Campbell Biology: Chapters 8-10 and 40 Test Preparation
29 29) Muscles are joined to bones by A) ligaments. B) tendons. C) loose connective tissue. D) Haversian systems. E) spindle fibers.
Answer: B
The process of cellular respiration, which converts simple sugars such as glucose into CO2 and water is an example of ______. A. A pathway in which the entropy of the system decreases B. A catabolic pathway C. A pathway that occurs in animal cells but not plant cells D. A pathway that converts organic matter into energy E. An endergonic pathway
1 A catabolic pathway
1) When the temperature of the outside air exceeds their internal body temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid lands will A) dilate the blood vessels in their large ears to transfer more body heat to the environment. B) constrict the blood vessels in their large ears to reduce transfer of external heat to the blood in their ears. C) increase motor movements to find a sunny area to maximize heat transfer into their bodies. D) increase pigmentation in their ears, darkening them to maximize their capacity to take up heat. E) begin involuntary shivering of their skeletal muscles in order to generate more metabolic heat.
1 Answer: B
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways C) fermentation pathways D) thermodynamic pathways E) bioenergetic pathways
1 Answer: B
If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO₂ synthesized with heavy oxygen (¹⁸O), later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the ¹⁸O label. That one is A) 3-phosphoglycerate. B) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). C) glucose. D) ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). E) O₂.
1 Answer: E
10 10) To increase the effectiveness of exchange surfaces lining the lungs and the intestines, evolutionary pressures have A) increased the exchange surface area with folds and branches. B) increased the thickness of the membranes in these linings. C) increased the number of cell layers in these linings. D) decreased the metabolic rate of the cells in these linings. E) increased the volume of the cells in these linings.
10 Answer: A
10 The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by A) substrate-level phosphorylation. B) electron transport. C) photophosphorylation. D) chemiosmosis. E) oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.
10 Answer: A
10 In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules? A) split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll B) harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll C) synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH E) concentrate photons within the stroma
10 Answer: B
10 Why is ATP in important molecule in metabolism? a. It's terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy b. It's terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two phosphate bonds c. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions d. It's hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions
10 It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endogonic reactions
11 11) The specialized function shared by the cells that line the lungs and those that line the lumen of the gut is that both types of cells A) receive their oxygen directly from inhaled air and ingested foods. B) provide abundant exchange surface. C) have exceptionally high numbers of cellular organelles in the cytoplasm. D) offer greater protection due to increased membrane thickness. E) have a lowered basal metabolic rate due to cooperative exchange between cells.
11 Answer: B
11 The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? A) glycolysis B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain C) the citric acid cycle D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA E) the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
11 Answer: B
11 Which of the events listed below occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) NADP is produced. B) NADPH is reduced to NADP⁺. C) Carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA. D) ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP. E) Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
11 Answer: E
11 Catabolic pathways _______. a. Are endergonic b. Are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis C. Supply energy, primarily in the form of ATP, for the cells work d. Combine molecules into more energy rich molecules
11 Supply energy, primarily in the form of ATP, for the cells work.
12 Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O₂) is present or absent? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) the citric acid cycle D) oxidative phosphorylation E) chemiosmosis
12 Answer: B
12 12) Interstitial fluid is A) the fluid inside the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra. B) the internal environment inside animal cells. C) identical to the composition of blood. D) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells. E) found only in the lumen of the small intestine.
12 Answer: D
12 Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II? A) Light energy excites electrons in the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain. B) Photons are passed along to a reaction-center chlorophyll. C) The P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of protons to NADP⁺, which is thus converted to NADPH. D) The electron vacancies in P680⁺ are filled by electrons derived from water. E) The splitting of water yields molecular carbon dioxide as a by-product.
12 Answer: D
12 Enzymes are described as catalyst, which means that they ______. a. Increase the free energy of the reactance to make the reaction go faster b. Can alter the free energy change for a chemical reaction c. Provide activation energy for the reactions they facilitate d. Are proteins e. Increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
12 Increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
13 13) Multicellular organisms must keep their cells awash in an "internal pond" because A) their membranes will crystallize if not in contact with interstitial fluid. B) an aqueous medium is needed for the cellular exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. C) this prevents the loss of water due to osmosis. D) their cells need to be protected from dissolved nitrogen gas in the blood. E) terrestrial organisms have not adapted to life in dry environments.
