Campbell Biology Chapter 29

Select the correct statement contrasting gametophytes and sporophytes. -Sporophytes are vascular, whereas gametophytes are nonvascular. -Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid. -Sporophytes are larger than gametophytes.

-Sporophytes are diploid, whereas gametophytes are haploid.

Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores) 2. the relative number of competitors 3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners 4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support

1,2, and 3

In which combination of locations would one who is searching for the gametophytes of "flower of stone" have the best chance of finding them? 1. moist soil 2. underground, nourished there by symbiotic fungi 3. south- or west-facing slopes 4. permanently shady places 5. far from any flower of stone sporophytes 1, 2, and 4 1 only 1 and 2 1, 2, and 5

1,2, and 4

Arrange the events in the life cycle of mosses in the flowchart below.

1-Mature sporophytes produce haploid spores, dispersed by the wind. 2-Separate spores develop into female and male gametophytes. 3-Haploid eggs from in archegonia, and haploid sperm form in antheridia. 4-Haploid gametes undergo fertilization, forming a diploid zygote. 5-The diploid zygote devlops into a sporophyte.

In the figure above, which number represents an embryo? 3 11 7 1

11

Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, "flower of stone" should be expected to possess which other characteristics? 1. a gametophyte generation that is dominant 2. lignified vascular tissues 3. microphylls 4. filamentous rhizoids, but not true roots 5. spores that are diploid when mature 2 and 3 1 and 2 1 and 5 3, 4, and 5

2 and 3

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. embryophytes 2. green plants 3. seedless vascular plants 4. ferns 5. tracheophytes 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 2, 1, 5, 3, 4

2, 1, 5, 3, 4

Which number represents a megaspore mother cell in the figure above? 3 7 1 5

3

In the figure above, meiosis is most likely to be represented by which number(s)? 4 10 and 12 2 2 and 8

4

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.

475

The following question refer to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure below. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents either meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure above, which number represents the mature gametophyte? 1 11 3 7

7

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike? A)In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia. B)The dominant generation in both groups is the sporophyte. C)Plants in both groups have vascular tissue. D)Plants in both groups have true roots, stems, and leaves.

A) In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? A)Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia. B)Embryophytes are small plants in an early developmental stage. C)Eggs and sperm of most land plants swim toward one another. D)Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction.

A) Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia.

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit? A) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air. B) Land animals of that period were small and could not pollinate tall plants. C)There was less competition for space so they simply spread out flat. D) They were tied to the water for reproduction and thus needed to remain in close contact with the moist soil.

A) The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.

Which of these facts provides the best support for the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algae? A) The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b. B) Plants and green algae are photosynthetic. C) Plants and green algae have chloroplasts.

A) The chloroplasts of plants and green algae all have both chlorophyll a and b.

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common? A) They require water for reproduction. B) They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae. C) They are all wind pollinated. D) They are heterosporous.

A) They require water for reproduction.

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? A) charophytes B) cyanobacteria C) red algae D) unicellular green algae

A) charophytes

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. A) green algae B) liverworts and mosses C) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) D) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines

A) green algae

Microphylls are found in which plant group? A) lycophytes B)liverworts C)ferns D)hornworts E)mosses

A) lycophytes

At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make _____. A)sporangia B)microphylls C)true roots D)true leaves

A) sporangia

Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because _____. A) spores are unicellular; seeds are not B) spores have an embryo; seeds do not C)spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not D)spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not

A) spores are unicellular; seeds are not

A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. Besides oil, what other chemical should be detected in substantial amounts upon chemical analysis of these small spheres? A)sporopollenins B)terpenes C)waxes D)phenolics

A) sporopollenins

Which of these are spore-producing structures? A)sporophyte (capsule) of a moss B)archegonium of a moss or fern C)gametophyte of a moss D)antheridium of a moss or fern

A)sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land? A)waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves B)remnants of chloroplasts from photosynthesizing cells C)loss of structures that produce spores D)sporopollenin to inhibit evaporation from leaves

