a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium. B) the means for dispersal. C) dormancy. D) a nutrient supply for the embryo. E) desiccation resistance.

E Topic: Concept 30.1

: Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 619 18) Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated: 1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence A) 1 2 3 B) 2 3 1 C) 2 1 3 D) 3 2 1 E) 3 1 2

E Topic: Concept 30.1

: Application/Analysis 56) The shell of an animal egg A) endosperm B) pollen tube and sperm nuclei C) carpels D) fruit E) integuments

E Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis 84) Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that A) prevent desiccation. B) favor pollination. C) foster seed dispersal. D) decrease competition. E) inhibit herbivory.

E Topic: Concept 30.3

: Application/Analysis Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 637 91) The fruit has light, fibrous plumes. A) animal skin, fur, or feathers B) animal digestive tract C) water currents D) gravity and terrain E) air currents

E Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 63) Carpels and stamens are A) sporophyte plants in their own right. B) gametophyte plants in their own right. C) gametes. D) spores. E) modified sporophylls.

E Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 632 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 70) Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. 1. ovary 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel 5. embryo sac A) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3 B) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 C) 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 E) 4, 1, 2, 5, 3

E Topic: Concept 30.3

: Synthesis/Evaluation 71) Which structure(s) must pass through the micropyle for successful fertilization to occur in angiosperms? A) one sperm nucleus B) two sperm nuclei C) the pollen tube D) A and C E) B and C

E Topic: Concept 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 93) What is the greatest threat to plant diversity? A) insects B) grazing and browsing by animals C) pathogenic fungi D) competition with other plants E) human population growth

E Topic: Concept 30.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are A) composed of hyphae. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) usually underground. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

E Topic: Concept 31.1

: Application/Analysis Chapter 31, Fungi 647 25) A chemical secreted by a female Bombyx moth helps the male of the species locate her, at which time sexual reproduction may occur. This chemical is most similar in function to which chemicals used by sexually reproducing fungi? A) chitin B) enzymes C) lysergic acids D) aflatoxins E) pheromones

E Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 18) Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cellʹs chromosome number than does meiosis I? A) mitosis B) plasmogamy C) crossing-over D) binary fission E) karyogamy

E Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 24) For mycelia described as heterokaryons or as being dikaryotic, which process has already occurred, and which process has not yet occurred? A) germination, plasmogamy B) karyogamy, germination C) meiosis, mitosis D) germination, mitosis E) plasmogamy, genetic recombination

E Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 646 Chapter 31, Fungi 21) Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng) as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis? A) double fertilization B) crossing-over C) nondisjunction D) autopolyploidy E) S phase

E Topic: Concept 31.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 30) Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi? A) presence of flagella B) zoospores C) autotrophic mode of nutrition D) cell walls of cellulose E) nucleotide sequences of several genes

E Topic: Concept 31.3

: Application/Analysis 39) Zygosporangia are to zygomycetes as basidia are to A) basal fungi. B) chytrids. C) sac fungi. D) basidiospores. E) club fungi.

E Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis 53) In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores? A) asci B) zygosporangia C) rhizoids D) gametangia E) conidiophores

E Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis Chapter 31, Fungi 649 33) This phylum contains organisms that most closely resemble the common ancestor of fungi and animals: A) Zygomycota B) Ascomycota C) Basidiomycota D) Glomeromycota E) Chytridiomycota

E Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 49) Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. basidiocarp 2. basidium 3. basidiospore 4. mycelium 5. gill A) 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 B) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 C) 5, 1, 4, 3, 2 D) 5, 1, 3, 2, 4 E) 4, 1, 5, 2, 3

E Topic: Concept 31.4

: Knowledge/Comprehension 52) A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of these accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? A) karyogamy B) mycelial flagella C) alternation of generations D) breezes distributing spores E) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae

E Topic: Concept 31.4

: Application/Analysis 61) Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as A) antibodies. B) aflatoxins. C) hallucinogens. D) antigens. E) antibiotics.

E Topic: Concept 31.5

: Application/Analysis 73) Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? A) They are currently classified among the deuteromycetes. B) They do not form heterokaryons. C) Their spores are produced by mitosis. D) Only A and B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.

E Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 62) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and A) mosses. B) cyanobacteria. C) green algae. D) either A or B E) either B or C

E Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 63) Lichens sometimes reproduce asexually using A) coenocytic fungal hyphae located within photosynthetic cells. B) the fruiting bodies of fungi. C) flagellated, conjoined spores of both the fungus and alga. D) specialized conidiophores. E) small clusters of fungal hyphae surrounding photosynthetic cells.

E Topic: Concept 31.5

: Knowledge/Comprehension 21) In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In rangelands of the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another. If some of these fleas develop a strong preference, instead, for cattle blood and mate only with fleas that, likewise, prefer cattle blood, then over time which of these should occur, if the host mammal can be considered as the fleasʹ habitat? 1. reproductive isolation 2. sympatric speciation 3. habitat isolation 4. prezygotic barriers A) 1 only B) 2 and 3 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 2, 3, and 4 E) 1 through 4

E Topic: Concepts 24.1, 24.2

: Knowledge/Comprehension 56) Paralogous genes that have lost the function of coding for a functional gene product are known as ʺpseudogenes.ʺ Which of these is a valid prediction regarding the fate of pseudogenes over evolutionary time? A) They will be preserved by natural selection. B) They will be highly conserved. C) They will ultimately regain their original function. D) They will be transformed into orthologous genes. E) They will have relatively high mutation rates.

E Topic: Concepts 26.4, 26.5

: Application/Analysis 64) If both host and alga can survive apart from each other, then which of these best accounts for their ability to live together? A) genome fusion B) horizontal gene transfer C) genetic recombination D) conjugation E) metabolic cooperation

E Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Knowledge/Comprehension 586 Chapter 28, Protists The following questions refer to the description below. Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae die, and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. 61) Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria? A) photoautotroph B) photoheterotroph C) chemoheterotroph D) chemoautotroph E) mixotroph

E Topic: Concepts 28.1-28.7

: Synthesis/Evaluation 50) Some protists, formerly united as the ʺamitochondriateʺ clade, have recently been shown to be rather diverse. Some of them possess neither mitochondria nor mitochondrial genes (and have been classified as fungi). Others possess no mitochondria, but do have mitochondrial genes in their nuclear genome. Still others have modified mitochondria (viz. mitosomes or hydrogenosomes). Which statement(s) represent(s) consequences of these recent findings? 1. The amitochondriates do not comprise a true clade. 2. The ʺamitochondriate hypothesisʺ concerning the root of the eukaryotic tree has been strengthened. 3. Just as there is a diversity of cyanobacterial descendants among eukaryotes, so too is there a diversity of alpha-proteobacterial descendants among the eukaryotes. 4. If the amitochondriate organisms continued to be recognized as a taxon, this taxon would be polyphyletic. 5. Horizontal gene transfer involving mitochondrial genes has occurred in some amitochondriate organisms. A) 1 only B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 3, and 5 E) all except 2

E Topic: Concepts 28.2, 28.6

: Knowledge/Comprehension 46) You are hiking in a forest and happen upon a plant featuring a central stemlike structure from which sprout many, tiny, leaflike structures. Which of these would be the most certain means of distinguishing whether it was a true moss, or a club moss? A) its color B) its height C) if seeds are present D) if conducting tissues are present E) the appearance of its spore-producing structures

E Topic: Concepts 29.2, 29.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 42) A botanist discovers a new species of land plant with a dominant sporophyte, chlorophylls a and b, and cell walls made of cellulose. In assigning this plant to a phylum, which of the following, if present, would be least useful? A) endosperm B) seeds C) sperm that lack flagella D) flowers E) spores

E Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3

: Knowledge/Comprehension 626 Chapter 30, Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 44) Reptilian embryos are protected from desiccation by a leathery shell. Similarly, which pair of structures protects seed plantsʹ embryos and male gametophytes, respectively, from desiccation? A) ovules : waxy cuticle B) ovaries : filaments C) fruits : stamens D) pollen grains : waxy cuticle E) integuments : sporopollenin

E Topic: Concepts 30.2, 30.3