13 Answer: B
13 An electron loses potential energy when it A) shifts to a less electronegative atom. B) shifts to a more electronegative atom. C) increases its kinetic energy. D) increases its activity as an oxidizing agent. E) moves further away from the nucleus of the atom.
13 Answer: B
13 Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I? A) harvesting of light energy by ATP B) receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain C) generation of molecular oxygen D) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water E) passing electrons to the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain
13 Answer: B
13 Which of the following would be unlikely to contribute to the substrate specificity of an enzyme? a. A hydrophobic group on the substrate interacts with several hydrophobic amino acids on the enzyme b. The enzyme has an allosteric regulatory site c. A similar shape exist between a pocket on the surface of the enzyme in the functional group of the substrate
13 The enzyme has a allosteric regulatory state
14 14) Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up A) organs. B) membranes. C) organ systems. D) organelles. E) organisms.
14 Answer: A
14 Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be A) to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts. B) to test for liberation of O₂ in the light. C) to test for CO₂ fixation in the dark. D) to do experiments to generate an action spectrum. E) to test for production of either sucrose or starch.
14 Answer: B
14 Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods? A) They have a lot of oxygen atoms. B) They have no nitrogen in their makeup. C) They can have very long carbon skeletons. D) They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. E) They are easily reduced.
14 Answer: D
14 Which of the following is NOT a way in which an enzyme can speed up the reaction that is catalyzes? a. Binding of the substrate to the active site can stretch bonds in the substrate that need to be broken B. The enzyme binds a cofactor that interacts with the substrate to facilitate the reaction c. The active site can provide heat from the environment that raises the energy content of the substrate
14 The active site can provide heat from the environment that raise the energy content of the substrate.
15 15) An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the A) lungs. B) skeletal muscles. C) liver. D) heart. E) brain.
15 Answer: A
15 What are the products of linear photophosphorylation? A) heat and fluorescence B) ATP and P700 C) ATP and NADPH D) ADP and NADP E) P700 and P680
15 Answer: C
15 Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? A) 0% B) 2% C) 10% D) 38% E) 100%
15 Answer: E
15 Which of the following is true when comparing and uncatalyzed reaction to the same reaction with a catalyst? a. Catalyzed reaction will be slower b. The catalase reaction will have the same ΔG c. The catalyzed reaction will consume all of the catalyst
15 The catalyzed reaction will have the same ΔG
16 16) Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is A) simple squamous epithelium. B) simple cuboidal epithelium. C) simple columnar epithelium. D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. E) stratified squamous epithelium.
16 Answer: A
16 As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from? A) photosystem II B) photosystem I C) cyclic electron flow D) linear electron flow E) chlorophyll
16 Answer: C
16 During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is A) transferred to ADP, forming ATP. B) transferred directly to ATP. C) retained in the two pyruvates. D) stored in the NADH produced. E) used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose 6-phosphate.
16 Answer: C
16 The binding of a compound to an enzyme is observed to slow down or stop the rate of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme? increasing the substrate concentration reduces the inhibitory effects of this compound? which of the following could account for this observation? A. The compound is a competitive inhibitor b. The compound reduces disulfide bonds, causing the enzyme molecules to partially unfold c. The compound is a negative allosteric regulator
16 The compound is a competitive inhibitor
17 In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? A) CO₂ and H₂O B) CO₂ and pyruvate C) NADH and pyruvate D) CO₂ and NADH E) H₂O, FADH₂, and citrate
17 Answer: C
17 Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes? A) the splitting of water B) the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll C) the flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I D) the synthesis of ATP E) the reduction of NADP⁺
17 Answer: D
17 17) The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because A) thick and thin filaments are present. B) they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood. C) the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different. D) they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients. E) the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.
17 Answer: E
17 Select the correct statement about chemical energy, a term used by biologists to referred to potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction. a. Light energy is converted to a chemical energy during photosynthesis b. When a glucose molecule is cannibal iced to CO2 and H2O, chemical energy is lost C. A photosynthetic cell within a plant leaf produces chemical energy, stored within glucose molecules
17 Light energy is converted to chemical energy during photosynthesis.
18 What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? A) establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane B) diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane C) reduction of water to produce ATP energy D) movement of water by osmosis into the thylakoid space from the stroma E) formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP
18 Answer: A
18 The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. B) Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. C) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. D) There is no CO₂ or water produced as products of glycolysis. E) Glycolysis consists of many enzymatic reactions, each of which extracts some energy from the glucose molecule.