A)waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Embryophytes

Another name for land plants: multicellular dependent embryo of land plants

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____. A) evolved concurrently with pollen B) allows it to be nourished by the parent plant C) helps in dispersal of the zygote D) protects the zygote from herbivores

B) allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

In moss, _____ produce sperm. A) protonemata B) antheridia C) archegonia D) sporangia E) embryos

B) antheridia

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____. A) chrysophytes B)charophytes C) psilophytes D)rhodophytes E)bacillariophytes

B) charophytes

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to _____. A)gymnosperms B)ferns C)flowering plants D)mosses

B) ferns

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably _____. A) liverworts and mosses B) green algae C) kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines D) photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)

B) green algae

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _____. A) to escape abundant herbivores in the oceans B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil C)only about 150 million years ago D) in conjunction with insects that pollinated them

B) in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Which set contains the most closely related terms? A)megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule B)megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule C)microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary D)microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary

B) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule

Where do fern antheridia develop? A)on the tip of the gametophyte B)on the underside of the gametophyte C)on the underside of the sporophyte D)on the tip of the haploid protonema E)on the tip of the sporophyte

B) on the underside of the gametophyte

Stomata _____. A) occur in all land plants and are the same as pores B) open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange C) open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss D) occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group

B) open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange

Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because _____. A) spores have stored nutrition; seeds do not B) spores are unicellular; seeds are not C) spores have a protective outer covering; seeds do not D) spores have an embryo; seeds do not

B) spores are unicellular; seeds are not

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure? A)They use stomata for gas exchange regulation. B)They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere. C)Photosynthesis occurs throughout the entire gametophyte surface. D)They have branching veins in their leaves.

B)They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____. A)gametes B)a sporophyte C)spores D)a gametophyte E)a fruit

B)a sporophyte

Stomata _____. A)occur in all land plants and define them as a monophyletic group B)open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss C)occur in all land plants and are the same as pores D)open to increase both water absorption and gas exchange

B)open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.

Bryophytes

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest. 1. antheridia 2. gametes 3. gametophytes A) 2, 3, 1 B) 2, 1, 3 C) 3, 1, 2 D) 3, 2, 1

C) 3, 1, 2

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____. A) spores B) a fruit C) a sporophyte D) a gametophyte E) gametes

C) a sporophyte

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? A) vascular tissue B)roots and shoots C)chloroplasts D)embryo development within gametangia pollen

C) chloroplasts

If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they were not), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs? A)horsetails and bryophytes B)charophytes (stoneworts), bryophytes, and gymnosperms C)ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes D)lycophytes and bryophytes

C) ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. A) binary fission ... mitosis B) meiosis ... mitosis C) mitosis ... mitosis D) meiosis ... meiosis E) mitosis ... meiosis

C) mitosis ... mitosis

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____. A) produces eggs and sperm B) is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage C) produces spores D) is called the gametophyte E) develops from a spore

C) produces spores

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____. A)spore B)gametophyte C)sporophyte D)antheridium E)archegonium

C) sporophyte

In moss, _____ produce sperm. A)sporangia B)embryos C)antheridia D)protonemata E)archegonia

C)antheridia

Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss. What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts? A)lack of vascular tissues B)lack of true roots C)flagellated sperm D)lack of cuticle

C)flagellated sperm

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a _____. A)sporophyte of a liverwort B)gametophyte of a fern C)gametophyte of a moss D)zygote of a green alga

C)gametophyte of a moss

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____. A) does not contain vascular tissue B)contains chloroplasts C)is surrounded by a cuticle D) has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose

C)is surrounded by a cuticle

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. A)mitosis ... meiosis B)meiosis ... mitosis C)mitosis ... mitosis D)binary fission ... mitosis E)meiosis ... meiosis

C)mitosis ... mitosis

Which of these structures is diploid? D B A E C

D

How could you determine if a plant is heterosporous? A)It has multiple sporangia. B)Its diploid sporophyte produces spores via meiosis. C)It has vascular tissue. D)Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

D) Male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants.