18 Answer: C
18 18) Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with A) connective tissue. B) smooth muscle cells. C) neural tissue. D) epithelial tissue. E) adipose tissue.
18 Answer: D
18 Which statement about finding of enzymes and substrates is correct? a. Substrate molecules that into the active site of an enzyme like a key fits into a lock b. Substrate molecules binds to the active site of the enzyme only by weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds or hydrophobic attraction c. When substrate molecules bind to the active site of the enzyme, the enzyme undergoes a slight change in shape
18 When substrate molecules bind to an active site of the enzyme, the enzyme undergoes a slight change in shape.
19 Suppose the interior of the thylakoids of isolated chloroplasts were made acidic and then transferred in the dark to a pH 8 solution. What would be likely to happen? A) The isolated chloroplasts will make ATP. B) The Calvin cycle will be activated. C) Cyclic photophosphorylation will occur. D) The isolated chloroplasts will generate oxygen gas. E) The isolated chloroplasts will reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH.
19 Answer: A
19 Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are A) 2 NAD⁺, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP. B) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP. C) 2 FADH₂, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP. D) 6 CO₂, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate. E) 6 CO₂, 30 ATP, and 2 pyruvate.
19 Answer: B
19 19) An example of a connective tissue is the A) skin. B) nerves. C) blood. D) cuboidal epithelium. E) smooth muscles.
19 Answer: C
19 Which of the following involves a decrease in entropy? a. Condensation reactions b. Reactions a separate monomers c. Depolymerization reactions d. Hydrolysis reactions
19 Condensation reactions
2 The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction A) gains electrons and gains potential energy. B) loses electrons and loses potential energy. C) gains electrons and loses potential energy. D) loses electrons and gains potential energy. E) neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy.
2 Answer: B
2 2) If thermoregulation is considered to be a secondary function of the large ears of jackrabbits, then the primary function of the ears is A) to optimize nutrient intake through the thin, permeable surfaces on the ears. B) to alter the rate of gas exchange, based on the adjustable radius of the ears' blood vessels. C) to detect predators by using the large size and flexible positioning of the external ears to channel sound waves into the ear canal. D) to protect offspring from bright sunlight by the positioning of the ears to cast the maximum shadows. E) to protect against pathogens by having a thick, waxy surface on the ears.
2 Answer: C
2 Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? A) CO₂ and glucose B) H₂O and O₂ C) ADP, Pi, and NADP⁺ D) electrons and H⁺ E) ATP and NADPH
2 Answer: E
2 Energy is observed in two basic forms; potential and kinetic. Which of the following correctly matches the forms with a source of energy. A. The motion of individual molecules: potential energy B. The energy related to the height of the bird above the ground: Kinetic Energy C. The covalent bonds of a sugar molecule: potential energy D. The heat released from living organism: potential energy E. The energy associated with a gradient of ions across a membrane: Kinetic Energy
2 The covalent bonds of a sugar molecule: potential energy.
20 Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the figure. A. Pi acts as a shuttle molecule to move energy from ATP to ADP b. ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work c. Energy from ccatabolism be used directly for performing cellular work d. ATP + pi are a set of molecules that store energy for catabolism
20 ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work
20 20) Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of A) several layers of boxlike cells. B) a hierarchical arrangement of flat cells. C) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane. D) an irregularly arranged layer of pillarlike cells. E) a layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting cells.
20 Answer: A
20 In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate A) two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. B) two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. C) four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. D) two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. E) six molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced.
20 Answer: B
20 In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? A) thylakoid membrane only B) plasma membrane only C) inner mitochondrial membrane only D) thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane E) thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane
20 Answer: D
21 21) Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by A) the respiratory system. B) the endocrine system. C) the immune and lymphatic systems. D) the integumentary system. E) the excretory system.
21 Answer: B
21 In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from A) the stroma to the photosystem II. B) the matrix to the stroma. C) the stroma to the thylakoid space. D) the intermembrane space to the matrix. E) the thylakoid space to the stroma.
21 Answer: C
21 A molecule that is phosphorylated A) has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. B) has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. C) has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate. D) has an increased chemical potential energy; it is primed to do cellular work. E) has less energy than before its phosphorylation and therefore less energy for cellular work.
21 Answer: D
21 How do cells use the ATP cycle shown in the figure? a. Cells use the cycle to recycle energy released by ATP hydrolysis b. Cells use the cycle to recycle ADP, phosphate, and the energy released by ATP hydrolysis c. Cells use this primarily to generate heat D. Cells use the cycle to recycle ADP and phosphate
21 Cells use the cycle to recycle ADP and phosphate
22 Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? A) Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse. B) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it. C) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals. D) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. E) Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic.
22 Answer: B
22 Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? A) an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell B) an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it C) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized D) an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD⁺ E) an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain
22 Answer: C
22 22) Connective tissues typically have A) many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells. B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation. D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. E) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses.
22 Answer: D
22 According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, ______. A. The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site. B. Active site creates of microenvironment idea for the reaction C. Some enzymes change their structure when the activators bind to the enzyme D. The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site
22 The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site
23 Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells? A) thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts B) stroma of chloroplasts C) outer membrane of mitochondria D) matrix of mitochondria E) cytoplasm
23 Answer: A
23 23) The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are A) elastin fibers. B) fibrin fibers. C) collagenous fibers. D) reticular fibers. E) spindle fibers.
23 Answer: C
23 Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase? A) It both splits molecules and assembles molecules. B) It attaches and detaches phosphate groups. C) It uses glucose and generates pyruvate. D) It shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion. E) It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP.
23 Answer: E
23 Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? a. Energy cannot be created or destroyed b. Energy cannot be transferred or transformed c. Entropy of the universe is constant Entropy of the universe is decreasing
23 Energy cannot be created or destroyed
24 The transport of pyruvate into mitochondria depends on the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion? A) active transport B) diffusion C) facilitated diffusion D) through a channel E) through a pore
24 Answer: A
24 24) If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains A) collagenous fibers. B) elastin fibers. C) reticular fibers. D) adipose tissue. E) loose connective tissue.
24 Answer: B
24 In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during A) photosynthesis only. B) respiration only. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. E) photorespiration only.
24 Answer: C
24 Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics? a. Every energy transformation Byselle decreases the entropy of the universe b. Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by gain of free energy c. Cells require constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization d. Without input of energy, organisms would tend towards decreasing entropy.
24 Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.
25 Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? a. Hydrolysis b. Digestion c. Anabolic reactions d. Catabolic reactions
25 Anabolic reactions
25 Reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during A) photosynthesis only. B) respiration only. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. E) photorespiration only.
25 Answer: B
25 Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO₂) from one molecule of pyruvate? A) lactate B) glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate C) oxaloacetate D) acetyl CoA E) citrate
25 Answer: D
25 25) The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the A) smooth muscles. B) adipose tissue. C) endocrine system. D) intercalated disks. E) glial cells.
25 Answer: E
26 Reduction of NADP⁺ occurs during A) photosynthesis. B) respiration. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. E) photorespiration.
26 Answer: A
26 26) Fibroblasts secrete A) fats. B) chondroitin sulfate. C) interstitial fluids. D) calcium phosphate for bone. E) proteins for connective fibers.
26 Answer: E
26 During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? A) cytosol B) mitochondrial outer membrane C) mitochondrial inner membrane D) mitochondrial intermembrane space E) mitochondrial matrix
26 Answer: E
26 Which of the following is true for all Exergonic reactions? a. The reaction goes only in forward direction, all reactants will be converted to products, but no products will be converted to reactants. B. The reaction proceeds with the net release of free energy c. The products have more total energy than the reactants d. The net input of energy from the surrounding is required for the reactions to proceed
26 The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy
27 How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? A) two B) four C) six D) eight E) ten
27 Answer: A
27 27) Breathing is accomplished via the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of A) smooth muscle. B) skeletal muscle. C) cardiac muscle. D) smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. E) smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.
27 Answer: B
27 The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during A) photosynthesis. B) respiration. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. E) photorespiration.
27 Answer: D
27 A chemical reaction that has positive G is described as _____. a. Spontaneous b. Exergonic c. Enthapic d. Endergonic
27 Endergonic
28 28) Blood is best classified as connective tissue because A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. B) it contains more than one type of cell. C) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. D) its cells can move from place to place. E) it is found within all the organs of the body.
28 Answer: A
28 Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? A) glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA B) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle C) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation D) oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation E) fermentation and glycolysis
28 Answer: B
28 Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during A) photosynthesis. B) respiration. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. E) photorespiration.