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____. A) rhodophytes B) bacillariophytes C) psilophytes D) charophytes E) chrysophytes

D) charophytes

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall? A)sporophylls B)the waxy cuticle C)rhizoids D)lignified vascular tissue E)leaves

D) lignified vascular tissue

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium. A) animals B) the development of a flower C) light D) moisture E) wind

D) moisture

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human _____. A)breathing more slowly as atmospheric oxygen levels increase B)breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase C)increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase D)putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline

D) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land? A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes B) peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration C) apical meristems D) the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes E) alternation of generations

D) the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? A) Charophycea B)Pterophyta C) Bryophyta D)Plantae

D)Plantae

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common? A)They are all wind pollinated. B)They are heterosporous. C)They can reproduce asexually by producing gemmae. D)They require water for reproduction.

D)They require water for reproduction.

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium. A)animals B)the development of a flower C)light D)moisture E)wind

D)moisture

Which of these represents the sporophyte generation of the moss life cycle? E D A B C

E

Which term below is the proposed kingdom that would include embryophytes and charophytes? A) Viridiplantae B) Plantae C) Pteridophyta D) Bryophyta E) Streptophyta

E) Streptophyta

Seedless plants include _____. A) only lycophytes and pterophytes B) only nonvascular plants C) bryophytes and gymnosperms D) mosses and angiosperms E) bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

E) bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

Seedless plants include _____. A) mosses and angiosperms B) only nonvascular plants C) bryophytes and gymnosperms D) only lycophytes and pterophytes E)bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

E) bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. A)diploid gametophyte B)haploid gametophyte C)haploid sporophyte D)diploid sorus E)diploid sporophyte

E) diploid sporophyte

During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal. A)early angiosperms B)gymnosperms C)giant mosses D)gymnosperms and early angiosperms E)ferns and other seedless plants

E) ferns and other seedless plants

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) diploid spores B) diploid gametes C) haploid gametes D) haploid sporophytes E) haploid spores

E) haploid spores

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____. A) is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage B) is called the gametophyte C)develops from a spore D) produces eggs and sperm E) produces spores

E) produces spores

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land? A) alternation of generations B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes C) apical meristems D)peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration E) the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

E) the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants? A) similarities in cell wall formation during cell division B) genetic similarities in chloroplasts C) similar sperm structure D) similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose E) the presence of chloroplasts

E) the presence of chloroplasts

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. A)mitosis ... meiosis B)meiosis ... mitosis C)meiosis ... meiosis D)binary fission ... mitosis E)mitosis ... mitosis

E)mitosis ... mitosis

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.

Ferns

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?

Gymnosperms

Sporangia

Multicellular organs on the sporophyte

Gametangia

Multicellular organs where production of gametes occurs

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____.

Sporophyte

In seedless plants, a fertilized egg will develop into _____.

a sporophyte

In moss, _____ produce sperm

antheridia

The closest algal relatives of land plants are _____.

charophytes

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

chloroplasts

Cuticle

consists of wax, helps plant from drying out

Sporocytes

diploid cells, or spore mother cells that undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores

Alteration of generations

each generation gives rise to the other

During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of _____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.

ferns and other seedless plants

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.

gymnosperms

Most bryophytes, such as mosses, differ from all other plants in that they _____.

lack true leaves and roots

Sporopollenin

layer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

What evolutionary development allowed plants to grow tall?

lignified vascular tissue

Apical meristems

located at the tips of roots and shoots, helps plant grow

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

mitosis..... mitosis

Sporophyte

mitotic division of the zygote that produces a multi cellular diploid

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

moisture

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.

produces spores

Gametophyte

production of haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) that fuse during fertilization

Spores

reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism

Stomata

specialized pores which support photosynthesis by allowing CO2 and 02 to enter and exit

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land?

the development of sporopollenin to prevent desiccation of zygotes

Archegonia

the female gametangia

Antheridia

the male gametangia