28 Answer: C
28 Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes the sentence: catabolism is to anabolism as _____ is to ______.
28 Exergonic; endergonic
29 A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition? A) His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. B) His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. C) His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. D) His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. E) His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.
29 Answer: A
29 What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon? A) They have a direct, linear relationship. B) They are inversely related. C) They are logarithmically related. D) They are separate phenomena. E) They are only related in certain parts of the spectrum.
29 Answer: B
29 Which of the following is true about enzymes? a. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by providing activation energy to the substrate b. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy barriers c. Enzymes function is independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as pH and temperature d. Enzyme function is increased if the 3-D structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered
29 Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction in the worrying activation energy barriers
3 When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? A) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. B) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed. C) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. D) The more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released. E) The more electronegative atom is reduced, and entropy decreases.
3 Answer: A
3 3) Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions? A) Animals that eat the most food become the most abundant. B) Animals that restrict their food intake will become less abundant. C) Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant. D) Animals with inventions that curtail reproduction will become more abundant. E) Animals with parents that continually improve their offspring's structures will become more abundant.
3 Answer: C
3 Photosynthesis is not responsible for A) oxygen in the atmosphere. B) the ozone layer. C) most of the organic carbon on Earth's surface. D) atmospheric CO₂. E) fossil fuels.
3 Answer: E
3 Which of the following is true of metabolism and it's entirety of all organisms? A. Metabolism consists of all energy transformation reactions in an organism b. Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources c. Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism d. Metabolism depends on a consistent supply of energy from food
3 Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in organism.
30 During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence? A) food → citric acid cycle → ATP → NAD⁺ B) food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen C) glucose → pyruvate → ATP → oxygen D) glucose → ATP → electron transport chain → NADH E) food → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → NADH → ATP
30 Answer: B
30 30) Most types of communication between cells utilize A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells. B) a direct electrical connection between the cells. C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message. D) the exchange of DNA between the cells. E) the movement of the cells.
30 Answer: C
30 P680⁺ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Why? A) It is the receptor for the most excited electron in either photosystem. B) It is the molecule that transfers electrons to plastoquinone (Pq) of the electron transfer system. C) It transfers its electrons to reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH. D) This molecule has a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygen, to obtain electrons from water. E) It has a positive charge.
30 Answer: D
30 The lock and key analogy for enzymes applies to the specificity of enzymes _______. a. Interacting with water b. Binding to their substrate c. As they form their tertiary and quaternary structure d. Interacting with ions
30 Biding to their substrate
4 Which of the following is an example of potential rather than Kinetic energy? a. A crawling beetle foraging for food b. Water rushing over Niagara Falls C. Light flashes emitted by a firefly d. A molecule of glucose
4 A molecule of glucose
4 Where does the Calvin cycle take place? A) stroma of the chloroplast B) thylakoid membrane C) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast D) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) E) outer membrane of the chloroplast
4 Answer: A
4 Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO₂ and water release free energy? A) The covalent bonds in organic molecules and molecular oxygen have more kinetic energy than the covalent bonds in water and carbon dioxide. B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO₂ than they do in organic compounds. E) The covalent bond in O₂ is unstable and easily broken by electrons from organic molecules.
4 Answer: B
4 4) Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because A) all share a common ancestor at some point in the past. B) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures. C) flying, pregnancy, and gill-breathing all require similar adaptations in form. D) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming. E) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water.
4 Answer: D
5 Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy A) C₆H₁₂O₆ is oxidized and O₂ is reduced. B) O₂ is oxidized and H₂O is reduced. C) CO₂ is reduced and O₂ is oxidized. D) C₆H₁₂O₆ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized. E) O₂ is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized.
5 Answer: A
5 5) Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include A) a gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape. B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body. C) a large body volume; a long, tubular body; and a set of wings. D) complex internal structures, a small body size, and a large surface area. E) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering.
5 Answer: B
5 In any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what group(s) is (are) always necessary? A) autotrophs and heterotrophs B) producers and primary consumers C) photosynthesizers D) autotrophs E) green plants
5 Answer: D
5 Most cells cannot harness heat perform work because ______. a. Heeat is not a form of energy b. Temperature is usually uniform throughout the cell c. Heat can never be used to do work d. He must maintain constant during work
5 Temperature is usually uniform throughout the cell
6 6) The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals, has evolved because A) natural selection typically has no limits when different organisms face the same challenge. B) respiration through gills is enhanced by having a fusiform shape. C) this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly. D) the fusiform shape is coded by the same genes in all three types of aquatic animals. E) all three types evolved from the same ancestral form, which flew in air rather than swam in water.
6 Answer: C
6 In autotrophic bacteria, where are the enzymes located that can carry on carbon fixation (reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate)? A) in chloroplast membranes B) in chloroplast stroma C) in the cytosol D) in the nucleoid E) in the infolded plasma membrane
6 Answer: C
6 When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes A) hydrolyzed. B) hydrogenated. C) oxidized. D) reduced. E) an oxidizing agent.
6 Answer: C
6 Which of the following statements about the combustion of glucose with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide is correct? a. The reverse reaction, making glucose from water and carbon dioxide, must be an Exergonic reaction b. The entropy of the products is greater than the entropy of the reactants c. The entropy of the universe decreases as a result of this reaction d. This is the process of cellular respiration, an anabiolic pathway that releases free energy e. The free energy lost in the combustion is less than the energy that appears as heat
6 The entropy of products is greater than the entropy of the reactants
7 Which of the following statements about equilibrium of chemical reaction is correct? a. The equilibrium point is where the system has the highest free energy b. Reactions can only go in the direction towards equilibrium c. Most reactions in a living cell are close to equilibrium d. Every action that is at equilibrium is not capable of doing any work e. Equilibrium point of the reaction represents at least stable configuration for that reaction
7 A reaction that is at equilibrium is not capable of doing any work.
7 When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of A) reducing NADP⁺. B) splitting water molecules. C) chemiosmosis. D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I. E) the electron transfer system of photosystem II.
7 Answer: B
7 When a molecule of NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes A) dehydrogenated. B) oxidized. C) reduced. D) redoxed. E) hydrolyzed.
7 Answer: C
7 7) The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because A) the environment imposes identical problems regardless of where the animals are found. B) the development of the specialized structures in an animal is influenced by the animal's ability to learn. C) the simplest animals are those with the most recent appearance among the biota. D) they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes. E) the most complex animals are the ones with the most ancient evolutionary origin.
7 Answer: D
8 Which of the following statements describes NAD⁺? A) NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. B) NAD⁺ has more chemical energy than NADH. C) NAD⁺ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases. D) NAD⁺ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. E) In the absence of NAD⁺, glycolysis can still function.
8 Answer: A
8 A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment? A) red and yellow B) blue and violet C) green and yellow D) blue, green, and red E) green, blue, and yellow
8 Answer: B
8 8) All animals, whether large or small, have A) an external body surface that is dry. B) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac. C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm. D) the ability to enter dormancy when resources become scarce. E) each living cell in contact with an aqueous medium.
8 Answer: E
8 The mathematical expression for the expression for the change of a system is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following is correct? a. H is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work b. G is the change in free energy c. S is the change enthalpy, a measure of randomness d. T is the temperature in degrees Celsius
8 ΔG is the change in free energy
9 9) As body size increases in animals, A) there is a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio. B) reproduction becomes limited to terrestrial environments. C) there is greater variability in metabolic rate. D) migration to tropical areas becomes necessary for thermoregulation. E) it becomes more difficult to conserve body warmth in cold environments.
9 Answer: A
9 Halobacterium has a photosynthetic membrane that is colored purple. Its photosynthetic action spectrum is exactly complementary (opposite to) the action spectrum for green plants. What wavelengths of light do the Halobacterium photosynthetic pigments absorb? A) red and yellow B) blue, green, and red C) green and yellow D) red and green E) blue and red
9 Answer: E
9 Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells? A) mitochondrial matrix B) mitochondrial outer membrane C) mitochondrial inner membrane D) mitochondrial intermembrane space E) cytosol
9 Answer: E
9 Which of the following statements about ATP is correct? A. The energy release on hydrolysis of ATP is the result of breaking a high energy bond b. The hydrolysis of ATP is an endergonic process c. The hydrolysis of ATP can supply energy needed for catabolic pathways d. Almost all of the free energy released on the hydrolysis of ATP is released as heat e. The cycling between ATP and ADP + pi provides an energy coupling between catabolic and anabolic pathways
9 The cycling between ATP and ADP + Pi provides an energy coupling between catabolic and anabolic pathways